"!# $%& 
')(
* +-,/.0+213*5684 797/:;<>= +?.0@ACBEDAC.F@GH,I+?J0BK;
LMA>@8+ 7 JFN = OP6QR6 .0S)TVU; TWB@YXJ0BA[ZTVB8\ =^]_a`
b cVdegf h-ije
kMlnm2oqpsrt-pspvuwslxrylxzI{s|q}~-wsj~9palxmly{alxz-pso9zj9-3oujzPlxr-ujz-oqrp{at-ujzI{st2
lx|m{s-ljws}jjw^Pjwsl8jw^|lxpspCujz/}"wsl9t2|quHwolxmnt-ujzI{st2 lx|qm"{s-ljws}"{slwl8opVuryjwswly
pa~9z-m2oqzv{sljws}j~2uHw{soqr|lPj{so9zI-oqrPoqz~2uHws{soqrt-|uHw^ujpsrywolxpV{awu#alxry{ajwolxp^{a"{sl
lx|lxry{aw9z-pvjwv-uH{aljlwpajws{j~2uHws{soqr|lxp{sln/t-ujz/{st- lx|qm{sljws}oqpuH9t{jwwsly
pa~9z-m2oqz{a3{slz9z-ry9z2palwsHuH{so9zjW{s-l~2uHws{soqr|qlzt-lwj~lwuH{ajwvoqz{slt-ujzI{st2
lx|m{sljws}j{s-l{sljws}mlxpsrywolxply~2|qoqro{nrywslxuH{so9zujz-mujz-z-oq2oq|quH{so9z&ljlxzI{sp{sl
jw|qm|oqzlxpnjw{sl~2uHw{soqr|lxp3rujz?l9ozujz-mlxz-mlxpal{s-ljwolxpuj|pa~-ws#omlu
ml z-o{so9zMujz-mujroq|o{suH{al{sl~-wsjuH2oq|qoqps{soqr~-wlxm-oqry{so9zjC{sl{soq3ljCrywlxuH{so9z
z/t2"lwp^9jVuM9t2z-m-uH{so9z-pj^/t-ujz/{st-3lxr-ujz-orp9 v{sljws}
jt-ujzI{soqlxm lx|qm-p
^ 
n#y"yP? a#-yn? ?#?^? /y2"-y#
) # yHP W/y# 8?n   yyI
y/>y>>n>v? #22j/0y v)y
/3W-j ## # /y#y ??y
j3 -##P)?3 #P/ CvP
y# &#-W#990## )?ny
v  /-
 #ny #P/y n W#HIy ?? j#C>?#?
/V-j /y22y #  
#jy?# # /
HW)?
nj j32y  v v 
# -/-
 y#  x?H
/2 /yn y?  [ j2?#  [/   -/

!#"$%'&()*+&-,/.!&0%12*435#6879.!%1:;#6)&0%1=>< ?@2!< .!()*#.BA*C?*#6+&%1+.!&06)>DEGFEH!AJI;KEF;FEFL@2*< .!()*+.MA!NG#6"$>.JOEP

QSRT"UE%1VWS352*+66XY"$!#"$%1Z[P 2*.*%1R"\2*#.!()!#.MP 35
])^ #_`>6"U#.a&UbEcd!#"$%'(+&$>.!3@efJO5&0%g(#&\R\h4%1V'VGij+.;#6=Ajk82*lE+6&+AjC?!ma>n79.!%1:;#6)&0%1oOpb>crq9+s
tE+6&#O;Avu;u+Kxw*6#V'%1.!lEJ2*O5&0+.yk9b;E3MA*ef%g&(+ s? OEAaq4tzK;IEIa{|>R/IEK!u+H!AE7Ym5}LP!QSRT"$>%'V~Wb;V'3*&0+%1.[XY"U>MP 625l;#6)&#P +352
!#"$%'&()*+&-,/.!&0%12*435#6879.!%1:;#6)&0%1=>< ?@2!< .!()*#.BA*C?*#6+&%1+.!&06)>DEGFEH!AJI;KEF;FEFL@2*< .!()*+.MA!NG#6"$>.JOEP
QSRT"UE%1VW2*"\2*V'Z JXY"$!#"$%1Z[P 2*.*%1R"\2*#.!()!#.MP 35
^ %'_!>6%'"U#.abx35%vw%g&0%g(#!A;,oqYwq&#+%1b;.*435%MNG#.!b: !A;Y%' ^ b535=(#E.*+&bLFEF!A!u=*u#|aNG#.*b:!A;,T)>V'OEPSQSRT"$>%'V~W
+>.!lE*%XYlE;P %'.5c.MP %

yI P
aRy#/ M/y y? yI# j##gy

?
# j## nWIy#y?#P^ =
P/ //
 -n
V##-#^- y y?/)yyv
) ? [v/yMyI y?& #? ? &#-
?## # #y//) H/W
W# y/v9 ? #y
?#y#My/nvy?Pg &/j2? MyP# W? n?
/  H/V #y #-=
//-
y# n " v#q#C?9M # #y
)jF ICv?n2 ? n>P&IC3g# #"^y
/ /y # #"HIy? n> ?v#^## 2H Ia#
/y#)v##) gy&/P ?? --/v  #
2-922 I0 v  ^)/>y?L >3y>?##Cjv v#v#q
a2) + y  gy#yv? # v
y ## v# ?9 "  /y&v H W#
#C8?##y/ 32 ##v-2Py## /y/yC
M#/?2W 2 # /yC n# ?CM# yvy"
/y/ y?vy/y ) P/P#gFy)
y H/##H? ?/v  #y ?5 g82 -v-M
# /y M3 V

>/ ?v ? yg H M v Fa)P

 " ?v?y  #5yP/P g @0Iy=
Pv&n& #  )M 5xV/ /&y&g#-p0/

 MynM//y? # gyC Sv M gy2)yn ) 

# /y#/3 &)?y
/ v#" ?# L#2#))?
g?&y/# W?yy?)Pa) ">v n/y## j

g# V/"yg?yy#??yg?yy
/" gy
-y #"?W 
y "
g?&y/##??/Wy)#? y#/
#/y#Cy ?Iy#P/n#P/MW ?y
)?y /"gy/?W#  ? 3j -y/2 T g

 

 8    
/yg y?Iy#  ? Mj52 /n W ) yx
? ) #M /y   +j2Ry /y # n)?
)y/-) y # 
ay?PHP8n/y ) ## y?
y3 > ) #n# ?y/ #
   % '&)(
s* 
"!$#
#y?# #y Fy? gy*  % "& W#3E  , +.- 2)
y/y#) +/- 1032 U  aC? ##y?# y/  % "& 4 +.- v
?#5 + - 032 I0 ng#y/y ) ## y?* 6 ?#P
# y/ )y?# s* 8 W# n?8>HP I
v? / s* g/ gy,  % '& j## -j7 8 9 ;: ('(<( :=?>+
P @x y#2?W#nyA @) # 3/y  n Wn
/
 32g>#3 y3 s* g# W?###y#W#
/ y-#>M# ?y/) #~ #-) 3)ynv> #?
)y#/y" B/0
#"
?3/
@ +2-/na2 CvPIy#  n [ g
  +a2 H y- #vg ?y?#y2?Ry
n/y# o?* g)  y? W # gy"/"# /y
/?Iy# Hvgav# g C @ +j#"23 #

#?Wyy/y?PW
/ 3H)n? y2&#PE D
FC-/g y#y/J "gyPG
F +H- ?032  /  ?yP
Dgy
F + - y 2gy? "W#/#
I
JLK MNPORQ%T
SVU  
v#Fa2W  W# ~  aP/ ? )? & /y#
W# Py yj/Vy  # ?C?  ?C-/?9 y
j)#a #y? ?#v#vyHP8P/^ ##nH^j##/
# - ? MyH v/  ?^y /yN  0 n /
ya??yW # 2 MI/ y x$   +y?W P
?) avM  XZY<[]\_^a`cb;\9`cdfegXgM/ ##- #yIy#My? /
#?H#-/ y  #)  ? )
?
#y8 i h/3v #y #y3 /y-


(a)

(b)

Q(t2)
Q(t1)
Q(t2+)

Q(t1+)

(c)

(d)

 /y## y/y/ yIy#/-) P

# 0 - fP?9 gy8 % # & y  % - & & /yG  +
??
n#" gy/"H H/&# HV
jv# gy/
/yg#- yj# )?P ?v/y#v/
/YM   g
 # v &yH/ #/
H 2?W#
9 y?#?H#2? # Ma?H/ ## ?y
/y/? y/ 5y?? /5
) #/y#
)yn  Iy>gy#")- -) ##' g
 /v#Fa2W &M-y? IyM##y
# y#
H"/8yCIy82 ##) My  P :g0g#A 5"
 ?y  gy3y??Iyp 2 ?H 8) )y
/v/ 3 W 3y#-) 3 / Wg/ 5H/2?)2#
?#yG P+  /y#
 /M/2?W#3v # 0
?y ?)y? /v y#Wxa) /y / H
  gE PH/) #y MH#gy7
P+ ny/ 2 y- g 5
g## ?y?/  ? #2/y
P  P (
0[ 

2  # 8y Wn / # y#ygy y/
? j
vW? #/"/v  v#y -W#
?; #  +  @ +3   +  % H% & & ? )-) / F
## y/y#&&n## x?yPyIynCxav

)  H?&yy#P/#?M3"&PHggy
>



























 v?)yCM/n?xa
)  H2yvvHgg
y//#y  gyA   >Pj v
# y
) j2 @ +I"/y#y/
H3v v ) N P 0? x --?/y
j##& a#" W yC#2/y
  9o/"
 90 PB 0
 

 9o?5 


    "#$$$  !$#  &% # :( '

y?y? //y3 / ? #! -W# W ) yIy) "## y
?  #/v> 2?/ n y?yv  /?
W# #y/=H)Pg/ ?n? ?  Hy 
2#+ * C-, +
*d 0
  .   # : * _ P; 
-

 

  ?P# 
? *  yM?yH/) /y W?y/ *>?
y
0
 2143 *G g")P; ??2 , s>P /y
PM W y8) /yny# ? IF?6 5P  
73W#y/nP
#j  [  gvyH/#-W)n ?#?W BI0P-#y/
/5#/  #C  / ??IyvH/2gy
# nnj2g8 ##yU   ?y-#^ gyU #
 % "& &g#&/  % "& ? 9
 % % & & yI?> j y3yM @ +  

# v#y  ? ") yIy;
:=<  !   @BADC  FE - # s
  vM2#MyP 2 aMW &v? IF

3 

a
  
: Ec : ('('( := (
0[ 

G 
? # # -y~
H/  [g y# ? #W#y/  
/?-y 0[ g-#-)# ?g# gy  % '& / # y"#g
-y~
H/CPn) yIyH : "I KJ 1L3 NM G I ?  H /y   +
 /y  j#/ y
 a #& y3-j/
  2 anvj#?#y /0

8

?O

 

 ?y2y //F8yg 2 #/ ? H/y

y/y#
a v Fa) P732 #H / #&?
/? n??g # y y/y/ ?C /y
/3y/# ?j[/##) y"y"? IyC?
/P  2yS gyy?y /y&
Q y? y

) P Iy?y -// / /   #y#
y

##y#
y#y/&vjyW#?VIP&) #~
2y a#W ??Cg
a/ ?V
# ? yMy ^
   0 y

a
5    s  :
0[ 
   H
 ?  
? 


:y H?>y?Wv8
+"-8y? y/   ? )
y?v # /y syy/y gy 5?8v "
&/v  2 aH 0[ g>#yj#y# y n>
# 2# yMy #  H
a  /0vW## ? #yv

?Pv a2) P
gy# -   F[ E n j2 # #a Wy?2
?; #  x) /) /#9  # ""/^#
-/-
/y "gay / /H#y?#v #)
y # # gay ?2 P# W?M   )Pgy y
y2yJ n-/ y/?H # ?-y~
H/ &/ j
?2 IF  j# V )? ?    yE 
?2/   # # y3# ?-y~
# 5P# 
7P) /y g

 
7Q
n# gW?#? V#8H3 / ; ? /y
P C3 -#/&#? R)y2# C  ?a y s
/#y /nH ? ^C gyH) # y##/
??yCj
#?  ?yC
ay?/yC9yv
?H/
C V"# /32H//>3 #  y3 /y P
# /yf g??"PV#-)?2>//y
#? # H//Wg yH/Py?@ 
#H n) #yIyP# - ? ^g"8y /n) 9Y/H/
/W/ # y#   ?~
H/ #)y3/2ny?">)y
y? ?a #j C /) ?Py# . Wy?8>
-#?y? HC?# 8 ) gy/v/?yg#-
) #gy y # " g#P?y
 #V)H?y
2?# ?y/?y?C8? 2 # 2 -yH2
y2/n  W y/ #yy -y&ay2/yM
# ^2gy #)3#Cg 

 HH # Q
jY ?? n)?H/C#W#y/&2y y?
/P#n Q#y2
2y%y#&yM #y??y/y





P ?#y##  #C" &Wn #?;y

-/-a Py3y? yn#y
/S /2/ /
8v# /j2;?y
/W-/- #-Pv Fa)z  j /V2?; ?y)y
/#HIy "/yf y#/&"nCy&)?" #y
y/yy 3y# gyPyy/v?# 
R y&/ a W g/y?&?#y## MHggy
/ ^-jyP  /2y
V ? V##q IF>
 ## ? # #
g y## >H 3y# W #/
? /V?gy gyyn-yy//3/Py/v
j3W# My3gy gy") # 0
v y >W /y3v#Fa2Wx P! > Q# 2?#
HWIyvy?  ?# -/Vvyy  # H3) # 9
9- 0
H WPy/ Pv Fa) HM2#&W#; 

5<  H  nH
8H Q
?9 ?#yU  W#y/  ) /y / # x yJ 3
 #?; yC# yIU  Hy 
?y /y 6v 2 ?#  # J z # ) /y
n> v?3y? P 3My3P) W##y#C?  ) /yP&
?#? /# P
8 ># 8
j5/#y#;  &2
g#Wy##j3#/)2)yyW ?/
/ #gy  ? y?y  #/Cy
 &###-y/y  
)  y"# &2#n3HIy#
W# )
?I8> yv2?y/yy/y?y"y## #j #
# # [y?"/y d  ? [U #3?  /P y5  )
) /?P# #y  y ?y/ My #?y/P/&/ g
/y/C n)H#8? /PyM)/ y?Iyy?#H
[-y y#[/yy ? y) /yM -y #1 [/M3yg
y#gyM?y#H/a3 -y?// yM)
 # ?y/CVy/ Pyy## #)y Wny)?
/" #  # /y?yy  R) /y
?y/Wy?Cy/P ? P gy9 # )#2 VC/H/
I0
/W$  W#y/8y3j2?3###C gy #
)#a #/ gFy&yy# W#  yy-y%y/y# 
??#? n?#?3?y#3 ##p n?P)
/M##P/y?j gyy/Mv
/ ##-   T y #
W#y//y #)yy?nIy/Vgy3j2#-  #2 /?
 nH /y  T P# HE # y?
W#H&)L Q #y
#  EH/
6v?? 8 5

5gy?  Y    pH>y ##



#/ 2H
# 8))9 )/y# 
/ / W   vW# 
 @   : *) W
*d9o
 #
 $$
-"

9B

  9
$



!



y *   *d   f:

 
M/yMgy * f, +" F[ ) ##

a  @  @ 9W   (
9h
 r H
 
9 
"yn/   9 y??/ay?/vW  9
Pj   T   8j v3y H Yy?y  W#y/# 
# y// G   F +.- ?032 /2?W##- # #8
# y/H/ W) #~ # 2y-) /y## d
nPg#

L+H-2
  3/y? /yH& -/ y& /-)
W#y/ ?yW#y/F/##?#y 
ng
 +/-?/y 
n
#?y3/H) #y&#/ #
a? #C  
W##yC? )y^y? 
nPI0MPH#vjy?yM 
-W#"W#y/-#y?









nH  Y

- :

yyH? /yqa / /yy W#

IyGg #// /  W#y// /2#
# Py Q  y#My## y H/CyC
/?Iy>y##

  
Q
g#HV/Iv3H #&  y#gy32 /y#&
 # /  "W# G T  /  # jG / v /
?y/M   M/ /yHy# H P#5 x  v H
N
E#  7P# 
: 8: ? ?32 V-
y? n)v  ny)yg #&?ga
/ /3/  y#p & Wy/ H/&
/v  ") n  #  /3M? y/y#  ??y
xay y/y#P Iy ? / x #WW#y/H& ^yM
)y ? // yW# / #2 H/ Ya2HE #
 # ? vR?  B[/ 9hH&yW& /?2?  #
? # nE   # 3// #Py)#  ?y
# 2 + 
0/#/ & ? y?? ##y  # , 










 H Q8# Q
CvHj j M 2#  v/ # 92
vyPH #/2y-y # H)P
y##y P
# /y?/W# #>?ny?2y2n#HW2y
Iyy?-y y#/y gyH  P v#??Fv# My?
??&/ 6v) - y? ? H ?P #&
?9Ry #y?-y?8#-?/ ?yvj P
W# H-- /y /? gy? P2
ynH>V
 PS3P
P Q
v#F ? EvH? -y  [ B  2 "#C
W hIs ' h3Bx
 y#v#F
?

?XZ`c`  X*`cd[ d ?XZ`c`  XT\_dY<[)`cd [ Xge)`cd?\ eg 6
 /6  a  s" h3Bv gCj ?
Iv?-
P ? y#
ay##IyWy n    
#  #
? 2 #) C) Iy9c h " h[ g2v2
3 #
ay#
#IyVyy ny ?  ?   #

 # #)
C" BIy" h ' h[ 
/v?) "#) ?
 ?X"! dc\_^"\# X$%! d?\_^cX b&"X')(Pd+*
d,-,$.c\ eZ`/0 d X b1 bgX2 `/9\3,ad4,65
7 [)`cd [8 ?X,ab:9/ ?  ?y 1 6v/// r " h3h gC)
P #  > 7Py#C
C ;<F 
 n-/-a

#=  ? y/y -2#= C1 hj h@ " h3h[ 
I # v?# = ?) ?Wv #nF8  ? '  ?>@)`cdfegX \_d"AB9C \ e'
DE,a[]d `/9\3,ad `cdFA X b& ?Xge2 \_^cXgv   # 0?* 
/ # 7P V I?  CG ;<F 
>  gy y 6vg
/ ?Iy n > #B  ? #8  /C 73#CH IC
I h F/ x&-  J/3 B
I #8 7P?y#C 8>?I?  C? ;<F 
 ny? /3
/y ?=  #-/-a J   
W B/ #3 7P V 3I?  CG ;<0

 y ##   53  
7P
?#y+  /y/C
W h/ #n;
7Py#C C/ ;<0 
= Py #2? [
y3# yaB  ? y/y -2#= IW1 B 9 h@ " h3h[ 
j/ 7Py#C
v & ? +  F/?* x K `cdL5L,abMFN.dfe29 e2-, ?X$c\9`O,65PAB \Q-,R2S
, 9UTCV\_d X bPWXXWNYc\Q \3,ad/ZI   C  C' g
[J/J/Iyy?C# J/ & JI
JI y & J/- W\ J







9I
/

P 0 7 #-W## 5  n// v jz ? # 

/C7P CCch9ch F[
 H6 8[/    n/- H /#2#y y  #/
+  # #) #H 
C)" h9" h  " hch3h
y C  6 7 3 V#y/
-y?y#B ? /C
#
C I   " h[ 
#-C  ?  ?  P y? / Py 2#y #g
y#  j# ?#
a  Iyv # #1 6v & 2
#H 
9j  F/ 
9I ?W#?
 n  gyn ?#y/y^-y# /y?nWa
?#y#=  ? 2  /yV 73#C ^j Iy9 s" h3Bv 
/ n ? 6
P n/- #  Vn#gy"vH/#=  2 K "gW C
" Bc BI" B" B ' h3h
9IP -) IyP ? /yC
"B/3#/E R# P9G 9?9# 8?-/v y#
")g#yy#&&y yIy/
Y## y" /y/CyB 5'X b:\3,adq 0"H  //
P/y/Vy? ?P"y? ###  
7