Modeling of Pulsatile Blood Flow in An Axisymmetric Tube With A Moving Indentation

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N.
Maalej
MODELING OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN AN AXISYMMETRIC TUBE WITH A MOVING INDENTATION

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, and A. Qaiyum Shaik
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering
and N. Maalej
Physics Department, College of Sciences King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261
: - - . . . . 1 Hz : ) (Re=200 . .
* Address for correspondence: KFUPM P. O. Box 1724 King Fahd University Of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Paper Received 3 June 2006; Revised 1 March 2008; Accepted 4 June 2008
October 2008
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 33, Number 2B
529
R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej
ABSTRACT The time-dependent flow in an axisymmetric tube with a moving indentation is numerically simulated using a dynamic mesh model. The model was first validated for a two-dimensional planar channel with a moving indentation. The results exhibited very good agreement with the published experimental results. The model was then used to simulate the blood flow with steady and pulsatile inflows in an axisymmetric tube with an indentation moving at a frequency of 1 Hz . For the same value of Reynolds number of 200, vortex doubling downstream of the moving indentation was more enhanced in the case of pulsatile flow inlet conditions. Higher wall shear stresses and pressure drops were obtained for the pulsatile inflow as compared with the steady inflow. Key words: blood, unsteady flow, moving indentation, pulsatile flow, stenosis
530
October 2008
MODELING OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN AN AXISYMMETRIC TUBE WITH A MOVING INDENTATION

1. INTRODUCTION Flows in domains with moving boundaries are encountered in many practical situations. Applications, in which considerable research interest has been shown in recent years, include flow in blood vessels, in-cylinder flows in internal combustion engines, free surface flows, etc. The main feature of these flows is their unsteadiness, both with respect to flow patterns and to the shape of the boundaries. Flow inside moving-wall channels results in transient and complex flow phenomena. The complexity of these flows is mainly due to the moving boundaries of the domain and the interaction between the moving wall and the flowing fluid. Occurrence of flow detachment from the wall may result in oscillatory flow motion downstream of the moving wall. The pressure and shear patterns across a narrowing mimic the clinical situation of arterial narrowing due to atherosclerotic plaque. Hemodynamic variables are known to have significant clinical applications. For example, clot formation in narrowed arteries has been observed to occur in both areas of high shear and flow stagnation. Qualifying and quantifying these hemodynamic variables and correlating them with clinical observations may prove to be very valuable for clinical diagnosis and prevention of thrombosis. The importance of this study arises from the fact that heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the west. The American Heart Association (AHA) reports that the number one killer in the US is cardiovascular disease which claimed 871 500 lives in 2004 (36.3 percent of all deaths). Coronary heart disease caused about 452 300 deaths in 2004 and is the single leading cause of death in America, today. Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty build ups of plaque. It is likely to produce angina pectoris (chest pain), heart attack, or both. The narrowed arteries create very irregular flow conditions that can exacerbate acute coronary thrombosis. In relation to the development of computational models for flow in diseased human carotid arteries, Younis et al. [1] have recently reported a simulation of flow in an exact replica of a diseased human carotid artery. Their threedimensional transient simulation has revealed the presence of complex flow structures. They have observed an unsteady flow behavior inside the artery even though they maintained a steady inlet condition. Experimental investigation of 2-D flow in a closed channel with an asymmetric oscillating constriction was carried out by Stephanoff et al.[1] who observed a train of waves appearing in the core flow downstream of the constriction. Pedley and Stephanoff [2] conducted an experimental study for 2-D flow in a channel with moving indentation in one wall. They considered a steady inflow while moving the indentation in and out periodically. They found a vortex wave for both viscous and inviscid flows, but with a complex pattern in the viscous case. In recent years, increased computational power has facilitated many studies of unsteady incompressible flow with substantial flow complexity. Methods using moving grids for simulating unsteady incompressible flows with moving boundaries have been reported. Ralph and Pedley [3, 4] studied numerically the problem of flow through a channel with moving indentation. A timedependent coordinate transformation was applied, in order to resolve the difficulties of specifying boundary conditions arising from the moving wall. Rosenfeld and Kwak [5] used a finite volume fraction step method on moving grids to compute a channel flow with moving indentation. Peric and Demirdzic [6] developed a finite volume method for prediction of fluid flow in arbitrarily shaped domains with moving boundaries. Luo and Pedley [79] performed a time-dependent simulation of a coupled flowmembrane problem, using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) and spine method to treat the moving boundary. A moving mesh method for the computation of compressible viscous flow past deforming and moving aerofoils was developed by Gaitonde [10, 11]. A sequence of body conforming grids and the corresponding grid speeds were required, where inner and outer boundaries of the grid moved independently. The interaction between fluid and rigid body motions was analyzed by Mendes and Branco [12] using a finite element procedure. They incorporated the ALE method into a two-step projection scheme, and assumed a 2-D incompressible viscous flow. Also, Anju et al. [13] presented a finite element analysis of a fluidstructure interaction problem by the ALE method and a fractional step NavierStokes solver. The method was applied to analyze flow around an oscillating rectangular cylinder. A three-dimensional steady Stokes flow in an elastic tube was studied by Heil [14] using non-linear shell equations. Since the flow was steady, only the final equilibrium state was presented. Lefrancois et al. [15] developed a finite-element model for studying fluidstructure interaction. An ALE formulation was used to model the compressible inviscid flow with moving boundaries with large deformation. A new in vivo method was designed by Maalej [16, 17] to study the blood hemodynamic effects on platelet kinetics in canine stenosed carotid
October 2008
531
arteries and the wall shear stress was calculated using a finite-difference scheme. Recently, Yong and Ahmed [17] developed a general method for simulating fluid flow with moving and compliant boundaries on unstructured grids using ALE approach. They adopted a new dynamic mesh method to handle the large deformation of the flow field. Pulsation of blood flow is also an important factor dominating the unsteady flow phenomena in a cardiovascular system, because it complicates the vortical flow under time-varying inflow and pressure conditions. Pulsatile blood flow may show very different features between normal physiological and pathological situations, among different parts of arterial system, or even at different tiniest, e.g., still or exercising under normal physiological conditions [19]. With regard to the pulsation effect on the vortical blood flow many points still remained unclear. The velocity distribution resulting from its oscillatory blood flow has been extensively studied. The classical works of Womersley, Uchida, Atabek, and Chang gave the fundamentals of oscillatory flow field theory. Mirsa and Sing [20] investigated the pulsatile flow of blood through arteries by treating the blood vessel as a thin walled anisotropic, non linear viscoelastic, incompressible material and blood as an incompressible Newtonian fluid whose motion is non linear. A numerical study on pulsatile non-Newtonian flow characteristics in a three-dimensional Human Carotid Bifurcation model was carried out by Perkfold et al. [21]. They considered both Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior of the blood. The comparison between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid models showed no change in the essential flow characteristics; however a minor difference was found in the secondary flow. Xu et al. [22] predicted the three-dimensional flows through canine femoral bifurcation models by numerically solving the time-dependant three-dimensional NavierStokes equations. They considered both Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power law. They found that the non-Newtonian characteristics might not be an important factor in determining the general flow patterns for these bifurcations, but could have logical significance. He and Ku [23] studied the unsteady entrance flow development in a straight tube. They observed the variations in the entrance length during the pulsatile cycle. The effect of blood velocity pulsations on bioheat transfer in 2-D straight rigid blood vessel was numerically studied by Oana and Scott [24]. Their results showed that the pulsating axial velocity produces a pulsating temperature distribution. Stroud et al. [25] carried out a numerical analysis of flow through a severely stenotic carotid artery bifurcation. They considered both steady and pulsatile flow conditions for different Reynolds numbers. They found that both dynamic pressure and wall shear stress were very high, proximal to the stenosis throat in the internal carotial theory. They also observed vortex shedding downstream of the most severe occlusion. Pulsatile turbulent flow in stenotic vessels was numerically modeled by Sonu and Steven [26] using the Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equation approach. Based on the cited literature, it can be concluded that no work has been published on the subject of pulsatile blood flow in an axisymmetric tube with a moving indentation. In the present study, a 2-D numerical model is used to simulate the time-dependent flow in a wall deforming channels. The model is first used to simulate the flow in a 2-D planar channel with a moving indentation; for validation against the published experimental and numerical results by Pedley et al. [2, 3]. The model is then extended to simulate the steady and pulsatile blood flow in an axisymmetric tube with an indentation moving at a frequency of f w = 1Hz . This frequency is chosen close to typical heart beat frequencies. The model will be used to investigate and compare the flow behavior between a pulsatile blood inflow and a steady inflow conditions. 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL 2.1. Two-Dimensional Channel Flow with a Moving Indentation 2.1.1. Description of the Problem The first problem considered is that of 2-D flow in a channel with a moving indentation as shown in Figure 1. The shape of the indentation is the same as that considered by Pedley and Stephanoff [2]. The time varying height of the indentation is given by:
h(t ) y w ( x, t ) = 0.5h(t ){1 tanh[a( x x2 )]} 0

h(t ) = 0.5hmax [1 cos(t )]
for 0 < x < x1 for x1 < x < x3 for x > x3
(1)
(2)
where a = 4.14, x1 = 4b, x3 = 6.5b, x2 = 0.5 (x1+x3). Here, is the radial frequency 2/t0 , b is the unblocked channel height and is taken as 1 cm. The maximum blockage of the channel cross section (hmax = 0.38b) occurs at the middle of the period. The geometry is symmetric around x = 0, i.e. y(x) = y(x). The indentation accelerates into the channel for the
532
October 2008
first quarter of the period and goes on advancing but decelerates in the second quarter of the period. It accelerates towards the wall for the third quarter of the period, and then decelerates back to its flush position in the final quarter of the period. The flow downstream in the channel is therefore accelerated for the first and third quarter of the period and decelerated for the second and final quarter of the period.
Figure 1. Geometry of planar collapsible channel (not to scale) b=1cm, l1 = 10cm, l2 = 18 cm
2.1.2. Governing Equations In order to write the governing equations in dimensionless form, we first introduce the following dimensionless variables,
U= p x y t u v , V= , P= , X= , Y= ,= 2 b b t0 U0 U0 U 0 (3)
where u and v are the dimensional velocity components in x and y directions respectively, p is the pressure, t is time, U0 is the average velocity at inlet, is the density of the fluid, and t0 is the indentation motion period. The governing equations can be expressed as: Conservation of Mass:
U V + =0 x y Conservation of X-momentum: (4)
U U P 1 2U 2U 2 U + +U +V = 2+ Re X Y X Re Y 2 X Conservation of Y-momentum: V V P 1 2V 2V 2 V +U +V = + 2+ X Y Y Re Re Y 2 X
(5)
(6)
where Re is the Reynolds number based on the channel height, St is the Strouhal number and is the frequency parameter respectively defined as Re = where is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. At the start of fluid motion ( = 0), the flow is assumed to be steady and fully developed in the entire flow domain and the velocity components are given by U (X , Y ) = 6 Y (1 Y ); V (X , Y ) = 0 at U 0b
St =
b , U 0t0
= Re St
(7)
=0
(8)
October 2008
533
The boundary conditions are expressed in terms of the conditions at the inlet, at the walls, and at the exit of the flow domain. The velocity profile at inlet (X = l1/b) is assumed to be parabolic and invariant with time, thus U ( X = l1 b , Y , ) = 6Y (1 Y ); V ( X = l1 b , Y , ) = 0 (9)
At the stationary wall (Y = 1), the no slip condition is applied while the velocity components at the moving indentation are derived from Equations (1) and (2). These are expressed as:
U = 0;
U= V =
2
V =0
at
Y=1
(10 a) (10 b) (10 c)
V ; 0.095ab sec h[ab( X x2 / b)](1 cos(2 )) at Y = yw/b and 0</X/<X3
0.597St [1 tanh [ab (X x 2 / b )]] sin (2 ) b P = Pamb (= 0)
At the exit section, the pressure distribution is considered to be uniform, thus at X = l2/b (11)
The choice of a uniform pressure conditions at the exit instead of a fully developed flow is done because it is not known apriori that the flow is fully developed at the exit or not. As a matter of fact it turns out that the flow may reverse backward when the deformable part of the tube is expanding. This practice is a safer practice and is recommended by CFD books such as Versteeg and Malasekera [28].
2.2. Flow in an Axisymmetric Cylindrical Tube with a Moving Indentation
2.2.1 Description of the Problem The geometrical model of two-dimensional axisymmetric cylinder is shown in Figure 2. The time varying radius of the indentation is given by the analytic function,
Figure 2. Geometry of axisymmetric collapsible tube with moving indentation (not to scale): r0=1cm, l1 = 10cm, l2 = 18 cm
r0 h(t ) rw ( x, t ) = r0 0.5h(t ){1 tanh[ a( x x2 )]} r0
for 0 < x < x1 for x1 < x < x3 for x > x3
(12)
(13) h(t ) = 0.5hmax [1 cos(t )] where a = 4.14, x1 = 4b, x3 = 6.5b, x2 = 0.5 (x1+x3), r0 is the radius of the cylinder and is taken as 1cm, is the radial frequency, and hmax = 0.38r0 specifies the maximum blockage of the cylinder cross-section at = 0.5. The geometry is symmetric around x = 0, i.e. y (x) = y(x). 2.2.2. Governing Equations Using the nondimensional variables,
534
October 2008
U=
u v p x r t ,V = ,P= , X = , R = , = 2 U0 U0 r r t U 0 0 0 0
(14)
where u and v are the dimensional velocity components in x and r direction respectively, p is the pressure, t is the time, U0 is the average velocity at the inlet, r0 is the radius of the cylinder, is the density of the fluid, and t 0 is the moving indentation period. The governing equations are the continuity and NavierStokes equations that can be expressed as:
U 1 ( RV ) + =0 X r R , (15)
1 2 U U U P 2 2U 2U 1 U +U +V = + + 2+ , Re X R X Re R 2 R R X 1 2 V V V P 2 2V 2V 1 V V +U +V = + 2+ 2+ R R R 2 Re X R R Re R X
(16)
(17)
where Re is the Reynolds number based on the channel height, is the Wormersley, parameter, which are defined as Re = where is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. At the start of motion (t = 0), a steady Poiseuille flow with an average velocity U0 is assumed at the entrance of the flow domain, thus 2Ur0
= r0
(18)
U (X , R ) = 2(1 R 2 ); V (X , R ) = 0
Boundary Conditions
at
=0
(19)
Inlet conditions: At the inlet, a parabolic velocity profile is introduced. i.e., at X = l1/b U ( X = l1 b , R, ) = 2(1 R 2 ); V ( X = l1 b , R, ) = 0 Wall At the non-moving wall, the velocity components are given at R = 1 and X>X3
U = 0; V =0
(20)
(21 a)
At the moving indentation, the velocity components are derived using Equations (1) and (2) and are given by: U= V 0.095ar0 Sec h[ar0 ( X x2 / r0 )](1 Cos (2 ))
2
(21 b) (21 c)
V = at R = rw/b and 0 </X/<X3 Outlet Conditions
0.597St 1 Tanh [ar0 (X x 2 / r0 )] Sin (2 ) r0
At the outlet it is considered that the pressure boundary is satisfied, i.e., at X=l2/b, P = Pamb (=0) (22)
October 2008
535
3. METHOD OF SOLUTION
The computational fluid dynamics software package Fluent 6.1 with dynamic mesh model (released in 2005 by Fluent Inc.) was used to solve the NavierStokes equation for the two-dimensional unsteady flow. A non-uniform unstructured grid (shown in Figure 3) is used for numerical simulation. The code is based on the Finite Volume Method that is well documented in the literature. In this method, the flow domain is divided into sub-domains or control volumes with one control volume around every grid point. Each differential equation is integrated over this control volume to yield the discretized equation. Thus, the discretized equation represents the same conservation principle over a finite region as the differential equation does over an infinitesimal region [28]. This direct interpretation of the discretized equation makes the method easy to understand in physical terms; the coefficients in the equation can be identified, even when they appear in a computer program, as familiar quantities such as flow rates, pressure forces, areas, volumes, diffusivities, etc. The coupling of pressure and velocity is achieved using the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressured-Linked Equation (SIMPLE) algorithm [29]. Second order upwind descritization was used for the momentum equation.
Figure 3. Section of the planar channel grid (55 637 nodes) at two time instants (a) = 0 and (b) = 0.5
The motion of the moving indented wall was described by means of a user-defined functions (UDF) using the dynamic mesh model. The UDF was written in C programming language. Spring-based smoothing method is used to update the volume mesh in the deforming regions subjected to the wall motion. In the spring-based smoothing method, the edges between any two-mesh nodes are idealized as a network of interconnected springs. The initial spacing of the edges before any boundary motion constitutes the equilibrium state of the mesh. A displacement at a given boundary node will generate a force proportional to the displacement along all the springs connected to the node [30].
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Flow in a Two-Dimensional Channel with a Moving IndentationBenchmark Comparison
4.1.1. Grid Independence Test A number of grid independence tests were carried out in the present study. Three meshes with different sizes were tested: Mesh 1 with 10 173 nodes; Mesh 2 with 38 310 nodes and Mesh 3 with 55 637 nodes. A section of the fine grid (Mesh 3) is shown in Figure 3 for the time instants = 0 and = 0.5. The grid is refined downstream of the indentation where the flow is affected by its movement. Figure 4 shows the comparison of longitudinal velocity calculated on different grids at the centre of the channel at = 0.5 and = 0.7 (both obtained with time step, t = t0/1000). These comparisons show that there is no significant difference in the longitudinal velocity between the meshes with 38 310 and
536
October 2008
55 637 nodes. Figure 5 shows the comparison of the wall shear stress calculated on different grids at = 0.5 and = 0.7 (both obtained with t = t0/1000). With the coarse grid (10 173 nodes), the wall shear stresses were underestimated and smooth streamlines could not be obtained. Hence the finer Mesh 3 is adopted.
Figure 4. Comparison of X-Velocity component using three different grids at two different times: (a) = 0.5 and (b) = 0.7; using a time step t = t0 /1000; for the planar channel
Figure 5. Comparison of predicted wall shear stress using three different grids at two different times: (a) = 0.5 and (b) = 0.7; using a time step t = t0 /2000; for the planar channel
4.1.2. Flow Development The volume flow rate Q0 per unit depth upstream of the moving indentation is assumed invariant. The first case considered is that of Re=507 that corresponds to Q0 = 0.0306 m2/min. Figure 6(i)(al) shows the predicted velocity streamlines at times ranging from = 0.1 to = 1. Only the section downstream of the indentation is shown since the flow upstream is not affected much by its movement. The flow development is found to be the same as that of Pedley [11,12] and a brief summary is presented here. A train of vorticity waves is generated downstream of the indentation, every cycle. At some time between = 0.2 and = 0.25, separation occurs in the lee of the indentation, and the resulting vortex grows rapidly. A second vortex of opposite sign forms on the upper wall at some distance downstream of the first and a third appears still further downstream on the lower wall and so on until there is a sequence of such vortices of
October 2008
537
alternating sign, bounded by a wavy core flow. At time = 0.6, five vortices (marked A, B, C, D, and E) appeared downstream of the indentation as shown in Figure 6(i)(g). As time increases not only the number of vortices increases but also the subsequent extent of existing vortices and the amplitude of the core waviness also increases. As the indentation recedes late in the cycle, the vortices shrink in size and strength and are swept downstream of the indentation, but at = 1, there is again vorticity of uniform sign at each wall. Figure 6(ii) shows the instantaneous streamlines obtained by the Pedley at different instants. It can be observed that a qualitative agreement exists between the present numerical results (Figure 6(ii)) and Pedleys [2]. It should be noted that the two sets of figures are plotted on different scales, thus only visual comparison is possible.
Figure 6. Predicted velocity streamlines downstream of indentation at various nondimensional times for the planar channel
The velocity profiles at inlet are parabolic throughout the cycle. As the indentation grows, the profiles become distorted due to the upward movement of the indentation. Separation occurs at the sections where both positive and negative velocity vectors exist. When the indentation moves back, the profiles tend to go back to their original shapes. This trend ultimately creates a wavy core flow along the channel. Figure 7 shows the longitudinal velocity profiles at different cross sections of the channel at various time intervals. Figures 8(a, b) and Figures 9(a, b) show the variation of the wall shear stress on the lower (indented) and upper (unindented) wall respectively at various time intervals during the cycle. They indicate the strength of the vortices, the positions of separation and reattachment (change of sign in wall shear stress) and thus the movement of vortices along the wall. The first four vortices marked A, B, C, and D in Figure 6(i)(f), are the strongest; vortices E and F are relatively weak. Vortex A (marked in Figure 6(i)(f)) is strongest at = 0.5 (maximum shear stress occurs then); peaks in other vortices occur later. The shear stress variation along the indentation and the opposite wall also indicates an acceleration of the flow in this region when the indentation is moving inwards ( < 0.5) and a deceleration when it is retracting ( > 0.5 > 0). Figures 8 and 9 also show that the steadiness of the flow upstream of the indentations is hardly affected by the indentation motion.
538
October 2008
A quantitative comparison between the present results and the experimental and numerical result by Pedley [2, 3] is shown graphically in Figure 10. This comparison is shown as the time evaluation of the positions of crests/troughs of the wave after the indentation. Wave-crest positions as functions of time are obtained from the turning points in the axial direction of stream function at the centre of the channel. According to the Pedley and Stephanoff, the abscissa is defined as x* = ( x x1 )(10St )1/ 3 / b
Figure 7. Velocity profiles at different cross sections of the collapsible tube at various time intervals (a) = 0.25, (b) = 0.5, (c) = 0.75, (d) = 1 for a 2D planar channel
It can be observed from the figure, that there is a good agreement between the present numerical result and experimental result, with discrepancies within the range of the experimental scatter.
4.2. Flow in an Axisymmetric Cylindrical Tube with a Moving Indentation
4.2.1. Grid Independence Test A number of grid independence studies were carried out for the axisymmetric case. An unstructured grid has been used for the current computation. Three meshes with different sizes were tested: Mesh 1 with 9 194 nodes; Mesh 2 with 10 828 nodes and Mesh 3 with 55 425 nodes. A section of the Mesh 3 at = 0 and = 0.5 is shown in Figure 11. The main features of the flow were captured with the coarse grid but the details of the flow could not be captured using this grid. Hence Mesh 3 is used in the computational scheme.
October 2008
539
Figure 8. Predicted wall shearstress distributions during one cycle along the indented (collapsing) wall (a) = 0.5 and (b) = 0.6 to 1, for the 2D-planar channel
Figure 9. Predicted wall shearstress distribution during one cycle along the unindented wall (a) = 0.1 to 0.5 and (b) = 0.6 to 1, for the 2D-planar channel
4.2.2. Time Dependence Test Two time increments were used for the coarse grid calculations: t = t0/1000and t = t0/2000. Figure 13 shows comparison of pressure drop at various locations and for different time increments. The pressure drops along the indentation are plotted against time at different points and are shown in Figure 12. The figure shows insignificant change between the two time increments. Hence, the fine grid calculations were carried out only with t = t0/1000. In the present work, two different cases considering the two different fluid properties have been simulated. 4.2.3. Case I: Steady Flow at Inlet In many studies, blood is assumed to be a Newtonian fluid and the same assumption is adopted in this work. NonNewtonian flow models are presently under investigation. For isothermal conditions, the density and dynamic viscosity of blood are taken as = 1060kg/m3 and = 3.71103N.s/m2, respectively. The frequency of wall oscillation was set at value 1Hz representative of biomedical flows. The average velocity was chosen to give a Reynolds number of Re = 200. For this Re, the volumetric flow rate upstream of the moving indentation, Q0 is 6.6104. The other parameters for this case are St = 0.57 and = 13.4
540
October 2008
Figure 10. Comparison of predicted and experimentally observed position of wave crests and troughs corresponding to eddies B, C and D as functions of time for the planar collapsible channel
Figure 11. Section of the axisymmetric collapsible tube grid (55 425 nodes) at (a) = 0 and (b) = 0.5
Figure 12. Points at which the pressure is monitored against time for the axisymmetric collapsible tube
October 2008
541
Figure 13. Comparison of pressure drop histories (a) P1-P2 and; (b) P2-P3; computed with two different time increments for the axisymmetric collapsible tube
Figure 14(ar) show the velocity streamlines at = 0.1 to 1. In the first quarter of the period, as the indentation accelerates into the tube, the fluid is squeezed towards the axis of the tube (Figure 14 (a)(II)). At some time between, = 0.2 and 0.25 (Figure 14(b)(II) and 14(c)(II)) separation occurs in the lee of the indentation and a vortex (labeled A) appears. The resulting vortex A grows in size and strength. As a result, a permanent region of flow reversal exists distal to vortex A, downstream of the indentation.
Figure 14. Velocity streamlines at different time instants inside the axisymmetric collapsible tube for steady-inlet blood flow (case I)
542
October 2008
At = 0.45 a second vortex (labeled B), of opposite sign, forms near vortex A (Figure 14(g)(II) and the vortex A grows further in size and moves towards the axis of the tube. At = 0.55 (Figure 14(i)(II), vortex A almost blocks the core flow and the thickness of the reversal flow region increases, downstream of the indentation. At = 0.65 (Figure 14(k)(II), the reverse flow from the downstream of the indentation sweeps out vortex B. As the indentation recedes back to its original position, the reverse flow region at the downstream moves back into the indentation and collides with the upstream coming flow. Hence, at = 1 (Figure 14(r)(II)), the flow is fully disturbed in the indentation. Figure 15(a) and 15(b) show the variation of the wall shear stress on the upper (indented) wall at various time intervals during the cycle. They indicate the strength of the vortex; the position of separation and the position of reattachment (change of sign in wall shear stress) and thus the movement of vortex along the wall. Vortex separation can be observed from these figures. The wall shear stress upstream of the indentation is dominated mostly by the forward flow but downstream of the indentation it is strongly affected by the vortices. The shear stress variation along the indentation also indicates an acceleration of the flow in this region when the indentation is moving inwards ( < 0.5 ) and a deceleration when it is retracting ( > 0.5). High wall shear stresses are observed downstream of just downstream of the indentation. The vortex forming downstream of the indentation gives high velocity gradients, which results in high wall shear stress.
Figure 15. Wall shear stress distributions during one complete cycle along the indented wall of the axisymmetric collapsible tube: (a) = 0.1 to 0.5 and (b) = 0.6 to 1, for a steady-inlet blood flow (case I)
Figure 16 shows the history of pressure drops (P1P2 and P1P3) during one complete flow cycle. Both pressure drop histories are similar in shape but different in magnitude. For the first quarter of the cycle, the pressure drops increase with the time, while for the second quarter; the pressure drops decrease with time. As the indentation starts receding, the pressure differences increase again with time resulting in a sinusoidal history similar to the imposed moving wall condition. The pressure differences P1P2 and P1P3 are positive in the first and last thirds of the cycle; indicating a pressure drop. During the second third of the cycle, the pressure drops P1P2 and P1P3 are both negative indicating a pressure rise across the collapsing part of the tube. 4.2.4. Case II:Pulsatile Flow at the Inlet Eventually we are interested in simulating pulsatile blood flow, which represents a more realistic model of physiological blood flows. In this case a sinusoidal time-varying wave is combined with a steady velocity are imposed at inlet of the collapsible axisymmetric tube. Hence the average (over the inlet) velocity imposed at the inlet (Figure 17) can be written as: U (inlet ) = U 0 + U m sin(2t ) Note here that the frequency of the wall motion is the same as the frequency of the sinusoidal portion of the inlet velocity. The average inlet velocity selected, assumed values of U0 = 0.07m/s and Um = 0.0455m/s, resulting in a time-
October 2008
543
averaged volume flow rate of Q0=6.6x104m3/min and a peak volume flow rate of 1.089103 m3/min. In order to take into account the no-slip flow behavior at the walls, the final form of inlet velocity is given by: U (inlet , y, t ) = (1 ( y / R) 2 )(U 0 + U m sin(2 t ))
Figure 16. History of pressure drops (P1-P2 and P1-P3) during one flow cycle inside the axisymmetric collapsible tube with a steady inlet blood flow (case I)
Figure 17. Average (over area) velocity waveform during one cycle of pulsatile blood flow at the inlet of the axisymmetric collapsible tube
544
October 2008
Figure 18(ar) show the velocity streamlines at = 0.1 to 1. In the first quarter of the period, as the indentation accelerates into the tube, the fluid is squeezed towards the axis of the tube (Figure 18 (a)(II). At some time between, = 0.2 and 0.25 (Figure 18(b)(II) and 18(c)(II) separation occurs in the lee of the indentation and a vortex (labeled A) appears. The resulting vortex grows in size and strength. As a result a permanent region of flow reversal exists distal to vortex A, downstream of the indentation. At = 0.4 a second, vortex (labeled B) of opposite sign forms near vortex A (Figure 18(f)(II)) and the vortex A grows in size and moves towards the axis of the tube.
Figure 18. Velocity streamlines at various times for unsteady (pulsatile) blood flow (case II) at the inlet of the axisymmetric collapsible tube
At time = 0.5, a small recirculation zone appears upstream of the indentation and exists until time level = 0.75 because of the decelerating flow. As the flow accelerates through the end of the pulse, the recirculation zone upstream of the indentation is pushed into the indentation. Simultaneously, at = 0.5, vortex A splits into a pair of co-rotating vortices (vortex A and vortex C) downstream of the indentation (Figure 18(h)(II)). As increases these vortices grow in their size and strength and moves towards the axis of the tube. Furthermore, the extent of the reversal flow region, at the downstream of the indentation increases with the time. At = 0.55 (Figure 18(i)(II)), vortices A and C almost block the core flow in the tube. At = 0.65 (Figure 18(k)(II)), the reverse flow from the downstream of the indentation sweeps out vortex B and vortex C. As the indentation recedes
October 2008 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 33, Number 2B
545
back to its original position, the reverse flow region at the downstream moves back into the indentation and collides with the upstream forward flow. Hence, at = 1 (Figure 18(r)(II)), the flow is fully disturbed in the indentation region. Figure 19(a) and 19(b) show the variation of the wall shear stress on the upper (indented) wall at various time intervals during the cycle. They indicate the strength of the vortex; the position of separation and the position of reattachment (change of sign in wall shear stress) and thus the movement of vortices along the wall. Vortex doubling can be observed from these figures. The wall shear stress upstream of the indentation is dominated mostly by the forward flow but downstream of the indentation it is strongly affected by the vortices. The shear stress variation along the indentation also indicates an acceleration of the flow in this region when the indentation is moving inwards ( < 0.5); and a deceleration when it is retracting ( > 0.5). The shear stresses are higher for the pulsatile flow compare to steady flow.
Figure 19. Wall shear stress distribution during one complete cycle along the indented wall (a) = 0.1 to 0.5 and (b) = 0.6 to 1, for the pulsatile blood flow at the inlet of the axisymmetric collapsible tube (case II)
Figure 20(ad) shows the comparison of axial velocity profiles of pulsatile flow and steady flow at different cross sections and time intervals. For the pulsatile flow case a recirculation zone is observed upstream of the indentation between the time levels = 0.5 and = 0.75 because of the decelerating flow between these time levels. The velocities are maximum for the both the cases after the indentation (6.5R). The velocity profiles also show the separation and recirculation zones. From the figure it can also be seen that the reverse flow dominates at the downstream of the indentation as the increases.
546
October 2008
The main difference that exists between the pulsatile flow and steady flow is vortex doubling. Doubling of vortex is not observed in the case of steady flow while vortex doubling is observed in the case of pulsatile flow. The wall shear stresses obtained for the pulsatile flow are greater than that of the steady flow because of the higher shear rate.
Figure 20. Comparison of axial velocity profiles at various time instants (a) = 0.25 (b) = 0.5 (c) = 0.75 and (b) = 1, for both inlet velocity conditions: pulsatile (- - -) and steady () flow; at different section of the axisymmetric collapsible tube (cases I & II)
Figure 21 shows the history of pressure drops (P1P2 and P1P3) during one flow cycle. Both pressure drop histories are similar in shape but different in magnitude. For the first quarter of the cycle, the pressure drops increase with time, while for the second quarter; the pressure differences decrease with time. As the indentation starts receding, the pressure drops increase again with time resulting in a history similar to the imposed moving wall condition. The pressure drops P1P2 and P1P3 are positive in the first and last thirds of the cycle. During the second third of the cycle, the pressure drops P1P2 and P1P3 are both negative indicating a pressure rise. The pulsatile flow case has higher-pressure drops in comparison to the steady inlet flow case.
October 2008
547
Figure 21. History of pressure drops (P1-P2 and P1-P3) during one flow cycle inside the axisymmetric collapsible tube with a pulsatile inlet blood flow (case II)
5. CONCLUSIONS
A dynamic-mesh numerical model has been developed to simulate the time dependent flow in a 2-D channel with a moving indentation. A non-uniform unstructured grid was used for the numerical simulation. The above model was first validated for a 2-D planar channel against Pedleys [2] experimental work. The results showed very good agreement with the experimental results. The model has been extended to simulate a Newtonian-model blood flow in an axisymmetric tube with an indentation moving at a frequency of f w = 1 Hz with two variations of inlet conditions: steady and pulsatile flow inlets. For the case of steady flow at the inlet of the tube, no recirculation zone was observed upstream of the indentation while a small recirculation zone was observed for the pulsatile inlet flow case upstream of the indentation. In addition, the pulsatile inlet flow condition has enhanced the vortex doubling downstream of the indentation. Reverse flow was found to be dominating downstream of the indentation for both the cases. The wall shear stresses and the pressure drops obtained for the pulsatile case were higher than that of the steady inflow case.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The support of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals during the course of this study is greatly appreciated and acknowledged.
7. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] K.D Stephanoff, T.J. Pedley, C.J. Lawrence, and T.W. Secomb, Fluid Flow Along a Channel With an Asymmetric Oscillating Constriction, Nature. 305(1983), pp. 692695. T.J. Pedley and K.D. Stephanoff, Flow Along a Channel With a Time-Dependent Indentation in One Wall: the Generation of Vorticity Waves, J. Fluid Mech., 160(1985), pp. 337367. M.E. Ralph and T.J. Pedley, Flow in a Channel with Moving Indentation, J. Fluid Mech., 190(1988), pp. 87112.
548
October 2008
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
M.E. Ralph and T.J. Pedley, Viscous and Inviscid Flows in a Channel with a Moving Indentations, J. Fluid Mech., 209(1989), pp. 543566. M. Rosenfeld and D. Kwak, Numerical Solution of Unsteady Incompressible Viscous Flows in Generalized Moving Coordinate Systems, AIAA Paper 89-0466, 1989. I. Demirdzic and M. Peric, Finite Volume Method for Prediction of Fluid Flow in Arbitrarily Shaped Domains with Moving Boundaries, International J. Numer. Methods in Fluids, 10(1990), pp. 771790. X.Y. Luo and T.J. Pedley, A Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flow in a Two-Dimensional Collapsible Channel, J. Fluid Mech., 314(1996), pp. 191225. X.Y. Luo and T.J. Pedley, Numerical Simulation of Steady Flow in a 2-D Collapsible Channel, J. Fluids Struct., 9(1995), pp. 149197. X.Y. Luo and T.J. Pedley, The Effect of Wall Inertia on a Two-Dimensional Collapsible Channel, J. Fluid Mech., 363(1998), pp. 253280. A.L. Gaitonde, A Dual-Time Method for Two-Dimensional Unsteady Incompressible Flow Calculations, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engg., 41(1998), pp. 11531166. A.L. Gaitonde, An Artificial Compressibility Method for the Solution of the 2D Incompressible NavierStokes Equations, Report no. 715, Aero. Eng. Dept., Bristol University, (U. K.), 1955. P.A. Mendes and F.A. Branco, Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction by an Arbitrary LagrangianEularian Finite Element Formulation, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 30(1999), pp. 897919. A. Anju, A. Marauoka, and M. Kawahara, 2-D Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems by an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Finite Element Method. New York: The Gordon and Breach Publishing Group, 1995. M. Heil, Stokes Flow in an Elastic Tube-A Large-Displacement FluidStructure Interaction Problem, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 28(1998), pp. 243265. E. Lefrancois, G. Dhatt, and D. Vandaromme, FluidStructure Interaction with Application to Rocket Engines, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 30(1999), pp. 865895. N. Maalej, J.E. Holden, and J.D. Folts, Effect of Shear Stress on Acute Platelet Thrombus Formation in Canine Stenosed Carotid Arteries: an In Vivo Quantitative Study, J. of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 5(1998), pp. 231 238. N. Maalej and J.D. Folts, Increased Shear Stress Overcomes the Antithrombotic Platelet Inhibitory Effect of Aspirin in Stenosed Dog Coronary Arteries, Circulation, 93(1996), pp. 12011205. Y. Zhao and A. Forhad, A General Method for Simulation of Fluid Flows with Moving and Compliant Boundaries on Unstructured Grids, Comput. Methods App. Mech. Eng, 192(2003), pp. 44394466. D.A. McDonald, Blood Flow in Arteries, 2nd ed. London: Arnold 1974. J.C. Mirsa and S.I. Singh, A Study on the Nonlinear Flow of Blood Through Arteries, Bull. Math. Biol., 49(1987), pp. 257277. K. Perktold, M. Resch, and H. Florian, Pulsatile Non-Newtonian Flow Characteristics in a Three-Dimensional Human Carotid Bifurcation Model, J. Biomechanical Eng., 113(1991), pp. 464475. S.Y. Xu, M.W. Collins, and C.J.H. Jones, Flow Studies in Canine Artery Bifurcations Using Numerical Simulation Method, J. Biomechanical Eng., 114(1992), pp. 504511 X. He and N.K. David, Unsteady Entrance Flow Development in a Straight Tube, J. of Biomechanical Eng., 116(1994), pp. 355360. I.C. Oana and S.T. Clegg, Pulsatile Blood Flow Effects on Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer in Rigid Vessels, J. Biomechanical Eng., 23(2001), pp. 500505. J.S. Stroud, S.A. Berger, and D. Saloner, Numerical Analysis of Flow Through a Severely Stenotic Carotid Artery Bifurcation, J. Biomechanical Eng., 124(2002), pp. 920. S. Sonu Varghese and H. Steven Frankel, Numerical Modelling of Pulsatile Turbulent Flow in Stenotic Vessels, J. Biomechanical Eng., 125(2002), pp. 445460.
[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
October 2008
549
[27] [28] [29] [30]
Yong Zhao and Ahmed Forhad, A General Method for Simulation of Fluid Flows With Moving and Compliant Boundaries on Unstructured Grids, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech.Engg, 192(2003), pp. 44394466. H.K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics, The Finite Volume Method. London: Longman Scientific and Technical, 1995. S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere, D.C.: Washington, 1980. Fluent 6.1 Manual. Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA: Fluent Inc., February 2003.
8. NOMENCLATURE
b hmax p
Depth of unindented channel Maximum blockage of the channel at Dimensional pressure Non-dimensional pressure Volume flow rate Radius Radius of unintended cylinder Non-dimensional radius Dimensional time Time Step Indentation motion period Average velocity at the inlet or characteristic velocity Non-dimensional velocity component in x -direction Dimensional velocity component in x-direction Dimensional velocity component in y-direction Maximum velocity Non-dimensional velocity component in y-direction Non-dimensional x co-ordinate Non-dimensional y co-ordinate Non-dimensional time Wall Shear stress Wormersley parameter Viscosity Kinematic viscosity Density Radial frequency
= 0 .5
P Q0 r r0 R t
t
t0 U0 U u v v max V X Y
Greek Symbols
550
October 2008

Modeling of Pulsatile Blood Flow in An Axisymmetric Tube With A Moving Indentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modeling of Pulsatile Blood Flow in An Axisymmetric Tube With A Moving Indentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N.

MODELING OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN AN AXISYMMETRIC TUBE WITH A MOVING INDENTATION

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

MODELING OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN AN AXISYMMETRIC TUBE WITH A MOVING INDENTATION

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

h(t ) y w ( x, t ) = 0.5h(t ){1 tanh[a( x x2 )]} 0

for 0 < x < x1 for x1 < x < x3 for x > x3

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

Figure 1. Geometry of planar collapsible channel (not to scale) b=1cm, l1 = 10cm, l2 = 18 cm

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

(10 a) (10 b) (10 c)

V ; 0.095ab sec h[ab( X x2 / b)](1 cos(2 )) at Y = yw/b and 0</X/<X3

0.597St [1 tanh [ab (X x 2 / b )]] sin (2 ) b P = Pamb (= 0)

r0 h(t ) rw ( x, t ) = r0 0.5h(t ){1 tanh[ a( x x2 )]} r0

for 0 < x < x1 for x1 < x < x3 for x > x3

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

V = at R = rw/b and 0 </X/<X3 Outlet Conditions

0.597St 1 Tanh [ar0 (X x 2 / r0 )] Sin (2 ) r0

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

R. Ben-Mansour, H.M. Badr, A. Qaiyum Shaik, and N. Maalej

[27] [28] [29] [30]

You might also like