Contents: 1. Book with one author or editor 2. Book with two authors or editors 3.

Book with three or more authors or editors 4. Book with no author or editor stated 5. Book that has been translated 6. Article in a collection by several authors, with one or more editors 7. Article from an encyclopedia with no author stated 8. Article from an encyclopedia with one author 9. Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with no author stated 10. Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with one or more authors 11. Pamphlet or brochure with no author stated 12. Book, movie, film, product, or software review 13. Government document 14. Interview 15. Film or video recording 16. Audio recording 17. Televisioin or radio 18. Computer software or CD-ROM 19. Internet 20. Reference to Shakespeare 21. Reference from the Bible, Catechism, or Sacred Texts 22. Citations for a single work throughout essay 23. Sources used more than once 1. Book with one author or editor: 1 Frank Feather, Canada's Best Careers Guide 2000 (Toronto: Warwick, 2000) 152-3. 1 Jerry White, ed. Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life (Toronto: Warwick, 1998) 7-8. 2. Book with two authors or editors: 2 R.D. Hogg and Michael G. Mallin, Preparing Your Income Tax Returns: 2001 Edition for 2000 Returns (Toronto: CCH Canadian, 2001) 969:519. 2 Andrew Cohen and J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Toronto: Random, 1998) 391. 3. Book with three or more authors or editors: 3 Jack Canfield, et al., Chicken Soup for the Kid's Soul:

101 Stories of Courage, Hope and Laughter (Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, 1998) 68. 3 Mans O. Larsson, et al., eds. Let's Go: Germany 1998 (New York: St. Martin's, 1998) 96-98. 4. Book with no author or editor stated: 4 The 1990 Charlton Coin Guide, 29th ed. (Toronto: Charlton, 1989) 39. 4 Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step, (Redmond, WA: Perspection, 2001) 235. 5. Book that has been translated: 5 Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, trans. M. Moyaart-Doubleday (Toronto: Bantam, 1993) 95. 6. Article in a collection by several authors, with one or more editors: 6 Carmen DaSilva, "Life Insurance as a Tool for Estate Planning," Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life, ed. Jerry White (Toronto: Warwick, 1998) 57-71. 6 Maryann G. Valiulis, "Power, Gender and Identity in the Irish Free State," Irish Women's Voices Past and Present, ed. Joan Hoff and Moureen Coulter (Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1995) 118. 7. Article from an encyclopedia with no author stated: 7 "Malcolm X," Encyclopedia of Social Issues, 1997 ed. 8. Article from an encyclopedia with one author: 8 Lawrence A. Presley, "DNA Fingerprinting," World Book Encyclopedia, 2000 ed. 9. Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with no author stated: Click here to see Abbreviations of Months of the Year 9 "Bombardier Wins Order in Israel," Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct. 2002: B12. 9 "Lighting Up the World: A Canadian's Obsession Has Helped Thousands," Maclean's 4 Nov. 2002: 42-43.

10. Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with one or more authors: 10 Jonathan Alter and Geoffrey Gagnon, "The Future of New York," Newsweek 9 Sept. 2002: 50+. 10 Michael Friscolanti, "Convicts 'Morally' Fit to Vote: Supreme Court Ruling," National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: A4. 10 Rita Daly, "Bird Flu Targeting the Young," Toronto Star 11 Mar. 2006: A1+. 10 Tom Fennell, "From Misfit to Murderer," Maclean's 4 Nov. 2002: 32-34. 11. Pamphlet, with no author stated: 11 2001 Chevy Tracker: Chevy Trucks (General Motors of Canada, 2000). 11 Fosamax (Kirkland, PQ: Merck Frosst Canada, 2002). 12. Book, movie, film, product or software review: 12 Henry Gordon, rev. of China! The Grand Tour, CD-ROM, Hopkins Technology, We Compute Feb. 1998: 15. 12 Katrina Onstad, "Not Too Naughty, Not Too Nice," rev. of The Santa Clause 2, dir. Michael Lembeck, National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: PM5. 13. Government document: 13 Canada, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2000) 12-13. 13 United States, National Council on Disability, Carrying on the Good Fight - Summary Paper from Think Tank 2000 - Advancing the Civil and Human Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures (Washington: GPO, 2000) 6. 14. Interview: 14 Hellmut Longin, Personal interview, 12 Feb. 2006. 15. Film or video recording: 15 The Pacifier, dir. Adam Shankman, perf. Vin Diesel, DVD, Disney, 2005. 15 A Simple wish, dir. Michael Ritchie, writ. Jeff Rothberg, perf. Martin Short and Mara Wilson, VHS, Universal, 1997.

16. Audio recording: 16 Ginger, Solid Ground, Nettwerk, Vancouver, 1994. 17. Television or radio: 17 Larry King Live, CNN, Nassau, Bahamas, 7 Mar. 2002. 17 Abbey Lincoln Sings Her Career, WBGO, Newark, NJ, 4 Mar. 2002. 18. Computer software or CD-ROM: 18 National Parks: The Multimedia Family Guide, CD-ROM, Woodland Hills, CA: Cambrix, 1995. 18 Norton AntiVirus, CD-ROM, Symantec, 2003. 18 QuickTax: Tax Year 2002, CD-ROM, Intuit Canada, 2003. 19. Internet: Note: First date = Web page creation or modification date. Second date = the date you accessed the Web page. If the Web page does not have a modification or creation date, leave it out, but always indicate your access date just before the URL. 19 Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs, "Aboriginal Peoples Survey: From APS I to APS II." Facts from Stats, Corporate Information Management Directorate, Issue No. 15, Mar. 2000, 15 Dec. 2004 <http://www.inac.gc.ca/nr/nwltr/sts/2000-03_e.html>. 19 James Henretta, et al., "Richard Allen and African-American Identity," America's History, Spring 1997, 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/spring97/allen.html>. 19 "Edsitement," 12 Feb. 2006 <http://edsitement.neh.gov>. 19 Abdullah al-Shiri, "Danish Cartoon Prompts Protest," Sunday Herald 29 Jan. 2006, 12 Feb. 2006 <http://ww1.sundayherald.com/53793>. 20. Reference to Shakespeare: (Shakespeare's plays are cited with Roman capitals for the Act, small Roman numerals for the Scene, and Arabic numerals for the Lines). 20 Hamlet IV, i, 15-18. In-text Footnotes or Endnotes may be added in an essay for a single Shakespearean play: 20 Lear sums up his whole tragedy when he says, "I am a man more sinned against than sinning." (III, ii, 57) 21. Reference from the Bible, Catechism, or Sacred Texts: Click here to see Abbreviations of Books of the Bible Example in text:

An interesting reference was made to the picking of corn on the Sabbath.1 Example of Footnote citation, long form: 1 Matthew 12:1-8. Example of Footnote citation, short form: 1 Mt 12:1-8. List under Works Cited: The New Jerusalem Bible: Reader's Edition. New York: Doubleday, 1990. Example in text: The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "Because of its common origin the human race forms a unity, for 'from one ancestor [God] made all nations to inhabit the whole earth.'" 2 Example of first Footnote or Endnote citation of the above quote taken from Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part I, Section 2, Chapter 1, Article 1, Paragraph 6I, Reference Number: 360, Page 103, would be: 2 Catechism of the Catholic Church (New York: Doubleday, 1994) 360. Subsequent citation of the same quote: 3 Catechism, 360. Citation of a different quote from the same book: 4 Catechism, 1499. List under Works Cited: Catechism of the Catholic Church. New York: Doubleday, 1994. Examples of other Footnote or Endnote citations of sacred texts: 5 Pius XII, encyclical, Summi Pontificatus 3. 6 Roman Catechism I, 10, 24. 22. Citations for a single work throughout essay: If the entire essay is about one book, e.g. Carrie only and there are no other sources used, a Footnote or Endnote is needed only for the first quotation as follows: Stephen King, Carrie (New York: New American, 1974) 40. All subsequent quotations are from this edition. After this, it is only necessary to supply the page number of the text: Sheriff Otis Doyle testified that Miss Snell told him that "Carrie did it. Carrie did it." (198) 23. Sources used more than once: For more detailed treatment of this topic, see How to Write Footnotes and Endnotes. 1. If a source was footnoted earlier, you can use a shortened Footnote or Endnote providing only the author's surname and the reference page number: 1 King 197.

2. When two or more books by the same author are used as reference material, or there are sources by two or more authors with the same last name, include the short title or an abbreviated form of the title: 2 King, Fire-Starter 279. 2 King, It 13.

BIBIOLOGY
WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY? A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all materials consulted in the preparation of your assignment. WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY? An annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of books or articles for which you have added explanatory or critical notes. The annotation is usually written in a paragraph, about 150 words, in which you briefly describe the book or article cited, then add an evaluation and a critical comment of your own. An annotated bibliography differs from an abstract which is simply a summary of a piece of writing of about 150-250 words without critical evaluation. See Writing an Annotated Bibliography, How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography. WHY MUST YOU DO A BIBLIOGRAPHY? Some reasons: 1. To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased. 2. To show that you are respectfully borrowing other peoples ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing. 3. To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic. 4. To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing. 5. Your teacher insists that you do a bibliography or marks will be deducted. WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY? AUTHOR TITLE PLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHER

DATE OF PUBLICATION PAGE NUMBER(S) (For articles from magazines, journals, periodicals, newspapers, encyclopedias, or in anthologies). 1. AUTHOR Ignore any titles, designations or degrees, etc. which appear before or after the name, e.g., The Honourable, Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Rev., S.J., Esq., Ph.D., M.D., Q.C., etc. Exceptions are Jr. and Sr. Do include Jr. and Sr. as John Smith, Jr. and John Smith, Sr. are two different individuals. Include also I, II, III, etc. for the same reason. Examples: a) Last name, first name: Berkel, Catharina van. Christensen, Asger. Wilson-Smith, Anthony. b) Last name, first and middle names: Price, David Robert James. c) Last name, first name and middle initial: Schwab, Charles R. d) Last name, initial and middle name: Holmes, A. William. e) Last name, initials: Meister, F.A. f) Last name, first and middle names, Jr. or Sr. designation: Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Jr. g) Last name, first name, I, II, III, etc.: Stilwell, William E., IV. 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE a) If the title on the front cover or spine of the book differs from the title on the title page, use the title on the title page for your citation.

b) UNDERLINE the title and subtitle of a book, magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia, e.g., Oops! What to Do When Things Go Wrong, Sports Illustrated, New York Times, Encyclopaedia Britannica. c) If the title of a newspaper does not indicate the place of publication, add the name of the city or town after the title in square brackets, e.g. National Post [Toronto]. Sample, Ian. "Boy Mixes Saliva with Web Savvy to Locate Birth Father." Globe and Mail [Toronto] 3 Nov. 2005: A1+. Furuta, Aya. "Japan Races to Stay Ahead in Rice-Genome Research." Nikkei Weekly [Tokyo] 5 June 2000: 1+. d) DO NOT UNDERLINE the title and subtitle of an article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia; put the title and subtitle between quotation marks: Baker, Peter, and Susan B. Glasser. "No Deals with Terrorists: Putin." Toronto Star 29 Oct. 2002: A1+. Fields, Helen. "Virtual Healing." U.S. News & World Report 18 Oct. 2004: 70. Penny, Nicholas B. "Sculpture, The History of Western." New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998 ed. e) CAPITALIZE the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, as well as all important words except for articles, prepositions, and conjunctions, e.g., Flash and XML: A Developer's Guide, or The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler. f) Use LOWER CASE letters for conjunctions such as and, because, but, and however; for prepositions such as in, on, of, for, and to; as well as for articles: a, an, and the, unless they occur at the beginning of a title or subtitle, or are being used emphatically, e.g., "And Now for Something Completely Different: A Hedgehog Hospital," "Court OKs Drug Tests for People on Welfare," or "Why Winston Churchill Was The Man of The Hour." g) Separate the title from its subtitle with a COLON (:), e.g. "Belfast: A Warm Welcome Awaits." 3. PLACE OF PUBLICATION - for Books Only

a) DO NOT use the name of a country, state, province, or county as a Place of Publication, e.g. do not list Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Great Britain, United States of America, California, Ontario or Orange County as a place of publication. b) Use only the name of a city or a town. c) Choose the first city or town listed if more than one Place of Publication are indicated in the book. d) It is not necessary to indicate the Place of Publication when citing articles from major encyclopedias, magazines, journals, or newspapers. e) If the city is well known, it is not necessary to add the State or Province after it, e.g.: Boston: Chicago: London: New York: Paris: Tokyo: Toronto: f) If the city or town is not well known, or if there is a chance that the name of the city or town may create confusion, add the abbreviated letters for State, Province, or Territory after it for clarification. See Chapter 13. USA and Canada - Abbreviations of States, Provinces, and Territories. Example: Austin, TX: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: London, ON: Medicine Hat, AB: g) Use "n.p." to indicate that no place of publication is given. 4. PUBLISHER - for Books Only a) Be sure you write down the Publisher, NOT the Printer. b) If a book has more than one publisher, not one publisher with multiple places of publication, list the publishers in the order given each with its corresponding year of publication, e.g.: Conrad, Joseph. Lord Jim. 1920. New York: Doubleday; New York: Signet, 1981.

c) Shorten the Publisher's name, e.g. use Macmillan, not Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Omit articles A, An, and The, skip descriptions such as Press, Publishers, etc. See Section 7.5 in the 6th ed. of the MLA Handbook for more details and examples. d) No need to indicate Publisher for encyclopedias, magazines, journals, and newspapers. e) If you cannot find the name of the publisher anywhere in the book, use "n.p." to indicate there is no publisher listed. 5. DATE OF PUBLICATION a) For a book, use the copyright year as the date of publication, e.g.: 2005, not 2005 or Copyright 2005, i.e. do not draw the symbol for copyright, or add the word Copyright in front of the year. b) For a monthly or quarterly publication use month and year, or season and year. For the months May, June, and July, spell out the months, for all other months with five or more letters, use abbreviations: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. Note that there is no period after the month. For instance, the period after Jan. is for the abbreviation of January only. See Abbreviations of Months of the Year, Days of the Week, and Other Time Abbreviations. If no months are stated, use Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter, etc. as given, e.g.: Alternatives Journal Spring 2005. Classroom Connect Dec. 2004/Jan. 2005. Discover July 2004. Scientific American May 2004. c) For a weekly or daily publication use date, month, and year, e.g.: Newsweek 29 Sept. 2004. d) Use the most recent Copyright year if two or more years are listed, e.g., 1988, 1990, 2005. Use 2005. e) Do not confuse Date of Publication with Date of Printing, e.g., 7th Printing 2005, or Reprinted in 2005. These are not publication dates. f) If you cannot find a publication date anywhere in the book, use "n.d." to indicate there is "No Date" listed for this publication. g) If there is no publication date, but you are able to find out from reliable sources the approximate date of publication, use [c. 2005] for circa 2005, or use [2005?]. Always use square brackets [ ] to indicate information that is not given but is supplied by you. 6. PAGE NUMBER(S)

a) Page numbers are not needed for a book, unless the citation comes from an article or essay in an anthology, i.e. a collection of works by different authors. Example of a work in an anthology (page numbers are for the entire essay or piece of work): Fish, Barry, and Les Kotzer. "Legals for Life." Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life. Ed. Jerry White. Toronto: Warwick, 1998. 32-56. b) If there is no page number given, use "n. pag." (Works Cited example) Schulz, Charles M. The Meditations of Linus. N.p.: Hallmark, 1967. (Footnote or Endnote example) 1 Charles M. Schulz, The Meditations of Linus (N.p.: Hallmark, 1967) n. pag. c) To cite a source with no author, no editor, no place of publication or publisher stated, no year of publication, but you know where the book was published, follow this example: Full View of Temples of Taiwan - Tracks of Pilgrims. [Taipei]: n.p., n.d. d) Frequently, page numbers are not printed on some pages in magazines and journals. Where page numbers may be counted or guessed accurately, count the pages and indicate the page number or numbers. e) If page numbers are not consecutive, it is not necessary to list all the page numbers on which the article is found. For example, if the article starts on page 10, continues on pages 12-13, and finishes on page 36, you need only to state 10+ as page numbers, not 10-36, and not 10, 12-13, 36. Cohen, Stephen S., and J. Bradford DeLong. "Shaken and Stirred." Atlantic Monthly Jan.-Feb. 2005: 112+. Above article starts on page 112, continues on pages 113 and 114, advertisement appears on page 115, article continues on page 116, and ends on page 117. f) Treat page numbers given in Roman numerals as they are given if quoting sources from Foreword, Preface, Introduction, etc., write v-xii as printed and not 5-12. Normally, do not use Roman numerals for page numbers from the main part of the book where Arabic numbers are used. Also, do not use Roman numerals for encyclopedia volume numbers if Arabic numbers are given.

g) To cite an article from a well known encyclopedia, such as Americana, Britannica, or World Book, you need not indicate the editor, place of publication, publisher, or number of volumes in the set. If there is an author, cite the author. If no author is stated, begin the citation with the title of the article. Underline the title of the encyclopedia and provide the year of edition, e.g.: Kibby, Michael W. "Dyslexia." World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed. Do not confuse a subheading in a long article with the title of the article, i.e., do not use the subheading History or People as the title if the main title of the article is Germany. Where the encyclopedia cited is not a well-known or familiar work, in addition to the author, title of article, and title of the encyclopedia, you must also indicate the editor, edition if available, number of volumes in the set, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication, e.g.: Midge, T. "Powwows." Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Ed. D.L. Birchfield. 11 vols. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1997. WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY IN MLA STYLE Begin typing your list of cited sources flush to the left margin. Indent 5 spaces (or half an inch) for second and subsequent lines of citation. Some citations are short and may fit all on one line. Nothing is wrong with that. Do not type author on one line, title on a second line, and publication information on a third line. Type all citation information continuously until you reach the end of the line. Indent the second line and continue with the citation. If the citation is very long, indent the third and subsequent lines. 1. Standard Format for a Book: Author. Title: Subtitle. City or Town: Publisher, Year of Publication. If a book has no author or editor stated, begin with the title. If the city or town is not commonly known, add the abbreviation for the State or Province. If you are citing two or more books by the same author or editor, list the name of the author or editor in the first entry only, and use three hyphens to indicate that the following entry or entries have the same name. Do not use the three hyphens if a book is by two or more authors or is edited by two or more individuals. Example:

Business: The Ultimate Resource. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2002. King, Stephen. Black House. New York: Random, 2001. ---. Dreamcatcher. New York: Scribner, 2001. ---. From a Buick 8: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2002. Osen, Diane, ed. The Book That Changed My Life: Interviews with National Book Award Winners and Finalists. New York: Modern, 2002. 2. Standard Format for a Magazine, Periodical, Journal, or Newspaper Article: Author. "Title: Subtitle of Article." Title of Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper Day, Month, Year of Publication: Page Number(s). Example: Hewitt, Ben. "Quick Fixes for Everyday Disasters." Popular Mechanics Nov. 2004: 8388. Nordland, Rod, Sami Yousafzai, and Babak Dehghanpisheh. "How Al Qaeda Slipped Away." Newsweek 19 Aug. 2002: 34-41. Suhr, Jim. "Death Penalty for Juveniles Is Considered: High Court to Hear Missouri Case." Buffalo News 10 Oct. 2004: A12. For other citation examples, see Chapter 12. Bibliography - Examples in MLA Style. Note: It is generally not necessary to indicate volume and issue numbers for newspapers and magazines as the publication dates and pages make the articles easy to find. For scholarly journals, such as those published quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, it is advisable to indicate both volume and issue numbers when available. For a detailed discussion on citing articles and other publications in periodicals, please see Chapter 5.7 in MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.