Department of Management Sciences

(PUMBA), University of Pune

(MBA++)

Feasibility of National ID
System in India

Submitted By,

NITIN BANKA

1
2
 Feasibility of National ID System in India

Acknowledgement

We have a great pleasure in submitting the report on “Feasibility of

National ID System in India”.

The success of any task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the
people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement
crowned our efforts with success.

3
 We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and
gratitude to our subject teacher Mrs. Pratibha Bhide for her valuable guidance,
suggestions and advice from time to time during the making of this report. The
support and encouragement provided by her was of great help to us and this is
definitely going to be a sound foundation for us and will certainly help us in the
future.

Our special thanks to Dr. (Capt.) C.M. Chitale and Dr. B.V. Sangvikar
for their valuable suggestions. The inputs given by Mr. Manish Verma, Dr.
Ashutosh Kolte, Dr. Surbhi Jain, and Mr. Hemant Katole were of immense
help during the completion of the project

Further, we would like to extend our thanks to all those who, from their
valuable time, spare few minutes to give their genuine feedback to our
questionnaire. Whether it is the Faculty at PUMBA or students from our
department or students from other department. Our sincere thanks to all of them.

Also, to make our project fruitful and more worthy, we have relied
heavily on the library and computer lab. The facilities provided by them were of
immense help during the working of the project.

Lastly we are very thankful to all those who helped directly or indirectly
contributed in the making of this report.

Contents
Chap No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 9

4
2 Review of Literature 12

2.1 – Importance of National ID 13

2.2 – International Perspective 13

2.3 – Guidelines and Information 14

2.4 - Identity cards in India 15

3 National ID-A Pioneer Idea 16

3.1 – National ID card in India. 17

3.2 – Issues Concerned with Implementation. 17

3.3 – Present Status of Implementation 19

3.4 – Drawback in Implementation of 19

National ID.

3.5 – Unique National ID project

20
3.6 – Key Issues and challenges in Finalising
21
Issue.
4 Data Collection and Data Presentation 22

4.1 – Questionnaire 23

4.2 – Data Collection 25

4.3 – Data Presentation 26

4.3.1 – Tables 26

4.3.2 – Graphical Presentation 30

5 Statistical Analysis 32

5.1 – Simple Statistical Tools 33

5.2 – Modern Statistical Tools 38

6 Conclusions 44

5
 6.1 conclusions from simple statistical analysis 45

6.2 conclusions from modern statistical analysis 46

6.3 suggestions & recommendations 47

List of Tables
Sr.No Chapter Table Description
No. No.
1 4 4.3.1.1 Group 1 data
2 4 4.3.1.2 Group 2 data
3 4 4.3.1.3 Group 3 data
4 4 4.3.1.4 Group 4 data
5 5 5.1.1 General Purpose services with application of
statistical tools
6 5 5.1.2 Security Services with application of statistical
tools
7 5 5.1.3 Security Services with application of statistical
tools
8 5 5.1.4 Implementation with application of statistical
tools
9 5 5.2.1 Table Showing sum of responses for each
question for every group.
10 5 5.2.2 one-way ANOVA table
11 5 5.2.3 sum of the responses for specific question for
specified group along with the ranks assigned
to these Sums
12 6 6.1.1 Conclusions for each question

6
List of Graphs
Sr.No Chapter No. Graph No. Description
1 4 4.3.2.1 Graph for responses obtained by group 1.

2 4 4.3.2.2 Graph for responses obtained by group 2.

3 4 4.3.2.3 Graph for responses obtained by group 3.

4 4 4.3.2.4 Graph for responses obtained by group 4.

Appendices:
Sr Annexure Page
No No
1 Annexure 1-Questionnaire 49
2 Annexure 1.1-Questionnaire for 49
group 1
3 Annexure 1.2-Questionnaire for 51

7
 group 2
4 Annexure 1.3-Questionnaire for 53
group 3
5 Annexure 1.4-Questionnaire for 55
group 4

8
 Chapter 1

Introduction

A National Identification Number is used by the governments of many

countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents and
temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits,
health care and other functions. Although different countries have different
views on the usage of the national identity, a large number of countries have
been in favour of having a national identification system in place.

9
 Many countries issued such numbers ostensibly for a singular purpose,
but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For
example, the United States originally developed its Social Security Number
system as a means of disbursing Social Security benefits. Due to functionality
creep, the number has been utilized for other purposes to the point where it is
almost essential to have one in order to, among other things, open a bank
account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car.

In India, the current and previous governments have contemplated for a

national identity system in place. Albeit the need of such a system and moreover
the benefits which common citizens may accrue from one more identity has
been a topic of debate. An average Indian now has to carry at least four to five
different identities to prove his identity. The limitation of existing IDs, is that
they serve different and limited purposes. As citizens are issued different
identity proofs with different purposes, there is lack of a centralized information
data system, thus causing redundancy and wastage of resources. Currently,
government has been running at least two major national ID projects, which are
in pilot phase for the past seven-eight years.

In our project we have attempted to find out the feasibility of National ID

system in India. We have used random sampling technique for our research
purpose. We have considered Pune University to be our population. Out of
population we have taken four groups of sixteen sample size each i.e. our total
sample size is sixty four. The four groups comprises of first year students of
PUMBA, Faculty at PUMBA, second year students at PUMBA and students of
other departments outside PUMBA respectively.

In our project work we have used average, mean, median, mode and
standard deviation among simple statistical techniques. While among the
modern methods we have used one way ANOVA and Friedman’s test.

While looking for the feasibility of implementation of National ID system we

don’t deny the drawbacks of this project. The implementation of this system
will require a lot of infrastructure and huge investment. Further it’s questionable
whether public sector or government services would be able to maintain such
huge database or not? It’s also tough to maintain the security of the database. In
India where about 70% of population lives in rural areas and literacy levels are
still below the threshold level of 75%, it’s difficult to involve the whole nation
in the implementation of National ID system.

10
However, it’s possible to overcome the drawbacks. Government should try to
implement the system through public-private partnership. Training should be
provided to government staffs. Infrastructural offices should be opened in rural
areas in order to facilitate them the services. Finally, all information regarding
knowledge of National ID system should be made accessible all over India.

All identity systems carry consequential dangers as well as potential

benefits. However, the implementation of National ID system would result in
strengthening of the national security, controlling illegal immigration,
improving internal law and order, managing the identity of country’s citizens
and facilitating e-governance in India.

Chapter 2

11
 Review of Literature
Importance

2.1- Importance:

“Can you imagine how many times you may need to produce your personal
profile during your life? How many times you get frustrated when your
credentials are not correct? Just imagine, your personal and family information
are important from the day you are born - Birth certificate, School admission
application, Citizenship certificate, College admission form. Similar
information is required for starting your business, getting driving license for
riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring properties, registering

12
your marriage, migrating from district to district, casting a vote for your
favourite leader, getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job and
so many events and in so many situations you will have to disclose your
personal identification. So your personal information is scattered everywhere.
Besides that, the agencies which deal with you on such situations should
process, store, retain your information separately, definitely causing a waste of
resources, time and money. On top of that, you cannot expect consistency on the
information of the same person in each agency.

2.2 - International perspective:

National IDs have been implemented in various forms and mechanisms and
serve varied purposes. Many countries have a system of national identity cards,
some of which require their citizens to carry them at all times. Most European
countries have ID cards. UK has introduced legislation to implement such a
system and US has passed the Real ID Act, which critics argue would make
driver's licences into de facto national IDs. the European Union, which is
examining the possibility of a pan European e-Identity so that European
“citizens are freer to travel, find work, access health services, buy property, and
register for schools (in any European nation) and it is easier for small and
medium enterprises to set up and do business in any member state….(proposes
to) also test third-party "identity providers".

For example, in Pakistan, all adult citizens must register for the Computerized
National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. This card is
regularly used because of the multiple uses of the card across Pakistan's
organizations. In Belgium, everyone above the age of 12 has to carry some
means of identification at all times. For Belgians it is the identity card, for
foreigners residing in Belgium it can also be a passport, a work permit or a
(temporary) residence permit. Since the year 2000, all new identity cards have a
chip.

13
2.3 - Guidelines and information:

A unique national ID, would give comprehensive, accurate and critical

information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary. The
guiding principles for Indian national identity system were laid down by the
former President, His Excellency APJ Kalam: “It should be a multipurpose,
secured and authentic ID card. This card should be akin to the Xerox copy of the
individual with the multifactor authentication such as photograph, biometrics-
fingerprint, iris-based systems and digital signature. India with a population of
one billion people should be concerned about providing this card to the citizens
at a cost effective basis. Hence there is a need to select the right technology for
the preparation of the card and online issue of the card also needs to be
determined urgently. This challenge has to be taken up by the consortium of
public and private industries, academic institutions with the
Government.”(Kalam, 2003).

Standalone registrations by individual organizations result in redundancy both at

state and central level, thus resulting in issuance of multiple cards to a single
person. There is an urgent and emerging need for a single integrated
registration, which will assign a unique national ID to each citizen of the
country. A unique national ID would give comprehensive, accurate and critical
information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary.

2.4- Identity cards in India:

In India, multiple identification proof cards are being issued to its citizens.
Each of these existing ID proofs has limited use. It is essential to study in-depth
the pros and cons of existing ID proofs and their system, as it would facilitate
creating a comprehensive and exhaustive national ID. The existing ID proofs
have their respective pros and cons. Each differs in robustness of usage,
coverage, cross acceptance, accuracy and comprehensiveness of data, renewal

14
and security of ID proofs and international acceptance. Across all the existing
ID proofs being issued there are common concerns, which continue to prevail -
redundancies of information especially when citizens migrate to another city or
state, mismatch of data and lack of centralized database. There are problems of
security

issues, which continue to prevail due to which there are issues of fraud and
forgery of ID proofs. Moreover, out of the existing IDs, PAN card, driving
licence, and passport are issued to those who have considerable financial
capacity. The profiles of PAN cardholders and passport holders are similar.
Ration card is a major source of identification for those who are Below Poverty
Line (BPL) and financially marginal citizens. Driving licences can be issued
only to those who know to drive and are aware of traffic and driving rules.

Chapter 3

15
 National ID- A Pioneer Idea

3.1 Multipurpose National Identity Card in India:

MNIC is an initiative of Government of India to issue a Multipurpose National

Identity Card to every citizen of the country. It is being contemplated towards a
well regulated approach of monitoring and tracking the various benefits being
provided by government as well as restricting illicit use of multiple/false
identities. Also, both detection and compliance in the tax area could be better
managed.

Some of the objectives of MNIC as identified are:

16
1) To strengthen national security by controlling illegal immigration.

2) To manage the identity of country’s citizens.

3) To facilitate e-governance in India.

The objective is also to help government of India prepare a database on National

Population Register (NPR), National Register of Residency (NRR) – for non-
citizens, National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC), National Identity Number
(NIN) to each person, etc. The project was initiated under the Vajpayee, NDA
government (circa 2002), which has since been continued by the present UPA
government under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The project's importance
was underscored by President Abdul Kalam in his 2006 Independence Day eve
address to the nation.

3.2 Issues concerned for implementation:

The following dimensions were considered to be critical for the successful

implementation of national ID.

1. Extent of Coverage

‐ Total Cards issued till date

‐ Geographical spread of coverage (as depth of presence in Tier I/II/III

cities/villages)

2. Versatility/Acceptability of usage of the ID by institutions (public and

private) other than the issuing authority, such as

17
‐ Age Proof

‐ Address Proof

‐ Other identity proofs (e.g., banks, domestic airlines)

3. Robustness of the card issue/delivery process

‐ Problems of bogus IDs

‐ Time taken for issue of card

‐ Card application process (self-application/agents, dependence on other IDs for

proof, etc.)

‐ Effectiveness of the verification process (steps taken to verify)

4. Relevance of data

- Form of data (electronic version)

-Availability in English language

-Up-to-datedness of the ID (cleaning/deletion/update)

5. Comprehensiveness of Data

- Comprehensiveness of the data

- Personal information (DoB, Address, etc.)

- Medical details (blood group, etc.)

6. Validity period of ID/Frequency of renewal

7. Information Security Management System

‐ Level of IT Systems Integration (central database)

18
‐ Security/Privacy of Data

‐ Compatibility with other ID systems.

‐ Ease of extension/upgrade of the system

8. Acceptability/Validity of the ID by foreign institutions/countries.

3.3 Present status of implementation:

The project has kicked off a fresh round of card distribution to provide two
million cards to people above 18 years in 13 districts across 12 states and the
union territory of Pondicherry. Earlier plans and reports indicated that the
project was in pilot, or was attempted in 20 selected sub-districts of 13 states
and union territories.

3.4 Drawbacks in implementation of MNIC:

However, there are several implementation issues that the project is

encountering in following terms:

• Non-availability of proofs for a considerable percentage of the population,

especially in the rural areas.

• Issues related to distribution of the IDs to each individual.

• Issues related to maintenance of the database, once it is created. Considering

the large time span that is required to prepare a comprehensive database, the
system will face huge issues of obsolescence right from the beginning.

3.5 Unique National ID Project:

19
 The UID project being piloted by Planning Commission and being executed by
the Department of Communication and Information Technology, aims at
studying the feasibility of expanding an existing ID system to generate a unique
national ID for each citizen. This project, unlike the MNIC project is not trying
to address the issue of citizenship, but is aiming at providing resident IDs to
whoever is currently staying in India.

After considering the various existing systems, it has been decided to

consolidate the electoral database primarily because of the extent of coverage
(600 million) it provides. The project is currently in conception stage. The
department is mulling over generation of the ID based on the available database.
They are in the process of populating data by aggregating information from all
districts across the country into a centralized database and cleaning up the
information for any irregularities/inconsistencies. They are also defining a
formal mechanism for enrolling new members into the database and setting up a
formal central authority to maintain and run the system.

However, currently no plans have been formalized for distribution of any IDs,
which is a serious issue, faced by the MNIC project too. The level of data that
the department has been able to match is not more than 80%, which leaves a
huge chunk of the population, with false data.

3.6 key issues and challenges in finalising issue:

The electoral database that has been chosen is currently available in

vernacular language (separate for each state) which needs to be converted into
English before further processing. Conversion of data involves lot of time and
complications. The conversion to English is being done using software;
however there are specific cases where the conversion yields very weird
connotations.

20
Chapter 4

21
 Data Collection and Data
Presentation

In this chapter, following contents has been included

4.1 - Questionnaire

4.2 - Data Collection

4.3 - Data Presentation

4.3.1 - Tables

4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation

Now, we will see stated points in details with respected to research work,

4.1 - Questionnaire:

In this research work questioner has been designed to cover

all the aspects of related area. mainly four areas has been
identified for this research work, though these areas won’t

22
give full micro view of all aspects related with National ID
but we can get the macro view about all the aspects involved
in national ID project. Following are the major areas,

- General Purpose Services:

It is used as group 1 services in whole research work.

These services include all kind of general purpose services

Indian citizen will use in his/her daily/routine life (only basic
transactions). starting your business, getting driving license
for riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring
properties, registering for marriage, migrating from district to
district, casting a vote for favourite leader, tax fillings,
getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job
and so many events and in so many situations citizen will
have to disclose your personal identification .under this area
four questions have been asked, these four questions will try
to judge these general purpose services inconvenience to
Indian Citizen. Questionnaire for this group has been
attached in annexure (1) (1). Sample set chosen for this
group is first year students .These students will be involved
in general purpose services thoroughly as average Indian
citizen and they will have more problems and challenges in
performing these activities as they are students.

- Public Services:

It is used as group 2 services in whole research work.

These services includes services like banking operations,

healthcare services offered by government, private services
like transport, government transportation, rural India services
offered by government and private sector, voter’s ID card,
employment in government organization, Employees
Provident Fund .These area emphasizes on rural aspect of
National ID project also it briefly discussed about impact of
national ID system on Indian public service scenario.
Services like pension fund, banking and postal services,

23
health & medical services, concession in transportation
charge also falls under this category. Questionnaire for this
group is shown in annexure (1) (2). Administrative people
have been selected as sample set for this group so that we
can have administrative view on this group questionnaire. It’s
so because administrative people are the ones who come in
to picture when public transactions will come in to picture.

- Security Services:

This part of questionnaire has been set as group 3 in whole

research work.

Questions related with this area are concerned with security

concerns of country as well as security concerns associated
with National ID project. These groups of questions take care
of legal framework of India after and before implementation
of national ID project.

Security and confidentiality of data used in national ID

system and whole impact and concerns related with security.
Questionnaire for this group is shown in annexure (1) (3).

Sample set selected for this group is Second year students

which are more comfortable with security scenario of
country as these students got more circular view of Indian
security scenario due improved knowledge and improved
experience of MBA degree.

- Implementation:

This part has been designated as group no-4 in whole

research work.

This area mainly deals with present needs for

implementation of national ID project as well as future issues

24
related after the implementation of national ID project. This
group has main concerns like technology, private service
role, administration of national ID system, database
management. This area can be taken as technical aspect of
National ID system. Questionnaire for this area is shown in
annexure (1) (4). Sample set chosen for this questionnaire is
other department students which can view this
implementation with more impartial view. And different
departments have been approached so that we can have
diverse views o these issues.

4.2 - Data collection:

Data collection has been done with following scenario,

Group 1: General purpose services

Sample set: First year students of PUMBA

Sample size: 16

Group 2: Public Service

Sample set: Faculty at PUMBA

Sample Size: 16

Group 3: Security services

Sample set: Second year students at PUMBA

Sample size: 16

Group 4: Implementation

25
 Sample Set: Students from other departments in Pune
University

Sample Size: 16

4.3 - Data Presentation:

4.3.1 – Tables:

Table 4.3.1.1 - Group 1 data has been presented in

following table:
Group-1

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 2 3 4

2 3 4 2 3

3 4 3 3 3

4 2 3 2 2

5 3 1 4 3

6 4 3 2 2

7 3 3 2 3

8 4 4 2 2

9 4 3 2 3

10 3 3 3 2

11 3 3 3 3

12 3 2 2 2

13 4 4 1 3

14 3 2 3 2

15 4 3 2 3

16 3 1 2 2

26
Table 4.3.1.2 - Group 2 data has been presented in
following table:

Group-2

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 1 3 2

2 3 4 3 2

3 2 4 4 2

4 3 3 3 2

5 3 3 3 2

6 3 4 3 4

7 4 2 2 3

8 2 4 3 2

9 1 4 4 3

10 2 4 3 1

11 4 4 4 4

12 1 2 3 3

13 3 1 3 2

14 3 3 4 2

15 3 4 4 2

16 2 2 3 2

Table 4.3.1.3 - Group 3 data has been presented in following

table:

27
 Group-3

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 1 1 1 1

2 3 1 1 1

3 4 3 1 3

4 4 3 3 1

5 3 3 3 3

6 2 2 1 2

7 3 2 3 2

8 3 1 2 4

9 3 3 1 1

10 2 4 1 2

11 1 3 3 1

12 1 3 3 2

13 1 1 3 2

14 2 3 3 3

15 3 3 1 2

16 3 3 1 2

28
Table 4.3.1.4 - Group 4 data has been presented in
following table,

Group-4

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 4 2 3 2

2 3 4 4 3

3 3 3 3 3

4 3 3 4 4

5 1 4 4 3

6 1 3 3 4

7 3 3 3 4

8 1 2 3 3

29
 9 3 3 4 2

10 4 3 3 3

11 3 3 3 3

12 4 3 3 4

13 4 1 4 4

14 4 4 3 1

15 3 3 3 4

16 3 3 3 4

4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation:

Group 1

Group 1, 1, 3,
Group 1, 4, 4, 25%
33% 1
2
3
Group 1, 2, 2, 4
Group 1, 3, 3, 17%
25%

Graph 4.3.2.1 – Graph for responses obtained by group 1.

30
 Group 2

Group 2, 4, 2,
22% Group 2, 1, 3,
34% 1
2
3
4
Group 2, 3, 3, Group 2, 2, 1,
33% 11%

Graph 4.3.2.2 – Graph for responses obtained by group 2.

Group 3

Group 3, 4, 1, Group 3, 1, 1,
25% 25%
1
2
3
4
Group 3, 3, 1, Group 3, 2, 1,
25% 25%

Graph 4.3.2.3 – Graph for responses obtained by group 3.

31
 Group 4

Group 4, 4, 2,
18% Group 4, 1, 4,
37% 1
2
3
Group 4, 3, 3,
4
27%
Group 4, 2, 2,
18%

Graph 4.3.2.4 – Graph for responses obtained by group 4.

Chapter 5

32
 STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS

5.1 - SIMPLE STASTICAL TOOLS

In this chapter we have discussed about the various statistical

tools which we have prominently used in our research work.

These are some of the statistical tools which we have used

given below:

Mean: It is the simple average of the given data.

Median: It is the middle value of the given data arranged

either in ascending or descending order.

Mode: It is the highest frequent item in the data.

33
Standard Deviation: Standard Deviation is defined as the
square root of the average of squares of deviation, when such
deviations for the values of individual items in a series are
obtained from the mean.

Summation: It gives the collective view of the given data or

series.

The above tools are used in the following manner in our

research work as given below:

Mean: Mean is showing the average response given by the

respondents of a particular question, e.g. in group-1 the mean
of responses for question-1 is 3.31.It means on a scale of 1to
4 the average scale of responses of all the individuals in the
sample is 3.31.

Median: Median is showing the middle number in the scale

of responses given by the sample if these scale are arranged
in either ascending or descending order, e.g. in group-1 the
median scale of responses is 3 it shows there are equal
number of scales given below or above 3.

Mode: Mode is showing the highest number of responses

given by the respondents, e.g. in group-1 the highest number
of responses given by the respondents is 3 which is the mode
of the responses of the question-1.

Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is showing the

fluctuation of the responses of the different respondents in
the sample about the sample mean, e.g. In group-1 the
standard deviation is .60 and the mean is 3.31.It mean the
responses of the respondents in the sample vary in the
interval of Mean +/- S.D. i.e. 3.31 +/- .60.

These are the tables created from the responses obtained

from the respective samples. These tables show the
applications of the above stated statistical tools.

This table also shows applications of above stated statically

tools on the received data

34
Table 5.1.1: Group 1- General Purpose services with
application of statistical tools

Group-1
Questions
Sample No. 1 2 3 4
1 3 2 3 4
2 3 4 2 3
3 4 3 3 3
4 2 3 2 2
5 3 1 4 3
6 4 3 2 2
7 3 3 2 3
8 4 4 2 2
9 4 3 2 3
10 3 3 3 2
11 3 3 3 3
12 3 2 2 2
13 4 4 1 3
14 3 2 3 2
15 4 3 2 3
16 3 1 2 2

MEAN 3.31 2.75 2.38 2.63

Std Deviation 0.60 0.93 0.72 0.62
MODE 3 3 2 3
MEDIAN 3 3 2 3

Table5.1.2 Group 2: Public Services with application of

statistical tools:

35
 Group-2
Questions
Sample No. 1 2 3 4
1 3 1 3 2
2 3 4 3 2
3 2 4 4 2
4 3 3 3 2
5 3 3 3 2
6 3 4 3 4
7 4 2 2 3
8 2 4 3 2
9 1 4 4 3
10 2 4 3 1
11 4 4 4 4
12 1 2 3 3
13 3 1 3 2
14 3 3 4 2
15 3 4 4 2
16 2 2 3 2

Mean 2.63 3.0625 3.25 2.38

Mode 3 4 3 2
Median 3 3.5 3 2
Std. Deviation 0.89 1.12 0.58 0.81
Table 5.1.3: Group 3- Security Services with application
of statistical tools

given on the next page:

36
Table 5.1.4 - Group 4: Implementation with application

Group-3
Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
1
3 1 1 1
2
4 3 1 3
3
4 3 3 1
4
3 3 3 3
5
2 2 1 2
6
3 2 3 2
7
3 1 2 4
8
3 3 1 1
9
2 4 1 2
10
1 3 3 1
11
1 3 3 2
12
1 1 3 2
13
2 3 3 3
14
3 3 1 2
15
3 3 1 2
16

2.44 2.44 1.94 2

Mean
3 3 1 2
Mode
3 3 1.5 2
Median
1.03 0.96 0.99 0.89
Std. Deviation
of statistical tools.

Group-4

37
 Questions
Sample No. 1 2 3 4
4 2 3 2
1
3 4 4 3
2
3 3 3 3
3
3 3 4 4
4
1 4 4 3
5
1 3 3 4
6
3 3 3 4
7
1 2 3 3
8
3 3 4 2
9
4 3 3 3
10
3 3 3 3
11
4 3 3 4
12
4 1 4 4
13
4 4 3 1
14
3 3 3 4
15
3 3 3 4
16

2.93 2.93 3.31 3.18

Mean
3 3 3 4
Mode
3 3 3 3
Median
1.06 0.77 0.47 0.91
Std. Deviation

5.2 - MODERN STASTICAL TOOLS

In this section we applied modern statistical tools to test the

hypothesis about the feasibility of implementation of
NATIONAL ID SYSTEM in INDIA.

38
 Therefore we are using two modern techniques to test the
Hypotheses about the feasibility of implementing the system.
These two techniques are:

(a) ANOVA (analysis of variance)

(b) FRIEDMAN’S TEST

(a) ANOVA

In ANOVA we are using One-Way ANOVA.

Hypothesis testing using this tool is shown below,

Let, Hypothesises are:

Ho: There is no difference of group opinion on

feasibility of National Id.

H1: There is difference of group opinion on

feasibility of National Id.

Table 5.2.1 – Table showing sum of responses for each

question for every group.

Respondent Group Xi
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 P
1 53 42 39 47 181
2 44 49 39 47 179
3 38 52 31 53 174
4 42 38 32 51 163
Xj 177 181 141 198 697

There are three steps to be completed to perform the test.

(A)Intermediate Results

39
1. Find the total sum (T) of all entries in table 5.2.1

T = Σi ΣiXiXi = 697

2. Find the correction factor(c):

C = T2/n = (697)2 = 30363

3. Find out total sum of squares (TSS):

TSS = ΣXij2 - C

= - 30363

= 758

4. Find out summation of squares between columns (SSBC):

SSBC = ΣXj2 - C = 30793.75 – 30363

= 430.75

5. Find out summation of square within these observations

(SSW):

SSW = TSS – SSBC = 758 – 430.75

= 327.25

(B) Preparation of ANOVA table:

Table 5.2.2 - Preparation of one-way ANOVA

table

Deg free of MSS

1 SSBC 430.7 c-1 = 3 SSBC/c-1 = 430.75 / 3 =
5 143.58
2 SSW 327.2 n-c = 12 SSW/n-c = 327.25 / 12 =
5 526/27.27
3 TSS 758 15

∴ F ratio = MMS1/MMS2 = 143.58/27.27 = 5.26

40
(C)Decision Process:

Fcal = 5.26

FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49

Fcal > FTable

There is significance difference

Thus, H1 accepted and Ho rejected.

Hence there is difference in opinion of different

groups. Thus, according to this test most of the people think
that National ID project is not feasible in India.

(b) Friedman`s Test:

Let Hypothesis

Ho: The system is feasible to be implemented in India.

H1: It is not feasible to be implemented in India.

Procedure to check the validity of hypothesis:

Step-1-

5.2.3- Table showing sum of the responses for specific

question for specified group along with the ranks
assigned to these Sums. [Highest sum being the Rank 1]

41
 Q.No. Group-1 Group-2 Group-3 Group-4
1 12(1) 9(3) 4(4) 11(2)
2 12(2.5) 12(2.5) 6(4) 14(1)
3 13(1) 12(2.5) 11(4) 12(2.5)
4 9(4) 11(2.5) 11(2.5) 19(1)
5 11(3.5) 11(3.5) 12(1.5) 12(1.5)
6 11(2.5) 14(1) 7(4) 11(2.5)
7 11(2.5) 11(2.5) 10(4) 13(1)
8 12(1) 11(2) 10(3) 9(4)
9 12(2) 12(2) 8(4) 12(2)
10 11(2) 10(3) 9(4) 13(1)
11 12(2.5) 16(1) 8(4) 12(2.5)
12 9(3) 9(3) 9(3) 14(1)
13 12(2) 9(3) 7(4) 13(1)
14 10(4) 12(1.5) 11(3) 12(1.5)
15 12(3) 13(1.5) 9(4) 13(1.5)
16 8(4) 9(2.5) 9(2.5) 13(1)
Rj 41.5 37 55.5 27

Where Rj = sum of the ROMs in the jth column.

In the above table, figures are the summation of responses

given by a respondent to particular questions and figures in
the brackets are the ROMs given to these numbers row wise.

Step – II b = No. of observation each column = 16

42
 t = No. of treatments = 4

Step-III Use formula and calculate χ 2Cal

χ 2Cal = 12 /bt (t+1) * ΣR2j – 3b( t + 1)

= 12 * [(41.5)2 + (37)2 + 5(5.5)2 +

(27)2] - 3 *16 (4+1)
16 *4 (4+1)

= 12/320 * 6900.5 - 240

= 18.76

Step-IV Calculation of χ 2 table

χ 2 table = table value of χ 2 (sig. level) (Dot)

Significance level = 5% = 0.05

Degrees of freedom = t-1 = 4 – 1 = 3

∴ χ 2 table = χ 2 (0.05)(3) = 7.815

χ 2 Cal > χ 2 table

43
 18.76 > 7.815

∴ Difference is significant.

∴ we will accept H1 and reject Ho.

Thus, the implementation of National ID system in India is

differing from individual to individual.

44
 Chapter 6

Conclusions

6.1 – Conclusions from Simple Stastical Analysis.

Statistical Tool
Q.No Standar
d Conclusion
. Mean Mode Median
Deviati
on
Personal profile need to be produced
1 3.31 0.60 3 3
more than often
People often get frustrated when
2 2.75 0.93 3 3
credentials are not correct

45
 Cost of implementation the project wi
3 2.38 0.72 2 2
increase little bit burden on govt.
This project will curb tax evasion by
4 2.63 0.62 3 3
private sector moderately
People think that a problem with the I
5 2.63 0.89 3 3 will be resolved causing delay most o
the times
People are uncertain about the same lev
6 3.0625 1.12 4 3.5
of awareness in urban & rural area
Somewhat the present public service
7 3.25 0.58 3 3
scenario will be improved
Rural India will be able to utilize on th
8 2.38 0.81 2 2
system moderately
Scenario of national security will chan
9 2.44 1.03 3 3
to some extent
Illegal immigrations can be controlled
10 2.44 0.96 3 3
some extent
People think that confidentiality can b
11 1.94 0.99 1 1.5 maintained but it can be food for data
theft
Whole legal framework will be improv
12 2 0.89 2 2
to a little extent
Most of the people agree upon the
13 2.93 1.06 3 3
implementation of public-private mod
For maintaining huge data base govt
14 2.93 0.77 3 3
should take help of private sector
To catch up the speed required for thi
15 3.31 0.47 3 3 project govt employees need appropria
training
Public sector will improve somewhat b
16 3.18 0.91 4 3
can’t be at par with private sector
Table 6.1.1 – Table showing Conclusions for each
question. (Above Table)

6.2 - Conclusions from Modern Stastical Analysis:

(1)ANOVA Test:-

Here we are using one-way ANOVA.

The hypothesis are-

46
Ho : There is no difference of group opinion on feasibility of
National Id.

H1 : There is difference of group opinion on feasibility of

National Id.

Fcal = 5.26

FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49

Fcal > FTable

There is significance difference

∴ H1 is accepted & Ho is rejected.

Hence, there is difference of group opinion on feasibility of

National Id.

(2)FREDMAN’S Test :-

The hypothesis are-

Ho : The system is feasible to be implemented in India.

H1 : It is not feasible to be implemented in India.

X2Cal= 18.76

X2 table = X2 (0.05)(3) = 7.815

X2 Cal > X2 table

18.76 > 7.815

Difference is significant.

∴ we will accept H1 and reject Ho.

Means,

The implementation of National ID system in India is

differing from individual to individual.

47
Thus most of the people think that National ID project is not
feasible in India.

6.3 - Suggestion :( For Effective Implementation)

1. Public Private partnership

-Training to the government employees.

- Public model to administer within supervision of

Private Sector.

2. Proper Infrastructural Development at the rural places.

3. Sufficient mass Awareness about National ID in all parts

of the country.

4. Transparancy in the implementation of project.

5. Education of rural population of India about resources

available

(Like IT resources, Manpower resources etc)

48
Annexure

49
 Annexure 1: Questionnaire
Annexure 1.1: Questionnaire for Group 1

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of
information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our
correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to
following questions in order to determine feasibility of this
project.

Group No-1

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

Theses are some General purpose questions related with

routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given
within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

1. “Can you imagine how many times you may need to

produce your personal profile during your life?
1-Very Rarely
2. Rarely
3. Often
4. Most Often
Your Response:

50
 2. How many times you get frustrated when your
credentials are not correct?
1-Very Rarely
2. Rarely
3. Often
4. Most Often
Your Response:

3. Whether the cost for the launching “National ID

Project” will results in heavy burden on government
and in turn on you?
1. No Cost
2. Little Cost
3. Costlier
4. Very Costly
Your Response:

4. Do you think, this project will curb tax evasion by

private sector?
1. Not effectively
2. to some Extent
3. Effectively
4. to large extent
Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

51
 Annexure 1.2: Questionnaire for Group 2

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of
information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our
correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to
following questions in order to determine feasibility of this
project.

Group No-2

Faculty Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

These are some public services questions related with routine

works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within
ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

5. “Once the National ID Project has been implemented

and some problems occur for your ID, do you think it
will resolve as early as possible?
1. Very early.
2 Early
3. Delay
4. Not resolved
Your Response:
6. Do you think that same level of awareness about the
National ID can

52
 be created at urban as well as rural areas?
1. Not Possible
2. Little chances
3. Uncertain
4. Possible
Your Response:

7 Do you think the National ID Project will help to

improve your present public service scenario?
1. No Way
2. Public services will turn more
3. Somewhat
4. Public service will change forever.
Your Response:

8. Do you think Rural India will able to utilize

/capitalize on National ID System?
1. Not effectively
2. to some Extent
3. Effectively
4. to large extent
Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

53
 Annexure 1.3: Questionnaire for Group 3

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of
information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our
correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to
following questions in order to determine feasibility of this
project.

Group No-3

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

Theses are some security related questions related with routine

works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within
ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

9. Do you think it will strengthen national security?

1. National Security Issue will remain same.

54
 2. Scenario of national security will change for some
time but ultimately concern will remain.
3. It may help to change security scenario somewhat
not totally.
4. National security will be strengthened a lot.
Your Response:

10.Do you think it will control illegal immigration?

1. Illegal Immigration can not be controlled in any
way.
2. Illegal Integration can not be related with this
project.
3. Problem of Illegal Immigration can be controlled
to some project using this project.
4. Illegal Immigration will be stopped due to this
project.
Your Response:

11.What do you think about the confidentiality of your

data?
1. In India you can not believe on any one for
Confidentiality of data.
2. Confidentiality can be maintained but it will be
food for data theft.
3. to some extent, It is Possible
4.100% Confidentiality will be there.
Your Response:
12.Do you think the whole legal framework will get
improved due to this project?

55
 1. Not Possible
2. Little Extent
3. Till Acceptable Level but not totally
4. Perfectly Possible.
Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

Annexure 1.4: Questionnaire for Group 4

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on ‘Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA’. In order to have any kind of
information about ‘National ID project’, you can ask to our
correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to
following questions in order to determine feasibility of this
project.

Group No-4

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

56
Theses are some Implementation related questions related with
routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given
within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

13.Should technology be handed over to private sector?

1. No Way
2. Uncertain
3. Public-Private Model can be formed
4. Yes.
Your Response:

14.Do you think maintaining huge database will be

possible on the part of the government?
1. NO
2. Can’t Say
3. Government should take help of private sector.
4. Yes
Your Response:

15. Do you think government employees will catch up

the speed required by National ID Project?
1. No
2. Can not say anything
3. They require appropriate training to catch up the
speed.
4. They can catch up.
Your Response:

16.Whether private and public services will be at par

due to National ID Project?
1. Not Possible for Public Services to catch with
private Sector.

57
 2. Not Possible for private sector to catch with
Public Sector.
3. Public sector will improve somewhat but can not
be at par with private Sector.
4. Its highly possible.

Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

Reference List:
- Creation of a Single National ID: Challenges &
Opportunities for India: Paper Published by IIM
Ahmedabad.

- Report from Income Tax department of India

- Report from planning commission of India.

- Issues raised by ministry of Home Affairs.

- National ID systems of western countries like US,

Canada etc

58
59