Module Outcomes:

MO1
Identify basic mathematical concepts, skills and mathematical
techniques for algebra, calculus and data handling.
MO2
Apply the mathematical calculations, formulas, statistical methods and
calculus techniques for problem solving in industry.
MO3 Analyse calculus and statistical problems in industry.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to :
calculate and interpret the mean, median and mode
for ungrouped and grouped data.
describe the symmetry and skewness for a data
distribution.
compute and interpret range, variance and standard
deviation for ungrouped and grouped data.
explain the characteristics and uses of each
measure of dispersion



Topic 5
Measures
of central
tendency
Ungrouped
data
Grouped
data
Measures
of
dispersion
Ungrouped
data
Grouped
data
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
The measures of central tendency is usually called
the average.
Central tendency is a single value situated at the
centre of a data and can be taken as a summary
value for the data set.
Three types of measure of central tendency:
Mean
Median
Mode

Measures of central
tendency
Ungrouped
data
Mean Median Mode
Grouped
data
With class interval /
without class interval
Mean Median Mode
Skewness
Skewed
to the left
/ -ve
skewness
Normal
skewness
Skewed
to the
right /
+ve
skewnes
s
MEAN
Definition of mean:
a measure of central tendency that is computed by
taking the sum of all data values and then dividing it by
the number of data.
Mean value can be calculated for:
Ungrouped data:




Grouped data:

: sum of all values
: number of data

: frequency for the class
: midpoint for the class
EXAMPLE FOR UNGROUPED DATA
Example :
Find the mean of the set of data below.
2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 18

Solution :





7
18 16 13 10 7 4 2 + + + + + +
= X
7
70
= X
10 = X
EXAMPLE FOR GROUPED DATA
Table shows the length of the fish in a pond.








Find mean.

Length (cm) Number of fish
5 - 9 8
10 14 17
15 19 20
20 24 10
25 29 18
30 34 11
35 - 39 6
Solution :































Length
(cm)
Number of
fish
Midpoint

5 - 9 8 7 56
10 14 17 12 204
15 19 20 17 340
20 24 10 22 220
25 29 18 27 486
30 34 11 32 352
35 - 39 6 37 222
) (x
) ( f
f x
90 = Ef 1880 = Efx
90
1880
=
E
E
=
f
fx
X
89 . 20 = X
MEDIAN
Definition of median:
When all observations are arranged in ascending (or maybe descending)
order, then median is defined as the observation at the middle position
(for odd number observation), or it is the average of two
observations at the middle (for even number observations).
Median can calculated for:
Ungrouped data




Grouped data

Step 1: Arrange the given data in ascending order
Step 2: Get the position of the median
Step 3: Identify the median, or calculate the average of two middle
observations (even number)
=

2
: determination of the median class

: lower boundary of the median class

: Cumulative before the median class
: Frequency of the median class
C : Class size
EXAMPLE FOR UNGROUPED DATA
Find the median of the set of data below.
(a) 2, 16, 7, 18, 13, 4 and 10
(b) 2, 16, 7, 18, 13 and 10

Solution :
(a) 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18 (Odd Data)
Median = 10
(b) 2, 7, 10,13,16,18 (Even Data)
Median =

=
2
13 10+
5 . 11
Example :
Table shows the length of the fish in a pond.








Find median.



Length (cm) Number of fish
5 - 9 8
10 14 17
15 19 20
20 24 10
25 29 18
30 34 11
35 - 39 6

Median Class = observation
= observation

= 45.5 th observation


Median =


=

= 19.75
c
f
F
f
L
m
(
(
(
(

+ E
+
2
1
2
1 + Ef
2
1 90+
15
10
45 5 . 45
5 . 19
(

+

Solution :










Length
(cm)
Class Boundary
Length (cm)
Number of fish Cumulative
Frequency
5 - 9 4.5 9.5 8 8
10 14 9.5 14.5 17 25
15 19 14.5 19.5 20 45
20 24 19.5 24.5 10 55
25 29 24.5 29.5 18 73
30 34 29.5 34.5 11 84
35 - 39 34.5 39.5 6 90
) ( f
MODE
Definition of mode:
The observation (or the number) which has the largest
frequency or most frequently.
Set of data having only one mode is called unimodal
data.
A set of data may have two modes and the set is called
bimodal data.
In the case of more than two modes the set will be
called multimodal data.
MODE
Mode can calculated for:
Ungrouped data



Grouped data

The data should first arranged in
ascending or descending order.
=

1
+
2

: Lower boundary of the mode class

1
= (frequency class mode) (frequency before class mode)

2
= (frequency class mode) (frequency after class mode)
: class size
EXAMPLE FOR UNGROUPED DATA
Find the mode of the set of data below.
(a) 2, 4, 7, 16, 13, 4 and 10
(b) 2, 16, 7, 16, 13 and 13
(c) 2, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16

Solution :
(a) Mode = 4
(b) Mode = 13 and 16 (Dual Mode)
(c) No mode


Exercises :
1. Find mean, median and mode for the following data :
(a) 15, 18, 21, 25, 20, 18
(b) 3, 11, 9, 6, 17
(c) 0, 1, 2, 7, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2


2. A number of x is added to the set of data of 2, 4, 7, 10, 13,
16, and 18 the mean becomes 9.5. Find the value of x.


EXAMPLE FOR GROUPED DATA
Table shows the length of the fish in a pond.










Find mode.




Length (cm) Number of fish
5 - 9 8
10 14 17
15 19 20
20 24 10
25 29 18
30 34 11
35 - 39 6
Solution :









Mode =

Mode =

Length
(cm)
Class
Boundary
Length (cm)
Number of
fish
5 - 9 4.5 9.5 8
10 14 9.5 14.5 17
15 19 14.5 19.5 20
20 24 19.5 24.5 10
25 29 24.5 29.5 18
30 34 29.5 34.5 11
35 - 39 34.5 39.5 6
) ( f
65 . 15 5
10 3
3
5 . 14 =
(

+
+
c L
(

A + A
A
+
2 1
1
Exercises :

1. You are given the following table :








Find mean, median and mode.


Daily Salary ( RM) Number of Workers
10 - 14 25
15 19 40
20 - 24 15
25 29 12
30 - 34 8
Measuring Central Tendency
Of Grouped Data (Without Class Interval)






Mean



Formula





= mid point of the class
= frequency
f
fx
X
E
E
=
x
f










Median




1. Find Median Class
Median Class =

2. Find Cumulative Frequency

3. Write down median






2
1 + Ef










Mode




1. Find Class Mode
Class Mode = the most frequent
occurred

2. Write down mode






Example :
The table shows the number of magazines read by
students in a month.




Find mean, median and mode.


Magazines 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 8 11 9 7 5
Solution :
Magazines Frequency Cumulative
frequency
1 8 8 8
2 11 22 19
3 9 27 28
4 7 28 35
5 5 25 40
40 = Ef
) ( f ) (x
f x
110 = Efx
40
110
=
E
E
=
f
fx
X
75 . 2 = X
Solution :

Median Class = observation

= observation

= th observation

Median = 3

Class Mode = 11
Mode = 2
2
1 + Ef
2
1 40+
5 . 20
SKEWNESS
Skewness measures the lack of symmetry in a data
distribution.
The skewed portion is the long and thin part of the
curve.
A skewed distribution means the data are sparse at
one end of the distribution but piled up at the other
end.
SKEWNESS IN RELATION TO MEAN, MEDIAN
AND MODE
The concept of skewness helps to understand the
relationship between the measures: mean, median
and mode.
Mode is the highest point of the curve and the
median is the middle value.
The mean is usually located somewhere towards
the tail of the distribution because the mean
affected by all values.
A bell-shaped or normal distribution has no
skewness.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN
AND MODE
Mode < Median < Mean
The distribution is positively-skewed or skewed to the
right.
Mean = Median = Mode
The distribution is symmetrical or has normal-skewness
which means the data is evenly distributed.
Mean < Median < Mode
The distribution is negatively-skewed or is skewed to
the left.
SKEWNESS
Mean = median = mode Mode < median < mode Mode < median <mean
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Measures of dispersion help to understand the
spread or variability of a set of data.
Give additional information to judge the reliability of
the measures of central tendency and helps in
comparing dispersion that is present in various
samples.
Common measures of dispersion:
Range
Variance
Standard deviation
DEFINITION OF COMMON MEASURES OF
DISPERSION
Range Difference between the largest and the
smallest observations in a set of data
Variance The average of squared distance of each
score (or observation) from the mean.
Used to measure the spreading of data
Standard deviation Square root of the variance
Measures of dispersion
Ungrouped data
Sample &
Population
Range,
Variance,
Standard
deviation
Grouped data
(with class intervals / without
class intervals)
Sample
Range,
Variance,
Standard
deviation
Population
Range,
Variance,
Standard
deviation
MEASURING DISPERSION
OF UNGROUPED DATA (SAMPLE & POPULATION)




Example : Find the range for the following data
2, 14, 7, 1, 13, 16, 8

Solution : Range = max value min value
= 16 1 = 15




Range
(Distance
measures of
dispersion)
Formula

Range = Maximum value Minimum value

















Variance

Formula

Variance Population





Variance Sample





N / n: number of data

( )
(

E
E =
N
x
x
N
2
2 2
1
o
( )
(

E
E

=
n
x
x
n
s
2
2 2
1
1

















Standard
Deviation

Formula

Standard Deviation Population



OR



Standard Deviation Sample



OR

iance var = o
( )
(

E
E =
N
x
x
N
2
2
1
o
iance s var =
( )
(

E
E

=
n
x
x
n
s
2
2
1
1
Example :
Find the variance and standard deviation for population of
the data below:
15, 17, 21, 24 and 31
Solution :





Variance =
Std Deviation =


108 = Ex
2492 961 576 441 289 225
2
= + + + + = Ex
5 = n
( )
(

=
5
108
2492
5
1
2
2
s
| | 8 . 2332 2492
5
1
2
= s
84 . 31
2
= s
= = 84 . 31 s
MEASURING DISPERSION
OF GROUPED DATA (WITH CLASS INTERVAL)


Range
Formula

Range = Highest Class Boundary Lowest
Class Boundary







Variance

Formula
Variance Population






Variance Sample





= mid-point
= frequency

( )
(

E
E
E
E
=
f
f x
f x
f
2
2 2
1
o
( )
(

E
E
E
E
=
f
f x
f x
f
s
2
2 2
1
1
x
f







Standard
Deviation

Formula
Standard Deviation Population


OR



Standard Deviation Sample



OR


= mid-point

= frequency

x
f
iance var = o
( )
(

E
E
E
E
=
f
fx
fx
f
2
2
1
o
iance s var =
( )
(

E
E
E
E
=
f
fx
fx
f
s
2
2
1
1
Example :
Table shows the length of the fish in a pond.








Find range, variance and standard deviation.

Length (cm) Number of fish
5 - 9 8
10 14 17
15 19 20
20 24 10
25 29 18
30 34 11
35 - 39 6
Solution :










Range = 39.5 4.5 = 35











Length (cm) Class
Boundary
Length (cm)
Number of
fish
5 - 9 4.5 9.5 8
10 14 9.5 14.5 17
15 19 14.5 19.5 20
20 24 19.5 24.5 10
25 29 24.5 29.5 18
30 34 29.5 34.5 11
35 - 39 34.5 39.5 6
Example :
You are given the following table :






Find variance and standard deviation.


Daily Salary ( RM) Number of Workers
10 - 14 40
15 19 25
20 - 24 15
25 29 12
30 - 34 8
Solution :









Variance =








Daily
Salary
( RM)
Number of
Workers
Midpoint



10 - 14 40
15 19 25
20 - 24 15
25 29 12
30 - 34 8
) (x
) ( f
2
x
f x 2
fx
= Ef = Ef x
= E
2
fx
Measuring Dispersion
Of Grouped Data (Without Class Interval)


Range

Range = Maximum value Minimum value

Variance

Formula as per grouped data (with class
interval)

Standard Deviation

Formula as per grouped data (with class
interval)

Example :
You are given the following table :




Find range, variance and standard deviation.

No. of days 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 6 8 5 3 3 3 2
EXERCISE:
One of the events in the Winter Olympics is the Mens 500
meter Speed Skating. The times for this event are show to
the right. Find the mean, median, and mode times.
Year Time Year Time
1928 43.4 1964 40.1
1932 43.4 1968 40.3
1936 43.4 1972 39.44
1948 43.1 1976 39.17
1952 43.2 1980 38.03
1956 40.2 1984 38.03
1960 40.2 1988 36.45