Phn 1 TIN TRNH PHT TRIN CA CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG T 1G -> 4G

I. H thng 1G ( h thng tng t ) :

1. Lch s pht trin : Cng ngh di ng u tin l cng ngh tng t, l h thng truyn tn hiu tng t (analog), l mng in thoi di ng u tin ca nhn loi, c khi mo Nht vo nm 1979. Nhng cng ngh chnh thuc th h th nht ny c th k n l : NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) c s dng cc nc Bc u, Ty u v Nga. Cng c mt s cng ngh khc nh AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem h thng in thoi di ng tin tin) c s dng M v c; TACS (Total Access Communication Sytem h thng giao tip truy cp tng hp) c s dng Anh, C45 Ty c, B o Nha v Nam Phi, Radiocom 2000 Php; v RTMI Italia. 2. c im ca h thng ny l : Hu ht cc h thng u l h thng analog v yu cu chuyn d liu ch yu l m thanh. Vi h thng ny, cuc gi c th b nghe trm bi bn th ba. Mt s chun trong h thng ny l: NTM, AMPS, Hicap, CDPD, Mobitex, DataTac. Nhng im yu ca th h 1G l dung lng thp, xc sut rt cuc gi cao, kh nng chuyn cuc gi khng tin cy, cht lng m thanh km, khng c ch bo mtdo vy h thng 1G khng th p ng c nhu cu s dng .

II. H thng 2G ( Digital ) :

Nm 1982, hi ngh qun l bu in v vin thng Chu u (CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications ad minstrations) thnh lp 1 nhm nghin cu, GSM Group Speciale Mobile, mc ch pht trin chun mi v thng tin di ng Chu u. Nm 1987, 13 quc gia k vo bn ghi nh v ng gii thiu mng GSM vo nm 1991. Nm 1988, Tr s chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute) c thnh lp, c trch nhim bin i nhiu tin c k thut GSM thnh chun European. S pht trin k thut t FDMA -1G, 2G - l kt hp FDMA v TDMA. Tt c cc chun ca th h ny u l chun k thut s v c nh hng thng mi, bao gm: GSM, iDEN, D-AMPS, IS-95, PDC, CSD, PHS, GPRS, HSCSD, WiDEN v CDMA2000 (1xRTT/IS-2000). Trong khong 60% s mng hin ti l theo chun ca chu u. 1. c im ca h thng : H thng GSM lm vic trong mt bng tn hp, di tn c bn t (890- 960MHz). Bng tn c chia lm 2 phn: - Uplink band t (890 915) MHz - Downlink ban t (935 960)MHz Bng tn gm 124 sng mang c chia lm 2 bng, mi bng rng 25MHz,

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khong cch gia 2 sng mang k nhau l 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn s ring bit cho 2 ng ln v xung gi l knh song cng. Khong cch gia 2 tn s l khng i bng 45MHz. Mi knh v tuyn mang 8 khe thi gian TDMA v mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia MS v mng GSM. Tc m t (6.513)Kbps. 125 knh tn s c nh s t 0 n 124 c gi l knh tn s tuyt i ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Ful(n) = 890 MHz + (0,2MHz) * n Fdl(n) = Ful(n) + 45MHz Vi 1 <= n <= 124 - s dng cc phng php a truy nhp chnh l : + a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access ). + a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA Time Division Multiple Access). + a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA Code Division Multiple Access).

2. cc h thng in hnh:
Th h th hai (2G) xut hin vo nhng nm 90 vi mng di ng u tin, s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). Trong thi k ca th h th hai, nn cng ngh thng tin di ng tng trng vt tri c v s lng thu bao v cc dch v gi tr gia tng. Cc mng th th hai cho php truyn d liu hn ch trong khong t 9.6 kbps n 19.2 kbps. Cc mng ny c s dng ch yu cho mc ch thoi v l cc mng chuyn mch knh. Tng t nh trong 1G, khng tn ti mt chun chung ton cu no cho 2G, hin nay cc h thng 2G da trn 3 chun cng ngh chnh sau: -D- AMPS (Digital AMPS): c s dng ti Bc M. D-AMPS ang dn c thay th bi GSM/GPRS v CDMA2000. -GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): Cc h thng trin khai GSM c s dng rt rng ri trn th gii (ngoi tr Bc M, Nht). H thng GSM dn knh phn chia tn s c s dng, vi mi u cui di ng truyn thng trn mt tn s v nhn thng tin trn mt tn s khc cao hn (chnh lch 80MHz trong D-AMPS v 55MHz trong GSM). Trong c hai h thng, phng php dn knh phn chia thi gian li c p dng cho mt cp tn s, lm tng kh nng cung cp dch v ng thi ca h thng. Tuy nhin, cc knh GSM rng hn cc knh AMPS (200kHz so vi 30kHz) qua GSM cung cp truyn d liu cao hn D-AMPS - CDMA (code Division Multiple Access): CDMA s dng cng ngh a truy cp thng qua m . Nh cng ngh ny m CDMA c th nng cao dung lng cung cp ng thi cc cuc gi trong mt cell cao hn hn so vi hai cng ngh trn. - PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): L chun c pht trin v s dng duy nht

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ti Nht Bn. Ging nh D-AMPS v GSM, PDC s dng TDMA. 3.Nhng u nhc im ca 2G so vi 1G v tnh hnh pht trin : - Nhng cuc gi di ng c m ha k thut s - Cho php tng hiu qu kt ni cc thit b - Bt u c kh nng thc hin cc dch v s liu trn in thoi di ng khi u l tin nhn SMS. Nhng cng ngh 2G c chia lm hai dng chun : TDMA (Time Divison Mutiple Access : a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian), v CDMA ( Code Divison Multple Access : a truy cp phn chia theo m), ty thuc vo hnh thc ghp knh c s dng.

3. GSM Pht trin ln 2.75G :

Trong :

-HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data: s liu chuyn mch knh
tc cao:

-GPRS = General Packet Radio Service: dch v v tuyn gi chung:

H thng GPRS - bc u tin hng ti 3G. M rng kin trc mng GSM. Truy cp tc cao v hiu qu ti nhng mng chuyn mch gi khc (tng ti 115kbps)

-EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution: tc s liu tng

cng pht trin GSM: EDGE c th pht nhiu bit gp 3 ln GPRS trong mt chu k. y l l do chnh cho tc bit EDGE cao hn. ITU nh ngha 384kbps l gii hn tc d liu cho dch v thc hin chun IMT-2000 trong mi trng khng l tng. 384kbps tng ng vi 48kbps trn mi khe thi gian, gi s mt u cui c 8 khe thi gian. 2,5G cung cp mt s li ch ca mng 3G (v d chuyn mch gi), v c th dng c s h tng ang tn ti ca 2G trong cc mng GSM v CDMA. GPAS l cng ngh c cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng GSM s dng. V giao thc, nh EDGE cho GSM, v CDMA 2000 1x-RTT cho CDMA, c th t cht lng nh cc dch v 3G (v dng tc truyn d liu 144Kb/s), nhng vn c xem nh dch v 2,5G bi vn chm hn vi ln so vi dch v 3G tht s.

III . Mng thng tin di ng 3G :

cc mng 3G c xut khc phc nhng nhc im ca cc mng 2G v 2.5G c bit tc thp v khng tng thch gia cc cng ngh nh TDMA v CDMA gia cc nc. Vo nm 1992, ITU cng b chun IMT-200 (International

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Mobile Telecommunication-2000) cho h thng 3G vi cc u im chnh c mong i em li bi h thng 3G l: - Cung cp dch v thoi cht lng cao - Cc dch v tin nhn (e-mail, fax, SMS, chat, ...) - Cc dch v a phng tin (xem phim, xem truyn hnh, nghe nhc,...) - Truy nhp Internet (duyt Web, ti ti liu, ...) - S dng chung mt cng ngh thng nht, m bo s tng thch ton cu gia cc h thng. tho mn cc dch v a phng tin cng nh m bo kh nng truy cp Internet bng thng rng, IMT-2000 ha hn cung cp bng thng 2Mbps, nhng thc t trin khai ch ra rng vi bng thng ny vic chuyn giao rt kh, v vy ch c nhng ngi s dng khng di ng mi c p ng bng thng kt ni ny, cn khi i b bng thng s l 384 Kbps, khi di chuyn bng t s l 144Kbps. Theo c t ca ITU mt cng ngh ton cu s c s dng trong mi h thng IMT-2000, iu ny dn n kh nng tng thch gia cc mng 3G trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, hin nay trn th gii tn ti hai cng ngh 3G ch o: UMTS(W-CDMA) v CDMA2000. -UMTS (W-CDMA): UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), da trn cng ngh W-CDMA, l gii php c a chung cho cc nc ang trin khai cc h thng GSM mun chuyn ln 3G. UMTS c h tr bi Lin Minh Chu u v c qun l bi 3GPP (third Generation Partnership Project), t chc chu trch nhim cho cc cng ngh GSM, GPRS. UMTS hot ng bng thng 5MHz, cho php cc cuc gi c th chuyn giao mt cch hon ho gia cc h thng UMTS v GSM c. -CDMA2000: Mt chun 3G quan trng khc l CDMA2000, chun ny l s tip ni i vi cc h thng ang s dng cng ngh CDMA trong th h 2. CDMA2000 c qun l bi 3GPP2, mt t chc c lp v tch ri khi 3GPP ca UMTS. CDMA2000 c tc truyn d liu t 144Kbps n Mbps. H thng CDMA2000 khng c kh nng tng thch vi cc h thng GSM hoc D-AMPS ca th h th 2. -TD-SCDMA: Chun c it bit n hn l TD-SCDMA ang c pht trin ti Trung Quc bi cc cng ty Datang v Siemens

1 . c im v cc k thut chnh:
c im ni bt nht ca mng 3G l kh nng h tr mt lng ln cc khch hng trong vic truyn ti m thanh v d liu c bit l cc vng th - vi tc cao hn v chi ph thp hn mng 2G. 3G s dng knh truyn dn 5 MHz chuyn d liu. N cng cho php vic truyn d liu tc 384 Kbps trong mng di ng v 2 Mbps trong h thng tnh. Ngi dng hy vng mng 3G s c pht trin hiu qu hn na, cc khch hng ca cc mng 3G khc nhau trn ton cu c th kt ni vi nhau.

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Kt cu phn tng: H thng UMTS da trn cc dch v c phn tng, khng ging nh mng GSM. trn cng l tng dch v, em li nhng u im nh trin khai nhanh cc dch v, hay cc a im c tp trung ha. Tng gia l tng iu khin, gip cho vic nng cp cc quy trnh v cho php mng li c th c phn chia linh hot. Cui cng l tng kt ni, bt k cng ngh truyn d liu no cng c th c s dng v d liu m thanh s c chuyn qua ATM/AAL2 hoc IP/RTP. CDMA c dng trong mng IMT-2000 3G l WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) v cdma2000. - WCDMA l i th ca cdma2000 v l mt trong 2 chun 3G, tri ph rng hn i vi CDMA do c th pht v nhn thng tin nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. - Chu u, mng 3G WCDMA c bit nh l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephony System) l mt ci tn khc cho W-CDMA/dch v 3G. UMTS s dng WCDMA, WCDMA nh chun pht v tuyn. N c bng thng knh l 5 MHz, c th mang 100 cuc gi cng mt lc, hoc n c th mang d liu ti 2Mbps. Tuy nhin, vi s tng cng HSDPA v HSUPA chnh l trong nhng release sau ny (R99/R4/R5/R6) ca chun, tc pht d liu tng ti 14,4 Mbps. UMTS cho php c 2 ch FDD v TDD. Ch u tin l FDD l uplink v downlink trn cc tn s khc nhau. Khng gian gia chng l 190MHz cho mng band1. TDD uplink v downlink c chia theo thi gian vi nhng trm c s (base station) v sau di ng pht ln lt trn cng tn s, c bit ph hp ti nhiu loi ng dng khc nhau. N cng thc hin nhng cell nh. Thi gian bo v c yu cu gia pht v thu. H thng TDD c th hiu qu khi s dng trong picocell mang d liu internet. Tn s: hin ti c 6 bng s dng cho UMTS/WCDMA, tp trung vo UMTS tn s cp pht trong 2 bng Uplink (1885 2025)MHz v Downlink (2110 2200) MHz. UMTS s dng WCDMA nh mt c cu vn chuyn v tuyn. iu ch trn ng uplink v downlink l khc nhau. Downlink s dng dch kha pha cu phng (QPSK) cho tt c nhng knh vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, Uplink s dng 2 knh ring bit thc hin quay vng ca b pht trng thi on v off khng gy ra nhiu trn ng audio, nhng knh i ( dual channel phase chifl keying) dng m ha d liu ngi dng ti I hoc u vo In-phase ti b iu ch DQPSK, v iu khin d liu c m ha bng vic s dng m khc nhau ti u vo Q hoc quadrature ti b iu ch. - cdma2000, chun 3G khc. N l mt s nng cp cdmaOne. N s dng tri ph rng do c th pht v thu thng tin nhanh hn v hiu qu hn, pht d liu internet nhanh, video, v pht nhc cht lng CD. Tuy nhin, c nhiu phn t cdma2000 c gi l cdma20001X, 1X-EV-DV, 1X EV-DO, v cdma2000 3X. Chng pht dch v 3G khi chim d mt ph tn nh (1,25 MHz mi sng mang) u im ca cng ngh W-CDMA so vi GSM: - Tiu chun thng nht ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v tuyn. - C kh nng truyn ti a phng tin.

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- Thc hin truyn ti dch v hnh nh tc thp cho n tc cao nht l 2Mbps. - Tnh bo mt ca cuc thoi v mc hiu qu khai thc bng tn cao hn. - C kh nng chuyn mch mm, tch hp c vi mng NGN. - Cht lng thoi c nng ln v dung lng mng tng ln 4-5 ln so vi GSM. - CDMA c c ch gip tit kim nng lng, gip tng thi gian thoi ca pin. - Kh nng m rng dung lng ca CDMA d dng v chi ph thp hn so vi GSM.

Th h 3.5G :
3,5G l nhng ng dng c nng cp da trn cng ngh hin c ca 3G. Cng ngh ca 3,5G chnh l HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Package Access). y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh, c pht trin trn c s ca h thng 3G W-CDMA. HSDPA cho php download d liu v my in thoi c tc tng ng tc ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt in thoi thng thng. HSDPA l mt bc tin nhm nng cao tc v kh nng ca mng di ng t bo th h th 3 UMTS. HSDPA c thit k cho nhng ng dng dch v d liu nh: dch v c bn (ti file, phn phi email), dch v tng tc (duyt web, truy cp server, tm v phc hi c s d liu), v dch v Streaming

IV- Cng Ngh 4G :

Vic trin khai ti mt s nc ch ra mt vi vn m 3G cha gii quyt c hoc mi ch gii quyt c mt phn l : - S kh khn trong vic tng lin tc bng thng v tc d liu tho mn nhu cu ngy cng a dng cc dch v a phng tin, v cc dch v khc vi nhu cu v cht lng dch v (QoS) v bng thng khc nhau. - S gii hn ca gii ph s dng. - Mc d c ha hn kh nng chuyn vng ton cu, nhng do tn ti nhng chun cng ngh 3G khc nhau nn gy kh khn trong vic chuyn vng (roamming) gia cc mi trng dch v khc bit trong cc bng tn s khc nhau. - Thiu c ch chuyn ti seamless (lin mch) gia u cui vi u cui khi m rng mng con di ng vi mng c nh. Trong n lc khc phc nhng vn ca 3G, hng ti mc tiu to ra mt mng di ng c kh nng cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v thoi, truyn d liu v c bit l cc dch v bng rng multimedia ti mi ni (anywhere), mi lc (anytime), mng di ng th h th t - 4G (Fourth Generation) c xut nghin cu v ha hn nhng bc trin khai u tin trong vng mt thp k na.

1 . cc c im cng ngh :
Hin nay, 4G mi ang giai on u ca qu trnh pht trin vi nhiu cch tip cn tng i khc nhau . ta s xem xt 5 c im c bn, l ng lc cho s pht trin h thng di ng 4G. -H tr lu lng IP:

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- H tr tnh di ng tt: -H tr nhiu cng ngh v tuyn khc nhau: - Khng cn lin kt iu khin: -H tr bo mt u cui-u cui:

2 . mng 4G tng qut :

Da trn xu th pht trin ca thng tin di ng, mng 4G s c bng thng rng hn, tc d liu cao hn, chuyn giao nhanh hn v khng gin on, v c bit cung cp cc dch v lin tc gia cc h thng v cc mng. Mng 4G s bao gm tt c cc h thng ca cc mng khc nhau, t mng cng cng n mng ring, t mng bng rng c qun tr mng n mng c nhn v cc mng adhoc. Cc h thng 4G s hot ng kt hp vi cc h thng 2G v 3G cng nh cc h thng pht qung b bng rng khc. Thm vo , mng 4G s l mng Internet di ng da trn IP hon ton. Hnh ( di ) cho thy mt lot cc h thng mng 4G s tch hp: v tinh bng rng, mng t ong 2G, mng t ong 3G, mch vng ni ht v tuyn (WLL) v mng c nhn (PAN), dng giao thc IP l giao thc tch hp.

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Kt ni lin tc gia cc mng:

Phn 3 GII THIU V CNG NGH V MC TIU THIT K LTE

1.1

Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE

LTE l th h th t tng lai ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. UMTS th

h th ba da trn WCDMA c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh cnh tranh cho h thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n nhm xc nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn

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gi Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE, bao gm gim chi ph cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh hot cc bng tn hin c v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi cc giao tip m v gim ng k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui. c t k thut cho LTE ang c hon tt v d kin sn phm LTE s ra mt th trng trong 2 nm ti. Cc mc tiu ca cng ngh ny l: Tc nh tc thi vi bng thng 20 MHz: Ti xung: 100 Mbps; Ti ln: 50 Mbps Dung lng d liu truyn ti trung bnh ca mt ngi dng trn 1 MHz so vi mng HSDPA Rel. 6: Ti xung: gp 3 n 4 ln; Ti ln: gp 2 n 3 ln. Hot ng ti u vi tc di chuyn ca thu bao l 0 15 km/h. Vn hot ng tt vi tc t 15 120 km/h. Vn duy tr c hot ng khi thu bao di chuyn vi tc t 120 350 km/h (thm ch 500 km/h ty bng tn) Cc ch tiu trn phi m bo trong bn knh vng ph sng 5km, gim cht t trong phm vi n 30km. T 30 100 km th khng hn ch.

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 di bng thng linh hot: c th hot ng vi cc bng 1.25 MHz, MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz v 20 MHz c chiu ln v xung. H tr c 2 trng hp di bng ln v bng xung bng nhau hoc khng. t c mc tiu ny, s c rt nhiu k thut mi c p dng, trong

1.6

ni bt l k thut v tuyn OFDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao), k thut anten MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output - a nhp a xut). Ngoi ra h thng ny s chy hon ton trn nn IP (all-IP network), v h tr c 2 ch FDD v TDD

1.3

Mc tiu thit k LTE

Nhng hot ng ca 3GPP trong vic ci tin mng 3G vo ma xun nm

2005 xc nh i tng, nhng yu cu v mc tiu cho LTE. Nhng mc tiu v yu cu ny c dn chng bng ti liu trong vn bn 3GPP TR 25.913.

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Nhng yu cu cho LTE c chia thnh 07 phn khc nhau nh sau: Tim nng, dung lng. Hiu sut h thng Cc vn lin quan n vic trin khai Kin trc v s dch chuyn (migration) Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn phc tp Nhng vn chung

Chng 2 Pht trin kin trc h thng

3.1 Kin trc mng truy nhp v tuyn a.Cc chc nng ca mng truy nhp v tuyn; -M ha,an xen,iu ch v cc chc nng lp vt l in hnh khc. -ARQ,nn tiu v cc chc nng lp lin kt in hnh khc. -Cc chc nng an ninh (mt m ha v bo v tnh ton vn). -Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn ,chuyn giao v cc chc nng iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn in hnh khc.

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Hnh 3.1 Mng truy nhp v tuyn :Cc nt v cc giao din Hnh 3.1 cho thy tng quan mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE RAN vi cc nt v giao din.Khc vi WCDMA/HSPA RAN ,LTE Ran ch c 1 kiu nt.Nh vy trong LTE khng c nt tng ng vi RNC .L do ch yu l khng c h tr phn tp v m ng ln ,ng xung cho lu lng ring ca ngi s dng v trit l l gim thiu s lng nt. eNodeB chu trch nhim cho mt tp cc .Tng t nh nt B trong kin trc WCDMA /HSPA khng cn s dng cng 1 trm anten.eNodeB tha hng cc chc nng ca RNC,eNodeB phc tp hn nt B.eNodeB chu trch nhim qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ca 1 ,cc quyt nh chuyn giao,lp biu cho c ng ln v ng xung trong cc ca mnh. *Giao din gia eNodeB vi mng li v vi cc eNodeB khc. -eNodeB c ni ti mng li thng qua giao din S1.Giao din S1 ging nh giao din Iu ni gia mng li v RNC trong WCDMA/HSPA.

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-Gia cc eNodeB c giao din X2 ging nh giao din Iur trong WCDMA/HSPA.Giao din X2 ch yu c s dng h tr di ng ch tch cc. *Vai tr v chc nng ca eNodeB eNodeB c cng chc nng nh NodeB v ngoi ra n cn c hu ht chc nng RNC ca WCDMA/HSPA.Vi nhng chc nng nh: -Thc hin quyt nh lp biu cho c ng ln v ng xung. -Quyt nh chuyn giao. -Chu trch nhim v ti nguyn v tuyn trong cc ca mnh. -Thc hin cc chc nng lp vt l thng thng nh m ha ,gii m ,iu ch,gii iu ch,an xen,gii an xen -Thc hin c ch pht li HARQ. 3.Kin trc mng li Khi bt u xy dng tiu chun LTE RAN,cng tc chun ha mng li cng c bt u.Cng tc ny c gi l pht trin kin trc h thng(SAE:System Architecturre Evolution).Mng li c nh ngha trong cng tc SAE l s pht trin trit t mng li GSM/GPRS v v th c tn gi mi .li gi pht trin (EPC :Elvolved Packet Core).Phm vi SAE ch bao gm chuyn mch gi khng c min chuyn mch knh.

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Hnh 3.3 :Kin trc EPS c bn.

Hnh 3.4:Kin trc EPS phc v nt g tr GPRS/EDGE

Hnh 3.3: Cu hnh cho EPS h tr ca 3GPP bao gm c truy cp UMTS / HSPA -EPC ni n LTE RAN qua giao din S1 v n Internet qua giao din SGi. -Ngoi ra EPC ni n HSS(tng ng vi HLR trong mng li GSM/WCDMA) qua giao din S6a. -Gia UE v mng truy nhp v tuyn c giao din Uu.

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Hnh 3.3 Kin trc chi tit mng li LTE Chc nng cc nt: Mobility Management Entity (MME): - Cung cp tn hiu cho php truy nhp mng v cc kha cnh an ninh. - Chm dt s truy cp ca cc thu bao di ng i vi truy nhp mng 3GPP. - Chn ch tch cc thp cho thit b ngi s dng khi khng lm vic. - Theo di qun l danh sch cc thu bao trong khu vc . - Chuyn vng. - GW la chn (Phc v GW v PDN la chn GW. - Nt SGSN h tr cc thu bao 2G,3G truy nhp mng LTE. -Trung tm nhn thc . Serving Gateway :l nt chm dt s truy nhp t mng truy nhp v tuyn EUTRAN.Serving Gateway c nhng chc nng bao gm:

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-L nt h tr s chuyn giao t eNodeB ny sang eNodeB khc trong qu trnh thit b di ng di chuyn . -Kt thc s truy nhp t mng truy nhp v tuyn 3GPP(chm dt s truy nhp v tuyn bi giao din S4 v tip nhn knh truyn ti t mng 2G,3G v PDN Gateway). -Cung cp chc nng cho mng truy nhp v tuyn khi ch nhn ri l m cc gi ng downlink v kch hot cc th tc yu cu dch v. -nh s th t cc gi trn ng downlink v uplink. -Tnh ton chi ph ca ngi dng. Cho php cp quyn truy nhp. -nh tuyn gi tin v chuyn tip cc gi. -H tr vic tnh cc. PDN Gateway : l nt chm dt giao din SGi v pha PDN.Nu c 1UE truy cp vo nhiu PDN,n c th cung cp 1 hay nhiu hn PDN phc v UE.PDN bao gm nhng chc nng sau: -Thc thi chnh sch. -Mi ngi s dng c cung cp gi dch v khc nhau. -Tnh ph h tr. -Vn chuyn cc gi trn downlink hay uplink. -Cho php nhng thit b hp php truy nhp. -Cung cp cho mi UE mt a ch IP. -Phn loi cc gi . -C chc nng nh DHCP trong 3G(Dynamic Host Confiquration Protocol:Giao thc cu hnh ng my ch). eNodeB :c cng chc nng nh NodeB v ngoi ra n cn c hu ht chc nng RNC ca WCDMA/HSPA.Vi nhng chc nng nh: -Thc hin quyt nh lp biu cho c ng ln v ng xung. -Quyt nh chuyn giao. -Chu trch nhim v ti nguyn v tuyn trong cc ca mnh.

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-Thc hin cc chc nng lp vt l thng thng nh m ha ,gii m ,iu ch,gii iu ch,an xen,gii an xen -Thc hin c ch pht li HARQ H tr cho nhng mng khng thuc 3GPP: h tr chuyn vng ;EPS c 3 dng giao din phc v cho nhng mng khng thuc 3GPP l:S2a;S2b v S2c. -S2a cung cp cho ngi dng lin quan ti iu khin v h tr di ng gia nhng mng khng phi 3GPP v Gateway. -S2b cung cp cho ngi dng lin quan ti iu khin v h tr tnh nng di ng gia ePDG v Gateway. -S2c cung cp cho ngi dng lin quan ti iu khin v h tr di ng gia UE v nhng mng thuc 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP. ePDG: Chc nng ca ePDG bao gm:iu khin s phn b a ch IP trong ePDG c s dng nh l CoA khi m S2c c s dng. Chc nng vn chuyn mt a ch IP t xa nh l mt a ch IP c th PDN mt khi S2b c s dng. - nh tuyn cc gi d liu t / n PDN. - Can thip hp php. - Thc thi cc chnh sch QoS da trn thng tin nhn c thng qua c s h tng AAA. H tr truy nhp t cc mng khng thuc 3GPP: h tr cho vic chuyn giao ,kin trc mng li EPC c 3 giao din h tr truy nhp:
-

-S2a:l giao din gia mng khng thuc 3GPP vi PDN Gateway. -S2b :l giao din gia ePDG v PDN Gateway. -S2c l giao din gia UE v Gateway.

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Chng 3
Cc k thut cho truy nhp v tuyn trong LTE I -H thng truyn dn: ng xung OFDMA v ng ln SCFDMA:
ng xung v ng ln trong LTE da trn vic s dng nhiu cc cng ngh a truy nhp , c th : a truy nhp phn chia tn s trc giao cho ng xung ( OFDMA) , v a truy nhp phn chia tn s - n sng mang ( SC-FDMA ) cho ng ln . trc tin ta xt cho ng xung .

1 Cng ngh a truy nhp cho ng xung OFDM v OFDMA :

Truyn dn OFDM l mt kiu truyn dn a sng mang . mt s c im ca OFDM : - s dng nhiu sng mang . chng hn nu mt h thng MC-WCDMA ( WCDMA a sng mang ) bng thng 20MHz s dng 4 sng mang vi mi sng mang c bng tn l 5MHz , th vi bng thng nh vy OFDM c th s dng 2048 sng mang vi bng thng sng mang con 15MHz . - cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau v khong cch gia 2 sng mang con lin k bng i lng nghch o ca thi gian k hiu iu ch sng mang con . v th cc sng mang con ca OFDM c t gn nhau hn so vi FDMA . 1.1 c im chung : OFDMA l mt bin th ca ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM . mt s h thng iu ch a sng mang c a vo s dng rng di trong cc h thng khng dy nhng tng i mi cho di ng. OFDM s dng mt s lng ln cc sng mang ph di hp hoc m thanh cho vic truyn dn nhiu sng mang.Cc ti nguyn vt l ca ng downlink LTE c bn c th c gii thch l mt li tn s-thi gian, nh minh ha trong hnh di. Trong vng tn s, khong cch gia cc sng mang ph(f)l 15kHz. Ngoi ra,chu k ca OFDM l 1/f cng vi chu trnh u tin.Cc chu trnh u c s dng duy tr trc giao gia cc sng mang ph,cho c thi gian phn tn cc knh v tuyn.

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Mt phn ti nguyn mang QPSK,16QAM hay 64QAM,v d vi 64QAM,mi phn mang 6 bit. Cc OFDM c phn nhm thnh cc khi ti nguyn,cc khi ti nguyn c tng kch thc l 180 kHz trong min tn s v 0.5 ms trong min thi gian. Mi ngi dng c phn b mt s khi ti nguyn trong li thi gian-tn s.Cc khi ti nguyn ngi dng nhn c cng nhiu v iu ch s dng trong mt phn ti nguyn cng cao th tc bit cng cao. Cc khi ti nguyn no v c bao nhiu ngi dng nhn c ti mt im nht nh ph thuc vo c cu lp danh mc ci tin trong chiu thi gian v tn s.Danh mc cc ti nguyn c th c cp nht hng ms,c ngha l 2 khi ti nguyn,rng 180 kHz v c tng chiu di l 1 ms,gi l khi danh mc.C cu lp danh mc trong LTE tng t nh c cu c s dng trong HSPA v cho php ti u hiu sut cho cc dch v khc nhau trong cc mi trng v tuyn khc nhau. Trn hnh minh ha cc tnh nng chnh ca mt tn hiu OFDM min tn s v thi gian. Trong min tn s ,a truy nhp cc m lin k hoc cc sng mang con mt cch c lp vi cc d liu iu bin . sau , trong min thi gian , khong bo v c chn vo gia mi k hiu ngn chn nhiu lin k hiu my thu gy ra bi nhiu con ng tr lan truyn trong knh v tuyn . Khi so snh vi cng ngh CDMA m i din l UMTS , OFDM c mt s u im khc bit : - OFDM c nhiu kh nng chng pha inh . - cc b b knh ca OFDM thc hin n gin hn cc b b ca CDMA , nh l tn hiu OFDM c biu din trong min tn s hn l min thi gian . - OFDM c th hon ton c kh nng chng c nhiu a ng . iu ny l c th bi v cc k hiu di c s dng cho OFDM c th c ngn cch bi mt khong bo v c gi l tin t vng ( CP ). CP l mt bn sao ca bin ca mt k

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hiu c chn vo lc bt u. bi ly mu tn hiu nhn c ti thi im ti u ,my thu c th loi b cc nhiu min thi gian gia cc biu tng lin k gy ra bi lan truyn tr a ng trong knh v tuyn . - OFDM l ph hp hn s dng MIMO . biu din min tn s ca tn hiu cho php d dng m ha ph hp vi tn hiu tn s v c im ca knh truyn a ng . 1.1.1 khong cch gia cc sng mang con ca OFDM : Tn ti 2 tiu ch cn cn nhc trong vic chn sng mang con : - khong cch gia cc sng mang con cng nh cng tt ( TFFT cng ln cng tt ) gim thiu t l chi ph cho CP : TCP / ( TFFT + TCP ) - khong cch gia cc sng mang con qu nh s tng s nhy cm ca truyn dn OFDM vi tri Doppler . Khi truyn qua knh phadinh v tuyn , do tri Doppler ln , knh c th thay i ng k trong on ly tng quan TFFT dn n trc giao ha gia cc sng mang b mt v nhiu gia cc sng mang . Trong thc t , i lng nhiu gia cc sng mang c th chp nhn rt ln ty thuc vo dch v cn cung cp v mc tn hiu thu chu c tp m v cc nhn t gy gim cp khc . chng hn ti bin ca mt ln t s tn hiu trn tp m cng nhiu c th kh thp khi tc s liu thp. v th mt lng nh nhiu b xung gia cc sng mang con do tri Doppler c th b qua . tuy nhin trong trng hp t l s tp m cng nhiu cao (chng hn trong cc nh hay ti v tr gn BS ) , khi cn cung cp tc s liu cao , cng mt lng nhiu gia cc sng mang con nh trn cng c th gy nh hng xu hn nhiu . 1.1.2 s lng cc sng mang con : S lng cc sng mang con c xc nh da trn bng thng kh dng v pht x ngoi bng . rng bng tn c s ca tn hiu OFDM bng Pf , ngha l s sng mang con nhn vi khong cch gia cc sng mang con . tuy nhin ph ca tn hiu OFDM c s gim rt chm bn ngoi rng bng tn OFDM c s . l do gy ra pht x ngoi bng ln l do vic s dng to dng xung ch nht dn n cc bp sng bn gim tng i chm . tuy nhin trong thc t lc hoc to ca s min thi gian c s dng loi b phn ln cc pht x ngoi bng ca OFDM .trong thc t cn dnh 10% bng tn cho bng bo v i vi tn hiu OFDM . chng hn nu bng thng kh dng l 5MHz th rng bng tn OFDM (Pf) ch c th vo khong 4,5MHz . gi s LTE s dng khong cch gia cc sng mang l 15KHz , th iu ny tng ng vi vo khong 300 sng mang con trong 5MHz . 1.1.3 s dng OFDM cho ghp knh v a truy nhp: Trn ng xung , OFDM c s dng lm s ghp knh cho nhng ngi s dng . trong khong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM , ton b cc sng mang con kh dng c chia thnh cc tp con khc nhau v c gn cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau truyn n cc u cui khc nhau . Trn ng ln cng tng t , OFDM c s dng lm s a truy nhp . trong khong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM ton b cc sng mang con kh dng c chia

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thnh cc tp con khc nhau v c gn cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau truyn t cc u cui khc nhau n trm gc . Trong trng hp OFDMA c s dng cho ng ln , tn hiu OFDM c pht i t cc my u cui khc nhau c ghp knh theo tn s , iu quan trng l khi truyn dn t cc u cui cc v tr khc nhau so vi trm gc phi n trm gc mt cch ng b theo thi gian .c bit l s mt ng b gia cc truyn dn t cc u cui di ng khc nhau ti trm gc phi nh hn di CP m bo tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con thu c t cc u cui di ng khc nhau trnh nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng . Do khc nhau v khong cch t cc my u cui di ng n trm gc v v th dn n khc nhau v thi gian truyn lan , nn phi iu khin nh thi pht ca tng u cui . iu khin nh thi pht nhm iu chnh nh thi pht ca tng u cui di ng m bo rng cc truyn dn ng ln c ng b ti tram gc . do thi gian truyn lan thay i khi u cui di ng chuyn ng trong , iu khin nh thi pht phi l mt qu trnh tch cc lin tc iu chnh nh thi pht cho tng u cui di ng . Ngay c khi iu khin nh thi pht hon ho , vn lun c mt lng nhiu gia cc sng mang con do sai s tn s . trong trng hp sai s tn s hp l v tri Doppler nh th nhiu ny thng tng i nh . tuy nhin iu ny ch sy ra khi coi rng cc sng mang con khc nhau c thu ti trm gc vi cng sut gn nh nhau trn ng ln do khong cch t cc my u cui n trm gc l khc nhau , v th suy hao ng truyn ca cc ng truyn ny cng c th rt khc nhau . nu 2 u cui pht cng mt cng sut th do khong cch khc nhau nn cng sut tn hiu thu ti tram gc t 2 u cui ny c th rt khc nhau v v th tn hiu thu t trm u cui mnh hn s gy nhiu i vi tn hiu thu yu hn cho d vn duy tr c trc giao hon ho gia cc sng mang con . trnh iu ny cn phi thc hin iu khin cng sut pht ca cc du cui mt mc nht nh . i vi OFDMA ng ln bng cch gim cng sut ca u cui gn trm gc m bo cng sut ca cc tn hiu thu gn nh nhau . 1.4 thu pht tn hiu OFDM

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Nhng tn hiu OFDM c to ra trong min tn s v kh to ra nhng bank ln cc b dao ng v nhng my thu kha pha trong min tng t . Hnh di l s khi ca thit b u cui OFDM tiu biu .Phn my pht bin i d liu s cn truyn , nh x vo bin v pha ca cc ti ph .Sau n bin i biu din ph ca d liu vo trong min thi gian nh s dng bin i Fourier ri rc o (inverse Discrecte Fourier Transform).Bin i nhanh Fourier o (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) thc hin cng mt thut ton nh IDTF , ngoi tr rng n tnh hiu qu hn nhiu v do vy n c s dng trong tt c cc h thng thc t . truyn tn hiu OFDM tn hiu min thi gian c tnh ton c phch ln tn s cn thit .My thu thc hin thut ton ngc li vi my pht .Khi dch tnh hiu RF xung bng c s x l ,sau s dng bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) phn tch tn hiu trong min tn s .Sau bin v pha ca cc ti ph c chn ra v uc bin i ngc li thnh d liu s . Bin i nhanh Fourier o (IFFT) v bin i Fourier nhanh(FFT) l hm b sung v thut ng thch hp nht c dng ph thuc vo liu tn hiu ang c thu hoc ang c pht .Trong nhiu trng hp tn hiu l c lp vi s phn bit ny nn thut ng FFT v IFFT c th c s dng thay th cho nhau .

1.4.1 chuyn i ni tip song song :

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D liu cn truyn thng c dng dng d liu ni tip .Trong OFDM ,mi symbol thng truyn 40-4000 bit v do vy giai on bin i song song thnh ni tip l cn thit bin i dng, bit ni tip u vo thnh d liu cn truyn trong mi symbol OFDM .D liu c phn phi cho mi symbol ph thuc vo s iu ch c s dng v trn mi ti ph c th thay i v nh vy s bit tii ph cng thay i .Kt qu l giai on bin i ni tip thnh song song bao hm vic lm y payload d liu ca mi ti ph .Ti my thu qu trnh l ngc li ,vi d liu t cc ti ph c bin i tr li thnh dng d liu ni tip gc. Khi s truyn OFDM xy ra trong mi trng radio truyn lan a ng (multipath) ,fading chn lc tn s c th lm cho nhng nhm ti ph b suy gim nghim trng ,c th gy ra cc li bit .Cc Null ny trong p tuyn tn s ca knh c th lm cho thng tin trong nhng sng mang k cn d b ph hy, to thnh cm mi bit trong mi symbol. Phn ln cc s ca li tin (FEC) lm vic c hiu qu hn nu cc li c tri rng ra ,hn l to thnh b ,v v vy ci thin ch tiu k thut phn ln cc h thng dung xo trn d liu (scrambing) nh mt phn ca giai on bin i ni tip thnh song song .iu ny c thc hin bi s ngu nhin ho v tr ti ph ca mi bit d liu lin tip .Ti my thu qu trnh xo trn c s dng gii m tn hiu .iu ny khi phc dy bit d liu gc nhng tri rng cc cm li bit lm cho chng c phn b gn u theo thi gian .S ngu nhin ha v tr ca cc li bit nh vy ci thin ch tiu k thut sa li tin (FEC) v nhn chung ca c h thng . 1.4.2 iu ch RF : u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l tn hiu di gc ( baseband ),tn hiu ny phi c dch (hoc phch UpConverte) ln tn s cao pht i .iu ny c th c thc hin khi dng k thut tng t hoc dng dch tn s .C hai k thut trn u thc hin cng mt thut ton ,tuy nhin k thut iu ch s c khuynh hng tr nn chnh xc hn do s phi hp uc ci thin gia x l knh I , Q v chnh xc pha ca b iu ch IQ s . 1.4.3 khong bo v (GUARD PERIOD)

i vi mt bng thng h thng cho tc symbol ca tn hiu OFDM th thp hn nhiu tc symbol ca s truyn sng mang n .V d i vi iu ch n sng mang BPSK tc symbol tng ng vi tc bit. Tuy nhin vi OFDM bng thng h thng c chia cho Nc ti ph ,to thnh tc symbol nh hn Nc ln so vi truyn sng mang n .Tc symbol thp ny lm cho OFDM chu ng c tt vi can nhiu gia can nhiu ISI (inter- Symbol interference ) gy ra bi truyn lan

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nhiu ng. C th gim nh hng ISI ti tn hiu OFDM bng cc thm vo khong bo v trc ca mi symbol .Khong bo v ny l bn copy tun hon theo chu k ,lm m rng chiu di ca dng sng symbol .Mi ti ph trong phn d liu ca mi symbol ,c ngha l symbol OFDM cha c b sung khong bo v ,c chiu di bng kch thc IFFT( c s dng to tn hiu ) c mt s nguyn ln cc chu k .Do vy vic a vo cc bn copy ca symbol ni ui nhau to thnh mt tn hiu lin tc ,khng c s gin on ch ni .Nh vy vic sao chp u cui ca symbol v t n u vo to ra mt khong thi gian symbol di hn . 1.5 k thut OFDMA Vi tn hiu OFDM tiu chun rt hp , thit b u cui truyn dn c th b hin tng phadinh bng hp v can nhiu . l l do ti sao 3GPP chn OFDMA cho ng xung , trong c kt hp yu t ca a truy nhp phn chia thi gian (TDMA) . OFDMA cho php cc nhm nh ca sng mang con c cp pht giao ng gia nhng ngi dng khc nhau trn bng tn ny , nh trong hnh :

Kt qu l mt h thng mnh m hn vi cng sut tng ln . iu ny l do hiu qu s dng ghp knh ngi dng cp thp ,v kh nng lp lch trnh cho ngi s dng bi tn s , ng thi lm gim nh hng ca phadinh a ng. Trong OFDMA, vn a truy nhp c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho mi ngi dng mt phn trong s cc sng mang c sn. Bng cch ny, OFDMA tng t nh phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s thng thng (FDMA); tuy nhin n khng cn thit c di phng v ln cn rng nh trong FDMA tch bit nhng ngi dng khc nhau. u im c bn ca h thng OFDMA nhy tn hn hn cc h thng DS-CDMA v MC-CDMA l tng i d dng loi b c xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo bng cch s dng cc mu nhy trc giao trong mt t bo.

2. cng ngh a truy nhp cho ng ln SC-FDMA :

i vi vic truyn d liu hng ln, 3GPP chn mt phng thc iu ch hi khc mt cht. Vic truyn OFDMA phi chu mt PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio _ t l cng sut nh so vi trung bnh) cao, iu ny c th dn n nhng h

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qu tiu cc i vi vic thit k mt b pht sng nhng trong UE; l, khi truyn d liu t UE n mng, cn c mt b khuch i cng sut nng tn hiu n ln mt mc cao mng bt c (pick up). B khuch i cng sut l mt trong nhng thnh phn tiu th nng lng ln nht trong mt thit b, v v th nn c hiu qu cng sut cao cng cao cng tt lm tng tui th pin ca my. Tnh hiu qu ca b khuch i cng sut ph thuc vo hai yu t : B khuch i phi c kh nng khuch i gi tr nh cao nht ca sng. Do nhng rng buc trong cht bn dn, gi tr nh ny quyt nh mc tiu th nng lng ca b khuch i. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr nh ca sng khng mang nhiu thng tin hn cht no so vi cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu trong thi gian truyn nhn. V th, tc truyn khng ph thuc vo mc cng sut ng ra cn thit cho cc gi tr nh m ph thuc vo mc cng sut trung bnh ca sng. Bi v c mc tiu th nng lng ln tc truyn u quan trng i vi cc nh thit k UE, cho nn b khuch i cng sut nn tiu th cng t nng lng cng tt. Nh vy, UE no s dng phng thc iu ch c t l PAPR cng thp th thi gian hot ng ca n mt tc truyn nht nh cng di. Mt phng thc iu ch tng t vi OFDMA c bn, nhng c mt PAPR tt (thp) hn, l SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access _ a Truy cp Phn Tn Mt Knh truyn duy nht). Do PAPR ca n tt hn, n c 3GPP chn truyn d liu hng ln. Tuy mang ci tn nh vy song SC-FDMA cng truyn d liu qua giao tip v tuyn trong nhiu knh con, nhng b sung thm mt bc x l na, nh c minh ha trong Hnh . Thay v t 2, 4 hoc 6 bit vi nhau nh trong v d OFDM to thnh tn hiu cho mt knh con, khi x l b sung trong SC-FDMA tri thng tin ca mi bit ra trn tt c cc knh con. iu ny c thc hin nh sau: Cng mt s bit (v d nh 4 i vi iu ch 16-QAM) c nhm li vi nhau, nhng trong OFDM, cc nhm bit ny l d liu nhp cho hm IFFT, cn trong SC-FDMA, cc bit ny c a vo mt hm FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) trc . D liu xut ca qu trnh ny l c s cho vic to ra cc knh truyn con cho hm IFFT theo sau. Bi v khng phi tt c cc knh con u c dng bi UE, nn nhiu knh c t mc khng (0) trong th. Nhng knh ny c th c dng bi cc UE khc hoc khng. pha my thu, tn hiu c gii iu ch, c khuch i v c x l bi hm FFT theo cch ging nh trong OFDMA. Nhng biu bin kt qu khng c phn tch thng ra c c dng d liu ban u, m c np vo mt hm IFFT g b tc dng ca qu trnh

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x l tn hiu b sung c thc hin pha my pht. Ra khi hm IFFT ny, tn hiu li tr thnh tn hiu min thi gian. Tip n, tn hiu min thi gian ny c cung cp cho mt khi pht hin (detector), khi ny ti to li cc bit d liu ban u. Nh vy, thay v pht hin cc bit trn nhiu knh con khc nhau, ngi ta ch dng mt hm pht hin duy nht trn mt knh truyn duy nht.

iu ch SC-FDMA cho cc cuc truyn hng ln. Nhng khc bit gia OFDM v SC-FDMA c th c tng kt nh sau: OFDM to ra cc nhm bit nhp (cc con s 0 v 1) lp rp vo cc knh con; sau cc knh con ny c x l bi hm IFFT c c mt tn hiu min thi gian. Ngc li, SC-FDMA trc ht chy mt hm FFT trn cc nhm bit d liu nhp ri a kt qu vo hm IFFT hm ny to ra tn hiu min thi gian. y l l do khin i khi SCFDMA cn c gi l phng thc OFDM tri FFT (FFT spread OFDM). 3.3 iu phi nhiu lin t bo (Inter-cell interference coordination) LTE cung cp s trc giao gia nhng ngi dng trong mt t bo trong c ng ln v ng xung. V vy, hiu nng ca LTE v mt hiu sut ph v tc d liu

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kh dng ni mt cch tng i th c nhiu gii hn bi nhiu t nhng t bo khc (inter-cell interference) hn so vi WCDMA/HSPA. Do , cc phng php lm gim v iu khin nhiu lin t bo c kh nng mang li nhng li ch tht s cho hiu sut ca h thng LTE, c bit v mt cc dch v (tc d liu, v.v) c th c cung cp cho ngi dng ti bin t bo (cell edge). iu phi nhiu lin t bo l mt chin lc hoch nh m trong tc d liu ti bin t bo c tng ln bng cch gim st nhiu lin t bo. V c bn, vic iu phi nhiu lin t bo s a n nhng gii hn chnh xc i vi scheduler ng ln v ng xung trong t bo kim sot nhiu lin t bo. Bng vic hn ch cng sut pht ca cc thnh phn ph (parts of the spectrum) trong t bo, m nhiu xut hin trong nhng t bo ln cn thuc thnh phn ph ny s c gim bt. Thnh phn ph ny c th c s dng cung cp tc d liu cao hn cho nhng ngi dng thuc t bo ln cn. Thc ra th. h s ti s dng tn s l khc nhau i vi nhng phn khc nhau ca t bo. vic iu phi nhiu lin t bo l mt chin lc hoch nh quan trng m trong cn quan tm n v tr ca nhng t bo ln cn. Do , vic iu phi nhiu lin t bo l mt vn trin khai vi phm vi ln v kh c th nhn thy c trong cc chi tit k thut. iu ny cng c ngha l vic iu phi nhiu ch c th c p dng vi mt nhm cc t bo . c la chn, da trn nhng yu cu trin khai ring bit c t ra.

4 . cc bng tn h tr :
Cc c im k thut ca LTE tha hng tt c cc bang tn c xc nh cho UMTS , v l mt danh sch tip tc pht trin . hin c 13 bng tn FDD v 8 bng tn TDD .quan trng l s chng cho ca mt s cc bng tn tn ti , nhng iu ny khng nht thit phi thu gn cc bng tn m t c th c thc hin c th da trn nhu cu thc t ca tng khu vc .

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II cng ngh a ng ten MIMO:

2.1 c im chung : Cc h thng thng tin khng dy lun c nghin cu nhm ci thin cht lng , dung lng ca h thng cng nh kh nng chng li hin tng a ng . i vi cc h thng thng tin cht lng ca tn hiu c th c ci thin bng cch tng cng sut , dung lng ca h thng c th tng khi tng bng thng . tuy nhin cng sut cng ch c th tng ti mt mc gi hn no , v cng sut pht cng tng th h thng cng gy nhiu cho cc h thng xung quanh, bng thng ca h thng cng khng th tng ln mi v vic phn b bng thng c nh chun sn . H thng MIMO c th tng dung lng knh truyn , s dng bng thng rt hiu qu nh ghp knh khng gian( V-BLAST ), ci thin cht lng ca h thng ng k nh vo phn tp ti pha pht v pha thu ( STBC , STTC ) m khng cn tng cng

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sut pht cng nh tng bng thng ca h thng . k thut OFDM l mt phng thc truyn dn tc cao vi cu trc n gin nhng c th chng phadinh chn lc tn s , bng cch chia lung d liu tc cao thnh N lung d liu tc thp truyn qua N knh truyn con s dng tp tn s trc giao . knh truyn chu phadinh chn lc tn s c chia thnh N knh truyn con c bng thng nh hn , khi N ln cc knh truyn con chu phadinh phng . OFDM cn loi b c hiu ng ISI khi s dng khong bo v ln . ngoi ra vic s dng k thut OFDM cn gim phc tp ca b Equalizer ng k bng cch cho php tn hiu cn bng trong min tn s . t nhng u im ni bt ca h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM , vic kt hp h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM l mt gii php ha hn cho h thng thng tin khng dy bng rng tng lai . 2.2 s dng h thng MIMO trong LTE : Cho n nay vic truyn d liu thng thng thng qua mt dng tn hiu duy nht trong khng gian gia b pht sng v b thu sng. Hu ht cc h thng khng dy hin nay u hot ng theo ch ny, v mt b pht sng th hai trn cng tn s c xem l nhiu khng mong mun, lm gim cht lng knh truyn. Tuy nhin trong thc t, c th thy rng ngay c mt tn hiu duy nht cng b phn x v tn x bi nhng i tng trong l trnh truyn, v u kia nhn c vi bn sao ca tn hiu ban u t nhng gc khc nhau vo nhng thi im hi lch nhau mt cht. i vi nhng cng ngh truyn khng dy n gin, cc bn sao ny cng l nhiu khng mong mun. Nhng LTE li li dng s tn x v phn x trn l trnh truyn bng cch truyn vi dng d liu c lp qua nhng ng-ten ring. Cc ng-ten ny c t cch nhau t nht l mt na bc sng, iu ny t n to ra nhng cuc truyn ring bit, vn phn ng khc nhau khi chng gp nhng chng ngi trong l trinh truyn. pha my thu, nhng dng d liu khc nhau c bt (pick up) bi cc ng-ten c lp v cc dy chuyn thit b thu c lp. Vic truyn vi tn hiu c lp trn cng bng tn ny c gi l MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), v Hnh di cho thy mt cch biu din ha n gin ha ca k thut ny. Trong thc t, iu ny c ngha l vi li ti nguyn LTE c gi ng thi trn cng tn s nhng thng qua nhng ng-ten khc nhau.

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Nguyn tc ca truyn MIMO. Chun LTE ch nh hai v bn cuc truyn ring bit trn cng mt bng tn, tc i hi phi c hai hoc bn ng-ten tng ng c my pht ln my thu. H qu l, nhng cuc truyn nh vy c gi l 2x2 MIMO v 4x4 MIMO. Trong thc t, 2x2 MIMO nhiu kh nng s c dng trc, do bi nhng rng buc v kch c ca cc UE v do s kin l cc ng-ten phi c t cch nhau t nht mt na bc sng. Hn na, hu ht cc UE u cho php dng vi bng tn, mi bng thng i hi b ng-ten ca ring n trong trng hp hot ng MIMO c hu thun trong bng . pha mng, c th c c nhng cuc truyn 2x2 MIMO bng mt ng-ten phn cc cho (cross polar antenna) duy nht, kt hp hai ng-ten theo cch sao cho mi ng-ten truyn i mt dng d liu ring bit vi mt dng phn cc khc nhau (ngang v ng). Tuy trn hnh m t khi nim tng qut ca truyn MIMO, nhng n khng chnh xc pha my thu, bi v mi ng-ten nhn khng phi ch mt tn hiu duy nht m l mt s kt hp ca tt c cc tn hiu khi chng chng cho ln nhau trong khng gian. V th, mi dy chuyn thit b thu cn phi tnh ton mt cch truyn knh c xt n mi cuc truyn phn bit cc cuc truyn vi nhau. Cc k hiu truyn pilot ni

57

trn c dng cho mc ch ny. Nhng thnh t cn thit cho cc tnh ton ny bao gm li (gain), pha (phase) v cc nh hng a ng truyn (multipath effect) cho mi l trnh truyn c lp. V khun kh c hn, ti liu ny khng i su vo cch tnh ton ny. Bi v cc knh MIMO phn bit vi nhau, nn 2x2 MIMO c th lm tng tc truyn tng th ln hai ln, cn 4x4 MIMO th tng ln bn ln. Tuy nhin iu ny ch c th t c trong nhng iu kin tn hiu l tng. V vy, MIMO ch c dng cho cc cuc truyn hng xung trong LTE, bi v b pht sng ca trm c s t b rng buc v cng sut hn b pht sng hng ln. Trong nhng iu kin truyn t thun li hn, h thng t ng quay tr li kiu truyn mt dng d liu duy nht v cng gim lun cp iu ch t 64-QAM xung 16- QAM hay thm ch QPSK. Ngoi ra, nh trnh by trong phn ni v HSPA+, cn c mt s qun bnh (c ny mt kia) gia iu ch cp cao hn v s dng MIMO. V th trong nhng iu kin tn hiu km hn l tng, truyn MIMO ch c dng vi iu ch 16-QAM thi, nh vy khng th gp i tc truyn so vi truyn mt dng duy nht s dng 64-QAM. hng ln, tht kh cho cc UE s dng MIMO do bi kch c ng-ten hn ch v cng sut ng ra ca n, cho nn chun LTE hin nay khng c MIMO. Tuy nhin bn thn knh truyn hng ln LTE vn thch hp cho truyn MIMO hng ln. tn dng trn vn knh truyn ny, mt s cng ty ang tnh ti vic thc hin MIMO cng tc (collaborative MIMO), hay cn gi l MIMO a ngi dng (multiuser MIMO), trong tng lai. y, hai UE s dng cng mt knh hng ln cho li ti nguyn ca chng. V pha trm c s, hai dng d liu ny c phn tch bi b thu sng MIMO v c x l nh l hai cuc truyn t nhng thit b c lp, ch khng phi nh hai cuc truyn t mt thit b duy nht nn phi c kt hp li. Tuy iu ny khng lm cho tc truyn ca mi thit b cao hn, nhng dung lng hng ln tng th ca cell c gia tng ng k.

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M hnh trc quan ca mt h thng MIMO :

2.3 m hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM : Cu trc my thu v my pht ca h thng MIMO-OFDM bao gm h MIMO NT anten pht v NR anten thu , k thut OFDM s dng N sng mang ph c m t nh hnh :
OFDM Transm itter OFDM Transm itter OFDM Receiver OFDM Receiver

Tx1
Tx 2

Rx 1
Rx 2

Data

Signal Mapper

STC Encoder

STC Decoder

Signal Dem apper

Data

OFDM Transm itter

Tx N T

Rx NT

OFDM Receiver

a, s khi h thng MIMO-OFDM

b, s khi b pht OFDM :

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c, s khi b thu OFDM :

M hnh h thng MIMO OFDM :

Symbol thu c t anten th I , ti sng mang ph th k ca symbol OFDM c th biu din nh sau :

vi X j (k) l symbol pht trn sng mang th K trong symbol OFDM . Vi(k) l nhiu Gauss ti anten thu th I trong min tn s , tc l N-FFT ca nhiu trong min thi gian Vi(t) .

ij (k) l li knh truyn t anten pht th j ti anten thu th i ti sng mang ph th n . ij (k) chnh l N-FFT ca p ng xung ca knh truyn Cij (t) t anten
pht th j ti anten thu th i . nu my thu c th c lng chnh xc trng thi knh truyn th ij (k) s c bit chnh xc ng vi mi symbol OFDM . Knh truyn h thng MIMO-OFDM c th m t thng qua ma trn H nh sau :

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hnh di m t trc quan hn ma trn H , k thut OFDM c tc dng chia knh truyn chn lc tn s thnh N knh truyn con pha dinh phng. h thng MIMO-OFDM tng ng vi h thng MIMO .

ma trn knh truyn : 2.5 cc li trong h thng MIMO : h thng MIMO s dng a anten pht v thu c th cung cp 3 li : li Beamforming , li ghp knh khng gian v li phn tp khng gian . li Beamforming : Beamforming gip h thng tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng mong mun gip tng hiu qu cng sut , gim can nhiu v trnh c cc can nhiu ti t cc hng khng mong mun , t gip ci thin cht lng knh truyn v tng bao ph ca h thng . c th thc hin Beamforming , khong cch gia cc anten trong h thng MIMO thng nh hn bc sng ( thng thng l /2) . Beamforming thng c thc hin trong mi trng t tn x .khi mi trng tn x mnh h thng MIMO c th cung cp li ghp knh khng gian v li phn tp .

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K thut Beamforming : li ghp knh khng gian ( spatial multiplexing ):

Ghp knh khng gian gip tng tc truyn : Tn dng cc knh truyn song song c c t a anten ti pha pht v pha thu trong h thng MIMO ,cc tn hiu s c pht c lp v ng thi ra cc anten , nhm tng dng lng knh truyn m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay tng bng thng h thng . dung lng h thng s tng tuyn tnh theo s cc knh truyn song song trong h thng . cc i li ghp knh qua cc i dung lng knh truyn thut ton V-BLAST ( Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space Time ) c p dng . li phn tp ( spatial diversity ):

phn tp khng gian gip ci thin SNR Trong truyn dn v tuyn , mc tn hiu lun thay i , b phadinh lin tc theo khng gian thi gian v tn s , khin cho tn hiu ti ni thu khng n nh , vic phn tp cung cp cho cc b thu cc bn sao tn hiu ging nhau qua cc knh truyn phadinh khc nhau , b thu c th la chn hay kt hp cc bn sao tn hiu ny gim tc sai bt BER , chng phadinh qua tng tin cy ca h thng . cc i li phn tp , gim BER v chng li Fadinh , thut ton STBC ( Space Time Block Code ) v STTC ( Space Time Trellis Code ) c p dng .

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thc t , h thng c dung lng cao, BER Thp , chng c phadinh ta phi c tng nhng gia li phn tp v li ghp knh trong vic thit k h 1 c = thng . f d v. f c

chng 4 cc kin trc giao thc LTE

Tng quan v kin trc giao thc LTE cho ng xung c minh ha trong

Hnh 4.1:Kin trc giao thc LTE (ng xung)

4.1 iu khin lin kt v tuyn RLC(Radio Link Control)

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-Nhim v RLC: +Chu trch nhim phn on cc gi IP c gi l cc RLC SDU(Service Data Unit:n v s liu dch v),thnh cc n v nh hn c gi l cc RLC PDU(Packet Data Unit:n v s liu gi). +RLC x l vic pht li cc PDU thu b li cng nh loi b thu kp v mc ni cc PDU thu. +RLC m bo vic chuyn cc RLC SDU theo ng trnh t ln cc lp trn. a)C ch pht li PDU: -C 1 giao thc pht li lm vic gia RLC pha pht v pha thu. -Bng cch gim st cc s th t thu ,RLC thu c th nhn ra cc PDU b mt.Bo co trng thi c phn hi n RLC pht yu cu pht li cc PDU b mt. - thc hin vic pht li cc PDU th RLC c lp cc ch cu hnh khc nhau: +Ch cng nhn AM(Acnowledged Mode):c s dng cho cc dch v da trn TCP nh chuyn file khi m truyn s liu khng b li l mi quan tm u tin. +Ch khng cng nhn UM(Unacknowledged Mode):trong UM,chuyn theo trnh t ln cc lp cao hn vn c m bo ,nhng khng yu cu pht li cc PDU b mt. +Ch trong sut TM(Transparent Mode). b)RLC lm nhim v phn on v mc ni

Hnh 4.2:Phn on v mc ni RLC Ngoi vic iu khin vic truyn li v phn pht theo trnh t, RLC cng

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chu trch nhim vic phn on v ghp ni theo nh minh ha trong hnh 4.2. Da trn quyt nh ca scheduler (scheduler decision), mt lng d liu no c la chn truyn i t b m RLC SDU v cc SDUs s c phn on/ghp ni to thnh RLC PDU. Do , i vi LTE th kch thc RLC PDU thay i mt cch ng (varies dynamically), trong khi WCDMA/HSPA trc phin bn 7 li s dng kch thc PDU bn tnh (semi-static PDU size). Khi m tc d liu cao, kch thc PDU ln dn n phn mo u nh hn tng ng, cn khi m tc d liu thp, i hi kch thc PDU phi nh nu khng th ti trng s tr nn qu ln. V vy, khi tc d liu nm trong khong t mt vi kbit/s ti trn mt trm Mbit/s, kch thc PDU ng (dynamic PDU sizes) s c iu chnh bi LTE. V RLC, scheduler v c ch thch ng tc u c t trong eNodeB, nn d dng h tr cc kch thc PDU ng cho LTE. 4.2 iu khin truy nhp mi trng MAC(Medium Access Control) -Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng MAC c nhim v: + X l ghp knh logic. +Cc pht li HARQ . +Lp biu ng ln v ng xung. 4.2.1Cc knh logic v cc knh truyn ti a)Knh logic -MAC cung cp dch v cho RLC trong dng cc knh logic.Knh logic c nh ngha bi kiu thng tin n mang;c nhim v truyn dn thng tin iu khin v cu hnh cn thit vn hnh h thng LTE. -Cc knh logic ca LTE bao gm: Knh iu khin qung b (Broadcast Control Channel - BCCH): c s dng cho vic truyn dn thng tin iu khin h thng t mng ti tt c cc thit b u cui di ng trong mt t bo. Trc khi truy nhp vo h thng, mt thit b u cui di ng cn phi c nhng thng

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tin c truyn trn knh BCCH tm ra cch thc h thng c cu hnh, v d nh bng thng ca h thng. Knh iu khin tm gi (Paging Control Channel PCCH): c s dng cho vic tm gi ca cc thit b u cui di ng m mng khng bit c v tr ca n v mc t bo (cell level) v v vy tin nhn tm gi cn c truyn trong nhiu t bo. Knh iu khin dnh ring (Dedicated Control Channel DCCH): c dng cho vic truyn dn thng tin iu khin ti hoc t thit b u cui di ng. Knh ny c s dng cho vic cu hnh ring l tng thit b u cui di ng v d nh nhng tin nhn chuyn giao khc nhau. Knh iu khin multicast (Multicast Control Channel - MCCH): c dng cho vic truyn dn thng tin iu khin c yu cu cho vic tip nhn ca MTCH. Knh lu lng dnh ring (Dedicated Traffic Channel - DTCH): c dng cho vic truyn d liu ngi dng n hoc t mt thit b u cui di ng. y l 1 loi knh logic c dng truyn d liu ngi dng ng ln v ng xung phi-MBMS (non-MBMS). Knh lu lng multicast (Multicast Traffic Channel MTCH): c dng cho truyn dn ng xung nhng dch v MBMS. b)Tp cc knh truyn ti c nh ngha trong LTE bao gm: +Knh qung b (BCH:Broadcast Channel) c mt nh dng truyn ti c nh, c

cung cp bi cc c tnh k thut. N c dng cho vic truyn dn nhng thng tin trn knh logic BCCH.
Knh tm gi(PCH Paging channe): c dng cho vic paging thng tin trn

knh logic PCCH. Knh PCH h tr vic thu nhn khng lin tc (discontinous reception DRX) nhm cho php thit b u cui di ng tit kim nng lng pin bng cch ng (sleeping) v ch thc (wake up) khi nhn PCH ti nhng thi im xc nh trc. C ch paging c m t c phn chi tit hn trong chng 5.
Knh chia s ng xung Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH): l knh

truyn ti c dng cho truyn dn d liu ng xung trong LTE. N h tr nhng c tnh ca LTE nh c ch thch ng tc ng (dynamic rate adaption) v hoch nh ph thuc knh truyn (channel-dependent scheduling) trong min thi gian v tn s, hybrid ARQ, v ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing). N cng h tr DRX nhm lm gim nng lng tiu th thit b u cui di ng

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trong khi vn cung cp tri nghim lun m (always-on experience), tng t nh c ch CPC trong HSPA. DL-SCH TTI l 1 ms.
Knh multicast Multicast Channel (MCH): c dng h tr MBMS v c c

trng bi nh dng truyn ti bn tnh v hoch nh bn tnh (semistatic transport format and semi-static scheduling). Trong trng hp truyn dn nhiu t bo (multi-cell transmission) s dng MBSFN, cu hnh nh dng truyn ti v hoch nh c iu phi gia nhng t bo lin quan trong truyn dn MBSFN.
+Knh chia s ng ln Uplink shared channel (UL-SCH): l ng ln tng ng

vi DL-SCH.

Hnh 4.3:Th d v sp xp cc knh logic ln cc knh truyn ti

Chng 5 Lp vt l LTE
*Cc chc nng ca lp vt l - Pht hin li trn knh truyn - M ha ,gi m trn knh truyn - Yu cu lp t ng hn hp -nh gia, kt hp v lp bn cc knh m ha vn chuyn cc knh vt l - iu ch v gii iu ch knh vt l

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- ng b tn s v thi gian - o lng tnh song v tuyn - iu ch nten MIMO - a dng truyn ti - Beamforming - iu ch RF 5.1. Tng quan lp vt l Cc chi tit k thut lp vt l c chia thnh 4 phn nh trong hnh

Hnh 4.1. S khi lp vt l

- TS36.211 knh vt l v iu ch :c dim k thut ny m t tn hiu vt l, knh vt l trn ng ln v ng xung, cch iu bin , nh x vo cc khung. N cng x l v h tr cho cng ngh a nten -TS36.212 ghp knh v m ha knh: c im k thut ny m t knh truyn, kim sot, iu ch d liu, bao gm c ghp knh, m ha knh,

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-TS36.213 Lp vt l th tc: c im k thut ny m t cc th tc nh ng b, tm kim di ng, kim sioats, truy cp ngu nhin, nhn din m thanh, -TS36.214 Lp vt l o lng : c dim k thut ny m t cc c tnh ca php o tng 1 ca UE v eNB .k thut ny bao gm cc php o h tr chuyn giao. -TS36.113 qun l ti nguyn v tuyn: Khng tht s l 1 phn ca lp vt l. Cc yu cu ca qun l ti nguyn c tm tt y phc v cho lp vt l o lng 5.2.Knh vt l v iu ch TS36.211 Giao din v tuyn ca LTE bao gm cc tn hiu vt l, cc knh vt l c nh ngha trong TS36.211 , tn hiu vt l c to ra tng 1 v c s dng cho h thng ng b, xc nh khu (t bo), d ton knh v tuyn. Knh vt l mang d liu t cc lp cao hn bao gm tn hiu iu khin, nh thi, v ti tin ca ngi s dng. . Trong ng xung, tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp m ha vic nhn dng t bo, cho php xc nh ngi x dng(UE) v ng b vi mng. Trong c ng xung v ng ln cc tn hiu tham chiu(RS) ,c gi l tn hiu iu khin trong cc tiu chun khc, c xc nh pha thu c lng phng bin v pha ca tn hiu thu.. phng l s kt hp ca li trn tin hiu truyn v s khng hon ho ca knh v tuyn. Nu khng c tn hiu tham chiu, s thay i pha v bin ca tn hiu thu c lm gi iu ch khng ng tin cy, dc bit l iu ch cp cao nh 16 QAM hay 64 QAM. Trong nhng trng hp iu ch cp cao 1 li nh trong iu ch cng c th gy ra gin on iu ch. Cng vi tn hiu vt l l knh vt l , n v h thng thng tin c da ti ngi s dng . Cu trc knh ca LTE gn vi HSPDA hn l bn gc WCDMA , n da trn knh dnh cho ngi s dng n. 5.2.1Cu trc khung C 2 cu truc khung pht cho LTE : Khung cu truc loi 1 (FS1) cho bn song cng v song cng kp FDD, cu truck hung loi2 (FS2) choTDD. Nhng cu trc ny c biu din trong hnh 4.2 v 4.3

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Hnh 4.2 Cu trc khung loi 1 (FS1) FS1 c ti u lm vic vi 3,84Mbps trong h thong UMTS. Cu trc ny bao gm 10 khung ph 1ms, mi khung gm 2 khe 0,5ms , Tng s l 10ms. FS1 nh nhau trong c ng ln v ng xung v khung,tiu khung, v khe thi gian d vic phn b cu tn hiu v knh l hi khc nhau. ng ln v ng xung khc bit min tn s ( cc tn s khc nhau).

Hnh 4.2 Cu trc khung loi 2 (FS2) Cu trc ca FS2 linh hot hn nhiu so vi cu trc ca FS1. 1 v d v cu trc FS2 c hin th trong hnh 4.2. Vd ny l dnh cho im chuyn i 5ms, gm 2 na khung 5 ms, tng cng 10ms.Tiu Khung bao gm 1 dng ln hoc 1 ng xung, hoc 1 tiu khung c bit cha ng sun v 1 khe thid gian iu khin ng ln (DwPTS v UpPTS) cch nahu 1 khong thi gian truyn bo v (GP). Vi phn b cc tiu khung cho ng ln v ng xung c bit l khung ph c xc nh bi 1 trong by cu trc khc nhau. Khung ph 0 v 5 luon ng xung, khung ph 1 lun l khung ph dc bit, nhng cu trc thnh phn ca cc tiu khung khacs ty thuc vo cu truc khung. i vi cu trc im chuyn i 5ms,tiu khung 6 lun l 1 khung ph c bit nh hnh 5. Vi im chuyn i chu k 10ms, ch c 1 khung c bit mi khung 10ms.

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5.2.2 Phn t Ti nguyn vt l ng xung n v tn s thi gian nh nht dung cho ng xung gi l phn t ti nguyn, c xc nh l 1 trong cc du hiu trn mt sng mang th cp. Mt nhm gm 12 sng mang th cp tip gip vi tn s v 1 khe trong thi gian hnh thnh 1 RB, n c biu din trong hnh 4.3. Tn hiu truyn c cp pht cho cc n v RB.

Hnh 4.3: Downlink resource grid 1 khe ng xung s dng CP c di bnh thng l 7 k hiu.Cc Cp c chn c th di hn mt cht so vi d kin trong cc knh v tuyn. i vi LTE,

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chiu di CP bnh thng c t 4,69 s, iu ny cho php h thng di x l tr trn qung ng di ti 1,4km. Lu l iu ny ch i din cho s khc bit ca chiu di tuyn truyn, khng phi cho t bo. C sn cc CP di hn s dng cho cc t bo ln hn v cho cc ng dng qun b a khu c bit . Vic cung cp bo v ny c th tr lay lan trn 10 km v t l gim d liu mc cho php. i vi LTE, chiu di k hiu l 66,7 s, m mt by phn trm khng nh nhng khng ng k so vi kh nng khi s dng CP bnh thng .

5.2.3 Ti nguyn vt l ng xung v nh x Hnh 4.4 biu din chi tit v cc FS1 cho ng xung, n biu din cc cu trc khe ng xung v m ha mu sc cho cc tn hiu khc nhau v cho cc knh. biu , 1 b khung 10ms l cn thit cho c knh iu khin lp li. Cc cu trc khung l tham chiu n Ts, l thi gian ngn nht ca h thng c nh ngha l 1/(15000x2048) giy hoc 32,552ns.

Hnh 4.4 FS1 cho ng xung

V d ny, lp nh x vt l ca cc tn hiu vt l DL nh sau: RS c truyn vi OFDMA 0 ca sng mang th cp u tin v th 4 / cc ca sng mang th cp th t ca mi khe. y l trng hp n gin cho cc ng ten n . V tr ca RS khc vi s cng ng ten v chiu di CP.

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 P-SCH c truyn vo 6 / khe 0 v 10 ca mi khung i pht thanh; n chim 62 ca sng mang th cp, tp trung vo cc ca sng mang th cp DC. S-SCH c truyn vo 5 / khe 0 v 10 ca mi khung i pht thanh; n chim 62 ca sng mang th cp,tp trung vo cc ca sng mang th cp DC. PBCH c truyn vo 0-3 ca khe 1; n chim 72 s ca sng mang th cp ,tp trung vo cc ca sng mang th cp DC. Lu rng PMCH, PCFICH, v PHICH khng c hin th trong v d ny. Cc knh iu khin cha trong ccm tn hiu trung tm 1,08Mhz, nh vy h thng c th hot ng c lp vi knh bng thng. C chiu di 72, P-SCH v S-SCH cho mi tng quan cao khi mt phn b 6 RB (72 sng mang th cp) c s dng, trong khi chiu di 62 cho PBCH c ngha l n c th c pht hin s dng mt FFT chiu di 64, iu ny gip gim thiu s phc tp cho ngi s dng (UE). .. Cc song mang th cp trung tm ca dng xung khng c dung truyn nhng c dnh ring to ra nng lng cho LO thong qua qu trnh pht tn hiu.. Bng di cho thy trng thi bnh thng v trng thi m rng s biu tng ca CP. i vi cc cu trc CP bnh thng, khong cch song amng th cp l 15 kHz v di ca CP l 160 x Tx (i vi s k hiu OFDMA 0) v 144 (cho cc k hiu OFDMA s 1-6). Cc CP m rng di cng c s dng i ph vi nhng con ng di s chm tr trong cc t bo ln hoc cho eMBMS trong c nhiu t bo c kt hp.

5. 2.4 Ti nguyn vt l ng ln v nh x. Nh m t, cc FS1 ng ln c cu trc gigns ng xung khung hnh, khe v di tiu khung.. V d nh x cho PDSCHv PUCCH c hin th chi tit trong hnh 4.5 v 4.6 tng ng. S lng cc k hiu trong mt khe ph thuc vo di CP. i vi mt CP bnh thng, c by k hiu SC-FDMA cho mi khe. i vi mt CP m rng c su k hiu SC-FDMA mi khe. Gii iu ch tn hiu tham chiu c truyn i trong cc k hiu th t ca khe trn tt c cc song mang th cp ca

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khi ti nguyn c phn b PUSCH. l d ton cho knh ng ln kich hot eNB gi iu ch tn hiu..

Hinh4.5: FS1 trong ng ln cho PDSCH

Hnh 4.6 : FS1 cho ng ln cho PUCCH

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Cu trc CP c th hin trong bng di

Hinh 4.77 cho thy nh x vt l ng ln FS1 cho1 UE gi nh 1 phn b hng s. Bi v ng ln c chia s bi nhiu ngi dng v t l d liu trc tip lin kt vi bng thng ny, vic giao cho mt UE s gn nh lun lun c t hn nhiu so vi bng thng knh. Vic gi iu ch tn hiu tham chiu trong cc dng ln khng c truyn vt ra ngoi cp pht cho mi UE, khng ging nh tn hiu tham chiu trong ng xung, m lun lun c truyn qua ton b bng thng rng, ngay c khi cc knh dng xung l khng hon ton c cp pht. Vic ny cho php cc E thchin cc php o knh dng xung lp trnh cc, tuy nhin, i vi cc ng ln, truyn RS ti h thng bng thng ti a s l khng thc t v cc l do ca ngun tiu th v phi hp vi UE khc. Khi khng c PUCCH hoc PUSCH lm d tr trong cc ng ln, cc eNB c th yu cu truyn dn ca cc tn hiu tham chiu (SRS), cho php eNB c tnh c im. knh ng ln c im.

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Hnh 4.7FS1 trong ng ln cho 1 UE gi nh 5. 2.5 iu ch VIc iu ch tn hiu v knh cho ng ln v ng xung c th hin trong hinh14. Chi tit c im k thut cho cc tn hiu v knh vt l, cng iu ch v nh x ca chng l iu kin trong sut TS 36.211.10. 5.3. Dn knh v m ha knh (TS 36,212) Cc knh vt ly c nh ngha trong TS 36,211 c nh x knh vn chuyn (TrCH) mang thng tin gia cc lp vt l ,MAC v lp cao hn. Thng tin trn TrCH v kim sot nh x cc knh vt l ca LTE c m t trong Bng di.

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5.3.1 M ha knh D liu v iu khin dng d liu n t lp MAC c m ha v gii max bng cc knh m ha. M ha knh kt hp pht hin li, sa li, tc ph hp, xen gia,cc knh van chuyn hoc iu khin nh xj thong tin ln hoc chia tch t cc knh vt l. Hai knh m ha c s dng trong LTE cho TrCH: m ha turbo cho UL-SCH, DL-SCH, PCH, v MCH; m xon (tail-biting convolutional coding) cho BCH. i vi c hai chng trnh, t l m ha l R = 1 / 3 (c ngha l, cho mi bit m i vo b m ha, ba bit i ra).Vic iu khin thgn tin m ha bng cch s dng cc h thng khac nhau. Cc chi tit ca vic x l lp vt l cho cc TrCH khc nhau theo TrCH loi v c quy nh trong sut TS 36,212. 5.4. lp vt l th tc TS-26.213 Mt s th tc ca lp vt l c lin quan n hot ng LTE. y l nhng quy nh ti 3GPP TS 36.213.13 TE s dng iu HARQ v thch ng lin kt tng t nh HSPA, thch ng iu ch v m ha mng (AMC) c s dng nh c ch cho thch ng lin kt nng cao thng lng d liu trong mt knh fading. K thut ny thay i theo cc iu ch m ha ng xung da trn cc iu kin knh ca mi ngi dng. Khi lin kt c cht lng tt, h thng LTE c th s dng mt iu ch cao hn (thm bit trn mt biu

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tng) hoc m ha knh t hn, kt qu d liu cao hn t gi. Khi iu kin lien kt kmvif cc l do nh fadinh hay can thip tn hiu, h thng c th s dng su iu ch thp hn hoc knh m ha mnh m hn duy tr gii hn chp nhn c trong danh sch kt ni v tuyn. Khng phi tt c cc th tc lp vt l c nh ngha y nhng ni chung nguyn tc ca cc th tc chnh c nu ra y. 5.4.1 Tm kim t bo ay l 1 th tc UE tit kim thi gian v ng b tn s v tm ID t bo cut lp vt l t bo. kch hot tnh nng tm kim di ng eNB truyn i RS, P-SCH, v SSCH. Bi v ng b ha tn hiu nm trung tm ca cc knh, 1 t bo LTE tm kim mt th tc h tr kh nng m rng bng thng truyn dn t 6 RB cho n ti a trn100 RB. 5.4.2. Kh nng kim sot TH tc ny bao gm kh nng kim ng ln v kh nng cp pht ng xung. Xc nh kh nng kim soat nng lng cho mi phn t. Kh nng kim sot trong cc h thng OFDMA l t quan trng hn trong cc h thng CDMA, trong OFDMA,cc UE c tch bit theo thi gian v tn s trong khi CDMA chng chia s cng mt knh vt l v c phn cch bng m s nn i hi cht hn gii hn v nng lng nhn c. Tm quan trng ca kh nng kim sot tng trng vi MUMIMO, trong hot ng tt nht khi ngun in nhn cmi lc t UE ti eNB l cn bng. i vi cc ng ln, nh ngha v kh nng kim sot ln quan n cc thng s ca chn tri PUSCH, PUCCH, v SRS. Th tc c bit p dng cho nhng RB giao cho UE ti bin t bo, ni UEl nhy cm nht can thip chuyn vng. i vi ng xung, tt c kh nng tham chiu n RS, c truyn lien tc trn knh bng thng ton b h thng. T l gia RS EPRE v PDSCH cho mt ngi s dng c thit lp bng. N cng Thc y RS h tr. 5. 4.3 Th tc truy cp ngu nhin. Cc th tc ny bao gm vic truyn ti cc on truy cp ngu nhin (mang trn PRACH) v truy cp vo cc phn ng ngu nhin. A PRACH chim su khi ti nguyn trong mt tiu khung, hoc thit lp cc tiu khung lin tip dnh ring cho cc on truy cp ngu nhin c truyn i.

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5. 4.4 Th tc lien quan ti PDSCH( knh vt l chia s ng xung) Th tc u tin xc nh cch thc m cc PDCCH phn b ngun lc cho cc UE nhn PDSCH. C ba c ch phn b khc nhau t mt bitmap( nh x bit) n gin (loi 0) n cc loi phc tp nht (loi2), trong c s linh hot Cc th tc tip theo UE c nh ngha nh cc bo co ca CQI, s sn m ha ma trn ch s (PMI), v xp hng. Cc bo co ny c th tun hoang hoc khng . CQI c s dng UE nhn thc cht lng knh. i vi mt anten duy nht, CQI l 5 bit ch mc,gi tr CQI c iu ch v m ha tc . tng hiu sut chn lc tn s, c gi l nhm ph CQI , c th c to ra bng cch chia tch cc knh vo mt s nhm ph. S lng cc nhm ph ph thuc vo bng thng knh v c th hin trong Bng di y. Ngoi ra ton b cc knh c th c bo co mt ln nh Wideband CQI.

nh k bo co CQI c th c mang trn PUCCH khi UEkhng theo lch trnh truyn dn v trn PUSCH khi UE i theo d kin. PUCCH ch c mt vi bit ca dung lng nhng PUSCH hn ch t hn nhiu. Bo co Khng tun hon (chu k) lun lun mang trn PUSCH. Nu vic lp lch trnh ca cc bo co tun hon vkhng tun hon va chm, cc bo co khng tun hon lun lun c u tin. Cc PUCCH ngn hn bo co lun lun c cha thng tin c lp hu ch cho cc eNB, trong khi cc bo co PUSCH cha nhiu d liu hn v ch c th c gii m t mt vi d liu c truyn i. C nhiu ty chn cho bo co CQI ca c hai PUCCH v PUSCH bao gm c UE c s tr gip la chn nhm ph v cc loi bo co tun hon CQI khc nhau .Khi so snh vi bo co CQI n ca HSDPA, LTE c thm nhiu bo co cu trc phc tp vi nhng tim nng cho hiu sut tt hn. Bo co PMI c s dng kt hp vi MIMO ch n eNB, ma trn m ha c sn trc s cho kt qu hiu sut tt nht. PMI c th l mt gi tr duy nht hoc nhiu gi tr cu trc mng cho cc RB c th. PMI mang n mt ch s mt ca bng

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m trong ma trn m trc. i vi cc cu trc ng xung n gin 2x2 SU-MIMO c bn ma trn. i vi cu trc 4x4 phc tp c 32 ma trn l kt hp MIMO v beamforming. Cc thng tin phn hi xp hng xc nh s a thch ca dng d liu song song MIMO v lun lun bo co l mt gi tr duy nht cho knh ny. N l mt n gin ha lm gim ng k nhng s lng d liu phn hi nh hng n th hng CQI v PMI. nh gi phn hi l cn thit cho mi khung (10 ms), chm hn so vi CQI v bo co PMI c th c thc hin ti cc tiu khung. 5. 4.5 th tc lin quan n PUSCH Vic giao UE cho truyn dn ca PUSCH c cung cp bi mt danh sch mang tin trn PDCCH, cung cp cc UE vi RB bt u v chiu di ca RB tip gip vi PUSCH truyn. Vic truyn UE ca SRS cho d ton knh ng ln khi khng c PUCCH hoc PUSCH c ln k hoch khng c y cc quy nh ti thi im vn bn ny. Tham s c cung cp bi cc tng trn s bao gm SRS tun hon v thi gian, a im biu tng trong tiu khung, bc nhy tn s, dch chuyn tun hon, V lp li. 5.4.6 th tc lin quan n PDCCH UE cn gim st cc ng xung v s hin din ca cc PDCCH. PCFICH cho bit s PDCCH k hiu (1, 2, hoc 3) tng tiu khung gim st v thi gian biu tng PHFICH, c c t P-BCH. Thi gian PHICH t hn hoc bng s lng cc biu tng PDCCH v l 1 hoc 3 cho hot ng truyn thong n hng, v 1 hoc 2 cho hot ng MBSFN. 5.4.7 th tc lin quan n PUCCH V tr ca cc ACK / NACK gi trong PUCCH cho PSDSCH truyn i c xc nh ngm t PDCCH lin quan. i vi mt PDSCH pht hin trong tiu khung, cc bn tin lin kt ACK / NACK c truyn i trong tiu khung n 4. S tr ny l mt thng s quan trng trong vic xc nh tr tng th truyn li, vi tm tiu khung (8 ms). 5.5 Lp vt l o lng TS 36.214 Cc UE v cc eNB c yu cu thc hin cc php o ca lp vt l ca i pht c trng. Nhng yu cu ny c quy nh ti TS 36,21414 , php o c bo co cho cc lp cao hn v c s dng cho nhiu mc ch bao gm c intra- frequency v inter-frequency, tip cn cng ngh v tuyn (inter-RAT), cc php o thi gian, v cc php o cho RRM.

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5. 6. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn Nhng yu cu cho RRM c nh ngha trong TS 36.133.15 RRM bao gm cc th tc v thc hin cc yu cu c s dng lm cho vic s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. Nhng yu cu c bn nht trong ch EUTRAN_RRC_IDLE bao gm t bo la chn ban u v t bo ti la chn, bao gm c cc th tc khc nhau gia cc i pht tip cn cng ngh (RAT). B sung cc th tc c xc ing trong ch E-UTRAN_RRC_ CONNECTED lin quan n chuyn giao v o lng hiu sut. Mt bn tm tt cc yu cu RRM hin ti l nh sau: Th tc trong E-UTRAN RRC_IDLE ch di ng T bo la chn T bo ti la chn E-UTRAN ni tn s, E-UTRAN lin tn s, UTRAN FDD UTRAN TDD, GSM Th tc trong E-UTRAN RRC_CONNECTED ch chuyn ng Bn giao tr v cc yu cu gin on cho E-UTRAN FDD - FDD, E-UTRAN FDD - TDD, E-UTRAN TDD - FDD E-UTRAN TDD - TDD, E-UTRAN - UTRAN FDD, E-UTRAN - UTRAN TDD E-UTRAN - GSM Th tc kim sot lu ng kt ni RRC RRC ti thnh lp truy cp ngu nhin Dc imt Thi gian v truyn tn hiu UE truyn ti thi gian UE hn gi chnh xc Th tc o UE ti RRC_CONNECTED E-UTRA UE o Php o ni tn s E-UTRAN FDD Php o ni tn s E-UTRAN TDD Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN FDD Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN FDD - TDD Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN TDD - FDD Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN TDD - TDD Php o Inter-RAT Php o E-UTRAN FDD - UTRAN FDD Php o E-UTRAN TDD - UTRAN FDD Php o E-UTRAN FDD - UTRAN TDD Php o E-UTRAN TDD - UTRAN TDD Php o E-UTRAN FDD - GSM

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 Php oE-UTRAN TDD - GSM Hiu sut yu cu i vi cc php o UE RSRP chnh xc tuyt i la chn tnh chnh xc ca RSRP chnh xc yu cu trong Lin tn s RSRP UTRAN FDD CPICH RSCP UTRAN FDD sng mang RSSI UTRAN FDD CPICH Ec / Khng UTRAN TDD P-CCPCH RSCP UTRAN TDD sng mang RSSI UTRAN TDD P-CCPCH RSCP GSM song mang RSSI Hiu sut yu cu i vi php oE-UTRAN DL RS Tx powe

CHNG 6 CC TH TC TRUY CP LTE

Nhng chng trc m t cc s (scheme) truyn dn ng ln (uplink) v ng xung (downlink) LTE. Tuy nhin, trc khi truyn d liu, cc u cui di ng cn phi kt ni n h thng mng. Trong chng ny s m t cc th tc cn thit cho mt u cui c th truy cp vo mng da trn LTE. 5.1 D tm t bo (cell search) D tm cell l mt th tc bng cch u cui tm c mt cell c kh nng kt ni n. Nh mt phn ca th tc d tm cell, u cui thu c nhn dng ca cell v nh gi nh thi khung ca cell c nhn dng. Ngoi ra, th tc d tm cell cng cung cp vic nh gi cc thng s cn thit cho vic tip nhn thng tin h thng trn knh qung b (broadcast), bao gm cc thng s cn li c yu cu cho truy cp h thng. trnh vic lp k hoch cell b phc tp th s lng nhn dng cell lp vt l cn phi ln. Nh c cp trong chng 4, LTE h tr 510 nhn dng cell khc nhau, c chia thnh 170 nhm nhn dng cell, vi ba nhn dng cho mi nhm. 5.1.1 Th tc d tm cell (cell search)

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Trong bc u tin ca th tc d tm cell, u cui di ng s dng tn hiu ng b s cp tm nh thi trn mt c s 5 ms. Lu rng tn hiu ng b s cp c pht hai ln trn mi khung. L do l n gin ha vic chuyn giao t cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyn khc nh GSM n LTE. Do , tn hiu ng b s cp ch c th cung cp nh thi khung vi khong 5ms khng r rng. Vic thc thi ca thut ton nh gi l c trng ca nh khai thc, nhng mt kh nng l thc hin lc thch ng gia tn hiu thu c v cc chui c dnh ring cho tn hiu ng b s cp. Khi u ra ca b lc thch ng t n gi tr ti a ca n, u cui c th tm c nh thi trn 1 c s 5 ms. Bc u tin ca cng c th c s dng chn tn s b dao ng cc b ca u cui di ng n tn s sng mang trm gc. Vic chn tn s dao ng cc b n tn s trm gc lm ni lng cc yu cu chnh xc trn b dao ng ca thit b u cui di ng, kt qu l gim c chi ph. i vi cc nguyn nhn c tho lun di y, c ba chui khc nhau c th c s dng nh tn hiu ng b s cp. C mt php nh x (mapping) mt - mt (one-to-one) gia mi chui trong ba chui ny vi nhn dng cell trong cng 1 nhm nhn dng cell. Do , sau bc u tin, u cui tm c nhn dng trong nhm nhn dng cell. Hn na, khi c mt php nh x mt - mt gia mi nhn dng trong nhm nhn dng cell v mi chui trong ba chui trc giao c s dng khi to tn hiu tham kho theo nh m t trong chng 4, u cui cng thu c nhn bit tng phn v cu trc tn hiu tham kho trong bc ny. Tuy nhin, thit b u cui vn cha bit c nhm nhn dng t bo sau bc ny. Trong bc tip theo, u cui d tm nhm nhn dng cell v xc nh nh thi khung. iu ny c thc hin bi vic theo di cc cp khe thi gian m cc tn hiu ng b th cp c pht. V c bn, nu (s1, s2) l mt cp chui hp l, s1 v s2 ln lt tng ng vi tn hiu ng b th cp trong khung ph 0 v 5, cp ngc li (s2, s1) th khng phi l mt cp chui c gi tr. Bng cch li dng tnh cht ny, u cui c th phn gii nh thi 5 ms c c t bc u tin trong th tc d tm cell v xc nh c nh thi khung. Hn na, khi s kt hp (s1, s2) i din cho cc nhm nhn dng cell, nhm nhn dng cell cng thu c t bc th hai ca th tc d tm cell. T nhm nhn dng cell, u cui cng thu c nhng tin tc v vic chui gi-ngu nhin no c s dng cho vic to ra tn hiu tham kho trong cell. Mt khi th tc d tm cell c hon thnh, u cui nhn thng tin h thng c qung b c c cc thng s cn li, chng hn nh bng thng truyn dn c s dng trong cell.

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5.2 Truy cp ngu nhin Mt yu cu c bn cho bt k h thng t bo no l kh nng cho php u cui yu cu thit lp mt kt ni. iu ny thng c bit n nh l truy cp ngu nhin v n phc v hai mc ch chnh trong LTE, l vic thit lp ng b ng ln, v thit lp mt nhn dng u cui duy nht, C-RNTI, c bit i vi c h thng mng v thit b u cui. Do , truy cp ngu nhin khng ch c s dng cho truy cp ban u, ngha l, khi di chuyn t LTE_DETACHED hoc LTE_IDLE n LTE_ACTIVE (xem chng 3 trong phn tho lun ca cc trng thi u cui khc nhau), m cn sau nhng giai on ca tnh trng khng tch cc ng ln khi ng b ng ln b mt trong LTE_ACTIVE.

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Ton b th tc truy cp ngu nhin c minh ho trong hnh 5.3, bao gm bn bc: 1. Bc u tin bao gm vic truyn dn phn m u (preamble) truy cp ngu nhin, cho php eNodeB nh gi nh thi truyn dn ca u cui. ng b ng ln th cn thit khi u cui khng th pht bt k d liu ng ln no. 2. Bc th hai bao gm: mng pht mt lnh nh thi sm (a timing advance command) iu chnh nh thi pht u cui, da trn cc php o nh thi bc u tin. Ngoi vic thit lp ng b ng ln, bc th hai cng n nh ngun ti nguyn ng ln n u cui c s dng trong bc th ba ca th tc truy cp ngu nhin. 3. Bc th ba bao gm vic truyn dn nhn dng u cui di ng n mng bng cch s dng UL-SCH tng t vi d liu c hoch nh (scheduled) thng thng. Ni dung chnh xc ca bo hiu ny ph thuc vo trng thi ca u cui, d n c c bit trc i vi mng hay khng.

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4. Bc th t v cng l bc cui cng bao gm vic truyn dn mt thng ip gii quyt tranh chp (a contention-resolution message) t mng n u cui trn knh DL-SCH. Bc ny cng gii quyt bt c s tranh chp no xy ra do nhiu u cui tm cch truy cp vo h thng s dng ngun ti nguyn truy cp ngu nhin ging nhau.

chng 7 LTE-advanced
Thng 12 nm 2008, cc nh nghin cu gii thiu cng ngh LTE-advaced ln u tin, n ph v nn tng cng ngh di ng bng rng truyn thng trc LTE. Cc nh nghien cu thnh cng trong vic ng dng cc cng ngh xut cho LTE-advaced . Trong cc cuc trnh din, cc nh nghin cu v khai thc chng minh c kh nng tng tc ca LTE trong cc t bo, c th tip tc ci thin v con ng pht trin LTE v sau l an ton. nng cao hiu sut h thng , LTE h tr kt hp 1 h thng MIMO 2x2 v 1 tram relay. ...... Cc vng ph sng di ng ci tin v s cng bng h thng, s cung cp cho ngi s dng d liu cao hn t gi v s cho php cc nh khai thc tn dng c s h tng hin c mng LTE v vn p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng bng thng. Cc LTE-Advanced th nghim dung th m relay nt nhng trong mt mng li th nghim hnh thnh trong mt nhm FDD t backhauling ci tin vng ph sng. Vi hiu sut bin cnh t bo c th c tng ln n 50% thng lng cao im. 7.1. Tng quan v LTE-Advanced * ng lc ca LTE advaced - IMT-Advanced tiu chun ha quy trnh trong ITU-R - B sung IMT c xc nh trong WRC07 - Tip tc tin trin ca LTE Release 8 v 9 p ng: Yu cu cho IMT-Advanced ca ITU-R Tng lai ca nh iu hnh v iu kin ca thit b u cui *Trng thi ca 3GPP - Ngin cu LTE ang din ra theo hng "y mnh tin b cho E-UTRA (LTEAdvanced)" - Yu cu v mc tiu cho LTE-Advanced c tho thun v cc cng ngh c th p ng c cc yu cu v mc tiu xc nh

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- T nh gi c tin hnh v xc nhn rng LTE-advanced p ng tt c yu cu ca IMT-Advanced - Tt c cc ti liu cn thit c trnh ln ITU-R WP 5D # 6 , c ph duyt trong 3GPP - Trong cuc hp 3GPP TSG-RAN # 46 trong thng 12 nm 2009, mt s hng mc , da trn kt qu nghin cu ca cc mt , ng pht trin cc chi tit k thut cho LTE-Advanced * ngh ca LTE-Advanced l mt SRIT bao gm c FDD RIT v TDD RIT Mt s yu cu then cht ca ITU-R M2134 -H tr bng tn len n v bao gm 40MHz -KHuyn khch h tr cc bng tn rng hn(VD: 100Mhz) -Hiu qu s dng ph tn cc i ng xung ti thiu 15b/s/Hz(vi MIMO4x4) -Hiu qu s dng phhoor tn ti thiu ng ln ti thiu l 6,75b/s/Hz( vi MIMO4x4) -Tc thng lng l thuyt l 1Gb/s 7.2. Yu cu chung cho LTE-Advanced * LTE-Advanced l mt s pht trin ca LTE * LTE-Advanced c p ng hoc vt qu yu cu ca IMT-Advanced trong ITU-R * Mc tiu ca LTE-advanced m rng c thng qua 7.3. Hiu sut yu cu ca h thng - Tc d liu cc i tc 1 Gbps d liu s c thc hin bng MIMO 4x4 v truyn thng bng rng hn khong 70 MHz - Hiu qu ph cc i DL: Rel. 8 IMT-LTE p ng yu cu nng cao UL: Cn tng gp i t Release 8 p ng yu cu ca IMT-Advanced

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Gt: 100 Mbps cho di ng vi tc cao v 1 Gbps cho di ng vi tc thp" l mt trong nhng yu cu bng vn bn ti Circular Letter (CL) - dung lng v kh nng truyn qua bin t bo

7.4 Yu cu quan trng khc * Ph tn linh hot - Thc t ph l khc nhau theo tng khu vc hoc quc gia - Trong 3GPP, cc kh nng khc nhau phn b ph tn ang c cn nhc trong nghin cu kh thi

- H tr cho cc kh nng trin khai linh hot, bao gm c ng xung / ng ln i xng phn b bng thng cho FDD v khng tip gip phn b ph tn *LTE-Advanced s c trin khai nh l mt s pht trin ca LTE Release 8 v trn cc bng thng mi. *LTE-Advanced s c tng thch ngc vi LTE Release 8 vi ngha - mt thit b u cui LTE Release 8 c th lm vic trong mt LTE-Advanced NW,

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-mt thit b u cui LTE-Advanced c th lm vic trong mt Release 8 LTE NW *Tng cng trin khai trong eNB v HNB LTE-Advanced. 7.5. Tm tt k thut t c yu cu ca LTE advanced *H tr bng thng rng hn -Nh cung cp tp hp t c bng thng rng hn - Tp hp h tr ph =>d liu tc cao cc i, ph tn linh hot *Nng cao k thut MIMO - M rng ln n tng truyn dn th 8 trong ng xung -MIMO ngi dng n ln n 4 tng truyn dn trong ng ln =>Tc d liu cc i, dung lng, lu lng ngi dung *Phi hp a truyn dn v tip n (COMP) - Truyn COMP trong downlink - Truyn li COMP trong ng ln =>lu lng ngi dng , ph sng, trin khai linh hot *Tip tc gim tr AS / NAS song song iu ch gim tr ca C-plane * Chuyn tip Loi 1 chuyn tip to ra mt t bo ring bit v xut hin nh Rel. 8 LTE eNB n Rel. 8 LTE UEs =>ph sng, chi ph trin khai c hiu qu

Chng 8
Qa trnh nghin cu LTE v tin trnh thng mi ha
1 . khi qut : in thoi di ng bng thng rng ang tr thnh hin thc,nh th h Internet pht trin truy cp bng thng rng bt c ni no khng ch nh hoc vn phng.c tnh s c khng 3,4 t ngi s c bng thng rng vo nm 2014. Khong 80% s l thu bao di ng bng thng rng v a s s c phc v bi cng ngh HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) v mng LTE. Mi ngi c th duyt Internet hoc gi mail bng cch s dng notebook c cng ngh HSPA, thay th modem DSL c nh ca h bng modem HSPA hoc USB, h c th gi v nhn video hoc file m thanh bng in thoi 3G. i vi LTE,ngi dng s c phc v tt hn, n s nng cao hn yu cy cc ng dng nh truyn hnh tng tc, video blogging, game v cc dch v chuyn nghip khc. LTE cung cp mt s li ch quan trng cho ngi s dng v nh iu hnh, bao gm:

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Hiu sut v nng lc: Mt trong nhng yu cu ca LTE l cung cp ng ti xung vi tc nh t nht l 100 Mbps. K thut cho php tc cao hn 300 Mbps v hng Ericsson chng minh LTE tc nh khong 160 Mbps. Mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN) mi ln chuyn i s t hn 10ms, c ngha l LTE hn hn cc cng ngh khc v p ng c yu cu ca 4G. n gin: LTE h tr bng thng t 1,4 Mhz n 20 Mhz. LTE cng h tr phn chia theo tn s (FDD) v phn chia theo thi gian (TDD). 15 cp v 8 di ph l c xc nh do 3GPP cho LTE v c nhiu di ph khc.iu ny c ngha l nh khai thc c th gii thiu LTE cc di tn s mi,ni n c trin khai d dng nht 10 Mhz hoc 20 Mhz v cui cng l trin khai tt c cc di tn s. Mng v tuyn LTE s c mt s tnh nng gip n gin ha vic xy dng v qun l cc mng th h tip theo. V d nh cc tnh nng nh t cu hnh v t ti u ha s n gin ha v gim chi ph cho vic trin khai mng v qun l. LTE s c trin khai song song,da trn nn IP v, mng truyn ti d liu d dng hn trong vic xy dng, bo tr v gii thiu cc dch v trn. Thit b u cui a dng: Ngoi in thoi di ng, my tnh v cc thit b tiu th in nh laptop, my chi game v my nh s kt hp nhng moduk LTE. Bi v LTE h tr chuyn vng cho cc mng di ng c sn nn tt c cc thit b ny c th c bng thng rng di ng ph sng t nhng ngy u. Cc nh khai thc c th gii thiu cng ngh LTE ph hp vi mng hin ti ca h, ph tn c sn v mc tiu kinh doanh cho bng thng rng di ng v cc dch v a phng tin.

4. tiu chun ha LTE : im khi u cho cc tiu chun ha LTE l hi tho pht trin RAN 3GPP, t chc vo 11/2004 ti Toronto-Canada. Mt mc nghin cu c bt u vo 12/2004 vi mc tiu pht trin mt c cu cho s ci tin k thut truy nhp 3GPP theo hng: Gim chi ph cho mi bit Tng dch v cung cp-thm dch v tt hn vi chi ph thp hn S dng linh hot cc di tn hin c v cc di tn c cp mi. n gin ha cu trc v giao din m Cng sut tiu th ca thit b u cui hp l Tm lc cc yu cu ca LTE -Tng cao tc d liu nh: 100 Mbps downlink v 50 Mbps uplink

-Gim tr ca RAN xung cn 10ms -Ci thin hiu qu ca ph tn(2-4 ln so vi HSPA -Chi ph hiu qu -Ci thin pht sng -Ti u IP(tp trung vo cc dch v chuyn mch gi)

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-C th m rng bng thng 20Mhz,15Mhz,10Mhz,5Mhz,3Mhz v 1.4Mhz -H tr cho c quang ph i v l -H tr lin kt mng vi cc h thng 3G hin c v cc h thng khng phi 3G 5. so snh LTE v WIMAX: Cuc chin gia hai cng ngh WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) v 3G LTE (Long Term Evolution) dng nh cha n hi kt thc. Mi mt cng ngh c nhng th mnh v nhng im yu ring. Chng u l hai ng c vin sng gi cho mng di ng th h th 4. Trong bi vit ny, trc ht qu trnh pht trin ca hai cng ngh s c tm lc, k tnh cnh tranh ca hai cng ngh ny s c ln lt xem xt kha cnh thun ty k thut cng nh kha cnh chin lc kinh t. i nt v WiMAX WiMAX l tn thng dng thng dng ch cng ngh truy nhp khng dy bng rng s dng giao din ca chun IEEE 802.16. Gn y WiMAX c ITU-R chnh thc cng nhn l mt chun 3G trong h IMT-2000. iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi tng lai ca WiMAX v n s thc y s trin khai rng khp ca WiMAX, c bit trn bng tn 2.5-2.69GHz, cung cp dch v Internet bng rng, bao hm c VoIP v nhiu dch v thng qua kt ni Internet. Trong h IEEE 802.16 ni bt nht l chun 802.16e-2005 vi kh nng p ng c cc ng dng c nh cng nh cc dch v di ng, nn cn c gi l WiMAX di ng. Chun ny v ang c th nghim nhiu nc. Hin ti, WiMAX di ng "Wave 2" dng 2 ng-ten pht v 2 ng-ten thu cho tc ti a tm 75Mbps. Bn cnh , nhm lm vic IEEE 802.16 ang pht trin phin bn 802.16j trong nghin cu trin khai cc trm relay (tip sc) bn cnh cc trm pht sng BS s dng knh truyn mt cch hiu qu, tng tc truyn dn v m rng vng ph sng. Nhm IEEE 802.16 cng ang nghin cu phin bn 802.16m vi mc ch y tc d liu ca WiMAX ln hn na trong khi vn tng thch vi WiMAX c nh v di ng v ang c trin khai. Phin bn ny theo d kin s c hon thin vo cui nm 2009, nh l mt bc tin vt tri hn 3G LTE. Phin bn 802.16m s vn da trn k thut ng-ten MIMO trn nn cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA vi s lng ngten pht v thu nhiu hn WiMAX di ng Wave 2 . 802.16m trang b 4 ng-ten pht v 4 ng-ten thu s c th y tc truyn ln ln hn 350Mbps. Theo d kin, WiMAX Release 2 vi s hon thin ca 802.16m s hon thnh vo cui nm 2009 v c th bt u trin khai dch v t 2010 (xem hnh 1).

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S pht trin ca cng ngh WiMAX Ni ti WiMax , ngi ta c th ngh ti rt nhiu gii php thay th m cng ngh ny c th mang li. chnh l kh nng thay th ng xDSL gip tip cn nhanh hn cc i tng ngi dng bng rng m khng cn phi u t ln. c bit WiMAX rt hu ch cung cp dch v bng thng rng nhng vng xa xi m gii php ADSL hoc cp quang l rt tn km. Bn cnh cc dch v c nh, WiMAX cn cung ng cc dch v di ng ging nh nhng dch v ca mng 3G : thoi VoIP, internet di ng, TV di ng. Trong nm ti 2008, cc thit b di ng m hin nay c tch hp WiFi s c tch hp WiMAX. i vi cc thit b c s cn phi trang b thm th PCMCIA WiMAX, hoc usb WiMAX c th kt ni bng rng ca WiMAX.

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So snh cng ngh k thut dng trong WiMAX v 3G LTE

So snh c im ni bt ca WiMAX v 3G LTE Hin ti WiMAX di ng Rel 1 (802.16e) c sc cnh tranh v mt cng ngh so vi 3G LTE. Tuy nhin, nu nhn k trn bng so snh th ta thy cng ngh 3G LTE vn vt hn 802.16e v c tnh nng di ng v tc truyn d liu. Song, i vi nhng nh pht trin WiMAX th h khng chp nhn so snh 3G LTE vi 802.16e m phi l 802.16m (ct th 3 trn bng 1). Nhn vo y ta thy WiMAX di ng Rel 2 ha hn nhng tnh nng vt tri so vi 3G LTE. Ngy nay tt c u ng vi nhau rng t c tc d liu cao ch c th nh vo cng ngh ngten MIMO v k thut a truy cp OFDMA. 3G LTE ra i mun hn WiMAX v n cng khng th no khng dng MIMO v OFDMA. Do vy, nu xt trnh bnh din k thut truyn thng khng dy (wireless communication) th 3G LTE khng c bt c mt k ngh c bn no vt tri so vi WiMAX di ng. Nu nhn li bng so snh trn s thy im khc nhau ni bt l 3G LTE s dng k thut a truy nhp SC-FDMA cho ng ln thay v OFDMA nh trong WiMAX. Song, theo nhiu chuyn gia th s khc bit ny li l mt im yu ca 3G LTE. Thc t SC-FDMA cho php ci tin PAR (Peak-to-Average power Ratio) tm 2 dB my pht. Tuy nhin n li gy mt tm 2-3 dB v hiu sut (performance) truyn thng trn knh truyn nhiu fading u my thu. Nhiu nghin cu gn y cho thy SCFDMA thc t cho mt hiu sut trn knh ln thp hn so vi OFDMA.

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Nhn chung v mt k thut, hai cng ngh WiMAX v 3G LTE dng nh ngang ti ngang sc vi nhau. Song, cng ngh mnh nht, vt tri nht i khi khng phi l cng ngh ginh chin thng m mt cng ngh thnh cng l mt cng ngh ph hp nht, ha hp nht. By gi chng ta s xem xt cc kha cnh khc lin quan n s cnh tranh ca WiMAX v 3G LTE trn ng tin ti mng di ng th h th 4. Cnh tranh gia WiMAX v 3G LTE WiMAX l mt khao kht gia nhp vo th trng thng tin di ng ca cng ng cng ngh thng tin . WiMAX l thut ng c bt u nhc n t nhng nm 2000, vi mc ch ban u ch hng n th trng Internet bng rng cc vng ho lnh. Tip theo, WiMAX hng n cung cp gii php Internet bng rng di ng. K t , n c xem nh l mt i th cnh tranh ca mng thng tin di ng 3G v by gi l 3G LTE. Nu t WiMAX vo v tr cnh tranh vi mng thng tin di ng, bit rng mng thng tin di ng ngy nay c khong hn 2,6 t thu bao trn th gii, r rng WiMAX gp nhiu kh khn tm kim th phn ca mnh. Li im ca WiMAX so vi 3G LTE l WiMAX sn sng c trin khai dch v rng khp : thit b mng WiMAX hon thin, thit b u cui WiMAX s c mt trong nm ti trong khi 3G LTE phi i thm vi nm na. WiMAX va cung cp gii php c nh va cung cp gii php di ng bng rng vi chi ph trin khai thp hn so vi trin khai mt mng 3G/3G LTE hon ton mi. Do vy, WiMAX thc s gy c ch ca cc nc ang pht trin m mng 3G cha c, mng Internet tc cao bng cp xDSL cha rng khp. So vi WiMAX, 3G LTE c mt cng ngh i trc l 2G, 3G vi s lng thu bao c sn. y l mt li th ln trin khai 3G LTE. c bit cc thit b di ng 3G LTE s tng thch vi cc mng thng tin di ng th h trc, do vy ngi dng s c th chuyn giao d dng gia mng 3G LTE vi cc mng 2G GSM/GPRS/EDGE v 3G UMTS tn ti. iu ny cho php nhng nh cung cp mng 3G LTE c th trin khai mng dn dn cng ging ht khi h nng cp mng 2G ln 3G. Trong khi WiMAX phi trin khai mng t con s khng. Do WiMAX khng tng thch vi cc chun di ng khng dy trc nn vic thit b u cui WiMAX c c tch hp vi chip 2G/3G hay khng vn cn l mt cu hi m. N hon ton khng phi l mt cu hi v k thut m l mt vn mang tnh chin lc. N ty thuc vo tc nhn no s trin khai mng WiMAX trong tng lai : nh cung cp mng thng tin di ng 2G/3G hin ti hay mt nh cung cp mng WiMAX hon ton mi. Nu l mt nh cung cp mng 2G/3G th chc chn h s trin khai 3G LTE nu nh WiMAX khng mang li li ch no t bit vt tri so vi 3G LTE. Nu nh cung cp ch c mng 2G/2.5G, h cng c th chn la WiMAX nh mt s nhy cc ln gn 4G thay v i ln 3G/3.5G ri 3G LTE. Nh phn tch trn, vic trin khai 3G LTE t mng 3G, 3.5G c sn l mt con ng d dng. Lm nh vy cc nh cung cp mng c th trin khai 3G LTE dn dn khng cn thit phi m bo mt vng ph rng kn. Bn cnh nh cung cp mng vn tn dng c mng li 3G c, tn dng h thng qun l thu bao v tnh cc c sn. T ny n khi 3G LTE hon thin v c vo s dng, 3.5G c kh nng p ng nhu cu dch v bng rng trc khi WiMAX thc s chim c

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mt th phn quan trng. V thc t c th nhn thy l cc nh cung cp mng 3G/3.5G h khng h vi vng trong vic tin n 3G LTE. V kha cnh kinh t h s khng trin khai 3G LTE trc khi thu li c vn v li t vic nng cp ln 3G. Kt lun Du rng mi ngi c nhng nhn nh khc nhau, nhng ci nhn khc nhau v tnh cnh tranh ca hai cng ngh ny. C mt iu thng nht l hai cng ngh ny thu ht c mt s quan tm ln, to c mt bc nhy trong cng ngh thng tin di ng khng dy. im yu ca WiMAX l n khng c tnh k tha t cc h thng mng c sn nh 3G LTE i khi li tr thnh mt im mnh v n cho php nhiu tc nhn mi thm nhp vo th trng thng tin di ng. S thm nhp ny s lm tng tnh cnh tranh, tng cht lng dch v v gim gi cc vin thng cho ngi dng. LTE- Cng ngh tim nng cho 4G c xy dng nh l mt cng ngh 4G hay c t k thut ca mng di ng th h th t, LTE (Long Term Evolution) l th h th t tng lai ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. LTE c thit k cung cp cc tc d liu nhiu megabit, s dng hiu qu mng v tuyn, gim tr, ci thin tnh di ng, do gip cung cp dch v tt hn. S kt hp ny nhm tng cng s tng tc ca ngi s dng vi mng v thc y nhu cu v cc dch v a phng tin di ng trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, cc cuc gi ci tin LTE cho mt chuyn giao ti mt mng li ton IP, phng, vi kin trc mng n gin ha v cc giao tip m, lm gim ng k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui. Cc yu cu ny c nh ngha bi SAE (System Architecture Evolution - Ci tin cu trc h thng), c bit nh EPC (Evolved Packet Core - Mng li gi ci tin) - c t k thut ca 3GPP i vi nhng thay i v cu trc mng li gi.

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Kin trc mng 3GPP LTE

Mc d c ra i mun hn rt nhiu so vi WiMAX, nhng LTE vn c nhng li th quan trng so vi WiMAX, khi c hip hi cc nh khai thc GSM chp nhn l cng ngh bng rng di ng tng lai ca h di ng hin ang thng tr th trng di ng ton cu vi khong 2,5 t thu bao (theo Informa Telecoms & Media) v trong 3 nm ti c th chim th phn n 89% (theo Gartner) - nhng con s trong m i vi WiMAX. Hn na, LTE cho php tn dng h tng GSM c sn, trong khi WiMAX phi xy dng t u. Vi nhng li th , cc nh khai thc xem xt li vic trin khai WiMAX v c mt s nh khai thc quyt nh t b con ng WiMAX chuyn sang LTE, c bit trong s c hai tn tui ln nht ti M l AT&T v Verizon Wireless. Theo mt kho st do RCR Wireless News v Yankee Group thc hin gn y, c n 56% nh khai thc di ng chn LTE, ch c 30% i theo 802.16e. Theo d on ca ABI Research, n nm 2013 s c hn 32 triu thu bao s dng cc mng LTE. Hin nay, ba trong s nhng nh khai thc di ng ln nht th gii l China Mobile, Vodafone v Verizon Wireless cng b nhng k hoch chp nhn LTE. Nu nh pht trin ln LTE l mt tt yu i vi cc nh khai thc GSM/UMTS th hin nay nhiu nh khai thc di ng CDMA cng quyt nh pht trin ln LTE. Nhng thay i trong truyn thng di ng l s ci tin tng bc, v vic trin khai LTE cng ging nh vy. i vi cc nh khai thc, vic chuyn i t HRPD (High Rate Packet Data D liu gi tc cao) sang LTE s mt mt vi nm. Kt qu l cc nh khai thc di ng cn tm kim mt l trnh chuyn i nhm tng cng mng HRPD hin ti trong khi nghin cu v pht trin cc yu cu trin khai LTE.

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