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thank you donors emacs lisp project Click here to lend your support to: Emacs Lisp Project and make a donation at ww w.pledgie.com ! Geometric Inversion grid inversion Inversion of a rectangular grid. (see pre-image: grid_inversion3pre.png) (only the grid points are inverted, then they are connected by lines af ter the inversion). Mathematica Notebook for This Page. History Differential Equations, Mechanics, and Computation Geometrical inversion seems to be due to Jakob Steiner ( the greatest geometer sin ce Apollonius ) who indicated a knowledge of the subject in 1824. He was closely f ollowed by Adolphe Quetelet (1825) who gave some examples. Apparently independen tly discovered by Giusto Bellavitis in 1836, by Stubbs and Ingram in 1842-3, and by Lord Kelvin in 1845. The latter employed the idea with conspicuous success i n his electrical researches. (Robert Yates: Curves and Their Properties.) Description Geometric Inversion Inversion in geometry is a transformation. Let P be a given point. Let c be a ci rcle centered on O and radius r. The inverse of P with respect to c is a point Q on the line[O,P] such that distance[O,P] * distance[O,Q] == r^2. inversion definition inversion From this definition, two properties can be seen easily: (1) Q is a inverse of P if and only if P is a inverse of Q. (2) Points inside the circle are mapped to the outside and vice versa. Points on the circle are fixed points (i.e. the inve rsion of any point on the inversion circle is itself). As P moves futher from O, its image Q moves closer to O. From this observation, we may then define the in verse of a point on the center of the inversion circle to be a point at infinity , and vice versa. With such a definition, we have obtained a transformation on a plane that has a point at infinity. This concept is important in geometry, and is used in Spherical Projection. It shows that such a plane is topologically equ ivalent to a sphere. Also, inversion can be thought of as a generalization of re flection. A normal reflection is then a inversion with the inversion circle radi us infinitly large. Inversion Of A Curve The inversion of a curve is the inversion of all points on the curve. It can be thought of as a way to derive a new curve based on a given curve and a circle. I f curve A is the inverse of curve B, then curve B is also the inverse of curve A with respect to the same circle. The center of the inversion circle is called t he pole. One property easily seen from the definition is that the radius of inve rsion circle effects the scale of the inversion curve, but does not effect its s hape. Curves that inverts into themselves are called anallagmatic curves. Circle s, lines, and Cassinian ovals are anallagmatic curves. Asymptotes to a curve C i nvert into a curve that is tangent C's inverse.

Step by step description: Given a curve C, and a circle M centered at O with radius r. Draw a line passing O and any point P on the curve. Mark a point Q on this line such that distance[O,P] * distance[O,Q] == r^2. Repeat this for other points P on the curve. The locus of Q is the inverse of curve C with respect to circle M. Formulas Point in Rectangular Coordinate The inversion of a point {x,y} with respect to a circle centered at {a,b} and ra dius r is: {x-a,y-b}*r^2/((x-a)^2+(y-b)^2) + {a,b} The derivation can be easily done by thinking in vectors. Suppose we have a vect or P with coordinates {x,y}. We want to find a vector Q such that length[P]*leng th[Q]==r^2. Q would be the inverse of P with respect to a circle of radius r at origin. Now, the length of P is Sqrt[x^2+y^2]. We have length[Q]==r^2/Sqrt[x^2+y ^2]. The vector Q is a vector in the direction of P with length r^2/Sqrt[x^2+y^2 ]. We multiply the unit vector in the direction of P with the desired length: (P /length[P])*(r^2/Sqrt[x^2+y^2]), which simplifies to {x,y}*r^2/(x^2+y^2). This w ould be the formula for inversion of a point {x,y} with respect to a circle cent ered on origin with radius r. Now, if the pole O is not at the origin, we can derive the formula by first tran slating O and P so that O is at the origin, then do the inversion, then translat e the inverted point in reverse direction. In formulas, suppose the component of O is {a,b}, the coordinate of P' is then {x-a,y-b} and O is {0,0}. Applying the inversion formula {x,y}*r^2/(x^2+y^2), we have {x-a,y-b}*r^2/((x-a)^2+(y-b)^2). Translate it back, we have: {x-a,y-b}*r^2/((x-a)^2+(y-b)^2) + {a,b}. Polar Coordinate Give a curve with polar formula r==f[?], its inverse curve with respect to a cir cle centered on the pole with radius k is r==k^2/f[?]. Give a curve with parametric formula in polar coordinate: {f[?],?}, its inverse curve with respect to a circle centered on the pole with radius k is {k^2/f[?],? }. Properties Inversion of Circle parall lines inversion colinear circles inversion Inversion of parallel lines an d co-linear circles. The inversion of a circle or line is a circle or line. Let O denote the center o f inversion. We have: Curve A Curve B ? line through O line through O ? line not through O circle through O ? circle through O line not through O ? circle not through O circle not through O Proof: Statement ? is trivial. To prove ?, let A be a point on the line L so tha t OA and L are perpendicular. Let P be any point on L other than A. Let A' and P ' be the inverse of A and P. By the definition of inversion, we have OA'*OA == O P'*OP == r^2. By algebra we have OA'/OP' == OP/OA. This means triangle[O,P',A'] and triangle[O,A,P] are similar because the ratio of their sides are equal, ther efore angle OP'A' is a right angle. From the Converse of Thales's Theorem , it f ollows that P' lies on a circle with diameter OA'. This ends the proof of statem

ent ?. Proof of statement ? follows automatically because inversion of points ar e mutual. Proof of ?: Let the intersection of the circle and a line thourgh O be P and Q. Let P', Q' be their images. Let M be the center of the given circle. We have OP* OP' == OQ*OQ' == r^2 by the definition of inverse. Also, OP*OQ == OM^2-r^2 from a elementary theorem on circle. Divide the first equation by the second we get O P'/OQ == OQ'/OP == r^2/(OM^2-r^2), which is a constant. Through Q' we draw a lin e parallel to PM. Let the intersection of the line and OM be N. We have now tria ngles OQ'N and OPM. Since these triangles has two sides parallel, they must be s imilar, thus OQ'/OP == Q'N/PM == NO/MO. Solve for NO we get NO == MO*OQ'/OP == M O*r^2/(OM^2-r^2). Solve for Q'N we have Q'N == PM*OQ'/OP == r*r^2/(OM^2-r^2). Bo th of which is a constant. This means for any point P on the circle, Q'N and NO are constant. Similarly, for any point Q on the circle, P'N and NO are constant. Thus P' and Q' must be points on the same circle. End of proof. inversion inversion inversion inversion Inversion of a moving circle. The yellow circle is inversion circle. Inversion of a moving circle. Inversion of A Circle inversion inversion inversion Inversion of a moving line. The yellow circle is i nversion circle. Inversion of a moving Line. Inversion of A Line From the formula of a inversion of a point, and the theorem that circle invert t o circles, we can easily derive the formula of a Circle[{c1, c2}, s] inverted wr t Circle[{o1, o2}, r], is: Circle[({c1, c2} - {o1, o2})/oc*(oc r^2/(oc^2 - s^2)) + {o1, o2}, Abs[r^2 s/(oc^2 - s^2)]] where oc is the distance from {c1,c2} to {o1,o2} Invariance of Angles Angles are preserved under inversion with reversed sense. That is, if two curves intersect with angle a, their inverse will also intersect with angle a but in a reversed direction of sweeping. Inversion Angle Invariance inversion parallel lines-pre inversion parallel lines Inversion of a finite rect angular grid. Note that the flower-shaped hole in the center is originally the e dge boundary of the grid. Note that line segments invert to incomplete circles. Note that circles intersect in right angles. The inversion of a rectangular grid becomes essentially circles with centers lying on the x-axis and y-axis, and al l circles sharing a common point at the origin. Peaucellier Linkage Peaucellier Linkage is a mechanical contrivance for tracing the inverse of a cur ve. It is named after Charles-Nicolas Peaucellier (1832 ? 1913) who discovered i t in 1864. The significance of this simple linkage is that it solved the problem of converting a circular motion to a linear motion by a linkage that was believ ed to be impossible at the time. Peaucellier linkage Peaucellier Linkage. Peaucellier Linkage on a line The linkage consists of six arms of fixed length (green and light blue lines in figure above), and five joints (point O, P, Q, E, D). To generate a inverse of a given curve (? a line in blue), fix point O in the plane and move P along the c urve. The trace of Q will be the inverse of C with respect to O and radius Sqrt[ a^2-b^2], where a and b are the length of the arms. To convert circular motion t o linear motion, we simply need to restrain the motion of Q on a fixed circle pa ssing O. Proof: We need to show such device with any degree of opening will have OP * OQ

== r^2 for a constant r. Let x = ED/2, thus x represents the variable opening of the device. We have OP == Sqrt[a^2-x^2] + Sqrt[b^2-x^2], OQ == Sqrt[a^2-x^2] Sqrt[b^2-x^2]. Then OP * OQ == a^2-b^2, after simplification. End of Proof. See also: Wikipedia: Linkage (mechanical). Hart's Linkage Hart's Linkage is another mechanical contrivance for tracing the inverse of a cu rve. The linkage consists of four arms of fixed length (green and light blue lin es in figure below), four joints (point A, B, C, D), and three positions (O, P, Q) fixed on the arms. The two lengths (AB==CD, BC==AD) of the four arms are arbi trary. The fixed positions O, P, Q on the arms are also arbitrary with the condi tion that O, P, Q must be collinear and parallel to AC. To trace a inverse of a given curve (? a circle in blue), fix point O in the plane and move P along the curve. The trace of Q (pink) will be the inverse with respect to O. inversion Hart's Linkage. Hart's Linkage on a Circle 1 2 on a Line Proof: We want to show that OP * OQ == r^2 for some constant r, no matter what d esign or position of Hart's linkage. We note that points A, B are symmetric to C , D because AB==CD, BC==AD, thus AC, BD, OP are all parallel. Triangle AOP and A BD are simular, thus OP/BD == AO/AB. Similarly, triangle BOQ and BAC implies OQ/ AC == BO/BA. Combine the last two equations we get OP*OQ == (AO)*(BO)*(BD)*(AC)/ (AB)^2. Now we just need to show the quantity (BD)*(AC) is a constant. Let E, F be the parallel projection of point A, C on the line B, D. So we have right tria ngles AEB and CFD. Now BD*AC == BD*EF == (ED+EB)*(ED-EB) == ED^2 - EB^2. We know that ED^2 + AE^2 == AD^2 and EB^2 + AE^2 == AB^2. Combine the last three equati ons to get ED^2 - EB^2 == AD^2 - AB^2. This quantity is a constant regardless th e positions of the linkage. End of Proof. We have derived the radius of inversio n with Hart's linkage is r == Sqrt[ (AO)*(BO)*/(AB)^2*(AD^2 - AB^2)]. Note that if we constrain point P of Peaucellier or Hart's linkage to move aroun d a circle that passes point O, we have a mechanism that converts circular motio n to linear motion. Circle Inversion Gallery Curve relations by inversion Curve Center of Inversion Curve line not on line; on circumference circle circle not on circumference circle conics focus; pole limacon of Pascal ellipse, hyperbola center Oval?, lemniscate of Gerono parabola focus; cusp cardioid parabola vertex; cusp cissoid of Diocles rectangular hyperbola center lemniscate of Bernoulli rectangular hyperbola vertex; node right strophoid hyperbola, e:=2/Sqrt[3] vertex; node trisectrix of Maclaurin trisectrix of Maclaurin focus; -Tschirnhausen's cubic right strophoid pole right strophoid equiangular spiral pole equiangular spiral Archimedean spiral pole Archimedean spiral lituus pole parabolic spiral sinusoidal spiral pole sinusoidal spiral epispiral pole rose cochleoid pole; -quadratrix of Hippias Misc inversion of sin curve Two inversions of a sin curve. Inversion of Sine Curve Related Web Sites See: Websites on Plane Curves, Printed References On Plane Curves. Robert Yates: Curves and Their Properties.

Inversion (geometry). Wilson Stothers. Wilson's Inversive Geometry. (Good) http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/ ~wilson/cabripages/inversive/inversive0.html Evelyn Sander. A detailed 5 page tutorial on Peaucellier linkage. http://www.geo m.umn.edu:80/~math5337/linkage/ ? Xah Code 1995, , 2012 Xah Lee.