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There have been several methods for the estimation of wind potentials. Turkish Wind Atlas was prepared by using WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) model used for European Wind Atlas. In this study, onsite surveys have been done for 96 meteorological stations, distributed homogeneously over Turkey, and 45 of these stations were used for the preparation of the Atlas. Turkish Wind Atlas was prepared and published by State Meteorological Services and Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration in 2002.
This model has some sub-models for the calculation of the environmental effects on observed wind data such as the effects of obstacles, roughness and orography.
Data
Wind data used in this study were measured hourly at the State Meteorological Observation Stations between the years 1989 and 1998. These measurements have been obtained at 10 m above ground level. The data measured at different height are extrapolated to 10 m by WAsP. The obstacles around the measurement point were defined by onsite surveys for all stations. The orography and the roughness information for the selected regions were obtained by using topographical maps.
CONCLUSION
According to the classification done by European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), the wind categories are indicated below (Garrad, 1991): y fairly good y good y very good (6.5 m/s, 300 400 W/m2) (7.5 m/s, 500 600 W/m2) (8.5 m/s, 700 800 W/m2)
Another classification done based on the wind energy densities is as (Ambrosini et al., 1992); y fair (P, W/m2 < 100) y good (300 P, W/m2 < 700) y fairly good y very good (100 P, W/m2 < 300) (P, W/m2 700)
Since the hub heights of wind turbines are generally between 45-50 m, there are many suitable sites especially in coastal areas of Turkey for electricity production from wind energy.
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40 06' 53'' N 27 38' 35'' E UTM E 554805 m N 4440760 m h : 37 m
Table 1. Sectorwise distribution of the raw wind data. Height of anemograf Sect. Freq. 0 12.3 30 24.1 6.8 60 2.2 90 3.5 120 3.4 150 6.5 180 210 17.6 4.4 240 1.9 270 7.6 300 9.7 330 Total 100.0 <1
169 158 222 339 496 568 507 465 528 665 512 234
: 10 m 3
179 159 167 145 111 62 75 79 89 62 110 177
2
191 191 236 317 319 259 236 207 171 139 189 234
4
168 151 134 75 47 35 61 65 75 59 78 142
A
3.4 3.7 3.0 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.6 2.9
k
1.81 1.85 1.52 1.14 1.28 0.86 0.90 0.88 0.95 0.77 1.03 1.54
16 5 23 5 12 4 8 0 0 0 8 5 9 6 18 11 12 4 3 4 5 1 9 3
14
0 2.6 1.27
Table 2. Monthly mean wind speeds in the measurement period. Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.5 1989 2.3 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.0 1.9 1990 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.7 1991 2.7 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.1 1992 3.1 2.4 2.7 1.7 2.2 1993 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.5 1.9 2.3 1994 2.2 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.0 2.8 1.8 1995 2.9 2.9 1.9 1.8 2.6 1996 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.4 1.9 1997 2.3 1.6 2.0 2.8 2.4 1.8 2.0 1998 Mean 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.0 Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean 3.2 2.6 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.2 3.4 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 3.2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.1 2.4 3.2 2.6 1.9 2.6 2.3 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.6 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.1 1.7 2.1 3.1 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.4
Table 3. Estimated mean wind speed (m/s) and the mean power of the wind (W/m2) for the five standard heights.
z (m) 10 25 50 100 200 Class 0 m/s W/m2 5.9 381 6.4 481 6.8 567 7.4 723 8.0 972 Class 1 m/s W/m2 4.2 163 4.9 250 5.6 330 6.5 461 7.7 816 Class 2 m/s W/m2 3.6 108 4.4 183 5.1 257 6.0 361 7.2 631 Class 3 m/s W/m2 2.8 52 3.7 109 4.4 170 5.3 252 6.3 428
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References
Ambrosini, G., Benato, B., Garavaso, C., Botta, G., Cenerini, M., Comand, D. and Stork, C. 1992. Wind energy potential in Emilia Romagna, Italy, J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 39, 211-220. Dundar C., Canbaz M., Akgun N., Ural G., 2002. Turkish Wind Atlas, State Meteorological Services and Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, June 2002, Ankara. Garrad, A. 1991. Wind Energy in Europe: A plan of Action, Summary report of Wind Energy in Europe - Time for Action, The European Wind Energy Association. Mortensen, N. G., Landberg, L., Troen, I. and Petersen, E. L. 1993. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP), Vol. 1: Getting Started, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. Troen, I. and Petersen, E. L. 1989. European Wind Atlas, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Brussels, Belgium. << http://www.ewea.org>> << http://www.neg-micon.dk>>
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