Chapter 9 SMALL-SAMPLE INFERENCES FOR NORMAL POPULATIONS

9.1 (a) t0.05 = 2.015 (b) t0.025 = 2.160 (c) t0.01 = 2.896 (d) t0.10 = 1.363 (a) Since the area to the left is 0.95, it is the 95th percentile; t0.05 = 1.782 (b) It is the 90th percentile; t0.10 = 1.330 (c) The lower point is the 2.5th percentile; t0.025 = 2.060 The upper point is the 97.5th percentile; t0.025 = 2.060 (d) It is the 5th percentile; t0.05 = 1.729 (a) (b) (c) (d) 90th percentile of t = t0.10 = 1.383 99th percentile of t = t0.01 = 3.747 5th percentile of t = t0.05 = 1.717 upper quartile = t0.25 = 0.688 lower quartile = t0.25 = 0.688

9.2

9.3

9.4

(a) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 14, the entry 1.761 is the upper 0.05 point of t. The lower 0.05 point is then 1.761 , so P[T < 1.761] = 0.05 . (b) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 8, t0.025 = 2.306 . So,
P[ T > 2.306] = 2(0.025) = 0.05 .

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES (c) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 18, t0.05 = 1.734 . So, P[1.734 < T < 1.734] = 1 2 P[T > 1.734] = 1 2(0.05) = 0.90 . (d) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 10, t0.05 = 1.812 and t0.01 = 2.764 . So, P[T < 1.812] = 0.05 and P[T > 2.764] = 0.01 . Consequently, P[1.812 < T < 2.764] = 1 (0.05 + 0.01) = 0.94 .

9.5 (a) Since the area to the right of b is 1 0.95 = 0.05 , b is the upper 0.05 point of the t distribution with d.f. = 5. From the t-table we find that b = t0.05 = 2.015 . (b) Since P[T > b] = 0.025 , from the t-table with d.f. = 16, we find that b = t0.025 = 2.120 . (c) b = t0.01 = 2.998 (d) Since P[T b] = 0.01 , b is the lower 0.01 point of the t-distribution, namely b = t0.01 = 2.681 . 9.6 Using the t-table, we record the t0.05 values below: d.f. t0.05 5 2.015 10 1.812 15 1.753 20 1.725 29 1.699

We observe that as the d.f. increases, the corresponding t0.05 values decrease, and if you compare them to the corresponding value of z0.05 , you will find that they tend towards that value as the d.f. increases. 9.7 (b) In the t-table with d.f. = 16, we look for the percentage points that are close to the given number 1.9. We find that t0.05 = 1.746 and t0.025 = 2.120 . Because 1.9 lies between t0.025 and t0.05 , the probability P[T > 1.9] must lie between 0.025 and 0.05. (c) The number 1.5 is between t0.10 = 1.363 and t0.075 = 1.548 , and P[T < 1.5] = P[T > 1.5] . Thus, the probability P[T < 1.5] must lie between 0.05 and 0.075. (d) The number 1.9 is between t0.05 = 1.812 and t0.025 = 2.228 , and
P[ T > 1.9] = 2 P[T > 1.9] . Thus, the probability P[ T > 1.9] must lie between

2(0.025) and 2(0.05); that is, between 0.05 and 0.10. (e) With d.f . = 17, the number 2.8 is between t0.01 = 2.567 and t0.005 = 2.898 , so the probability P[T > 2.8] must lie between 0.005 and 0.01. Because
P[ T < 2.8] = 1 2 P[T > 2.8] , this probability must lie between

1 2(0.005) = 0.99 and 1 2(0.01) = 0.98 .

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9.8

(b) The specified probability 0.016 lies between 0.01 and 0.025, and we find that t0.01 = 2.718, t0.025 = 2.201 . In order that P[T > c] = 0.016 , the number c = t0.016 must lie between 2.201 and 2.718. (c) We find that t0.005 = 3.012 when d.f. = 13. In order that P[T < c] = 0.004 , we require that c = t0.004 , which must be larger than t0.005 = 3.012 . (d) P[ T > c] = 0.03 implies that P[T > c] = 1 2 (0.03) = 0.015 . Since t 0.01 = 3.143 and t0.025 = 2.447 , the number c must lie between 2.447 and 3.143. (e) P[ T < c] = 0.96 implies that P[T > c ] = 1 2 (1 0.96) = 0.02 . Because t0.01 = 2.473 and t0.025 = 2.052 , the number c must lie between 2.052 and 2.473.

9.9

(a) A 98% confidence interval for is given by X t0.01

S , where d.f. = n 1 . n For d.f. = 19, we find that t0.01 = 2.539 . In such case, the confidence interval is

5.9 76.1 2.539 = 76.1 1.319 or (74.781, 77.419). 20 (b) Center is x = 76.1 . Length is 2(1.319) = 2.638. (c) Usually different since the length of the interval depends on the sample standard deviation S which varies from sample to sample.

9.10 Assume that the germination times are normally distributed. A 95% confidence S interval for the true mean germination time is given by X t0.025 , where n d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 7 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 6 and t0.025 = 2.447 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 15.57 days and s = 3.21 days. The 95% confidence interval for is then given by
3.21 15.57 2.447 = 15.57 2.97 or (12.60, 18.54) days. 7

9.11 Assume a normal population. A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.025 , where d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 20 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 19 and t0.025 = 2.093 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 137.60 and s = 20.143 . The 95% confidence interval for is then given by
20.143 137.60 2.093 = 137.60 9.43 or (128.17, 147.03). 20

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9.12 (a) Standard calculation yields x = 1.0222 and s = 0.2635 . (b) Assume a normal population. A 98% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.01 , where d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 9 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 8 and t0.01 = 2.896 . From part (a), we have x = 1.0222 mg and s = 0.2635 mg. The 98% confidence interval for the mean toxic substance is then given by 0.2635 1.0222 2.896 = 1.0222 0.2543 or (0.77, 1.28) mg. 9 9.13 Assume a normal population. A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.025 , where d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 18 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 17 and t0.025 = 2.110 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 3.6 kg and s = 0.8 kg . The 95% confidence interval for the mean yield is then given by
0.8 3.6 2.110 = 3.6 0.4 or (3.2, 4.0) kg. 18

9.14 Assume a normal population for the monthly rents. A 95% confidence interval for S the true mean is given by X t0.025 , where d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 and t0.025 = 2.262 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 881.7 and s = 127.71 . The 95% confidence interval for is then given by 127.71 881.7 2.262 = 881.7 91.35 or (790.35, 973.05). 10 9.15 Assume a normal population. A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.025 , where d.f. = n 1 . In this case, n = 12 , so that n d.f. = n 1 = 11 and t0.025 = 2.201 . s (a) A calculation of x 2.201 has yielded the result (18.6, 26.2). This interval 12 has 18.6 + 26.2 center = x = = 22.4 , half-width = 2.201 s = 22.4 18.6 = 3.8 . 2 12
From the last relation, we see that
12 . s = 3.8 2.201 = 5.98

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(b) A 98% confidence interval for the true mean is given by X t0.01

S , where n d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 12 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 11 and t0.01 = 2.718 . From part (a), we have x = 22.4 and s = 5.98 . The 98% confidence interval for is then given by
5.98 22.4 2.718 = 22.4 4.7 or (17.7, 27.1). 12

9.16 Assume a normal population. A 90% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.05 , where d.f. = n 1 . In this case, n = 18 , so that n d.f. = n 1 = 17 and t0.05 = 1.740 . s (a) A calculation of x 1.740 has yielded the result (12.0, 15.7). This interval 18 has 12.0 + 15.7 center = x = = 13.85 , half-width = 1.740 s = 15.7 13.85 = 1.85 . 2 18
18 From the last relation, we see that s = 1.85 1.740 = 4.511 . Furthermore, a point estimate of is X = 13.85 , and the 90% error margin is S s t0.05 = 1.740 = 1.85 . n 18 S (b) A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is given by X t0.025 , where n d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 18 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 17 and t0.025 = 2.110 . From part (a), we have x = 13.85 and s = 4.511. So, the 95% confidence interval for is then given by 1.85 13.85 2.110 = 13.85 2.24 or (11.61, 16.09). 1.740

9.17 Assume a normal population. A 99% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.005 , where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 23 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 22 and t0.005 = 2.819 . From the sample data, we have x = 5.483 and s = 0.1904 . So, the 99% confidence interval for is then given by 0.1904 5.483 2.819 = 5.483 0.111 or (5.372, 5.594). 23

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9.18 We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 775 versus H1 : 775 with = 0.05 .
X 775 . For sample size n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 S / 10 and t0.025 = 2.262 . Since H1 is two-sided, the rejection region is R : T 2.262 . From the sample data, we have x = 881.7 and s = 127.71 . The value of the 881.7 775 = 2.642 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected observed t is then t = 127.71/ 10 at = 0.05 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[ T 2.642] = 0.027 .

The test statistic is T =

9.19 We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 800 versus H1 : > 800 with = 0.05 . X 800 . For sample size n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 S / 10 and t0.05 = 1.833 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.833 . From the sample data, we have x = 881.7 and s = 127.71 . The value of the 881.7 800 = 2.023 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected observed t is then t = 127.71/ 10 at = 0.05 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[T 2.023] = 0.0369 . The test statistic is T = 9.20 Assume a normal population. A 99% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.005 , where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 25 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 24 and t0.005 = 2.797 . From the sample data, we have x = 0.38 and s = 0.06 . So, the 99% confidence interval for the mean concentration of lead is then given by 0.06 0.38 2.797 = 0.38 0.034 or (0.35, 0.41). 25 9.21 (a) Uncertain since the true mean length (a population parameter) is not known. Refer to the text for a detailed explanation. (b) The very definition of a confidence interval ensures this statement is true see property 2 in the text.

9.22 (a) Uncertain since the true mean length (a population parameter) is not known. Refer to the text for a detailed explanation. (b) The very definition of a confidence interval ensures this statement is true see property 2 in the text.

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9.23 (a) Assume that the mound diameters are normally distributed. Here, the conjecture is that is larger than 21 feet, so we formulate the hypotheses: H 0 : = 21 versus H1 : > 21 The test statistic is T = X 21 . For sample size n = 13 and = 0.01 , we have S / 13 d.f. = n 1 = 12 and t0.01 = 2.681 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 2.681 . From the sample data, we have x = 26.62 and s = 6.56 . The value 26.62 21 = 3.09 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is of the observed t is then t = 6.56 / 13 rejected at = 0.01 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[T 3.09] = 0.0047 , so there is strong evidence in support of the conjecture.

S , where n d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 13 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 12 and t0.05 = 1.782 . From the sample data, we have x = 26.62 feet and s = 6.56 feet. So, the 90% confidence interval for is then given by (b) A 90% confidence interval for the true mean is given by X t0.05

6.56 26.62 1.782 = 26.62 3.24 or (23.38, 29.86) feet. 13

9.24 Assume that the acidity measurements are normally distributed. A 95% confidence S , where d.f. = n 1 . For interval for the true mean is given by X t0.025 n sample size n = 13 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 12 and t0.025 = 2.179 . From the sample data, we have x = 4.44 and s = 0.558 . So, the 95% confidence interval for is then given by
0.558 4.44 2.179 = 4.44 0.34 or (4.10, 4.78). 13

9.25 Assume that the data are normally distributed. Here, the conjecture is that is larger than 128 mm, so we formulate the hypotheses: H 0 : = 128 versus H1 : > 128 The test statistic is T = X 128 . For sample size n = 20 and = 0.05 , we have S / 20 d.f. = n 1 = 19 and t0.05 = 1.729 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.729 . From the sample data, we have x = 137.60 and s = 20.143 . The
20.143 / 20

value of the observed t is then t = 137.60 128 = 2.13 , which does not lie in R.

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES Hence, H0 is not rejected at = 0.05 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[T 2.13] = 0.023 , which again is strong evidence in support of the conjecture.

9.26 (a) Assume a normal population. A 90% confidence interval for the mean age of S , where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size the rock formation is given by X t0.05 n n = 2 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 1 and t0.05 = 6.314 . From the sample data, we have x = 4.8 and s = 0.566 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is then given by

0.566 4.8 6.314 = 4.8 2.527 or (2.273, 7.327). 2

(b) The length of the confidence interval decreases as the sample size increases, assuming everything else remains fixed. 9.27 Assume a normal population. We are to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 83 versus H1 : 83 The test statistic is T = X 83 . For sample size n = 8 and = 0.05 , we have S/ 8 d.f. = n 1 = 7 and t0.025 = 2.365 . Since H1 is two-sided, the rejection region is
R : T 2.365 . From the sample data, we have x = 73.87 and s = 10.063 . The

73.87 83 = 2.566 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 10.063 / 8 is rejected at = 0.05 . The associated p-value is P[ T 2.566] = 0.0372 . value of the observed t is then t = 9.28 (a) Assume a normal population. Here, we formulate the hypotheses: H 0 : = 9.25 versus H1 : > 9.25 X 9.25 . From the sample data, we have x = 10.7 and S / 20 10.7 9.25 = 2.702 . The ps = 2.4 . The value of the observed t is then t = 2.4 / 20 value (using df = 20 1 =19) is P(T 2.702) = 0.00706 . This extremely small p-value lends strong support for H1. The test statistic is T = (b) A 98% confidence interval for the mean is given by X t0.01 S , where n d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 20 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 19 and t0.01 = 2.539 . From the sample data, we have x = 10.7 and s = 2.4 . So, the 98% confidence interval for is then given by
2.4 10.7 2.539 = 10.7 1.363 or (9.337, 12.063). 19

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9.29 (a) Assume that the mean drying time data are normally distributed. Here, we wish to establish a decrease in the mean drying time, so we formulate the hypotheses: H 0 : = 90 versus H1 : < 90 X 90 . For sample size n = 15 and = 0.05 , we have S / 15 d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.05 = 1.761 . Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.761 . From the sample data, we have x = 86 and s = 4.5 . The 86 90 = 3.44 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 value of the observed t is then t = 4.5 / 15 is rejected at = 0.05 . Furthermore, scanning the t-table for d.f. = 14, we find that the claim would also be rejected at = 0.005 since t0.005 = 2.977 . In fact, the p-value is approximately 0.002. This extremely small p-value lends a strong support for H1. The test statistic is T = (b) A 98% confidence interval for the mean drying time is given by X t0.01 S , n

where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 15 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.01 = 2.624 . From the sample data, we have x = 86 and s = 4.5 . So, the 98% confidence interval for is then given by

4.5 86 2.624 = 86 3.05 or (82.95, 89.05). 15

(c) We assumed that the underlying population was normal. 9.30 (a) Assume that the data are normally distributed. Here, we wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 300 versus H1 : 300 The test statistic is T = X 300 . For sample size n = 15 and = 0.05 , we have S / 15 d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.025 = 2.145 . Since H1 is two-sided, the rejection region is
R : T 2.145 . From the sample data, we have x = 340 and s = 30 . The value

340 300 = 5.16 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is 30 / 15 rejected at = 0.05 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is very small, < 0.0001. This extremely small p-value lends a strong support for H1. of the observed t is then t = (b) A 95% confidence interval for is given by X t0.025 S , where d.f. = n 1 . n For sample size n = 15 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.025 = 2.145 . From the

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES sample data, we have x = 340 and s = 30 . So, the 95% confidence interval for is then given by

30 340 2.145 = 340 16.6 or (323.4, 356.6). 15

9.31 (a) (b) (c) (d) Reject H0 since the p-value is 0.022, which is less than = 0.05 . We could have made a Type I error (if H0 happened to be true). Prior to sampling, the probability of making a Type I error is 0.05. If we took more and more samples and ran the same test of hypothesis, about 5% of the time we would make a Type I error (i.e., reject a true H0).

9.32 (a) The value 0 = 190 lies inside the 95% confidence interval (183.0, 195.0). Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 190 is not rejected at = 0.05 . (b) The value 0 = 182.2 is outside the 95% confidence interval (183.0, 195.0). Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 182.2 is rejected at = 0.05 . 9.33 (a) The value 0 = 81 is outside the 90% confidence interval (67.13, 80.62). Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 81 is rejected at = 0.10 . (b) The value 0 = 69 lies inside the 90% confidence interval (67.13, 80.62). Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 69 is not rejected at = 0.10 . 9.34 (a) Yes, the null hypothesis H 0 : = 20 is rejected at = 0.10 because the 90% confidence interval does not include the value 0 = 20 . (b) No, since the value 0 = 18 lies inside the 90% confidence interval, H0 is not rejected at = 0.10 . (c) No. Since the value 0 = 17 lies inside the 90% confidence interval, we know that it would also lie inside the 95% confidence interval (since for a given sample mean, a confidence interval corresponding to a higher level of significance is wider than one for a lower level). Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 17 is not rejected at = 0.05 . (d) Cannot tell. Although the value 0 = 22 is outside the 90% confidence interval, we do not know whether or not it would lie outside the 99% confidence interval since it is wider than the 90% confidence interval. 9.35 Assume a normal population. (a) A 95% confidence interval for is given by X t0.025 S , where d.f. = n 1 . n For sample size n = 8 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 7 and t0.025 = 2.365 . From the sample data, we have x = 6.78 and s = 6.58 . So, the 95% confidence interval for is then given by

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6.58 6.78 2.365 = 6.78 5.50 or (1.28, 12.28). 8 (b) The value 0 = 15 is outside the 95% confidence interval. Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 15 is rejected at = 0.05 .
(c) Here, we wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 15 versus H1 : 15 The test statistic is T = X 15 . For sample size n = 8 and = 0.05 , we have S/ 8 d.f. = n 1 = 7 and t0.025 = 2.365 . Since H1 is two-sided, the rejection region is
R : T 2.365 . From the sample data, we have x = 6.78 and s = 6.58 . The

6.78 15 = 3.53 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 6.58 / 8 is rejected at = 0.05 . This confirms the conclusion in part (b). value of the observed t is then t = 9.36 Assume a normal population. (a) A 90% confidence interval for is given by X t0.05 S , where d.f. = n 1 . n For sample size n = 8 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 7 and t0.05 = 1.895 . From the sample data, we have x = 6.78 and s = 6.58 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is then given by

6.58 6.78 1.895 = 6.78 4.41 or (2.37, 11.19). 8 (b) The value 0 = 10 is inside the 90% confidence interval. Therefore, the null hypothesis H 0 : 0 = 10 is not rejected at = 0.10 . (c) Here, we wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 10 versus H1 : 10
The test statistic is T =
d.f. = n 1 = 7 and t0.05

X 10 . For sample size n = 8 and = 0.10 , we have S/ 8 = 1.895 . Since H1 is two-sided, the rejection region is

R : T 1.895 . From the sample data, we have x = 6.78 and s = 6.58 . The

value of the observed t is then t =

6.78 10 = 1.38 , which does not lie in R. 6.58 / 8 Hence, H0 is not rejected at = 0.10 . This confirms the conclusion in part (b).

9.37 The acceptance region of the = 0.05 test is 1.96

X 0 1.96 . A S/ n rearrangement of these inequalities subsequently yields S S X 1.96 0 X + 1.96 . n n

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES S will not be rejected at = 0.05 . n This interval is precisely the 95% confidence interval for .

Thus, any 0 that lies in the interval X 1.96

2 9.38 (a) 0.05 = 14.07 2 (b) 0.01 = 30.58 2 = 2.70 (c) 0.975 2 (d) 0.99 = 10.86

2 9.39 (a) Since the area to its left is 1 0.10 = 0.90 , it is the 90th percentile 0.10 = 23.54 . 2 = 12.34 . (b) The 5th percentile is 0.95 2 (c) 0.10 = 51.81 2 (d) 0.95 = 2.73

2 9.40 (a) In the 2 -table we find that for d.f. = 18, 0.025 = 31.53 . Thus,

P[ 2 > 31.53] = 0.025 . 2 (b) In the 2 -table we find that for d.f. = 5, 0.95 = 1.15 . Thus, P[ 2 < 1.15] = 1 0.95 = 0.05 . 2 2 (c) In the 2 -table we find that for d.f. = 10, 0.975 = 3.24 and 0.05 = 18.31 . Thus, P[3.24 < 2 < 18.31] = 0.950 0.025 = 0.925 . 2 2 (d) In the 2 -table we find that for d.f. = 8, 0.90 = 3.49 and 0.01 = 20.09 . Thus, P[3.49 < 2 < 20.09] = 0.99 0.10 = 0.89 . 9.41 (a) The sample standard deviation is computed as follows: 2 ( x ) 1 2 37.712 S 2 = n1 x 1 n = 14 103.1631 15 = 0.597

S = 0.597 0.7727 2 2 = 26.12 and 0.975 = 5.62 . The general form (b) For d.f. = n 1 = 14 , we have 0.025
n 1 n 1 . In the for a 95% confidence interval for is given by S , S 22 12 2 present problem, the confidence interval is 14 14 0.597 , 0.597 = (0.5657,1.2195) . 26.12 5.62 +1.2195 (c) The center of the confidence interval in part (b) is 0.56572 = 0.8926 , which is not the same as s = 0.597 .

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9.42 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. A 90% confidence interval n 1 n 1 for is given by S , S 2 2 , where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 40 , 0.05 0.95 2 2 we have d.f. = n 1 = 39 and 0.05 54.4 and 0.95 25.7 (where a rough interpolation was used since d.f. = 39 is not in the table). From the sample data, we have s = 0.475 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is given by n 1 n 1 39 39 S , S = 0.475 , 0.475 = (0.402, 0.585) . 2 2 0.05 0.95 54.4 25.7 9.43 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. We wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 0.6 versus H1 : < 0.6 . The test statistic is (n 1) S 2 = = . For sample size n = 40 and = 0.05 , we have (0.6)2 2 2 25.7 . Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is d.f. = n 1 = 39 and 0.95
2 2 R : 2 0.95 25.7 . From the sample data, we have s = 0.475 . The value of the

(n 1) S 2

39(0.475) 2 = 24.4 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected (0.6)2 at = 0.05 . As such, there is strong evidence that the red pine population standard deviation is smaller than 0.6. observed 2 is then 2 = 9.44 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. We wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 1.5 versus H1 : > 1.5 . The test statistic is (n 1) S 2 . For sample size n = 10 and = 0.05 , we have (1.5) 2 2 2 = 16.92 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is d.f. = n 1 = 9 and 0.05

2 =

(n 1) S 2

2 R : 2 0.05 = 16.92 . From the sample data, we have s = 2.2706 . The value of the

9(2.2706)2 = 20.6 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected (1.5)2 at = 0.05 . As such, there is strong evidence that the process standard deviation is more than 1.5mm. observed 2 is then 2 = 9.45 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. A 95% confidence interval n 1 n 1 for is given by S , S 2 2 , where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size 0.025 0.975 2 2 = 19.02 and 0.975 = 2.70 . From the n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 and 0.025 sample data, we have s = 2.2706 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is given by

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n 1 n 1 S S , 2 2 0.025 0.975
9.46 (a)

9 9 = 2.2706 , 2.2706 = (1.56, 4.15) . 19.02 2.70

(b)

2 2 = 19.02 and 0.975 = 2.70 . We have n = 10 , so that d.f. = n 1 = 9 , and 0.025 Referring to the formula for a confidence interval, we must have 9 19.20 s = 4.32 , the lower endpoint. This yields s = 4.33 = 6.324 . 19.2 9 2.70 Also, checking the upper endpoint also yields s = 11.50 = 6.324 . 9 n 1 n 1 A 90% confidence interval for is given by S , S 2 2 , where d.f. 0.05 0.95 = n 1 . For sample size n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 and 2 2 0.05 = 16.92 and 0.95 = 3.33 . From the sample data, we have s = 6.310 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is given by n 1 n 1 9 9 S , S = 6.324 , 6.324 = (4.61, 10.40) . 2 2 16.92 3.33 0.05 0.95

9.47 (a)

n 1 n 1 A 90% confidence interval for is given by S , S 2 2 , where 0.05 0.95 d.f. = n 1 . For the lizard length data, we have sample size n = 20 , so that 2 2 = 30.14 and 0.95 = 10.12 . From the sample data, d.f. = n 1 = 19 and 0.05 we have s = 20.143 . So, the 90% confidence interval for is given by n 1 n 1 19 19 S , S = 20.143 , 20.143 = (15.99, 27.60) . 2 2 0.05 0.95 30.14 10.12
The value 0 = 9 is not in the 90% confidence interval, so the null hypothesis H 0 : = 9 is rejected at = 0.10 .

(b)

n 1 n 1 S , S 9.48 A 99% confidence interval for is given by 2 2 , where 0.01 0.99 d.f. = n 1 . For this data, we have sample size n = 23 , so that d.f. = n 1 = 22 and 2 2 0.005 = 40.29 and 0.995 = 9.54 . From the sample data, we have s = 0.1904 . So, the 98% confidence interval for is given by n 1 n 1 22 22 S , S = 0.1904 , 0.1904 = (0.141, 0.289) . 2 2 40.29 9.54 0.01 0.99

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n 1 n 1 9.49 A 95% confidence interval for is given by S , S 2 2 , where 0.025 0.975 d.f. = n 1 . For this data, we have sample size n = 13 , so that d.f. = n 1 = 12 and 2 2 0.025 = 23.34 and 0.975 = 4.40 . From the sample data, we have s = 6.56 . So, the 95% confidence interval for is given by 12 12 n 1 n 1 = S , S 6.56 , 6.56 = (4.70, 10.83) . 2 2 23.34 4.40 0.025 0.975
9.50 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. We wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 0.4 versus H1 : > 0.4 . The test statistic is (n 1) S 2 . For sample size n = 13 and = 0.05 , we have (0.4)2 2 2 = 21.03 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is d.f. = n 1 = 12 and 0.05

2 =

(n 1) S 2

2 R : 2 0.05 = 21.03 . From the sample data, we have s = 0.558 . The value of the

12(0.558) 2 = 23.35 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected observed is then = (0.4) 2 at = 0.05 , so there is strong evidence in support of the conjecture that > 0.4 .
2 2

9.51 (a) (b) (c) (d)

t0.05 = 2.015 t0.025 = 2.228 t0.05 = 2.015 t0.05 = 1.812

9.52 (a) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 22, t0.00625 = 2.720 . So, P[T > 2.720] = 0.00625 . (b) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 9, t0.005 = 3.250 . So, P[T > 3.250] = 0.005 or P[T < 3.250] = 1 0.005 = 0.995 . (c) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 17, t0.01 = 2.567 . So,
P[ T > 2.567] = 2(0.01) = 0.02 or P[ T < 2.567] = 1 0.02 = 0.98 .

(d) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 9, t0.25 = 0.703 and t0.025 = 2.262 . So, P[T < 1.383] = 0.10 and P[T > 2.262] = 0.025 . Consequently, P[1.383 < T < 2.262] = 1 0.025 0.10 = 0.875 . 9.53 (a) From the t-table we find that, with d.f. = 12, t0.05 = 1.782 . Now, using the normal table, we interpolate to obtain P[ Z > t0.05 ] = P[ Z > 1.782] = 0.037 . Note that this probability is smaller than P[T > t0.05 ] = 0.05 .

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES (b) For d.f. = 5, we have t0.05 = 2.015 . Using the normal table, we find that P[ Z > 2.015] = 0.022 , which is smaller than 0.05. Next, for d.f. = 20, we have t0.05 = 1.725 , while the normal table gives P[ Z > 1.725] = 0.042 . We observe that the probability P[ Z > t0.05 ] is always less than 0.05, but the difference decreases as the d.f. increases.

9.54 Assume that the measurements are normally distributed. A 95% confidence S interval for the true mean is given by X t0.025 , where d.f . = n 1 . For n sample size n = 14 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 13 and t0.025 = 2.160 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 47 and s = 9.4 . The 95% confidence interval for the mean measurement is then given by

9.4 47 2.160 = 47 5.4 or (41.6, 52.4). 14

9.55 Assume that the measurements are normally distributed. A 99% confidence S interval for the true mean is given by X t0.005 , where d.f . = n 1 . For n sample size n = 14 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 13 and t0.005 = 3.012 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 47 and s = 9.4 . The 99% confidence interval for the mean measurement is then given by

9.4 47 3.012 = 47 7.6 or (39.4, 54.6). 14

9.56 Assume a normal population. A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is S given by X t0.025 , where d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 21 , we have n d.f. = n 1 = 20 and t0.025 = 2.086 . From the sample data, we calculate x = 38.4 and s = 5.1 . The 95% confidence interval for the mean measurement is then

5.1 given by 38.4 2.086 = 38.4 2.3 or (36.1, 40.7). 21

9.57 (a) The point estimate for is x = 3.007 . The 95% error margin is t0.05 S 0.5374 = 1.772 = 0.246 n 15

(b) A 90% confidence interval for the true mean is given by X t0.05

S , where n d.f . = n 1 . For sample size n = 15 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.05 = 1.772 . The 90% confidence interval for is then given by

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3.007 1.772 ( 0.139 ) = 3.007 0.246 or (2.751, 3.253).

(c) By the standard interpretation, 90% of all such confidence intervals would contain the true value of the mean. 9.58 (a) Since we want to establish that the water quality is acceptable ( < 49 ), we formulate the hypotheses H 0 : = 49 versus H1 : < 49 (b) The test statistic is T = X 49 . For sample size n = 14 and = 0.05 , we S/ n have d.f. = n 1 = 13 and t0.05 = 1.771 . From the sample data, we have x = 47 47 49 = 0.80 . and s = 9.4 . The value of the observed t is then t = 9.4 / 14

(c) Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.771 , and so the sample statistic does not lie in R. Hence, H0 is not rejected at = 0.05 . As such, the assertion of acceptable quality is not demonstrated. 9.59 Assume a normal population. (a) We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 42 versus H1 : < 42 . (b) The test statistic is T = (c) (d) X 42 . S / 21 For sample size n = 21 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 20 and t0.01 = 2.528 . Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is R : T 2.528 . From the sample data, we have x = 38.4 and s = 5.1 . The value of the 38.4 42 = 3.23 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected observed t is then t = 5.1/ 21 at = 0.01 . Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[T 3.23] < 0.005 . So, there is strong evidence that the mean time to blossom is less than 42 days. Since H0 is rejected, we could have made a Type I error, meaning that the mean time to blossom really is 42 days. A p-value <0.005 (from (d)) suggests very strong evidence that the mean blossom time is less than 42 days.

(e) (f)

9.60 Assume a normal population. (a) We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 3.5 versus H1 : > 3.5 with = 0.05 . X 3.5 . S / 18 (c) For sample size n = 18 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 17 and t0.05 = 1.740 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.740 . (d) From the sample data, we have x = 4.1 and s = 1.6 . The value of the observed (b) The test statistic is T =

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES 4.1 3.5 = 1.59 , which does not lie in R. Hence, H0 is not rejected 1.6 / 18

t is then t =

at = 0.05 . (e) Since H0 is not rejected, we could have made a Type II error, meaning that the mean really is greater than 3.5. (f) The p-value is >0.05 by (d). 9.61 Since H1 is two-sided, we need a two-sided rejection region. For sample size n = 18 and = 0.02 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 17 and t0.01 = 2.567 . So, the rejection region in this case is R : T 2.567 (which is illustrated below). Since the observed value of t, namely 1.59, does not lie in R, H0 is not rejected at = 0.02 . 9.62 Assume a normal population. (a) We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 2.75 versus H1 : > 2.75 . (b) The test statistic is T = (c) (d) X 2.75 . S / 15 For sample size n = 15 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 14 and t0.05 = 1.761 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.761 . From the sample data, we have x = 3.007 and s = 0.5374 . The value of the 3.007 2.75 = 1.852 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is observed t is then t = 0.5374 / 15 rejected at = 0.05 . Since H0 is rejected, we could have made a Type I error, meaning that the mean time to blossom really is 42 days. The associated p-value is P[T 1.852] = 0.0426 . This is strong evidence that the mean yield is greater than 2.75 liters.

(e) (f)

9.63 (a) Let denote the mean potency after exposure. The suppliers claim is valid if > 65 , and this is to be demonstrated. So, we are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 65 versus H1 : > 65 with = 0.05 . (b) The test statistic is T = X 65 . For sample size n = 9 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 8
S/ 9

and t0.05 = 1.860 . Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.860 . Assume a normal population. (c) From the sample data, we have x = 65.22 and s = 3.67 . The value of the 65.22 65 = 0.18 , which does not lie in R. Hence, H0 is observed t is then t = 3.67 / 9 not rejected at = 0.05 . In fact, a comparison of the rejection region (left boundary of 1.860) and this value of the t-statistic (0.18) clearly shows that the null hypotheses would not be rejected at any reasonable level of . As such, the claim that > 65 is not demonstrated.

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9.64

Assume that the weight loss data are normally distributed. We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 40 versus H1 : < 40 with = 0.05 . The test statistic is X 40 . For sample size n = 25 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 24 and S / 25 t0.05 = 1.711 . Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.711 . From the sample data, we have x = 32 and s = 12 . The value of the observed t 32 40 = 3.33 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected at = 0.05 . is then t = 12 / 25 Furthermore, the associated p-value is P[T 3.33] = 0.0014 . So, there is strong evidence in support of this claim. T=

9.65

Assume a normal population. We want to establish that > 1500 (i.e., the advertisers claim is false). So, we are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 1500 versus H1 : > 1500 with = 0.05 . The test statistic is X 1500 . For sample size n = 5 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 4 and t0.05 = 2.132 . S/ 5 Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 2.132 . From the sample data, we have x = 1620 and s = 90 . The value of the observed t is then 1620 1500 t= = 2.98 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected at = 0.05 . 90 / 5 Furthermore, scanning the t-table for d.f. = 4, we find that 2.98 lies between t0.025 = 2.776 and t0.01 = 3.747 . So, the associated p-value is P[T 2.98] is between 0.01 and 0.025, near about 0.02. As such, we conclude that the advertisers claim is strongly contradicted. T=

9.66

Assume a normal population. We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 70 versus H1 : > 70 with = 0.05 . The test statistic is X 70 . For sample size n = 10 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 9 and t0.05 = 1.833 . S / 10 Since H1 is right-sided, the rejection region is R : T 1.833 . From the sample data, we have x = 73.2 and s = 2.74 . The value of the observed t is then 73.2 70 t= = 3.69 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected at = 0.05 . 2.74 / 10 Furthermore, we note that t0.005 = 3.250 , so the associated p-value P[T 3.69] is less than 0.005. This extremely small p-value implies that H1 is strongly supported. T=

9.67

We use Minitab for this exercise. One could also complete it by hand by mimicking the approach of Exercise 9.27, for instance. (a) Enter the sample data into column C1 of a Minitab worksheet. The output is as follows:

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES

T Confidence Intervals
Variable C1 N 7 Mean 439.57 StDev 17.82 SE Mean 6.74 95.0 % CI (423.08, 456.06)

So, the 95% confidence interval is (423.08, 456.06). (b) In order to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 453 versus H1 : 453 , run a one-sample t test on Minitab (using the data in column C1) to obtain:
T-Test of the Mean
Test of mu = 453.00 vs mu not = 453.00 Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean T C1 7 439.57 17.82 6.74 -1.99 P 0.093

Hence, since the p-value is 0.093, we (barely) reject 0 at = 0.10 . 9.68 (a) The point estimate for is x =

x = 645.7 = 58.7 .
n 11

Next, observe that 2 1 s 2 = n1 1 ( x x ) = 10 [198.41] = 19.841 , so that s = 4.45 . S 4.45 = = 1.342 The standard error of x is n 11 (b) A 95% confidence interval for the true mean is given by X t0.025 S , n

where d.f. = n 1 . For sample size n = 11 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 10 and t0.025 = 2.228 . So, the 95% confidence interval for the mean is then given by
58.7 2.228 (1.342 ) = 58.7 2.990 or (55.71, 61.69).

n 1 n 1 (c) A 95% confidence interval for is given by S , S 2 2 , where 0.025 0.975 d.f. = n 1 . For this data, we have sample size n = 11 , so that d.f. = n 1 = 10 2 2 and 0.025 = 20.48 and 0.975 = 3.24 . So, the 95% confidence interval for is given by n 1 n 1 10 10 S , S = 4.45 , 4.45 = (3.110, 7.818) . 2 2 0.05 0.95 20.48 3.24 (c) We assume the population distribution is normal.
2 9.69 (a) 0.05 = 14.07 2 (b) 0.025 = 39.36 2 (c) 0.95 = 2.17 2 (d) 0.975 = 12.40

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2 9.70 (a) 0.10 = 15.99 2 (b) 0.90 = 3.49 2 = 19.34 (c) 0.50 2 (d) 0.99 = 29.71

9.71 Assume a normal population. (a) We are to test the hypotheses H 0 : = 55.0 versus H1 : 55.0 . (b) The test statistic is T = X 55.0 . S / 11 (c) For sample size n = 11 , we have d.f. = n 1 = 10 and t0.025 = 2.228 . Since H1

is two-sided, the rejection region is R : T 2.228 . (d) From the sample data (computed in Exercise 9.68), the value of the 58.7 55.0 = 2.758 , which lies in R. Hence, H0 is rejected observed t is then t = 4.45 / 11 at = 0.05 . (e) Since H0 is rejected, we could have made a Type I error, meaning that the mean time to blossom really is 42 days. (f) The p-value is 2 P(T 2.758) = 0.02 , which is strong evidence in favor of the mean life being different from 55 days. 9.72 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. We wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 0.3 versus H1 : < 0.3 . The test statistic is (n 1) S 2 . For sample size n = 10 and = 0.05 , we have 0.32 2 2 = 3.33 . Since H1 is left-sided, the rejection region is d.f. = n 1 = 9 and 0.95

2 =

(n 1) S 2

2 R : 2 0.95 = 3.33 . From the sample data, we have s = 2.74 . The value of the

9(2.74)2 observed is then = = 750.76 , which does not lie in R. Hence, H0 is 0.32 not rejected at = 0.05 .
2

9.73 The population distribution is assumed to be normal. Let denote the standard deviation in bacteria count per unit volume of water. We wish to test the hypotheses: H 0 : = 18.0 versus H1 : < 18.0 . (n 1) S 2 . For sample size n = 10 , we have 182 2 d.f. = n 1 = 9 . From the sample data, we have S 2 = 10.81 . The value of the 9(10.81)2 2 2 observed is then = = 3.246 . The associated p-value is 182 The test statistic is 2 = = (n 1) S 2

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CHAPTER 9. SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES P ( 2 3.246 ) < 0.05 , so that there is strong evidence in support of the claim that

< 18.0 .
9.74 (a) (b) (c) (d) Reject H0 since the p-value is 0.004, which is less than = 0.01 . We could have made a Type I error (if H0 happened to be true). Prior to sampling, the probability of making a Type I error is 0.01. If we took more and more samples and ran the same test of hypothesis, about 1% of the time we would make a Type I error (i.e., reject a true H0). Uncertain since the true mean length (a population parameter) is not known. Refer to the text pages 301 302 for a detailed explanation. The very definition of a confidence interval ensures this statement is true see property 2 on page 302 of the text. Enter the data into column C2 of a Minitab worksheet. The output is as follows:
T Confidence Intervals
Variable Length N 25 Mean 168.68 StDev 31.28 SE Mean 99.0 % CI 6.26 (151.18, 186.18)

9.75 (a) (b)

9.76 (a)

So, the 99% confidence interval for the mean length of all male bears is given by (151.8, 186.18) cm. (b) Uncertain since the true mean length (a population parameter) is not known. Refer to the text pages 301 302 for a detailed explanation. (c) The very definition of a confidence interval ensures this statement is true see property 2 on page 302 of the text. 9.77 Use only those values that are coded with a 1 (for Male). Enter into column C2 of a Minitab worksheet here is the output.
T-Test of the Mean
Test of mu = 2.700 vs mu > 2.700 Variable C2 N 20 Mean 2.964 StDev 0.525 SE Mean 0.117 T 2.25 P 0.018

Hence, we reject H0 at = 0.025 since the p-value is less than 0.025. 9.78 (a) Enter the data into column C3 of a Minitab worksheet here is the output.
T Confidence Intervals
Variable C3 N 11 Mean 137.4 StDev 7.72 SE Mean 2.33 98.0 % CI (130.93, 143.8)

Hence, the 98% confidence interval is (130.93, 143.8).

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(b) Uncertain since the true mean length (a population parameter) is not known. Refer to the text pages 301 302 for a detailed explanation. (c) The very definition of a confidence interval ensures this statement is true see property 2 on page 302 of the text.

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