Monetary History of Kiev

The President and Fellows of Harvard College
The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period Author(s): THOMAS S. NOONAN Reviewed work(s): Source: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3/4 (December 1987), pp. 384-443 Published by: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036281 . Accessed: 18/04/2012 04:59
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ofKiev in thePre-Mongol The Monetary Period History

THOMAS S. NOONAN
INTRODUCTION the majorpolitical, The cityof Kiev was unquestionably economic,and area theentire era. Whilethere ofRus' during center pre-Mongol religious and archaeological sources forKiev's history at thistime of written number to of Kiev's lifeprior an ever-growing excavations understanding provide The sources the numismatic evidence. not we must 1240, monetary neglect aboutKiev's from thisera can help to answermanyimportant questions are meager, data written for which the and/or archaeological earlyhistory these sources what This or obscure, lacking. monetary sugstudy explores townof theRus' theperiodwhenitwas thegreatest gestaboutKiev during lands. Severalpointsshouldbe made clear at theoutset. First, by monetary coinsas well as piecesof metalused as money.For our sourcesare meant to theterm specifically "pieces of metalused as money" refers purposes, of which circulated durmonetni or many grivny), (monetnye hryvny ingots whichtheybegan to replacecoins as the era, during ing thepre-Mongol of monetary sourcesmeans of metallic chiefform money.This definition either reachedKiev that we shallfocuson theactualcoins and ingots that era. Of no thepre-Mongol elsewhere or wereissuedin Kiev during from of account units terms for the various are to us here concern monetary suchas theRus'skaiaPravda. sources in written found of willconsider five maintypes ourstudy theabove definition, Applying money: to in older referred dirhams often thesilver (1) Islamiccoins,primarily works as kufic coins; coinsof silver, (2) Byzantine gold,andcopper; ordeniers; silver West coins, (3) European to as zolotnyky referred and of Rus' coins usually (4) gold,silver, billon, coins); (silver (srebreniki) (zlatniki) (goldcoins)andsribnyky thoseof silver or monetni primarily (monetnye grivny), (5) ingots hryvny "of the as described and a being usually having hexagonalshape Kiev type". we shall examineeach typeof money our analysis, In orderto facilitate for theconclusion. andreserve generalizations separately
MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD
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sourcesof gold or assumesthattherewere no indigenous This study era. Such an silver in Kiev or adjacentareas duringthe pre-Mongol butit in almost all studies of Rus' monetary is implicit history, assumption it is assumedthat and silver is bestto stateitexplicitly. Furthermore, gold real value whichwas almostuniversally had a very recognized throughout we must that all the conclude Eurasia. Based on these western assumptions, in there stem from or found Kiev or struck or silver coins ingots gold and the metals. These coins thus of ingots represent imports precious else to Kiev. from somewhere wealth transfer oftangible in earlyRus' thecirculation of coinsand ingots assumedthat It is often role in an circulawas due to trade.Whiletrade played important monetary transfer factor that led to the of metallic it not the tion, was tangible, only outlinea number of reasonswhymetallic wealth. Here we will briefly wealth endedup in Kiev. coins and 1. Trade. Tradehas twoaspectsas a sourceof money.First, in thebartering of could be used to make up any deficit produced ingots sourcesof silver wereno indigenous or gold in goods. Second,sincethere a earlyKiev, coins made of thesepreciousmetalswere also considered in of be wares. Coins to deliberately sought anyexchange good or product wereat times melted downandusedto makeother metal ofprecious goods. of silverjewelrydepositedin Kiev duringthe preThe large quantity at somepoint, ofa great deal of silver, theimportation, Mongolerarequired was in theform of silvercoinage,at leastuntil the whichwe can presume All in all, the volumeof Kiev's bulliontradewas century. earlytwelfth than themonetary finds fargreater perse suggest. probably to theassorted 2. Secular Taxes. Here taxesrefers goods thatvarious tributary peoples were forcedto give the rulersof Kiev. Most of these and slaves.1 the sourcesmakeclear,werefurs, wax,honey, goods, written that The Primary Chronicle also notes, certain East Slavic tribes however, of coins before had paid tribute to theKhazarsin theform comingunder Rus' rule. The chronicle states that after totheRus', specifically submitting switched their in someof theEast Slavic tribes of simply payments tribute to the Rus' rulers.2 some of the and even then, coinage Probably, coinage ingotsthatreachedKiev were acquired as taxes exortedfromsubject
to thePrimary theDerevlianians of Kiev a tribute of Chronicle, According paid theprinces skin apiece: The Russian Primary one black marten Chronicle:Laurentian Text(hereafter RPC-L), trans,and ed. Samuel H. Cross and OlgerdP. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, mostofthefurs, and slaves Mass., 1953),p. 61, s.a. 883. We can also assumethat wax,honey, thelowerDanubefromRus', i.e., from obtained there as tribKiev, wereoriginally reaching ute.Ibid,p. 86, s.a. 969. 2 RPC-L, 61, s.a. 885,and 84, s.a. 964. p. p. 1
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silver in substantial metals, coins,circulated peoples. Precious particularly in of the Rus' various and it is lands, parts likelythattheRus' quantities in silver coins. thepayment oftribute rulers welcomed conversion to OrthoTaxes. Fromthetimeof Volodimer's 3. Religious with churches and monasteries the rulers of Rus' endowed permanent doxy, of a portion, a tenth, often tooktheform revenues.These grants normally nowpaid income or thetransfer of villageswhoseinhabitants of therulers' thusendowed. Indeed,Volodimer or monastery taxesto thechurch began of andcitiestothenewChurch tithe of his a this property practice bygiving as theDesiaof whichitbecameknown in 996, as a result theHolyVirgin also were Later Church.3 (Tithes) generous patronsof princes tynna In 1158,PrinceGlb and his wifegave the establishments. ecclesiastical of gold,and 100 hryvny of silver, of theCaves 700 hryvny Kiev Monastery in pre-Mongol found A considerable partof thecoins and ingots villages.4 In any and monasteries. Kiev came fromthe lands of variouschurches as well as in the form of taxes came wealth of Kiev's event, monetary part andmonasteries. madeto thecity'schurches offerings conducted 4. Loot. The manymilitary by the city's rulers campaigns Volodimer SviatoPrince As Grand muchloot,including obtained money. win he could with a retinue slavichhimself commented, gold and good whiletangialso commented Sviatoslav Prince Grand silver.5 (in 1075) that withlive vassals one could gain even greater ble wealthlay dormant, The chronicles wealth.6 providevividexamplesof the vast loot obtained of Rus'. In 1150,forexample,PrinceVolodimer within from campaigns thepeopleof Myches'k"or from a largesilver payment Halychdemanded from tooksilver(jewelry) The else I willplunder townspeople city." your then Volodimer him. it to and it melted ears and necks, their down, gave othertownson his way back to Halychfrom moresilverfrom extorted A few strife, later, duringthe endemicinter-princely years Myches'k.7 muchgold, silver,slaves, horses,and cattleby PrinceMstislavobtained Iziaslavin Kiev itself.8 ofPrince theretinue looting forthe was responsible 5. Gifts.Gift-giving, amongprinces, especially thepracto Kiev. Sometimes wealth of tangible of largequantities transfer Sviatoslav Prince ina netloss forRus', as in 1075 whenGrand ticeresulted
3 RPC-L,p. 121,s.a. 996. 4 TheKievanChronicle, trans, and with (Ph.D. diss.,Vandercommentary by Lisa Heinrich biltUniversity, 1977),pp. 230-31, s.a. 1158. 5 RPC-L,p. 122,s.a. 996. 6 RPC-L, 164,s.a. 1075. p. 7 KievanChronicle, p. 150,s.a. 1150. 0 KievanChronicle, . p. 24 1, s.a. 11!>y
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of the Holy Roman Emperor his vast richesof showedthe ambassadors and then them and for return silk, gave manygifts their gold, silver, trip In 1132,GrandPrinceIaropolkgave another home.9 prince"gold, silver, . . ."10 Churchmen also gave giftslavishly. pearls,horses,and armour. visited thenew metropolitan WhenBishopElias of Novgorod loan in Kiev himgold,silver, around1166,he brought Muchof pearls,silks,and furs.11 wealthwithin Rus'. In 1132,forinstance, thegift-giving onlyexchanged obtained from GrandPrinceIziaslav of Kiev gave gifts theKiev area and of Smolensk to Prince Rostislav while Rostislavpresented Byzantium Iziaslav withgoods fromnorthern Rus' and the Baltic.12 Dowries were In 1187,forexample, another form of gift-giving. GrandPrinceVsevolod withothergiftsas a dowryforhis gave muchgold and silvertogether Verkhuslava.13 daughter 6. Bribes. Monies were sometimes rulers to paid to Rus' and foreign leave a townin peace or to helpa Rus' princeseize a particular town. In PrinceVolodimer had to pay PrinceVsevolod 1,400 1144, forinstance, of silverto make peace.14Six yearslater,the King of Hungary hryvny demanded muchgold and other valuablesto return In 1190 Prince home.15 Volodimer fledto theHoly RomanEmperor and reportedly him promised fortheemperor's 2,000 silverhryvny per yearin return help in regaining thethrone ofHalych.16 This list is by no meansexhaustive; it demonstrates thatthere rather, weremany which trade was sources, among unquestionably very important, for the coins and ingotsdepositedin Kiev duringthe pre-Mongol era. there is no to Kiev's wealth Unfortunately, way apportion monetary among thesenumerous factors.Whatis certain is thatno mono-causal approach can properly circulation in Kiev inthepre-Mongol era. explain monetary It can surely be argued, that muchof thenetgrowth in Kiev's however, wealth came from trade.Formostof theother theinflux of monefactors, wealth into Kiev was offset a tary probably by corresponding outlay.Gifts, as we have seen, were oftenreciprocated.While Kiev undoubtedly amassed a sizeable amountof booty, it, too, was looted on several
9 RPC-L,p. 164,s.a. 1075. lu TheNikonian vol. 2: FromtheYear 1132 -1240, Chronicle,
and with commened.,trans., Jean (Princeton, 1984),p. 2, s.a. 1132. tary bySergeA. andBetty Zenkovsky 11 Nikonian Chronicle, p. 133,s.a. 1166. 12 KievanChronicle, 98, s.a. 1148. p. 13 KievanChronicle, 429- 30, s.a. 1187. pp. 1 KievanChronicle, 38, s.a. 1144. p. 15 KievanChronicle, 140,s.a. 1150. p. 16 KievanChronicle, 440, s.a. 1190. p.
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sacked Kiev, and thecity occasions. In 1169 PrinceAndreiBogoliubskii in Prince Riurik. On theformer 1203 was plundered occasion,the by again Kiev was looted for two days, the Podil and many chronicles report, On thelatter occaweresacked,and muchwealthwas seized.17 churches the Podil and their Polovtsian allies looted other and the sion, Ol'govichi thechurches.18 ofKiev androbbed sections In 1151,for also paid bribesand made related Kiev's rulers payments. forhelpIziaslav the Prince Grand handsomely Hungarians paid example, to Prince Iaroslav had In Grand take Kiev.19 him to 1174, pay Prince ing and to regainhis captured a huge ransom Sviatoslavof Chernihiv family of Kiev,as well was paid via a taxon all inhabitants Thisransom retinue.20 tomakeconstant and werealso forced The city'sprinces as on thechurch.21 to and to secureprotection oftensizeable expenditures appease potential foes. lords The taxesand offerings acquiredby Kiev's lay and ecclesiastical Kiev's But in wealth. net for some accounted gain monetary probably rulersused a good partof theirrevenueto providethe giftsneeded to the retinue to maintain withotherprinces, cementtemporary friendships to thenucleusof theprincely that constituted auxilliaries and Turkic army, the and even to and erect and endow new churches monasteries, help poor.22 did acquirea great thegrand of Kiev,especially The inhabitants princes, era. AlreadyunderGrand thepre-Mongol wealthduring deal of tangible withmarwas filled theprince'streasury PrinceVolodimer Sviatoslavich, Whenthepeople of tenpeltsand his special guestsused silverspoons.23 of GrandPrinceIziaslav in 1068, theytook Kiev pillagedthe residence whenIziaslav A fewyearslater, and furs.24 of gold,silver, hugequantities The Germanenvoys withhim.25 again fledKiev, he tookmuchtreasure in 1075 wereshownan "innumerable whovisited GrandPrinceSviatoslav
17 18 19 20 21 22
food and drink. li RPC-L, pp. 12 1 22, s.a. 996. 24 RPC-L, 1068. s.a. p. 148, 25 RPC-L,p. 155, s.a. 1073.
Kievan Chronicle, p. 295, s.a. 1171; Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 142, s.a. 1170. Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 216, s.a. 1202. Kievan Chronicle, p. 153, s.a. 1 151. Kievan Chronicle, p. 337, s.a. 1 174. Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 156-57, s.a. 1175. As early as 996, the Primary Chronicle reported {RPC-L, p. 121, s.a. 996) that Grand to Kiev's poor and provided beggars and the destitutewith Prince Volodimer gave 300 hryvny
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and silks.. . ."26 Avaricewas apparently of gold, silver, so well quantity that thechroniclers tookspecialnoteof amongtheRus' princes developed treasuries thosewho did nothoardgold and silverin their butdistributed and others.27 some of their wealthamongretainers Of course,themonkchroniclers to share mayhave had a vestedinterest in'encouraging princes their wealth. The picture of Kiev's tremendous wealth found in thewritten sourcesis in complete thematerial accordwith evidence. Archaeological discoveries haveuncovered as wellas chancefinds oftangible in wealth hugequantities and around Kiev. It has been estimated, forinstance, that hoardsfound in era contained Kiev from thepre-Mongol over3,000piecesofjewelry made from andtheir Individual found durgold,silver, alloys.28 piecesofjewelry excavations shouldbe addedto thissum. In herfundaingarchaeological mental study of treasurehoards frompre-MongolRus', Korzukhina described3 hoardsfromKiev datingbetweenthe mid-tenth and early 2 eleventh theeleventh and earlytwelfth centuries, hoardsfrom centuries, and 47 hoardsdeposited between the 1170s and 1240.29 of Thirty percent all treasure in theRus' landsthat hoards found datefrom between theninth in thecity and 1240originated of Kiev. To thisvastwealth ofKiev century must in treasure be addedthecoinsandingots notfound hoards. The study of Kiev's monetary shouldgive us some insights into history thevitality and prosperity thatmade pre-Mongol Kiev thepremier cityin Rus'. * * * To facilitate ouranalysis, thepertinent finds of each of fivetypesof coins and ingots are givenin a separate appendix (appendixA = Islamiccoins; = = B C WestEuropean coins;appendix coins; appenappendix Byzantine dix D = monetary E = Rus' coins). Since Sotnikova and ingots; appendix have a of Rus' Spasskii recently completed comprehensive study coinage,I havereproduced their of finds as E.30 here, appendix catalogue Appendixes A-D represent and my own work. Scholars specializingin chronicles
RPC-L,p. 164,s.a. 1075. KievanChronicle, p. 301,s.a. 1172; p. 375, s.a. 1178; p. 423, s.a. 1187; p. 483, s.a. 1197. Novoev arkheologii Kieva (Kiev, 1981),p. 350. G. F. Korzukhina, Russkie IX-XIII vv.(Moscow and Leningrad, klady 1954),pp. 83-84, no. 12- 14; pp. 90-91, no. 29-30; pp. 105-126, no. 65- 111. 30 M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasski,RussianCoins of theX-XI Centuries A.D.: Recent Research and a Corpusin Commemoration of theMillenary of theEarliestRussianCoinage, trans. H. B. Wells (Oxford,1982); idem,Tysiacheletie drevneishikh monet Rossii: Svodnyi russkikh X-XI vekov monet 1983). katalog (Leningrad, 26 27 28 29
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whoknowthemany difficulties of interpreting thewritten documents word view the of and numismatic finds. may wistfully "certainty" archaeological evidence. exists,at least notforour monetary Alas, no such "certainty" in exist the accounts of far too finds. It is not many Discrepancies always whatwas found, muchless whenand where exactly possibleto determine weremade. thediscoveries A few examplescan illustrate theseproblems withour data base. For it was believed that two hoards German deniers from containing many years in Kiev.31 of Henry II (1002-1024) had been found a thereign However, thatno such hoardsever existed: the first hoard recentstudymaintains in Kiev,andthesecond with an earlier find from a confusion denier resulted a misunderstanding of the data.32 Hence two denier was createdthrough for Kiev that had been referred to are hoards from repeatedly overa century In 1900, a coin-treasure hoardincluding now labeled fictitious. gold and of B. I. Khanenko.Korzukhina becamepartof thecollection silveringots in the as Divocha hora,nearthevillageof Sakhnivka, gave the find-spot On theother Kaniv county.33 hand,one of theleadingcontemporary spethat thissamehoardwas in indicates cialists on earlyKiev,P. P. Tolochko, fact found on the lands of the formerSt. Michael Golden-Domed Thus, we cannot be certainexactly where a hoard was Monastery.34 of manyhoards also abound. The contents Lesser differences unearthed. in such how were It is not arevariously cases, clear, many ingots reported. were found. how coins of a or of a hoard type many particular exactly part omitfinds notedon other typesof coins or ingots Manylistsof particular or combine for the same find, dates of discovery lists,give alternative a hoard. finds into larger separate finds were dispersed Another serioushandicapis thatmanyimportant Such was the case, for beforethey were studiedeven preliminarily. hoardfound withthelargecoin-treasure instance, alongtheKhreshchatyk in thePodil during as well as the largecoin hoarduncovered in 1787,35 itspreserdoes not of a hoard 1889.36 Even theproper guarantee recovery in coinsfound vation forscholarly 2,400 silver study.The hoardof almost whilenomiwithout 1706was apparently Kiev during anyrecord dispersed
31 C, no. 2. Appendix 32 Novoev arkheologii, pp.420-22. JJ Korzukina, A/flTy, p. ui,no. ill. ^ P. P. Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev(Kiev, 1983),p. 173,no. 25. " A, no. 2. Appendix 36 A, no. 9. Appendix
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nallyheld in theCoin Cabinetof theAsiaticMuseumin St. Petersburg.37 Some hoardshave been preserved onlyin part, e.g., theverylargedirham in Kiev in 1851.38 ifthesurvivThereis no way to determine hoardfound of the hoard as a whole. In other is cases, the ing portion representative in of majorhoardsfoundlong ago have stillnotbeen published contents Kiev39and thedirham hoardfrom hoard full,e.g., thelarge 1913 dirham Bondad in Ostercounty, Chernihiv The Khabrivka from hoard province.40 in near Kiev was hands for over a found half private allegedly century in Poland; the preserved beforebeingdonatedto museums coins clearly of Many descriptions suggestthatpartof the originalhoardwas lost.41 refer to "some coins," "manycoins," "Byzantine hoards coins," vaguely variousfinds "several ingots,"etc. Finally, have despitemybestefforts, or inaccurately beeninadvertently omitted Nonetheless, probably reported. theappendixes mostof whatwe nowknowabout givenheredo summarize thepertinent finds from Kiev. I was initially inclined to limit hereto onlythosecoins myinvestigation in Kiev itself.Thisapproach, andingots found taken in several recent studfocus ies, does have merit.Yet I believe such a restricted geographical wouldbe misleading.Islamic,Byzantine, and WestEuropeancoins were into Rus' abroad. from Whilewe cannot with determine imported certainty whether thedeposits of such coins foundoutsideof Kiev represent coins that werebeingbrought to Kiev or had been takenfrom thecity,it seems reasonable to connect with Kiev. In anyevent, certain manyof thesefinds outsidethecitycan arguably be associatedwiththe monetary find-spots wealthof Kiev, whether as imports or exports. These regionsinclude Kiev oblast' except the town of Pereiaslavnearlyall of the current and Kaniv and CherKhmel'nyts'kyi adjacentareas,muchof theformer now in Cherkasy in Chernihiv oblast',and Ostercounty kasycounties proI haveexcluded vince. In other from theseappendixes thoseparts of words, the middle Dnieper probablyconnectedwith the Old Rus' towns of and Pereiaslav and all areas beyond them. My Liubech, Chernihiv, but it does ensurethatthe monetary approachmay be overlyinclusive, wealth ofwhat can be be calledgreater Kiev is considered.
" a, no. io. Appendix 40 A, no. 30. Appendix ^' a, no. j i . Appendix
37 Appendix A, no. 1. 38 Appendix A, no. 4.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
of theso-called Mostof theRus' coinsas well as mosthexagonal ingots in Kiev,so we needto consider struck thefinds Kiev typewerepresumably of wherethey weredeposited.Appenof suchcoinsand ingots regardless finds ofhexagonal andRus' coinsstruck dixesD andE listall known ingots In D listsfinds in Kiev wherever occur. of nonaddition, they appendix from both Kiev Kiev. ofthepre-Mongol era andgreater ingots hexagonal
IslamicCoins
intoEastern Almost all theIslamiccoinsbrought EuropeandtheBalticdurdirhams. Almost no Islamic gold coins were silver the ing VikingAge Dirhams (dinars) or coppercoins (fuls, fais) reachedtheseareas.42 sing, the in Eastern thelateeighth first century following Europeduring appeared between Arabsand Khazarsin the relations ofmorepeaceful establishment intoEastern somecontinued to flow Dirhams Caucasus.43 Europe, although cenof theeleventh from ca. 800 untilthe first whaterratically, quarter the of Islamic trade from ca. the 905-970, heyday During period tury.44 if not millions, of dirhams of thousands, withEasternEurope,hundreds Asia were into Eastern mints of Central in the Smnid struck imported tothe werethen ofthesedirhams re-exported portion Europe. A substantial wereno doubtobtained as theBaltic. Whilea few dirhams landsaround to mercenaries, and othernonthe resultof raids, bribes,payments thewritten sourcesleave no doubtthatmostdirhams commercial factors, trade.45 toEastern werebrought Europethrough
42 On thefulus, see ThomasS. Noonan,"Medieval IslamicCopperCoins from European Eastern Russiaand Surrounding Regions: The Use oftheFais in theEarlyIslamicTradewith 94 (1974): 448-53. Oriental Society oftheAmerican Europe,"Journal 43 ThomasS. Noonan,"Whenand How Dirhams CriFirst ReachedRussia: A Numismatic Theory,"Cahiersdu MondeRusse et Sovitique21 (1980): 401 -469; tiqueof the Pirenne Relationsin the idem, "Why DirhamsFirstReached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Eurasiae Medii IslamicTradewithEastern of theEarliest Europe,"Archivum Development AeviA(1984): 151-282. 44 The influx in ThomasS. thisperiodis reviewed intoEastern of dirhams Europeduring Noonan,"Dirhamsfrom Society oftheRussianNumismatic EarlyMedievalRussia," Journal 8- 12. 17 (Winter 1984/85): 45 discussthistrade, specialnoteshouldbe takenof AmongthemanyIslamicsourcesthat landsprayed that in theVolga-Bulgar how Rs merchants Ibn Fadln,whodescribed arriving without slaves and furs coins wouldbuyall of their withmany haggling (Islamic)merchants Translation withIntroduc"The Rislah of IbnFadln: An Annotated E. McKeithen, (James that tion" [Ph.D. diss.,Indiana 1979],132-33). Gardzand IbnRustaalso report University, from the landstheRs and Saqlbs sold their in theVolga-Bulgar brought peltsfordirhams Eurasiae of theTurks,"Archivum "Gardz's Two Chapters Islamiclands(A. P. Martinez, GastonWiet (Cairo, Les AtoursPrcieux,trans. Medii Aevi 2 (1982): 158-59; Ibn Rusteh, 1955),p. 159.
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with theRus', conducted acrosstheKhazarand It was thisIslamictrade that thedirhams endedup in and around lands,that provided Volga-Bulgar in Eastern of dirhams was Kiev. The majormovement Europe,however, towardthe upperVolga lands,the Novgorodregion,and the Baltic. In theKhazarand Volga-Bulgar from landsto other dirhams words, gravitated intothe lands aroundtheBaltic and central Rus' and westward northern circuSea. Kiev thuslay to theside of theroutes by whichmostdirhams theVolgalated. It has been arguedthattherewas a routeleadingfrom era. Islamicsourcesof thetenth Bulgarlandsto Kiev in thepre-Mongol refer to a townof theRs called Kuybahwhichsome identify as century the Kiev.46In the mid-twelfth traveller Abu Hamid alcentury Spanish wentfrom theVolga-Bulgar landsto thecityof Kuiav Garnt reportedly whichsomealso identify has Man-Karmn as Kiev.48 O.P.],47 [theoriginal both these identifications.49 However,Korzukhinastrongly challenged we mustbe cautiousaboutassuming Giventhiscontroversy, theexistence dirhams ofa direct route reached Kiev. bywhich Bulgar-Kiev I haveargued that dirhams didnotreachtheUkraine until the Elsewhere, 820s.50 was based on the that dirham hoards are a My argument principle farmorereliable to the of dirhams in a than guide appearance givenregion are stray finds.All the strayfindsof dirhams were coins thatcould be foundin hoards (i.e., theycame fromdispersedhoards),whereasthe of morethana fewincidental in an area wouldinevidirhams appearance haveproduced hoards.I stillmaintain that hoardsof dirhams are the tably fordating thecirculation of dirhams in anyregion of Eastern keyindicator Europe. has beenveryunkind to thedirham hoards in Kiev itself. found History The earliest recorded from1706,was dispersed whilein St. Petershoard, around2,380 silver"Assyrian" coins,whichscholars burg. It contained later believed infact, dirhams.51 The nexthoard, was were, chronologically, also lostwithout a trace there is no record ofthecontents ofthe jug fullof
46 Hududal-lam,"The 372 A.H.-982 A.D., RegionsoftheWorld": A PersianGeography, trans, andwith 2d ed. (London,1970),pp. 159,434. commentary byV. Minorsky, 47 See O. Pritsak, "Eine altruische frKiev," Der Islam 32 (1955): 1-13 Bezeichrung [O.P.]. 48 O. G. Bol'shakovandA. L. Ptes hestvie AbuKhamidaal-Garnati v vostochnuiu Mongait, i tsentral'nuiu (1131- 1153 gg.) (Moscow, 1971),pp. 37; 74, fn.104; 108-110. Evropu 49 G. F. Korzukhina, "Put' Abu Khamidal-Garnati iz Bulgarav Vengriiu,"in Problemy vol. 2: Sbornik stateiv pamiaf professora M. I. Artamonova arkheologii, 1978), (Leningrad, pp. 187-94. 50 ThomasS. Noonan,"When Did Dirhams First ReachtheUkraine?," HarvardUkrainian Studies 2, no. 1 (March1978):26-40. 51 A, no. 1. Appendix
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4 'ancient"silver coinsfound in 1787,most, ifnotall, of whichwereprobdirhams.52 A third some 200 Oriental hoard, ably containing coppercoins, after was deposited theMongolconquest, or probably by Oriental troops so it tells us nothing about Kiev's monetary in the traders, history prehoardfoundin Onlya smallpartof theverylargedirham Mongolera.53 1851was identified; thebulkofthepreserved dirhams weresentto theHerin full.54 buthaveyetto be published The dirham hoarddiscovered mitage, inthePodilin 1863has beenpublished in somedetail.55 Morecharacteristiin thePodilin 1889has disappeared found cally,thelargehoardofdirhams a trace.56 thelargehoarduncovered without in 1913 has notbeen Finally, there is a generalsummary of its contents.57 In although fully published, six of in of the hoards dirhams unearthed one has been sum, Kiev, only three havebeenlostcompletely, whilethedataavailthoroughly published; able abouttheother twois incomplete. to analyzethedirThus,anyeffort hamhoards from Kiev relieson a seriously flawed database. The evidence thatwe do have forthehoardsdatedto 905/06(the 1851 hoard),935/36 thatdirhams first (the 1863 hoard),and 905/06(the 1913 hoard)suggests reachedKiev in theearlytenth and that theinflux had come to an century end by themid-tenth Or, to putit another taxes, century. way,thetrade, coins to Kiev thatbrought these were confined to the and/or campaigns ca. 900-950. period One test of thishypothesis is to examine dirham in greater hoards found hoards: Kiev. Thereare three The 1912 (1) pertinent huge Denysyhoard, over 5,300 dirhams and dirham as well as 60 or so containing fragments couldbe identified seemto have beenpubother coins,of whichmostthat in thishoarddateto thefirst lishedin full. Severaldirhams decade of the and the hoard as a whole was eleventh century probably depositedca. aboutwhichlittle infor1020;58 Bondari, (2) The 1913-1914 hoardfrom is available. It supposedly mation contained 420 dirhams, themostrecent of whichdatedto 951/52;59 found nearKha(3) The 1916 hoardallegedly a real The most in which recent dirham itdatesto brivka, puzzle.60 presents whereas itsmostrecent coin is a denier of 1018-1035 or possibly 945/46,
52 A, no. 2. Appendix ^ A, no. 3. Appendix 54 A, no. 4. Appendix 55 A, no. 6. Appendix JU A, no. V. Appendix D/ A, no. 16. Appendix 58 A, no. 28. Appendix 3y A, no. 30. Appendix 60 A, no. 3 1. Appendix
395
centuries. In a normal another denier of thetwelfth-thirteenth hoardof ca. almostcertainly a sizeablenumber 1020-1035 containing of dirdirhams, after hamswouldhave been struck 950. The absenceof such newerdirthateither hoardsuggests thenewerdirhams hamsin theKhabrivka were the deniers or that constituted a removed originally consciously separate findor findsand were mixed with the dirhamsafterthey had been Thereis goodreason to argue, that thedirhams unearthed. in theKhathen, brivka hoardwere,in fact, around in the 950, perhaps deposited separately ofKiev. vicinity Kiev support The three dirham hoardsfrom ourhypothesis that greater did notreachtheKiev regionin any significant dirhams numbers until the and tenth The Bondari Khabrivka hoards indicate that the early century. of dirhams intothisarea did notcontinue after themid-tenth importation The Denysyhoardwould seem to indicatethatdirhams struck century. between themid-tenth and earlyeleventh centuries did reachthearea,but sincetheDenysyhoardis so large,it maywell represent theaccumulated wealth of severaldecadesrather thanthecirculation of dirhams in greater Kiev ca. 1020. The moststartling conclusion to emerge from our analysisof theavaildirhams did notreachKiev in any quantity able evidenceis that untilthe to the views of scholarslike Kliuchevskii, earlytenth century. Contrary who linkedKiev's emergence as a majortownto its earlytradewiththe Islamic world,thereis no numismatic evidencefor such a tradein the or ninth centuries.61 Kiev did nothave anydemonstrable tiesto the eighth influx of dirhams intoEastern the ninth Such ties Europeduring century. in the tenth and with onlybegan early century they onlylasted, anyregularforabouthalfa century. ity, One striking feature of thedirham hoards from Kiev and vicinity is their size: very large Kiev, 1706 Kiev, 1787 Kiev, 1851 Kiev, 1863 Kiev, 1889 Kiev, 1913 1912 Denysy, 2,380 ' 'jug full" 2,000-3,000 191 "large" 2,930 5,400
61 V. O. A History C. J.Hogarth New York,1960), Kluchevsky, ofRussia,vol. 1,trans. (rpt., pp. 52-53.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
1913-1914 Bondari, 1916 Khabrivka,
420 106/129
of size is available Four of the seven hoardsfor which some estimate in 1851 contained several exceed2,000 dirhams; also, iftheclay potfound in 1787mayhave the"jug full" ofcoinsuncovered then thousand dirhams, at least numbered size. The "large" 1889 hoardprobably been of similar or morecoins are ifnotmore. Dirham hoardsof a thousand 500 dirhams, of smaller in EasternEurope,but a fairlylarge number not unknown are ca. 50-200 coins,wereusuallyalso found.Kiev and vicinity hoards, of dirham hoards. can One a concentration thusmarked verylarge by high in an emerging theaccumulation ofwealth hoards these represent arguethat to facilitate dirhams taken here and there than of rather groups capital of the trade thus have the Islamic trade. Kiev reaped profits may everyday hada majorrolein it. without having for"jug full" and "large," and assuming Using theabove estimates that didcontain Islamiccoins,we can project the1706and 1787hoards that in the theKiev region contained theninehoardsfrom neighborprobably hood of 17,000dirhams.While thismay not seem to be a huge sum,it hoards thanwere foundin all the ninth moredirhams century represents werethusimported into of dirhams Baltic. Largenumbers from theentire ca. 12,000dirshort overa relatively Kiev anditsvicinity time, specifically hams betweenca. 905 and 955, or some 240 per yearon average. The Kiev annually the hoardreached dirham of one fair-sized during equivalent of the tenth first-half century. I shouldlike to putforward thefollowing Based on theabove analysis, trade with the Islamic Kiev's connection began onlyca. 905, hypothesis. shifted from the Eastern which dirhams reached whentheroute Europe by the Asian routetransversing Volgato a Central Caucasus routes Caspian/ intothemiddleVolga imported Bulgarlands. Whilemostof thedirhams a Rus' or to theBaltic,foraround and northern to central werere-exported to Kiev number were diverted a or possibly halfcentury longer, significant weretheresult of fairly thesedirhams It is notclearwhether and vicinity. from East of tribute collected with trade butintensive brief Volga Bulgaria, back from or of loot brought in theform of silverdirhams, Slavic tribes variouscampaigns. Probablyall threefactorswere operativeto some extent. thus came wealth intoKiev and vicinity of monetary The first realinflux dirhams were when at least the tenth half of the first 12,000 century, during evidence for Kiev's is no Kiev. There the area of into monetary imported thenseem to have before900, and thetiesbeginning ties withtheOrient thesilvercrisisin the around 955, i.e., severaldecadesbefore disappeared
397
endto theexport of dirhams to Eastern Islamicworld puta gradual Europe. of new Islamic to Kiev after 955 is in the The onlyevidence money coming ca. 1020,butthat hoardcannot be considered hoard deposited hugeDenysy theKiev area after dirhams reached evidencethat 955 withany conclusive regularity.
Coins Byzantine
In terms coins present a greatconof Kiev's monetary history, Byzantine coins made of trast to Islamicdirhams. Byzantine copper/bronze, gold,and in earlyKiev, unlike their Islamiccounterparts, wereall found which silver Whileourdataaboutsomefinds all silver dirhams. from Kiev werealmost of coins in some finds is incomplete, and thenumber mustbe and vicinity coinsfrom Kiev whosemetalhas there are about116 Byzantine estimated, werecopperor bronze, 21 (or been noted. Of these, 91 (or 78.4 percent) weregold,and only4 (or 3.4 percent) weresilver.This pat18.1 percent) finds from ternalso prevailsamongtheByzantine Kiev, wherea greater 21 (or 60 percent) of these, totalof around 35 coinshas been found: were weregold,and only4 (or 11.4 percopperor bronze,10 (or 28.6 percent) coins reaching Kiev weremost cent)weresilvermiliaresia.So Byzantine to be the or bronze coins thefarmore or,failing that, cheaper copper likely goldcoins. expensive A second majordifference betweenthe Byzantine and Islamic coins concerns from Kiev and vicinity Whereas the nine dirham hoards quantity. Kiev totaled around17,000dirhams, thethirty-four from finds Byzantine around161 coins. Twenty-three from Kiev contained finds from thegreater coins. In other Kiev region finds words, yielded38 Byzantine fifty-seven containa totalof only 200 or so Byzantine coins. Furthermore, among thesefifty-seven there are onlythree definite hoards:a hoardcontaining at leastninecoppercoins was foundin 1888;62 fifteen solidi werepartof a in 1899;63 coin-treasure hoarddiscovered and a hoardof 37 coppercoins in 1908.64No confirmed was unearthed hoardsof Byzantine coins oriin Kiev. with number dirhams, ginated greater Compared onlya minuscule ofByzantine coinseverreached Kiev. A third of theByzantine and final and Islamiccoins has to comparison do with thetimespan which reached Kiev and vicinity. Islamic during they we were to Kiev the halfof dirhams, know, brought primarily during first
62 Appendix B, no. 11. DJ Appendix B, no. 17. 64 Appendix B., no. 19.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
after that.The paucity of Byzantine and onlyveryrarely thetenth century on the coins make it difficult to hoardsand the different datingsystem coins came to Kiev. However,the the timewhen Byzantine determine the Kyselivkacan be datedto ca. 970.65 hoardof 37 coppercoins from coins mayhave reachedKiev around Thus,at theveryearliest Byzantine coins are not The stray finds of earlierByzantine themid-tenth century. reachedKiev beforethe coins first conclusiveevidencethatByzantine be which can unless mid-tenth clearlyplaced in a context century, they dates from before 950. unquestionably are some coins foundin Kiev and vicinity Amongthe 200 Byzantine Thesecoinscome from ninedifstruck in theeleventh century.66 definitely ferent find-spots. In addition, several Byzantine coins of the -thirteenth centuries were foundat or eleventh eleventh twelfth, -twelfth, Thus we knowthatsome Byzantine coins six sitesin Kiev and vicinity.67 and twelfth the eleventh Kiev during were stillreaching centuries, long had intoEastern ceased. ofdirhams theinflux after Europe and gold issues amongthe of copper/bronze Fromthe preponderance and thelong theKiev area,their coinsfrom verysmallnumber, Byzantine it seems evident that were which time over of there, brought they period in histhe economic or no role coins political played appreciable Byzantine and West Europeandeniers, which of Kiev. UnlikeIslamicdirhams tory to facilitate trade with Islam intoEastern wereimported Europein quantity function forKiev, coins servedno commercial and theBaltic,Byzantine etc. It to use fortribute norwerethere bribes, payments, enoughof them of low-value that a smallnumber seems,instead, copperand bronzecoins to valuedgold coins werebrought number of highly and an even smaller several centuries. the course of over travelers Kiev and vicinity Byzanby of Rus'souvenirs or momentos incidental tinecoins werethusessentially rather thanindicators of Kiev's relarelations and Rus'-Kherson Byzantine these with tions regions. raises coinsin Kiev's monetary roleof Byzantine The peripheral history If were trade. thistrade Rus'-Byzantine aboutthefamous certain questions so fewByzanas we have been led to believe,whyare there as important forthistrade?Whywouldthecontemtinecoins in Kiev, theRus' center trade Islamic generateso much coinage in Rus', while the poraneous the can be offered. so little?Two answers trade First, generated Byzantine of an equal value trade Rus'-Byzantine mayhave beenbased on thebarter
65 B, no. 19. Appendix "u , nos.z, i /,Z4,3U,3D,41, 44, 34, 33. Appendix 67 B, nos. 12,23, 26, 32, 37, 43. Appendix
399
ofgoodsandthus no coinageto makeup deficits on theByzantine required side (or Byzantium had no coinsto makeup suchdeficits). The number of found at Rus' sitestendsto support thisanswer.On the Byzantine imports other of thefabledRus'-Byzantine in the hand,theextent trade, especially ninth andtenth be There is no evicenturies, may exaggerated. compelling dence forthe existence of thistradein the ninth The so-called century. trade treaties and thereport Constantine PorRus'-Byzantine preserved by have led us to overestimate the volume of this in trade phyrogenitus may tenth In the it seemsclear thatByzantine coins had a century. anyevent, and economic of Kiev during very negligible place in themonetary history thepre-Mongol era.
West EuropeanCoins
WestEuropean silver coinsor deniers first beganto appearwithregularity in Eastern thelastquarter of thetenth andthey conEuropeduring century, tinued to reachtheRus' landsuntil theearlytwelfth One recent century.68 estimateputs the numberof deniersfromRus' hoards at just under forsmalland stray we can estimate thatthere is 37,000.69 finds, Allowing information on some 40,000 deniersfromRus'. In otherwords,while of deniers to Rus' werefarsmaller thantheimport of dirhams, a imports of WestEuropeansilvercoins did reachtheRus' verysignificant quantity lands. Deniershad a keyrolein Rus' trade with theBaltic, just as dirhams didin itsIslamictrade. In his study of denier finds from Rus', V. M. Potingave thefollowing breakdown: geographic - 45 hoards lands and 83 separate finds Novgorod Polotsk lands 7 hoards and 5 finds (Polatsk) separate - 6 hoards Smolensk lands and 16 separate finds - 7 hoards Rostov-Suzdal' lands and44 separate finds - 3 hoards Riazan' lands and4 separate finds - 1 hoard and2 separate finds Halychlands lands 7 hoards and2 separate finds Volhynian - 5 hoards Kiev andPereiaslav lands and4 separate finds - 4 hoards Chernihiv lands and4 separate finds
68 The mostrecent fullstudy of thesecoins is by V. M. Potin, DrevniaiaRus i evropeiskie vX-XIII vv.:lstoriko-numizmaticheskii ocherk gosudarstva 1968). (Leningrad, y Bernd Element in den slawischen Mnzfunden des 10. bis Kluge,"Das angelschsische 12. Jahrhunderts. einerAnalyze,"in VikingLands: The Aspekte Age Coinage in theNorthern Sixth on Coinageand Monetary ed. M. A. S. Blackburn and D. M. Oxford Symposium History, Metcalf (Oxford, 1981),p. 281.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
- 1 hoard find and 1 separate MiddleVolga - 1 coin.70 Azov steppe to the total does not necessarily The list of hoardsand finds correspond with has not included these numbers of coins:Potin, number unfortunately, of a clear denier circuhisfigures hisdata. Nevertheless, give fairly picture in of deniers weredeposited Rus'. The vastmajority lationin pre-Mongol where entered theNovgorod Polotsk, Rus', or in thesurrounding lands, they fewdeniers everreached lands. Relatively and Rostov-Suzdal' Smolensk, territories Rus' landsor thenon-Slavic thesouthern beyond.Whilethereathecessation it wouldappearthat thescope of thisstudy, sons are beyond lands to hoard the silver coins northwestern Rus' led the of dirham imports hoard scarce silver coins The to via the Baltic. Rus' pressures reaching in Rus' with deniers reached as farfewer intensified comparison probably dirhams (also, the denierusuallyweighedmuch less thanthe dirham). in Novgorod's Baltictrade, and NovgoDenierswereapparently important of them as as to roddeliberately possible. sought keep many ever thatso fewdeniers it is notsurprising Giventhesecircumstances, in Kiev, thetwohoardsconOf thefivefinds reachedKiev and vicinity. and shouldbe discounted.71 coins are reportedly German spurious taining and are coins date to thefirst The Venetian century partof thethirteenth We are leftwith withKiev's Black Sea commerce.72 linked mostprobably Kiev of 7 from a total andrelevant three authentic deniers, finds, containing in uncovered have been more deniers itself. Surprisingly, greater many - one from south of hoards denier Kiev, in twoeleventh-century Cherkasy, of Kiev.74 theOsterarea,northeast and one from Kiev alongtheDnieper,73 hoard:we do not is availableabouteither little information Unfortunately, were when knowhow largetheyare or they deposited.We shouldalso the23 and perhaps with theDenysy found the41 deniers consider hoard,75 hoard.76 the Khabrivka of deniers part allegedly in to place deniers one is tempted Kiev's monetary In assessing history, must be difference One coins. as Byzantine thesamecategory recogmajor of northern realrolein thetrade nized,however.The denier playeda very thedenier that reachedKiev is precisely Rus'. The reasonso fewdeniers coins valued in the Novgorodlands. By contrast, was highly Byzantine
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Potin,Drevniaia Rus' , p. 47. Appendix C, no. 2. Appendix C, no. 3. Appendix C, no. 6. Appendix C, no. 7. Appendix C, no. 10. Appendix C, no. 11.
40 1
in Rus': thecoppercoins had in tradeanywhere factor werea negligible were bothtoofewandtoovaluable the coins whereas little value, gold very to reachRus' made no real to be of use in commerce.The fewmiliaresia difference. of silveringots have been found As already mentioned, largenumbers in Kiev; manywerealso cast there. theRus' lands,particularly throughout of tensof foundin and aroundKiev alone are theequivalent The ingots or deniers. Many,if not most,of theseKiev-type of dirhams thousands between the 1170s and 1240, givingus a probable weredeposited ingots were neither dirhams nordeniers datewhenmostwerecast. At that time, for did the silver these into Rus'. Where, then, monetary beingimported in Kiev and theslightly of deniers comefrom?The extreme paucity ingots in greater Kiev maywell meanthat mostdeniers to numbers found larger orjewelry.Certainly, downto makeingots reachKiev weremelted anyone the century intoingotsduring beforethe lookingforsilverto refashion have used deniers for raw material. Dirhams, Mongol conquestwould butdeniers were and solidiwereprobably miliaresia, similarly endangered, than because theywerefarmorerecent dirhams morevulnerable imports than ofmiliaresia andsolidi. werefarmoreofthem andbecausethere in Kiev, a variety of written Whilefew deniers have surfaced sources tradewithsouthern in Kiev's livelyoverland have documented Germany era. Why did thistradenot bringto Kiev moreCzech, thepre-Mongol and especially German deniers?The bestexplanation seemsto Hungarian, tradefunctioned on thebasis of a balancedbarter of be that thisoverland is not and thus did not for trade, coinage.77 Coinage require requisite goods in Eastern barter demonas themany arrangements Europein ourowntime strate.
Rus' Coins
andearlyeleventh centuries thelatetenth (989-1019), severalRus' During and struck their own coins,usu(Volodimer, Sviatopolk, Iaroslav) princes to as either (silvercoins) or zolotnyky sribnyky ally referred (gold coins). all the341 examples and Spasskiistudied Sotnikova ofthesecoins Recently known today. Of these341 coins,elevenweregold and 330 were silver. All thezolotnyky as wellas thesribnyky ofVolodimer andSviatopolk were in Kiev.78The sribnyky of Volodimer(245) and Sviatopolk(68) struck
77 Potin, Drevniaia Rus', pp.48 - 52. 78 Sotnikova andSpasskii, RussianCoins,p. 7.
402
THOMAS S. NOONAN
of theknown In other 324 or about95 percent totaled 313 coins.79 words, in Kiev, and of thesecoins,over96 perRus' coinsof thisera werestruck centweresribnyky. timeto begin The Rus' princesof Kiev selecteda veryinauspicious of dirhams into Eastern ca. the coins. Europe Starting 970, export striking of deniers hadjust begun. Thus, whiletheinflux beganto declinesharply, and even if the Kiev princeshad had access to the available dirhams - whichseemshighly Kiev the finds from deniers considering problematic and vicinity duringthe period 989-1019- theywould have been hard coinsto meltdownfortheir sribsilver to obtainsufficient foreign pressed lands this time in the southern Rus' at of silver The shortage nyky.80 for metal Nine tested of the characteristic one zolotnyky sribnyky. explains butof out to be real gold coins of fairly turned highquality, composition 127 or almost70 percent had no silverat 183 Kievan sribnyky examined, or Another 34 coins. wereinfact all- they sribnyky, almost19 percopper The decline of dirham of silver.81 coins were billon cent, low-quality in northern Rusandcentral of deniers with thehoarding combined imports made coins or coins of to strike theKiev princes sia forced highly copper silver coin. in lieuofhigh silver adulterated quality had little of sribnyky, mostof which The smallquantity value, monetary cannothave servedany commercial purpose. Since thesecoins appeared of Rus', it seems highly the conversion after likelythatthe first shortly kind of statement Kiev to make some of Christian political sought princes of one of theattributes own coins,whichwas considered their by striking of their a demonstration were visible Their coins indepensovereignty. denceas rulers. of Kiev playedno Christian The fewcoinsstruck by theearliest princes werequite of thecity. In fact, in themonetary realrole,then, they history these to have an economic function. never intended Rather, probably the of to were billon coins and designed magnify prestige the copper them. ofKiev whostruck princes
Silver Ingots
to use coinage as a politicalinstrument The attempt quicklyfloundered of goldand the basic economic becauseitclashedwith i.e., scarcity reality, have been able to silver would that needed silver. A prosperous economy
79 Sotnikova RussianCoins,p. 137 andSpasski, 80 Sotnikova for that therawmaterial it is argued RussianCoins,p. 137,where and Spasski, silver coins. 988- 1019couldonlyhavebeenforeign Rus' silver coinsoftheperiod 81 Sotnikova andSpasski, RussianCoins,p. 139.
403
in a study of thesilveringots find it. This is evident of theso-calledKiev metalwerealready in Eastern present type. Ingotsof precious Europeby theninth For instance, theUglichhoardof 1879 from theupper century. contained 205 whole the most recent of which dated to dirhams, Volga dirham and five silver 909 bars which 829/30, fragments plus weighed, respectively, 149g,114.6g,111.6g,96.5g,and 63.lg.82The 1867 Iagoshury hoardfrom theformer Viatkagubernia about1,500dirhams, the comprised mostrecent of whichdatedto 842/43, and a silverbar weighing 76.8g.83 in severaltenth-century Silveringots werealso found coin-treasure hoards. in Vinnytsia The Kopivkahoard,deposited oblast' of the Ukraine, conother 500 the most recent of which dated to tained, dirhams, among things, and two silver like sticks.84 The 1907 Tatarskii Tolk954/55, ingots shaped ishhoard from theformer Kazan' gubernia consisted of957 dirhams dating between 875 and984/85, as well as tworound silver ingots weighing 94.6g and 88.4g.85The 1883 hoard fromBorshchivka in Volhyniagubernia, whichdates to the second halfof the tenth contained 42 silver century, from silver of variousshapes ingots weighing 25g to 108g.86 Finally, ingots were foundin a number of eleventh-century hoards. The 1920 Staraia ca. 1010, containedtwo long silver ingots Ladoga hoard, deposited (118.6g. and 101.6g).87The 1912 Denysy hoard, depositedca. 1020, included a longsilver that either The 1902 ingot weighed 117.9gor 139g.88 hoardfrom ca. had a silver Veliko-Seletskoe, deposited 1025, long ingot 245.9g.89 The 1898 Strazhevichi ca. 1040,conhoard, weighing deposited tainedfourlong silveringots of unknown The 1903 hoardfrom weight.90 ca. included two silver Strazhevichi, 1045, deposited long ingots weighing 201.7g and 101. of 6g, a gold ingotof 78.8g, and fourroundsilveringots 37.2g, 19.5g, 12.2g, and 10.lg.91 The 1903 Veliko-Seletskoe hoard,
82 ThomasS. Noonan, Dirham Hoardsfrom Russia:A Preliminary "Ninth-Century European in Viking-Age Lands,p. 94, no. 32; N. Bauer,"Die SilberAnalysis," Coinagein theNorthern und Goldbarren des russischen Mittelalters: Eine archologische Studie," Numismatische 62 (1929): 81, no. 2. Zeitschrift 83 Noonan, Dirham Hoards,"pp. 99-101, no. 40; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. "Ninth-Century 81, no. 3. 84 Korzukhina. Klad'. d. 84. no. 16. 85 Bauer,"Die Silber-," 94, no. 26; V. V. sasanidskikh i p. Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki v Vostochnoi kuficheskikh monet i pigrafika 9 (1971): 88, no. 122. Evrope,"Numizmatika 80 Bauer,"Die Silber-," 85-86, no. 16; Korzukhina, pp. Klady,p. 85, no. 17. "' Bauer,"Uie Silber-," 82, no. 5; Korzukhina, p. Klady,p. 102,no. 60. 88 Bauer,"Die Silber-," 82, no. 6; Korzukhina, p. Klady,p. 85, no. 18. *y Bauer,"Die Silber-," 84, no. 7. p. 90 Bauer,"Die Silber-," 84, no. 8; Korzukhina, p. Klady,pp. 95-96, no. 45. 91 Bauer,"Die Silber-," 84, no. 9; p. p. 90, no. 8; p. 92, no. 24. Korzukhina, Klady,pp. 96-97, no. 46.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
had two long silver ingots century, depositedaroundthe mid-eleventh ca. and The 1910 hoard from Polotsk, deposited weighing 198.2g 194.1g.92 four 1060,included longsilveringots weighing 190.8g,173. 8g, 24.4g,and The 1882 Biliarsk hoard ? as well as three pieces of roundsilveringots.93 a had one long silveringotof 55.5g and 17 roundsilveringotsweighing a silver of The 1897 Orlovkahoardcontained long totalof 426g.94 ingot of roundsilveringots that to 234 wholeand 4 fragments 43.7g in addition Buzhisk had five And the 1885 hoard from a total of long 21.7kg.95 weighed silveringotsweighing Thus,the 184g, 130.8g,97.5g, 93.7g, and 76.8g.96 had a of silverand gold ingots of tangible wealthin theform circulation silver blank had a These like the in Rus'. flans, many ingots, history long kufic not authenticated it was realmonetary value,although inscriptions by andpictures. or western legends altered theplace of newcircumstances however, century, By thetwelfth of Rus'. It was no and economichistory thesilveringotin themonetary of dirwealth.The influx of tangible, metallic one of severalforms longer ofdeniers cameto hamsintoRus' hadceasedby 1025or so, andtheimport Fromthistimeon, no appreciable theearlytwelfth an end during century Rus'. This is often intopre-Mongol of silvercoins was imported quantity in Rus' history.In medieval the onsetof the coinlessperiod considered of silver is that thescarcity whatseemsto havehappened fact, putan endto coins. Silverhad of themetal, of smallquantities thecirculation i.e., silver silverwas becometoo valuableto be used forsmalltransactions. Instead, of heavieringots, melteddown and cast in the form designedformajor The term' 'coinless period" is thussomewhat transactions. misleading. valuable coins. and in Silveringots became, effect, highly very big on had theeleventh from in growing struck The ingots century quantities been variousshapes. Those witha hexagonalshape have traditionally "The name of the called ingotsof the Kiev type. As Spasskiiremarks, their mainplace of manufacwith 'Kievan ingots'is very likelyassociated could their us to . . . enable in shape casting ture, supposethat yetvariations the Russia."97Furthermore, in Southern centers have takenplace at other of the hexagonal, circulation ingotsis associatedparticularly Kiev-type
92 93 94 95 96 97 Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 84, no. 10; Korzukhina, Klady,p. 93, no. 38. Klady,p. 97, no. 48. Bauer,"Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 11,andp. 92, no. 25; Korzukhina, Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 85, no. 14,andp. 94, no. 28. Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 85, no. 15,andp. 94, no. 27. Klady, Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 86, no. 17; Korzukhina, p. 95, no. 43. rev. ed. (Amsterdam, Z. I. Gorishina, trans. TheRussianMonetary I. G. Spassky, System, oftheKiev of ingots Drevnii Kiev,p. 175,fig. 85, forillustrations 1967),p. 66; see Tolochko, type.
MONETARY
HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL
PERIOD
405
widecirculation.98 with thepre-Mongol era,whenthey enjoyed in Kiev and elsewhere of the finds of silver the accounts As usual, ingots of areat times Therefore, vague,or contradictory. anyestimate incomplete, of finds and their can be an thetotalnumber weight only approximation. forinstance, howmany were We haveno wayofknowing, precisely ingots ' found in 1888." By alongtheKhreshchatyk partof the 'hoard" of ingots thedata in appendixD, it educatedguesses,and after examining making oftheKiev type werefound in Kiev. In that about229 silver ingots appears one of a three three of the addition, gold ingot, gold ingots, piece ingots three of another andfour electrum of the ingots type, ingots Novgorod type, on pre-Mongol Kiev typewere foundin Kiev. Specialists Kiev estimate over45kghave been found that 270 gold and silver in the ingots weighing in totalis probably so ourestimate of 243 ingots too conservative. city,100 most Silveringots oftheKiev type number 255. probably of theingotsof theKiev typevaried,155g is a fair Whiletheweight can thatKiev's 255 ingotsweighedaround We estimate, then, average. we can add 514g fortheNovgorodingots101 and 39,525g. To thisfigure of silver for the electrum Two of the ingots.102 perhaps 300g gold ingots No weight is givenforthegold ingot in one find.104 The weighed 236g.103 We can estimate thetotalgold at around weighed20g.105 gold in another thatgold had a value 15 timesthatof silver,the gold 400g. Assuming ingotsand pieces equal around6,000g of silver. Addingall thisup, we obtain a figure ofjustover46,000gof silver offto a convenient or,to round in Kiev. from theingots found figure, 50,000gof silver ofa dirham The theoretical was 2.97g. However, mosttenthand weight in hoards Eastern contained numerous dirham eleventh-century Europe The Denysyhoardof ca. 1020, forexample,contained 402 fragments. wholedirhams and 4,293 dirham Some of thedirham fragments.106 fragin hoardswereverysmall,e.g., .5g. Thus,50,000gof silver found ments would equal around17,000 whole dirhams.Using an averagefigure of into account,we arriveat the figure of almost 1.75g to take fragments of the 29,000 coins. However,as V. L. Ianin has noted,manydirhams
98 Spassky, Monetary System, p. 65; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, dates the hexagonal and first half of the thirteenth centuries. ingots of the Kiev typeto the twelfth w Appendix D, no. 16. inn mT f i t <> s' n wovoe v ar/cneoiogu, p. jo /. 1U1 no. 29. Appendix D, 102 Appendix D, no. 34. 103 Appendix D, no. 21. l4 Appendix D, no. 27. lu:> Appendix D, no. 23. 106 Appendix A, no. 28.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
tenth weretrimmed to a standard of ca. Ig.107 century weight Using lg as a silver of would around dirhams. The norm, 50,000 50,000g ingots equal found in Kiev werethustheequivalent of between gold and silveringots 17,000and50,000dirhams. D shows337 normal of theKiev typefound silver outAppendix ingots thisfigure sideofKiev. To facilitate an estimate, can be rounded off to 350 and multiplied the sum of 54,250g. To thiswe should by 155g,yielding add 41 heavy ingotsof the Kiev type weighing around200g each, or In unidentified or of theChernihiv several ingots ingots 8,200g. addition, in thevicinity of Kiev. These ingots add and Novgorod typeswerefound we can estimate another 5,618gto ourfigures. Finally, 365g in gold ingots of Kiev, theequvalent of 5,475gof silver. Totaling from thevicinity this, we find73,543g,roundedoff to about 80,000g,of silverdepositedin of Kiev-type butburied outside of Kiev or madein theform ingots greater of Kiev been outthe have made Kiev. Since some silver ingots typemay to Kiev. that around side of Kiev, we can estimate 65,000gare attributable Kiev is roughly In other thesilvervalue foundin greater words, 15,000g the two values morethanthe value foundinsideKiev. Taken together, with of deniers, between 39,000 and 115,000dirhams.In terms represent Kiev's monetary wealthas expressed of ca. lg each,108 an averageweight in ingots equaled 115,000coins. with valueof all theingots associated themonetary If we consider Kiev, the total is to Over that ca. 39,000 115,000dirhams, is, highly significant. wereimported thecourseof twocenturies, only 17,000to 20,000dirhams some two to six timesmore intoKiev and vicinity. By way of contrast, the form thecentury and a halfbefore silverreachedKiev in ingot during in of deniers value is terms When this invasion. expressed ingot Mongol is even more striking. As we it equals ca. 115,000deniers the figure of deniers from Rus' a recent estimate notedearlier, putthetotalnumber 109 The silvervalue of the ingotsfoundin Kiev hoardsat around40,000. intoRus' between alone exceededthesilvervalue of all deniers imported with wealth connected theaggregate ca. 975 and 1125. Furthermore, ingot intoRus' by a of deniers exceeds thenumber Kiev and vicinity imported 1000 A.D. cirfactorof almostthree. In otherwords,given the postwas truly Kiev wealth of the cumstances, monetary represented by ingots massive.
107 V. L. Ianin,Denezhno-vesovye srednevekov 'ia: Domongol'skii period sistemy russkogo (Moscow,1956),pp. 146-47. 108 Ianin, Denezhno-vesovye sistemy, pp. 146, 159.
1UV See above, 399. p.
407
wealth of Kiev from ca. 1100 to 1240 raisesseveral The great monetary Not all can be buttwoimportant issues here, explored important questions. howdo we explainthehugeconcentration ofmonecan be broached.First, in with Kiev the and a wealth connected half before the tary century Did Kiev at this time silver to balance its domesimport Mongolconquest? trade? Or was theaccumulation tic and international of monetary wealth and religious theproduct of Kiev's political i.e., was thiswealth position, therevenue from and estates, contributions, produced by taxes,loot,gifts, othersourcesnot connectedwithKiev's trade? Were preciousmetals intoKiev to satisfy thedemands of thecity'sjewelersand their imported rich patrons? of Second, whatwas the source of the silverused to cast hundreds to speculate that thepaucity of deniers from Kiev ingots?One is tempted anda smaller number ofdirhams than be expected is explained might bythe downofthesecoinsto provide therawmaterial foringots.In addimelting the of numbers of silver in Kiev andother southern tion, casting large ingots centers in part, an influx of new silverobtained from the might represent, obtained from the lands,silverwhichNovgorodhad originally Novgorod Balticin theform of ingots.110 This alternative us back to the trade brings that and thenorth of Rus' might have had to issue,and suggests Novgorod balancetheir trade with Kiev by thepayment of silveringots.Specifically, silver andfurs from northern Rus' maywellhavepaidforimports ofKiev's manufactured and Black Sea wine via Kiev. goods shipped Theseandrelated indicate that themonetary of Kiev in questions history thecentury and a halfbeforetheMongolconquestwas complexindeed. Kiev at thistimewas a verywealthy a trade, citywithan activeexternal domestic and considerable dynamic economy, politicaland ecclesiastical wealthreflects thisperiodof prosperity, if only power. Kiev's monetary imperfectly.
Conclusion
The analysis hereofthefive ofmonetary wealth in pre-Mongol found types Kiev indicates thatthree wealth Byzantine coins,West typesof metallic - had onlya negligible and Rus' coins role. These coins deniers, European can thusbe discounted in the examination of Kiev's monetary history. the real what do the hoards of dirhams and finds is, Consequently, question ofingots tellus aboutthis history?
110 Potin, Drevniaia Rus', pp. 83-92.
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
historians there are severalapproaches to thedepositAmongmonetary and as of hoards of coins metal well as numbers of separate ing ingots large viewssuchhoardsas a product finds.Perhaps thebestknown of approach activetrade:lackinganything like banks,merchants and others connected withtradesupposedly buriedtheir forsafeworking capitaland/or profits sees hoarding as theconsequence of disapproach keeping.An alternative hidtheir in turbed conditions: troubled times wealth during peopleallegedly holds that a a quitedifferent was theground.Finally, approach hoarding In a of a backward or less with developedeconomy. regions highly sign it was buried metallicwealthostensibly circulated; developedeconomy, itcouldnotbe employed profitably. onlyinthoseareaswhere is validforall parts of western Eurasia I do notbelieveanyone approach era. In all three the medieval at all timesduring fact, approachescan in thepre-Mongol era. Writilluminate history aspectsof Kiev's monetary of accumulation tenevidenceas well as a constantly growing archaeologiand domestic cal data leave no doubtthatKiev had a veryactiveforeign The and a halfbeforethe Mongol conquest.111 the century tradeduring in ingots, thevast majority of which of silverexpressed massiveamount half of the thirteenth is and first were cast duringthe twelfth century, Kiev's that trade. craftsmen also connected with However, unquestionably rulers silver fortheir uses,and thecity'ssecularand ecclesiastical required the wealth unearthed wealth. after Thus, monetary worldly sought tangible, of thecity'slivelycomis farmorethanan indicator in Kiev and vicinity merce. hoardsas well as of richtreasure At the same time,thelargenumber the 1170s and 1240 between the in Kiev clearlyreflects ingotsdeposited much of this Were it not for the of the Mongols, Mongolconquest. impact timeand/or at another wealthwouldhave been buried place. But tangible of greatwealthin Kiev to hide therewouldhave been no concentration and from Batu's forcesif Kiev had notbeen a majorpolitical, economic, center. religious its "takeKiev's craft it is striking that experienced production Finally, of metallic, silverwealth The amount theeleventh off" during century.112
1' ' This commerce and of Kiev's International in mypaper"The Flourishing was discussed Econon theUkrainian at theThirdConference Domestic Trade,ca. 1100- 1240," presented Instiarebeingpublished Research October 1985;theconference bytheUkrainian papers omy, ofHarvard tute University. 112 The in was discussed theeleventh of Kiev's craft century during production development and Industrial Commercial of Kiev intoa MajorEuropean mypaperon "The Transformation Association of theAmerican at theconvention thePre-Mongol Center Era," presented During 1986. November ofSlavic Studies, theAdvancement for
409
thusdeclinedsharply at theverytimewhen availablein Kiev and vicinity in number and their Kiev's crafts weregrowing was expanding production not have required of silverfor its large quantities rapidly.Kiev might at least not in the eleventh what is more domestic crafts, Or, century. if the silver Kiev remained in circulation, much not most of likely, reaching elsewhereor was melted so thata large partwas eventually reexported silverwas often invested down. In Kiev's developed and/or economy, put than buried.Thiswouldexplain, forinstance, to good use rather more why outsideof Kiev thanin the city ingotsof the Kiev typewere deposited that itself.Nevertheless, it is no coincidence of silver verylargequantities Kiev andvicinity the when reached the crafts were during very period city's was and its commerce thriving. prospering In sum,then, all three of hoarding contribute to an underinterpretations in thepre-Mongol of Kiev's monetary none era,although history standing in itself itadequately. is sufficient toexplain and ingots foundin and aroundKiev reflect The hoardsof dirhams the and religious its growing craft city'scentral political position, production, and its extensive commerce.It would appear thatthe initialgrowth in Kiev's political as well as its internal took between position economy place ca. 900 and955, whena largenumber ofdirhams wereimported to thecity. we do notknowforcertain howthesedirhams wereobtained, we Although can guess thattheywereprobably into imported initially Volga Bulgaria. GivenKiev's activeByzantine trade at thistimeand thestrong Bulgarties of the Rs merchants of the upperVolga, tradebetweenKiev and the is not a fullysatisfactory Volga-Bulgars explanation.In any event,the of dirhams was a reflection of Kiev's emergence as a major import clearly center. The ingots, reflect Kiev's pre-Mongol by way of comparison, economy andsociety in itsmature The rulers of the and other areas stage. city nearby constituted a largemarket forexpensive and other jewelry luxury products. thesesamerulers had a variety of obligations elsewhere.As Concurrently, of scarcesilverwereimported a result, intothecitywhile hugequantities amounts of silver were also sent elsewhere. Some of thissilver could large havebeenacquired trade with the northern and central Rus' lands, through whilesomesilver to other areasforcommermayalso have beenexported cial purposes.In anyevent, thelargequantities of silver which in circulated Kiev at thistimereflect the city's greatprosperity, activeeconomy, and extensive andreligious political power. University ofMinnesota
410
S. NOONAN THOMAS ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDIXES
undGoldbarren des russischen MitBauer,"Die Silber-"= N. Bauer,"Die Silber62 telalters: Eine archologischeStudie," Numismatische Zeitschrift (1929): 77- 120. undGoldbarren des russischen Bauer,"Die Silber-" 1931= N. Bauer,"Die SilberNumismatische Mittelalters:Eine archologische 64 Studie," Zeitschrift (1931):61-100. = A. A. Il' in, Topografiakladovserebrianykh i zolotykh slitkov Irin, Topografiia komissii Numizmaticheskoi 1921). 1] (Petersburg, [Trudy Drevnii Kiev: Ocherki material' noi kuVtury Kiev= M. K. Karger, p istorii Karger, 1 vol. and oda, 1958). (Moscow gor drevnerusskogo Leningrad, RusskiekladyIX-XIII vv. (Moscow and Korzukhina, Klady = G. F. Korzukhina, 1954). Leningrad, dirhemw na Kotlar,"Obrt" = N. F. Kotlar(M. F. Kotliar),"Obrt arabskich 14 19-29. Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne (1970): Ukrainy," terytorium obihna tery toriiUkrainy obih= M. F. Kotliar, Kotliar, Hroshovyi Hroshovyi doby (Kiev, 1971). feodalizmu = V. V. Kropotkin, monet na terKladyvizantiiskikh Kladyvizantiiskikh Kropotkin, SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh ritorii SSSR [Arkheologiia istochnikov, E4-4] (Moscow,1962). = V. V. Kropotkin,Novyenakhodki vizantiiskikh "Novye nakhodki Kropotkin, vizantiiskikhmonet na territorii SSSR," Vizantiiskiivremennik26 (1965): 166-89. i sasanidskikh "Sasanidskikh"= V. V. Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki Kropotkin, 9 i pigrafika monet v VostochnoiEvrope," Numizmatika kuficheskikh (1971): 76-97. = A. K. Markov,comp., Topografiia kladov vostochnykh Markov,Topografiia i kuficheskikh) monet 1910). (St. Petersburg, (sasanidskikh Motsia, "Monety" = O. P. Motsia, "Monety z davn'orus'kykh pokhovan' 45 (1984): 75-80. Arkheolohiia Seredn'oho Podniprov'ia," = Novoev arkheologii Kieva (Kiev, 1981). Novoev arkheologii nakhodok Potin,"Topografiia"= V. M. Potin,"Topografiia zapadnoevropeiskikh Ermidrevnei X-XIII vv. na territorii monet Rusi," Trudy Gosudarstvennogo tazha9 (1967): 106-188. = M. P. Sotnikovaand I. G. Spasskii, Sotnikovaand Spasski, Tysiacheletie X-XI monet Rossii: drevneishikh monet katalogrusskikh Svodnyi Tysiacheletie M. P. Sotnikova is also an translation: vekov 1983). [There English (Leningrad, A.D.: Recent Research RussianCoinsoftheX-XI Centuries andI. G. Spasski, and a Corpus in Commemoration of the EarliestRussian of the Millenary Series136) (Oxford, H. B. Wells(BAR International 1982)]. Coinage,trans. and I. G. Spasskii, and Spasskii,"Russkie klady," = M. P. Sotnikova Sotnikova v Ermitazhe," inRusskaianumizmatika XI-XX i monet slitkov "Russkieklady i issledovaniia vekov:Materialy 1979),48-167. (Leningrad, Drevnii Kiev(Kiev, 1983). Drevnii Kiev= P. P. Tolochko, Tolochko, Tolochko, "Topohrafiia" = P. P. Tolochko, "Topohrafiiaskarbivmonetnykh 20 (1966): 123-34. u Kyievi,"Arkheolohiia hryven
HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY PERIOD APPENDIX A: FindsofIslamicCoins Kiev andSurrounding from Areas
411
1. Kiev. 1706. A hoardof some2,380 silvercoins was found theconstrucduring 'k fortress. Hetmn sent the in tionofa newPchers coins a sackto St. Mazepa wereregistered, as Assyrian where of the coins,in therecords they Petersburg, Malorossiiskii aboutthesecoins is prikaz. After1715, no moreinformation The coinswerelatertransfered to theAcademyof Sciences,where recorded. servedas thebasis fortheNumismatic Cabinetof theAsiatic they reportedly in theAsiaticMuseum, Museum.The hoardseemsto havebeendispersed and record of itscontents has been preserved. P. S. Savel'ev believed no detailed that these coinswereIslamicdirhams. Kiev,pp. 116-17; Markov, Topografia, pp. 13-14, no. 73; Tolochko, Karger, Drevnii Kiev,p. 164,no. 1. from theKiev Ecclesiastical 2. Kiev.1787. In May 1787,students found Academy on theslopes of Mykhailova a jug fullof "ancient" silvercoins and treasure hora along the Khreshchatyk. The hoardwas dispersed and no completely record of itscontents exists. Korzukhina believed thecoinscouldhave detailed beenIslamicandByzantine. Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29. 3. Kiev.1845. A hoard ofaround 200 Oriental coinsfrom various copper dynasties in a clay pot neartheSt. CyrilMonastery. was found The oldestcoin was an 'Abbsidfais struck in Bukharain 765/66underal-Mansr while the most recentwas a Chaghatayid fais struck in Bukharain 1253/54underMengii Khan. Sincethis hoard was deposited some250 yearsafter dirham into imports Eastern of Europeceased, it mostlikelyforms partof the monetary history Kiev intheearly to Kiev bya Mongol Mongolera,i.e.,itwas probably brought whohadgathered coinsinCentral Asia. ThomasS. Noonan,"Medieval IslamicCopperCoins from EuropeanRussia and Surrounding Regions: The Use of theFais in EarlyIslamicTrade with EasternEurope," Journal of the AmericanOriental Society 94 (1974): 448-49; Karger, Kiev,p. 118; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 72; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,p. 164,no. 2. 4. Kiev. 1851. A coin-treasure hoardin a clay pot was foundon a hill nearthe notfarfrom theDnieper, on May 30, while Pustynno-Mykils'kyi Monastery, was underway.The monetary diggingfora new fortress partof the hoard consisted of perhaps2,000-3,000 dirhams, mostof whichwere apparently and disappeared without a trace. However, smallparts of thehoard dispersed obtained and private collectors wereidentified, thusproby variousmuseums someidea oftheoriginal ofthehoard.Unfortunately, those viding composition dirhams that werepreserved havenotbeenidentified indetail. A. Dirhams Obtained (60or61) byP. S. Savel'ev VAbbsid (9)
4 Madnat or 887/88 877/78 al-Salm, 770/71, 776/77, 800/01, 1 al-Muhammidiyyah, 775/76 (?) 1 al-Abbsiyyah, 778/79
412
THOMAS S. NOONAN 1 Mh al-Kfah, 861/62 1 Bardhah, 890/91 1 Mintanddateindeterminable II. Thirid (5) 2 al-Shsh, 863/64 862/63, 1 Marw, 865/66 or981/92 2 Samarqand, 878/79 865/66, 46 or47) III. Smnid(presumably ? al-Shsh, 899/900-905/06 897/98, 896/97, 895/96, 893/94, ? Samarqand, 902/03-905/06 899/900, 900,900/01, 897/98, 1 Balkh, 905/06 to theSt. Petersburg donated B. Dirhams Archaeological by1.1.Funduklei (25) Society VAbbsid(S) 3 Madnat 877/78 804/05, 776/77, al-Salm, 1 al-Abbsiyyah, 778/79 1 Samarqand, 812/13 1 Naysbur, 882/83 IMh al-Kfah, 861/62 1 Bardhah, 890/91 II. Smnid(13) 4? Samarqand, 903/04 900/01, 899/900, 897/98, 3? al-Shsh, 903/04 897/98, 899/900, 1? Balkh, 905/06 1 Andarbah, 905/06 1 Mintanddateindeterminable III. Thirid (1) 1 Marw, 865/66 IV. Imitations (3) 3 Smnid prototype ofKiev University totheCoin Cabinet donated (25) C. Dirhams by1.1.Funduklei iVAbbsid ? II. Smnid ? III. Umayyad (?) to theRussianArchaeological (5) donated D. Dirhams Society byS. P. Kryzhanovskii I. Smnid(5) andSamarqand, 5 al-Shsh 905/06 Museum E. Acquired (1) bytheDorpat/Tartu
I. Smnid (1)
1 al-Shsh, 904/05
Collection F. In theIuzefovich (1) I. Smnid(') 1 Andarbah, 905/06 G. Obtained (401) bytheHermitage I. Umayyad (I) ' 1 Mintindeterminable, 746/47 iVAbbsid(W) III. Thirid (?) IV. Smnid(?)
therewere "many theUmayyad, Aside from Abbsid,and Thiriddirhams,
MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD
4 13
' coinsinthis most ofthesecoinswereSmnid. other' group.Presumably, Klady, p. 83, no. 12; Markov, Karger,Kiev, pp. 118-20; Korzukhina, DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Topografia, p. 13, no. 68, and p. 14, no. 74; Tolochko, no. 3. of a square in the old city(now Ploshcha 5. Kiev. 1854. Duringthe planning five coinsfrom various times werefound.One ofthesewas HerovPerekopu), a Smnid dirham. apparently Kiev,p. 120; Markov, Topografiia, p. 14, no. 75; Tolochko,Drevnii Karger, Kiev,pp. 164-65, no.4. hoardin a claypotwas found in thePodil section 6. Kiev.1863. A coin-treasure of thecityon October thedigging of a gravein theIordan(St. Deme27, during of 191 or 192 dirhams ter)Church.The monetary partof thehoardconsisted between and or nine of the dirhams werepierced 892/93 935/36. Eight dating and two had tabs. One dirham was sentto the Hermitage and therestwere in theCoin Cabinetof Kiev University. After the 1917 revolution, preserved thelatter weretransferred totheKiev Historical Museum. I. Smnid (US)* 82 al-Shsh, 895/96, 898/99-900, 901/02-908/09, 910/11-912/13, 914/15, indeterminable 920/21 -924/25, 927/28-933, 934/35, 935/36, years 76 Samarqand, 898/99,900, 905/06-909/10, 911/12,913/14-916/17, 933/34-935/36 918/19-930/31, 932/33, 3 Naysbr, indeterminable 986/87, 922/23-931/32, year 4 Balkh, 928/29 904/05, 914/15, 927/28, (?) 7 Andarbah, and915/16 904/05 910/11, 920/21 917/18, (?),916/17, 1 Pendjikhir(?), tobe a misreading ofthe mint name 911/12 [This appears by Markov.] 913/14 IMarw, II. Thirid (I) 1Faris, 905/06 III.Imitations (12) 12Smnid ofdirhams ofNasr ibn Ahmad struck inSamarqand. prototype Therehas been no fullpublication of thishoard. The above list is basedprimarily in thefigures uponMarkov'saccount.The difference forthetotalnumber of coins maylie in thedirham of 911/12sentto theHermitage. The dirham attributed to 986/87 is apparently intrusive ora misreading. Kiev,pp. 120-21; Korzukhina, Karger, Klady, p. 84, no. 14,says 192 coinstotaland datesthemostrecent to 935/36;Markov, Topografiia, to 986/87; p. 12,no. 67, says 191 coinstotalanddatesthemostrecent Drevnii Tolochko, Kiev,p. 165,no. 5. 7. Kiev. 1879. On theformer landsof Marrin thePodil sectionof thecity(now 55-59 Frunze was found an'Abbasid dirham in al-Kfah, struck Street) 759/60, witha tab attached.The coin was partof a necklacefroma grave. The accounts of Karger and Kotliar also report that an'Abbsid dirham in alstruck Kfahin 759/60was found in Kiev during1876 in grave 125 locatedon the former landsofMarr.It is notclearifthisis thesamecoin. Markov lists 174. says178but only
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THOMAS S. NOONAN
"Obrt," p. 21, fn. 12, no. 2-3; Kotliar, Kiev,pp. 121, 210; Kotlar, Karger, obih,pp. 40-41, fn.22, no. 2-3; Markov, Topografia, Hroshovyi p. 13, no. Drevnii Kiev,p. 165,no. 6. 69; Tolochko, theVozdvyzhens'ka Church on Zamwas found 8. Kiev. 1885. A dirham beyond kovaHill. Drevnii Kiev,p. 165,no. 7. Kiev,p. 121; Tolochko, Karger, whiledigging ofdirhams was found neara bathin the 9. Kiev.1889. A largehoard without a trace;a fewwereacquired Podil. Most of thecoinsdisappeared by D. N. Chudovskii. Kiev,p. 121; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 71; Tolochko,Drevnii Karger, Kiev,p. 165,no. 8. hoardin a red clay amphora 10. Kiev. 1899. On August28, a gold coin-treasure in theyardofL. I. Brodskii Street. whiledigging was found alongKateryns'ka solidiand Of the20 goldcoinsin thehoard,16 werepreserved:15 Byzantine ruler of Malaga in Spain,during one dinarstruck by Yahy I, theHammdid also solidusdatedto 1057-1059. Two gold ingots 1033/34.The mostrecent hoard. ofthis formed part obih,pp. 43-44, fn. Korzukhina, Hroshovyi Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30; Kotliar, 42, no. 103; Markov, Topografia, p. 138,no. 11. in grave 108 uncovered construction werefound 11. Kiev. 1900. Dirhams during 'ka and MaloFurmanyard at the cornerof Reitars work in the former one was Six dirhams werepreserved: (nowChkalova)streets. Volodymyrs'ka underthe SmnidAmrNasr ibn in al-Shsh,900; fourwere struck struck imitation. The 919; one was a barbarian 914-943, one in Samarqand, Ahmad, mostof some40 coins in thegrave, wereoriginally there finders claimedthat which disappeared. Kiev,pp. 169-72, no. 108; Motsia,"Monety,"p. 78, no. IV. Karger, in grave109 locatedwithin found weresupposedly 12. Kiev. 1908. Two dirhams Church. to theDesiatynna woodendwelling an excavated adjacent no. 109. 172-74, Kiev, pp. Karger, 13. Kiev. 1909. A dirhamfroma necklace and possiblydirhamsof the late of grave 14 in the werefoundin theexcavations century -early ninth eighth struck Church.One coin was a wornSmniddirham yardof theDesiatynna and907/08. between 892/93 Kiev,pp. 142-43, no. 14. Karger, in al-Shshin 911/12,were bothstruck 14. Kiev. 1909. Two Smniddirhams, had an Church.One dirham in grave110 in theyardof theDesiatynna found three crossbars hadtwoholesas wellas a crosswith attached tab,andtheother on it. scratched Kiev,pp. 174-76, no. 110. Karger, excawerepartof a necklacefound 15. Kiev. 1911. Two Smniddirhams during Church: (1) Samarqand, vationsof grave30 in the yardof the Desiatynna Both dirhamshad 905/06,and (2) worn,date and mintindeterminable. tabs. attached Kiev,pp. 146-47, no. 30. Karger, insidea copperpot in the hoardwas found 16. Kiev. 1913. A largecoin-treasure Street.The coin partof the of I. A. Sikors'kyi alongVelykopidval'na garden
4 15
of 2,930 dirhams hoardconsisted 709/10to 905/06. While this datingfrom in to be Pakhomov a general has hoard detail, provided yet published important thishoardthat wereexamined from of the2,760 dirhams by R. Fassummary merintheHermitage.
I. Umayyad (90) in al-Jazrah, Struck Drbjird, Junday-Sbr, Dimashq,Sbur,al-Smiyyah, and749/50. 709/10 Mah,andWsitbetween Partisans iVAbbsid (2) Istakhr andal-Kufah, 745/46 III. SpanishUmayyad (2) 767/68-768/69 al-Andalus, IV.'AbbasidiciL. 2,290) Struckbetween749/50 and 903/04 in: Abarshahr; 754/55, dharbayjn, Airan,769/70,800/01 (2), 802/03 (2), 803/04, 785/86; Ardashr-Khurrah; 835 (2); Armniyah, 805/06 822/23 828/29, (2), 824/25 (3), 826/27, (3), 806/07, 761/62,764/65,768/69,770, 771/72,777/78 (2), 778/79 (2), 783/84 (2), 795/96, 796/97, 797/98, 798/99,801/02,818/19, 866/67,868/69,880/81(5), 889/90(2), 890/91(2); Istakhr; Bukhara; al-Basrah; Tifls,862/63, Ifrqiyah; al900; Jayy;Dimashq; Ra's al-'Ayn;al-Rahbah;al-Rfiqah;Rmhurmuz; Surramanra'; Sq al-Ahwz; S.kzhar (?); Rayy;Zaranj;Sijistn;Samarqand; alal-Shsh; Tabaristn; Misr;Qasr al-Salm;Qumm;Kirmn; al-Abbsiyyah; Madnatal-Salm; Marw; Madin Kfah;al-Mubrakah; al-Muhammadiyyah; 805/06(2), 806/07(3), 808/09, 828/29;Madinal-Shsh;al-Mawsil Bjunays, 786/87(2); Hrunbd, 785/86(2); l(?); Nasbn; Harh; al-Hruniyyah, Wsit;al-Yammah. Hshimiyyah;
Bardhah X. Saffrid (7) Struck between and897/98 in Arrajn, 878/79 Shrz, Marw, Naysbur Xl.SmnidOW) Struck between 879/80and 906/07in Samarqand, al-Shsh, Marw,Naysbur, etc. XII. Bnljrid (2?) Andarbah, 904/05 891/92, XIII. Zaydid() 881/82 Jurjn,
IX.Sjid(l)
800/01 al-Abbsiyyah, VI. Idrsid(8) 790/91 806/07 Wallah, Tudghah, VII. Khrijite ImmKhalafibn al-Mad' (1?) 791/92 Tudghah, VIII. Thirid (44) Struck between 821/22and 867/68in Zaranj,Samarqand, al-Shsh, Fris,alHarh Marw, Muhammadiyyah, Naysbur,
' . Aghlabid {')
Kiev,pp. 121-22; Korzukhina, Karger, Klady,p. 83, no. 13; E. A. Pakhomov, i drugikh kraevi oblastiKavkaza, Monetnye kladyAzerbaidzhana respublik, vol. 2 (Baku,1938),pp. 70-71, no. 612; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,p. 165,no. 9. 17. Kiev. 1927. In laying dirhams werefound.All were underground pipes,four bbasiddirhams in Samarqand struck in 809/10. "Sasanidskikh,"p. 89, no. 140; Kotlar, Karger,Kiev, p. 122; Kropotkin, "Obrt,"p. 22, no. 15.
416
THOMAS S. NOONAN
werepartof a necklacefoundin grave 112 exca18. Kiev. 1936. Eightdirhams Seven were Smnid: al-Shsh,900, vated in the yardof the ArtInstitute. The eighth 900, 912/13;Marw,914/15. 900/01, 922/23, 914-943; Samarqand, andindeterminable. was very worn dirham Kiev,pp. 178-82, no. 112. Karger, oxidizedSmniddirham, struck between 961 19. Kiev. 1937. A highly probably in theexcavations of grave123 in theyardof theArtInstiand 976, was found tute. Kiev,pp. 206-208, no. 123. Karger, on the Kyselivka/Zamkova 20. Kiev. 1939. Duringexcavations Hill, a Smnid dirham of943 was found. Drevnii Kiev,p. 165,no. 10. Kiev,p. 122;Tolochko, Karger, Church. intheyard oftheSt. Andrew 21. Kiev.Date ?. An Islamiccoinwas found Drevnii Tolochko, Kiev,p. 165,no. 14. Liebknecht 22. Kiev. Date ?. An Islamiccoin was foundat 9 Kateryns'ka/Karl Street. Drevnii Kiev,p. 165,no. 13. Tolochko, oblast'. ca. 1868. Islamic Kozelets'raion.Chernihiv 23. Near thevillageofSavyn. centuries werefoundin sandyburialmounds. and eleventh coins of thetenth of811/12-941/42. bbasiddirhams The coinsincluded no. 293. 51, Markov, Topografiia, p. of 799/800was Kiev gubernia. 24. Kiev county. Before1890. Anbbasiddirham landsofCountDobrynskii. found on theformer obih,p. 41, fn.23, no. 4; Markov, Kotliar, Topografiia, p. 14,no. 76. Hroshovyi struck dirham 1898. An'Abbasid oblast'.Before 25. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasy at Kniazhahora. was found in 811/12 in Samarqand "Sasanidskikh," p. 90, no. 152. Kropotkin, dirham ca. 1911. An indeterminable oblast9. 26. Oster.Kozeletsraion.Chernihiv sitenearthecity. at a fortified was found "Sasanidskikh," p. 91, no. 156. Kropotkin, was dirham raion.1909-1914. A tenth-century 27. Bilohorodka. Kiev-Sviatoshyne neartheMalyiKhram. inone ofthegraves found Motsia,"Monety,"p. 78, no. III. raion. Kiev oblast'. 1912. A huge coin28. Denysy.Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi the5,400silver in a claypot. Among hoardwas found treasure coins,theearlito 1002-1026. Giventhelargenumber andthemostrecent estdatedtopre-750 ofcoinsin for certain different to find of coins,itis notsurprising types figures thehoard. = 5,325 + 4,293 A. Dirhams total) (402whole fragments
671 (668) dirhams and published Fasmeridentified (378 [376] whole + 293 In addition, he theHermitage. reached from [292] fragments) amongthosethat On which couldnotbe identified. and 1,630 fragments dirhams noted24 worn between thedate,usually either was able to decipher Fasmer 207 suchfragments orthemint, and999/1000, Bukhara, Andarbah, mul, 922/23 Samarqand, e.g., andNaysbr. Madnat al-Salm, al-Shsh,
4 17
I. Umay yad ( 1) 1 Mintanddateindeterminable WAbbsidl) 1 al-Muhammadiyyah, 805/06 2 al-Kufah, 941/42 912/13, 2 Madnat 941/42 al-Salm, 930/31, 1 al-Basrah, 932/33 1 mint 908-932 indeterminable, III. Amir al-Umara ( 1) lal-Mawsil,940/41 IV. Smnid(379) 75 Samarqand, 914-943 900/01, 917/18, 930/31, 933, 936/37, 939/40, 940/41, (4), 943/44,947/48,948/49,949/50,950/51,951/52,943-954 (4), 954/55, 955/56, 958/59,960/61(2), 962/63,964/65,965 (2), 965/66(5), 966/67(2), 961-976 (5), 977/78(6), 969/70(2), 973/74, 968/69, 974/75, 976/77, 977/78, 979/80 (2), 981/82, 984/85 (3), 985/86, 988/89 (4), 989/90 (2), 995/96, 976-997(6) 90 al-Shsh, or 904/05, 895/96 901/02, 923/24, 925/26, 926/27, 928/29, 930/31, 914-943 (4), 946/47, 933, 934/35(2), 935/36(2), 936/37(2), 940/41, 941/42, 943-954 (3), 954/55, 952/53(2), 953/54, 965 (3), 960/61(4), 962/63, 955/56, 965/66(3), 966/67,968/69(2), 970/71 (2), 971/72(2), 972/73,973/74(2), 974/75(2), 975/76(2), 961-976 (14), 977/78, 979/80(2), 981/82(2), 982/83 976-997 (5) 985/86 (2), 983/84 (2), 984/85, (4), 986/87, 987/88, 990/91, 1 Andarbah, 915/16 7 Balkh, 961-976 (3) 935/36, 955/56, 954-961, 962/63, 24 Mintindeterminable, 897/98, 906/07,931/32,950/51(2), 957/58,958/59, 959/60(2), 962/63, 965, 965/66(2), 966/67,967/68, 970/71,974/75, 978/79, 979/80 988/89 (2), 985/86, (2), 1003/04. 116 Mintanddateindeterminable, 907-914 (2), 914-943 (10), 943-954 (15), 954-961 (9), 961-976 (54), 976-997 (26) 42 Bukhara, 947/48 953/54, 958/59(3), 959/60, (2), 951/52, 957/58, 960/61(5), 954-961 (3), 962/63 (4), 963/64 (2), 964/65 (2), 965 (5), 965/66, 66/67, 969/70, 961-976 (2), 975/76-979/80 971/72, (2), 986/87 (3), 988/89 3 mul, 966/67 (2), 967/68 12 Rasht, 970/71 (2), 971/72 (2), 974/75 976/77 (2), 975/76, (3), 961-976 (2) 9 Naysbur, 976-997 (4) 983/84, 984/85, 985/86, 986/87, 987/88, V. Imitations (6) 6 Smnid prototype VI. Smjd(ll) 17 Naysbur, 1,, 987/88 980s-990s (5) 990/9 994/95 (6), 989/90, (3), 995/96, VII. Bnijrid (2) 2 Andarbah, 909/10 907/08, VIII. Amirs (2) ofAndarbah 2 Andarbah, 1, 975/76 970/7 IX. ilek-Khnid (4) 2 Taraz,1003/04 (2) 2 Mintanddateindeterminable (2) X. Buwayhid (159) 1 al-Mawsil, 944/45 1 Rmhurmuz, 960/61 13 Araajn,977/78(2), 959/60,970/71,971/72,974/75,975/76,970s (3), ca. 980 978/79, 981/82,
418
THOMAS S. NOONAN 1 Qumm, 970/71 2 Mh al-KDfah, 977/78 965/66, 980s (2), 984/85 960s-970s, 980/81, 7 al-Muhammadiyyah, 982/83, (2) 1 Jannb, 956/57 1 al-STrajn, 976/77 980s (2) 980s (2), 981/82, 8 Astarbdh, 988/89, 983/84, 980/81, 12 mul,980/81, 989/90(2), ca. 990 980s, 985/86, 983/84, 981/82(3), 982/83, (2) 1 al-Basrah (?), 980s 980s (2) 5 Sriyyah, 985/86, 982/83, 979/80, 980s (3) 4 Madnat 981/82, al-Salm, 2 Wasit, 979/80 (2) 991/92 14 Jurjn, 985/86, 987/88, 982/83 980/81, 981/82, (2), 980s (6), 983/84, 1 Qaswin,981/82 1 Hamadhn, 982/83 980s 1 Firrm, 1 Hausam(?), 985/86 18 Mint indeterminable, 949/50,940s, 965 or 974/75,967/68,974/75 (2), 986/87 985/86, (3) (2), 989/90 983/84 982/83, (3), 984/85, 975/76, ca. 950, 960s-970s (35), 980s (25) 61 Mintanddateindeterminable, 2 Isbahn, 980s (2) I Sq al-Ahwz, 981/82 XL Ziyrid (74) 970s (3) 7 Astarbdh, 975/76, 972/73 (2), 973/74, 970s (3), 979/80 975/76, 974/75, I 1 mul, 971/72 969/70, 968/69, (2), 973/74, 974/75(2), 975/76,976/77 973/74, 17 Jurjn, 968/69(2), 970/71(2), 972/73, (3), 970s (4), 977/78 978/79 7 Sriyyah, 976/77 972/73, (2), 970s,977/78, 969/70, 978/79 975/76, (2) 974/75, 6 Mintindeterminable, 910/11,969/10, 970s (26) 26 Mintanddateindeterminable, XII. HamdnidO) 1 Hirns, 945/46 1 al-Mawsil, 949/50 1 Nasbn, 958/59 XIII. Marwnid (4) 1 Mayyfriqn, 1008/09 1000s(3) 3 Mintanddateindeterminable, XIV. Sallrid(i) 1 Ardabl, 965/66 XV. Bwandid(5) 970s 979/80, 5 Firrm, 975/76, 969/70, 966/67, XVl.Vqaylid(l) 1 al-Mawsil, 1000/01 XVII. Julandid (2) 950/51 Huz,949/50, B. WestEuropean (41) Czech, Danish, English, and German deniers dating from 919-936 to 1002-1026 Deniers C. Imitation (15) D. Byzantine (4) Tzimisces(969-976) and 1 of Basil II and Constantine of John 3 miliaresia VIII (976- 1025) E. Imitation (1- copper) Byzantine F. India(2)
MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD Tenth (1), ca. 900 (1) Century G. Rus' (6 or7) Volodimer (980- 1015),5 or6 Iaroslav (1019- 1054), 1 one silver The hoard also contained ingot.
4 19
R. Fasmer,"Kuficheskiia klada," Izvestiia monety Pereiaslavskogo komissii 51 (1914): 17-66; Korzukhina, Klady,pp. arkheologicheskoi cen85-86, no. 18,who datesthehoard'sburialto theearlyeleventh " ia," pp. 181-82, no. 380, who dates the tury;Potin, Topografi to 1010. hoard'sburial
oblast'. 1913-1914. An imitation dirham of the raion.Chernihiv 29. Bakhmach1 inburial mound 7. with a tabattached was found tenth century Motsia,"Monety,"p. 79, no. IX. Chernihiv 30. Bondari.Ostercounty. province.1913-1914. A hoardof 420 dirdirham recent coinwas a Smnid of951/52. hamswas found.The most
I. Smnid(323) dirhams II. Imitation (17) III. Others (?)
I. Umayyad (2) 2 Wsit, 747/48 (2) iVAbbsid(49) 11 Madnatal-Salm,765/66, 778/79,782/83, 773/74, 786/87, 788/89, 786/87, 782/83, 869/70 786/87-795/96, 807/08, 849/50, 867/68, 788/98, 5 al-Muhammadiyyah, 771/72 902/03-907/08 819/20, 833/34, (?), 798/99, 1 al-bbasiyyah, 783/84 1 Madnat 803/04 Balkh, 5 Samarqand, 867/68 805/06, (3), 865/66-868/69 8 mintindeterminable, 787/88,823/24,848/49,854/55-863/64, 867/68(2), 893/94, 933/34-940/41 2 Madnat or 826/27 816/17 Isbahn, 813/14, IMakka, 816/17 3 al-Shash, 869/70-892/93 840/41, 859/60, 2 Marw, or 853/54, 851/52 862/63-865/66 2 Surra manra'a, 859/60, 865/66 1 Wsit, 875/76 3 Armniyah, 880/81 (2), 890/91 4 Mintandyearindeterminable, 4 III. Smnid(39) 8 Samarqand, 894/95, 895/96, 897/98, 905/06, 935/36, 945/46 913/14-942/43, (2) 18 al-Shash, 894/95 900/01(2), (3), 895/96(3), 896/97(3), 897/98(2), 898/99, 899/900, 904/05 902/03, 903/04, 5 Andarbah, 902/03 892/93-907/08 905/06, (2), 903/04, 3 Balkh, or931/31 905/06 (2), 929/30 5 Mintindeterminable, or940/41, 913/14-942/43 942/43-950/51. (3), 938/39
"Sasanidskikh," p. 90, no. 153. Kropotkin, Near Kiev. 1916. A hoardof Islamicand West Europeansilver 31. Khabrivka. and 23 coins was foundin a clay pot. In 1968, thepot along with106 dirhams in Warsaw. It is believedthat weresoldtomuseums these129 coinsconstideniers hoard.The oldestdirham datedto 747/48 tute oftheoriginal andthemost onlypart of 1018-1035. coinwas a denier recent
420
THOMAS S. NOONAN
IV. Safrid(3) 1 al-Banjhr, 868-878/79 1 Shrz, 885/86 1 Arrajn, 891/92 V. Banjurid (2) 2 Andarbah, 904/05 (2) VI. Imitations (11) 6 bbsidprototypes 2 Smnid prototypes 2 Indeterminable prototypes 1 Blankflan VII. West EuropeanQ3) 15 German 2 Czech 4 English 1 Scandinavian 1 French
skarb Maria Czapkiewiczand Anna Kmietowicz, "Wczesnosredniowieczny z Chabrwki koto Kijowa," Wiadomosci 17, no. 1 Numizmatyczne srebrny theexactlocation of Khabrivka couldnotestablish (1973): 16-46. The authors Chabrwka). (Polish, raion.Cherkasy oblast'. 1961. An bbsid dir32. Zarubyntsi. Monastyryshche of the in Madnatal-Salm in 814/15was foundin a settlement ham struck ninth -tenth centuries. "Sasanidskikh," p. 89, no. 139. Kropotkin, oblast'. 1974. A dirhamwas raion. Cherkasy 33. Zarubyntsi. Monastyryshche excavated inone ofthedwellings found archaeological digs. during 1974 goda (Moscow, 1975),p. 291. Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia oblast'. 1979-1980. During Kanivraion.Cherkasy 34. Monastyrok. archaeologiof 740/41(Umayyad?) was of the medievalsite,a dirham cal excavations in 1980. of761 (bbsid ?) was found in 1979,anda dirham found 1979 goda (Moscow, 1980), p. 299; Arkheologiotkrytiia Arkheologicheskie 1980 goda (Moscow,1981),p. 277. cheskie otkrytiia
42 1
APPENDIX B: FindsofByzantine Coins from Kiev andSurrounding Areas coins werefoundin the churchyard of the Desiatynna 1. Kiev. 1824. Byzantine Church. vizantiiskikh," p. 173,no. 39 (515). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, of Theodora(1055-1056) was found thedig2. Kiev. 1830s. A nomisma during gingofcellars. vizantiiskikh," "Novyenakhodki p. 173,no. 40 (516). Kropotkin, bronzeByzantine coin of thetenth -eleventh centu3. Kiev. 1843. An anonymous, TzimnearSt. Sophia Cathedral.It is often attributed to John rieswas found isces(969-976). Kiev,p. 125; Tolochko, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 164; Karger, Kropotkin, Drevnii Kiev,p. 164, no. 1 4. Kiev. 1853. A Bronze Byzantinecoin (no date given) was found on theremoval ofwalls. Street during Velykopidval'na DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 165; Tolochko, Kropotkin, no. 19. VIII (976- 1025) was found at 5. Kiev. 1876. A solidusof Basil II andConstantine theformer Bessarabian Square. DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 167; Tolochko, Kropotkin, no. 10. werefound at 6. Kiev. 1878. Severalcopper coins,probably Byzantine anonymous, for treasure. excavations theKudriavets' during Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 168. Kropotkin, coin of theninth -eleventh centu7. Kiev. 1882. An anonymous copperByzantine inthePodilsection on Kozhumiaky Street. rieswas found DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 169; Tolochko, Kropotkin Tzimisces(969-976) there no. 3, reports coinsofJohn also. VII (919-921) was found coinof Constantine in grave94 8. Kiev. 1882. A copper in the former on Velyka Dorohozhyts'ka (now yardof T. V. Kybal'chych no. 40. Street, Mel'nykiv) vizantiiskikh," "Novye nakhodki p. 173, no. 41 (170); Tolochko, Kropotkin, Drevnii Kiev,p. 164,no. 9. 1883. A solidusofConstantine VII andRomanus II (945-959) was 9. Kiev. Before found nearSt. SophiaCathedral. DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 166; Tolochko, Kropotkin, no.4. coin of Basil I (877-886) was found 10. Kiev. 1883. A Kherson-Byzantine along intheformer Street ofM. F. Biliashivs'kyi. Malo-Volodymyrs'ka yard Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, p. 32, no. 171.
422
S. NOONAN THOMAS
11. Kiev. Ca. 1888. A hoard of anonymous Byzantinecopper coins of the was found on Spas'ka Street neartheformer tenth -eleventh centuries yardof inthePodil. Ninecoinswereidentified; are attributed to Ivanishev they usually John Tzimisces (969-976). Kiev,p. 124; Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 172; Tolochko, Karger, coins foundalong DrevniiKiev, p. 164, no. 14, lists a hoardof Byzantine in thePodil; he also lists, HerovTrypillia Street, formerly Spas'ka Street, p. in 1855. Tzimisces found 164,no. 2, 9 coinsofJohn on April20 alongTroitskii, hoardwas found now 12. Kiev. 1889. A coin-treasure in theformer The coins included yardof Hrebenovs'kyi. Ryl'skyi provulok, II Comtabs: AlexiusI Comnenus twobentsolidiwith (1081-111 8) andJohn nenus(1118-1143). DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 173; Tolochko, Kropotkin, no. 21. and ofRomanus 13.Kiev.Early1890s. Two miliaresia I, Constantine VII, Stephen, in theexcavation of grave124 on Frunze Constantine (931-944) werefound Street. DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 175; Tolochko, Kropotkin, no. 15. VII and RomanusII (945-959) was found 14. Kiev. 1893. A coin of Constantine sewer construction. during vizantiiskikh," pp. 173-74, no.42 (517). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, on theKyselivka. was found 15.Kiev.1894. A silver coin,apparently Byzantine, Drevnii no. Kiev,p. 164, 174; Tolochko, p. 32, Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, Zamkovahora. from -tenth coinsoftheninth no. 5, reports century in the coinsand treasure werefound 16. Kiev.No laterthan1899. Five Byzantine Herov Revoliutsii Street. Kravtsov former along yard vizantiiskikh," p. 174,no.43 (518). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, 17. Kiev. 1899. (See appendixA, no. 10) Amonggold coins in a coin-treasure II Phocas (963-969); 7 Basil II and Conhoardwere 15 solidi: 1 Nicephorus IX VIII (976-1025); 2 RomanusIII (1028-1034); 1 Constantine stantine Monomakh (1057-1059). (1042- 1055);4 Isaac I Comnenus DrevniiKiev,p. 164, p. 32, no. 176; Tolochko, Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, no. 6, says 12 goldcoins. coin coin and an unspecified 1907. A Byzantine 18. Kiev.Before Byzantine copper werefound.No datesaregiven. Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, nos. 185 and 186. Kropotkin, coins was found on the 19. Kiev. 1908. A hoard of 37 Kherson-Byzantine I 2 and Constantine I Basil 28 Basil (867-870); 5 (867-886); Kyselivka: II Phocas RomanusI (919-944); 1 RomanusII (959-963); 1 Nicephorus (963-969).
HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY PERIOD
423
DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, p. 32, no. 177; Tolochko, no. 7. 20. Kiev. 1908. Duringarchaeological excavations of grave122 at theDesiatynna a gildedsilver"barbarian"imitation of a solidusof Basil I and ConChurch, stantine VIII (976-1025) was found. (869-879) or Basil II and Constantine The coinhada tab. Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 178. 21. Kiev. 1908-1914. Duringarchaeological excavations at thesite of theDesiatynna Church, several anonymous Byzantine copper coins of the tenth -eleventh centuries werefound. Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, p. 32, no. 179. 22. Kiev.1920s. A miliaresion of John Tzimisces(969-976) was found on theleft bankoftheDnieper. vizantiiskikh," "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, p. 174,no.44 (519). 23. Kiev. 1937. Duringarchaeological excavationsat the St. Michael GoldenDomed Monastery, a coppercoin of AlexiusI Comnenus (1081-1118) was indwelling found 3. DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 180; Tolochko, no. 20, liststwoByzantine coinsfrom the1934- 1938excavations. 24. Kiev. 1939. An unspecified numberof copper coins were found at the Luk'ianivka. They included: Constantine VII (913-959); the period from John Tzimiscesto RomanusIII (969-1034); Theodora(1055-1056); Isaac I Comnenus (1057-1059); a worn coin of either Constantine X Ducas of thesecoins (1059-1067) orMichaelVII Ducas (1071- 1078). The majority wereevidently anonymous. vizantiiskikh," Kropotkin, "Novyenakhodki p. 174,no. 45 (520). 25. Kiev. 1949. Duringarchaeological excavationsat the St. Michael GoldenDomedMonastery, a copper coinoftheeighth was found. Byzantine century DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 181; Tolochko, no. 18. 26. Kiev. 1950. Duringarchaeological excavations near the cornerof Volos'ka Street andHeroivTrypillia in thePodil,a copper Street coinofAlexiusI Comnenus (1081- 1118) was found. Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 182. 27. Kiev.1955. During excavations at 7-9 Volodymyrs'ka a Street, archaeological coinofLeo VI (886-912) was found. copper DrevniiKiev,p. 164, Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 183; Tolochko, no. 12. 28. Kiev. 1959 (?). During thedigging of a ditchin theMykil'skasloboda,on the leftbankof theDnieper, a solidusof RomanusI and Christopher (919-944) was found, ina burial mound. probably Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 187.
424
THOMAS S. NOONAN
in coinswerefound excavations 29. Kiev. 1972. Two copper during archaeological VII (945-959) and one poorly Red Square in the Podil: 1 Constantine I (921-944). toRomanus nowattributed preserved, Drevnii Novoev arkheologii, Kiev,p. 164,no. 16. pp. 415-16; Tolochko, in VIII (1025-1028) werefound 30. Kiev. 1972-1973. Two coinsof Constantine inthePodil. excavations 373. Novoev arkheologii, in theexcavations 31. Kiev. 1973. Two Byzantine coppercoinswerefound during was probably of the in the Podil: one, poorlypreserved, theZhytnyi rynok -eleventh one was an anonymous coin of thetenth -eleventhcenturies; tenth centuries. Drevnii Novoev arkheologii, Kiev,p. 164,no. 17. pp. 416- 17; Tolochko, coin of the eleventh -twelfth was 32. Kiev. 1974 or 1975. A Byzantine century inthePodil. inexcavations at 17 Volos'ka Street, found Drevnii Novoev arkheologii, Kiev,p. 164,no. 22. p. 371; Tolochko, coin of thetenth -eleventh centu33. Kiev. 1981-1982. An anonymous Byzantine at 9-11 Poliny excavations ries was foundby chanceduring archaeological Street. Osypenko la. E. Borovs'kyi (Borovskii)and M. A. Sahaidak(Sagaidak), "ArkheologiKieva v 1978-1982 gg.," in Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia verkhnego Kieva 1978-1983 gg. (Kiev, 1985),p. 50. cheskie issledovaniia a 34. Kiev. Date ? Tolochko,DrevniiKiev, p. 164, nos. 8, 11, and 13, reports the 6 coins of "Iaroslav's from coin City," Byzantine ninth-century Byzantine the coinsfrom and6 Byzantine from ninth -tenth centuries hora, Starokyvs'ka nowRed Square. Brotherhood oftheformer Monastery, yard Kiev raion. 1824. A nomisma 35. Vyshhorod. (?) of Theodora(1055-1056) was found. vizantiiskikh," p. 173,no. 36 (512). "Novye nakhodki Kropotkin, 1837. ManyByzantine oblast'.Before 36. Kaniv.Cherkasy coppercoinsof various nearthetown. werefound types vizantiiskikh," p. 179,no. 78 (548). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, nomisma a Byzantine Fastiv.Kievoblast'.1866. A goldcoin,probably 37. Trylisy. was foundin a nomadicgraveinsidea -thirteenth of theeleventh centuries, mound. burial vizantiiskikh," p. 174,no. 48 (522). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, raion.Kiev oblast'. 1874. AlongtheDnieperand nearthe Obukhiv 38. Trypillia. I (919-944) was found. coinofRomanus a copper village Kherson-Byzantine p. 33, no. 191. Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, 39. Bezridna.Kiev county. copper coin of the late Before1876. A Byzantine was found. tenth century -earlyeleventh vizantiiskikh," p. 173,no. 33 (509). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin,
PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY
425
oblast'. Before1885. A coin of John Now in Cherkasy Kanivcounty. 40. Former Tzimisces (969-976) was found. Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 277. Kropotkin, oblast1. 1S87. A coin-treasure hoardwas 41. Kniazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasy found which included two gold coins of Nicephorus III Botaneiates (1078-1081). Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 279. Kropotkin, oblast'. Before1899. A Kherson-Byzantine 42. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy I coin of Romanus (920-944) and a coppercoinof one oftheComneni copper were foundduringarchaeological excavationsat Kniazha (twelfth century) hora. vizantiiskikh," "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, p. 179,no. 81 (551). Korsun-Shevchenkivs 43. Sakhnivka. oblast1.1900. A coinkyiraion. Cherkasy in twopotsnearthesite. It included treasure hoardwas found twogoldcoins: 1 ManuelI Comnenus (1 143- 1180) and 1 lost. Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, p. 37, no. 281. 44. Bilohorodka.Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. 1882. A nomismaof Romanus III (1028- 1034) was found. Argyrus vizantiiskikh," "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, p. 173,no. 34 (510). 45. Hamarnia.Kaniv raion.Cherkasy oblast1.1890s. A nomisma of Basil II and VIII (976- 1025) was found inthevillage. Constantine vizantiiskikh," Kropotkin, "Novyenakhodki p. 179,no. 77 (547). 46. Vyshhorod. Kievoblast1. 1906. During a copperByzantine coin of excavations, thelatetenth eleventh was found oftheDnieper. -early century alongtheshore vizantiiskikh," Kropotkin, "Novyenakhodki p. 173,no. 37 (513). 47. Bilohorodka. raion. 1909. A solidus of JohnTzimisces Kiev-Sviatoshyne inthefoundations ofa burnt (969-976) was found building. Kropotkin, Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 162. 48. Vypovziv. Kozelets1raion. Chernihiv oblast1.Before 1911. An anonymous was found near Byzantine coppercoin of thelatetenth -earlyeleventh century thevillage. vizantiiskikh," Kropotkin, "Novyenakhodki p. 179,no. 87 (557). 49. Denysy. raion.Kiev oblast1. 1912. (See appendix A, Pereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyi no. 28) The largehoard of some5,400 silver coinsincluded three of fragments miliaresia ofJohn Tzimisces(969-976), a miliaresion of Basil II and ConstantineVIII (976-1025), and one fragment of a copper"barbarous"imitation of a coinofBasil II andConstantine VIII (976- 1025). Korzukhina, Klady,pp. 85-86, no. 18; Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 163. 50. Somewhere in themiddle 1914. A pendant madefrom a ByzanDnieper. Before tine coinwas obtained from theKhvoika collection. copper
426
THOMAS S. NOONAN
Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 190. Kropotkin, in the middleDnieper.Ca. 1917. A Byzantine 51. Somewhere coppercoin was found. p. 33, no. 189. Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, Kiev oblast'. Before1927. A coin of Basil I (867-886) was report52. Obukhiv. came from thecoin mostlikely believesthat found. however, Kropotkin, edly collection. a private Kladyvizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 188. Kropotkin, Now part of Kiev. 1934. Along the Dnieperan anonymous 53. Vyhurivshchyna. was found. coinofthelatetenth century -earlyeleventh copper Byzantine vizantiiskikh," p. 173,no. 35 (511). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin, X coinswerefound: 1 Constantine Kievoblast'.1937. Two copper 54. Vyshhorod. IV Diogenes(1068-1071). Ducas (1059-1067) and 1 Romanus vizantiiskikh," p. 173,no. 38 (514). "Novye nakhodki Kropotkin, archaeoraion.Kievoblast'.1950. During 55. Andrushi. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi coin of Conbronze a in a excavations dune, Byzantine pierced sandy logical X Ducas (1059-1067) was found. stantine p. 32, no. 161a. Kladyvizantiiskikh, Kropotkin, a Byzantine excavations Kiev oblast'. 1960. During 56. Rzhyshchiv. archaeological coinwas found. vizantiiskikh," p. 174,no.47 (188a). "Novyenakhodki Kropotkin,
HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD MONETARY Coins APPENDIX C: FindsofWestEuropean from Kiev andSurrounding Areas
427
III (1039- 1056) was found coinof Henry 1. Kiev.1835. A German alongKozynein whatis nowtheareaoftheSquareoftheOctober Revolution. BolotoStreet DrevniiKiev,p. 165,no. 1, Potin, p. 181,no. 373; Tolochko, "Topografiia," where thecoinis datedto 1080. 2. Kiev.Before coinsdating to thereign 1895. Two hoards"withGerman of Henry II (1002- 1024)" werefound. Potin, p. 181,nos. 374-75; Novoe v arkheologii, "Topografiia," pp. 420-22, that thefirst hoardresulted from a confusion whereit is argued withthe 1835 find andthat thesecondhoard didnotexist. 3. Kiev. 1936-1939. A gildedVenetian coin of Doge Dandolo (1192-1205) was found the excavation of a of theDesiatynna Church. during gravein theruins A Venetian grossoor groatof Doge PetroZiani (1205-1229) was foundby chanceon Starokyivs'ka Hill. Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 358, 422; Potin,"Topografiia,"p. 181, no. 376; Drevnii Tolochko, Kiev,p. 165,no. 2. 4. Kiev. 1940. Two deniers of thelate tenth -eleventhcenturies werefoundin the excavations at theSt. MichaelGolden-Domed 1 English, Aethelred Monastery: II (978-1016) and 1 German, OttoandAdelheid (991- 1040). Novoev arkheologii, p. 415. 5. Kiev. 1978. Fourdeniers from thefirst halfof theeleventh werefound century excavations at 36-38 Reitars 'ka Street: 2 Cnut during archaeological English, helmet different indeterI, pointed mints;1 English, type(1017-1022), from minable,perhapsEdward the Confessor(1042-1066); 1 poorlypreserved, II (1014- 1024). German, perhaps Henry Borovs'kyi and Sahaidak, "Arkheologicheskieissledovaniia verkhnego DrevniiKiev,p. Kieva," p. 42; Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 419-20; Tolochko, 165,no. 3. 6. Cherkasy. 1900. A hoard ofdeniers was found around Before Cherkasy. Only21 vendki oftheeleventh areknown from thishoard. century Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181,no. 379. 7. Ostercounty. Chernihiv 1917. A hoardofWestEuropean coins gubernia. Before ofthetenth -eleventh centuries was found.No further details areavailable. Potin, p. 181,no. 377. "Topografiia," 8. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast'. 1930s. Duringarchaeological twodeniers excavations, were found: 1 English,AethelredII (978-1016); 1 German,Otto and Adelheid (991-1040). Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181,no. 372. 9. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast'. 1980. An Englishdenierof Aethelred II (976-1016) was found excavations. during archaeological Novoev arkheologii, p. 424.
428
THOMAS S. NOONAN
raion.Kiev oblast'. 1912. (See appendix 10. Denysy. A, Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi WestEuropean deniers between no. 28; appendix B, no. 49) Forty-one dating 919-936 and 1002-1026 werepartof a hugecoin-treasure hoard,including ca. 1020. some5,400silver coins,deposited deniers Near Kiev. 1916. (See appendixA, no. 31) Twenty-three 11. Khabrivka. dated 919-964 and 1018-1035 (one of whichwas tentatively between dating were allegedlypartof a dirhamhoard -thirteenth to the twelfth centuries) dirham datedto945/46. whosemost recent
PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY oftheKiev Type APPENDIX D: Ingots intheRus' LandsandOther found Ingots in andaround Kiev found
429
silveringots of theKiev type 1. Kiev. 1787. (See appendix A, no. 2) Threeor four the hoard found of the werepart ofa coin-treasure along slopes Khreshchatyk. Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29, where the hoard is dated to the eleventh centuries; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia,"p. 133, no. 34; -early twelfth Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 33. Tolochko, oftheKiev type 2. Kiev.1826. Foursilver weighing 162.2geach werefound ingots intheruins Church. oftheDesiatynna Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 68; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102, no. 42; ToloDrevnii chko,"Topohrafiia," Kiev,p. 173,no. 1. p. 130,no. 1; Tolochko, 3. Kiev. 1838. Three(or five)silveringotsof the Kiev typewere foundin the former yard of Kororov/Trubetskoi. They weighed 164.2g, 155.7g, and 153.7g. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 80; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102, no. 43; ToloDrevnii chko,"Topohrafiia," Kiev,p. 173,no. 3. p. 130,no. 3; Tolochko, 4. Kiev.By 1846. A. S. Annenkov donated a silver of theKiev type, ingot perhaps from Kiev. of a chance find to thisingot and the Korzukhina, part According "Kiev. 1847" maybe part ofone hoard found in 1842. one from thehoard Korzukhina, Klady,pp. 106-107, no. 65B andp. 108,no. 65, where is datedbetween the1170sand 1240. 5. Kiev.1847. A silver of theKiev typeweighing ingot 153.6gwas partof a treasthe in urehoard found Church the former ofAnnenkov. by Desiatynna garden IFin,Topografiia, p. 24, no. 69; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 44; Korzuthehoardis datedbetween the1170s and khina, Klady,p. 107,no. 65V, where no. Drevnii 1240;Tolochko, 130, 4; Tolochko, Kiev,p. 173, "Topohrafiia," p. no.4. 6. Kiev. 1851. Six (or three) of theKiev typewerefound in theformer ingots yard ofKorol'ovorAnnenkov. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 81; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 65; ToloDrevnii chko,"Topohrafiia," Kiev,p. 173,no. 5. p. 130,no. 5; Tolochko, 7. Kiev. 1854. Two silveringots of theKiev typewerefoundwithtreasure in the former mistsia (15 Volodymyrs'ka Street). Prysutstvenni Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 83; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 66; Korzuthe 1170s and khina, Klady,p. 114,no. 88, wherethehoardis datedbetween 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 18; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev, p. 173,no. 17. 8. Kiev. 1857. Six silveringotsof the Kiev typeweighing between160.9g and ofa hoard found in theformer ofKlimovich. 152.6gwerepart yard thehoardis datedbetween the1170s Korzukhina, Klady, p. 110,no. 76, where
430
THOMAS S. NOONAN and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," DrevniiKiev,p. p. 130,no. 6; Tolochko, 173,no. 6.
of theKiev typewerepartof a hoardfoundnearthe 9. Kiev. 1862. Threeingots former homeofKlimovich. thehoardis datedbetween the1170s Korzukhina, Klady,p. Ill, no. 77, where DrevniiKiev,p. and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 130,no. 7; Tolochko, 173,no. 7. 10. Kiev. Pre-1868. A silveringotof theKiev typewas partof a treasure hoard in excavations on thelandof theDesiatynna Church.Tolochkoreports found in theyardof theDesiatwoor severalingots of theKiev type werefound that in 1837. Church tynna thehoardis datedbetween the1170s Korzukhina, Klady,p. 108,no. 66, where DrevniiKiev,p. and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 130,no. 2; Tolochko, 173,no. 2. oftheKiev type silver werefound treas11.Kiev.1876. Fourteen alongwith ingots intheformer Church ofLeskov. ureina claypotbytheDesiatynna yard II'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 71; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 68; Korzuthe 1170s khina, Klady,p. 111-12, no. 80, wherethehoardis datedbetween DrevniiKiev,p. and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130,no. 8; Tolochko, 173,no. 8. 34 silveringots of theKiev type hoardincluding 12. Kiev. 1880. A richtreasure was foundwhile digginga canal in the former yardof Kuhlynon Velyka Street. The ingotsweighed: 164.1g, 160.4g (2), 158.5g (2), Zhytomyrs'ka (2) 156.7g, 156.5g, 156.4g, 156.3g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.4g, 157.4g, 158.4g 154.9g, 154.3g, 154.2g, 153.8g (2), 153.7g, 153.5g, 153.1g, 152.8g, 151.8g, and 141.8g. 151.2g,150.8g,148.9g(2), 147.9g,146.5g,144.2g,144.1g, Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 84; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 45: Korzuthe 1170s and khina, Klady,p. 115, no. 90, wherethehoardis datedbetween 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 19; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev, p. 173,no. 18. 13. Kiev. 1882. Two silveringotsof the Kiev typeweighing 166.9g and 160.7g in the former of Church the werefound yard Ageev. by Desiatynna Il'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 72; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102, no. 46; ToloDrevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 9. chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 130-31, no. 9; Tolochko, hoard of theKiev typewerepartof a treasure 14. Kiev. 1885. Nine silveringots 162. of in theformer found Theyweighed: lg, 160.7g,159.2g yard Sikors'kyi. and 150.5g. (2), 158.2g,156.8g,155.7g,153.3g, Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 85; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 47; Korzuthe 1170s no. 98, wherethehoardis datedbetween 117-18, khina, Klady,p. DrevniiKiev, and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 20; Tolochko, p. 173,no. 19. 15. Kiev. 1888. Three ingotsof the Kiev typewere foundby the St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery.
PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY
431
Il'in, Topografia,p. 25, no. 76; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia,"p. 132, no. 24; Drevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 23. Tolochko, was found of theKiev type of ingots 16. Kiev.1888. A hoard alongtheKhreshcharavine. tyk Il'in, Topografia,p. 26, no. 82; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia,"p. 133, no. 35; Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 34. Tolochko, of theKiev typewerefound 17. Kiev.Pre-1889. Severalingots by theDesiatynna ofPrince Trubetskoi. intheformer Church yard Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 70; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 69; ToloDrevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 16. chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131,no. 17; Tolochko, of theKiev typeand silverobjectswerefound 18. Kiev.1889. A silver along ingot Reitars 'ka Street. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 86; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 67; Korzuthe 1170s and khina, Klady,p. 117, no. 97, wherethehoardis datedbetween DrevniiKiev, 1240;Tolochko, pp. 131-32, no. 22; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 173,no. 21. of theKiev 19. Kiev. 1889. (See appendix B, no. 12) Seven (or nine)silveringots hoard found in the formeryard of type were part of a coin-treasure Hrebenovs'kyi.They weighed: 167.9g, 162.6g, 162.5g, 161.8g, 159.7g, 157.3g,andl56g. Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 101,no. 39 Il'in,Topografia, p. 26, no. 87 (7 ingots); (7 ingots);Korzukhina, Klady,p. 118-19, no. 99, wherethe hoardis dated the1170sand 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," between p. 131,no. 21; Sotnikovaand Spasskii,"Russkieklady,"p. 55, no. 17 (6 ingots); DrevTolochko, niiKiev,p. 173,no. 20. 20. Kiev. 1898. One silveringot(or two) of theKiev typeweighing 163.2g (and werefound on theAndreev slope. 154.6g)was/ Il'in, Topografia, p. 20, no. 88; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102, no. 48; ToloDrevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 10. chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131,no. 10; Tolochko, 21. Kiev.1899. (See appendix A, no. 10 and appendix B, no. 17) Two gold ingots form 94.7g and 141.4gwerepartof a coin-treasure of undetermined weighing intheformer ofBrodskii. hoard found yard Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 90; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 90, no. 19; Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30, where the hoard is dated to the Sotnikova and Spasskii,"Russkieklady,"p. eleventh centuries; -earlytwelfth no. 41. 133, 53, no. 2; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. of theKiev typewerefound in a coppervessel 22. Kiev. 1899. Threesilveringots inthePodil. discovered somewhere Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 89; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 70; ToloDrevnii chko,"Topohrafiia," Kiev,p. 174,no. 35. p. 133,no. 36; Tolochko, 23. Kiev. 1900. (See appendix of theNovgorod B, no. 43) A piece of a gold ingot and silver of the Kiev between typeweighing 20g eight ingots typeweighing
432
THOMAS S. NOONAN
hoardobtained forthecollec157.7gand 143.5 g werepartof a coin-treasure tionofB. I. Khanenko. IFin, Topografia, p. 27, no. 91; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 90, no. 20, and p. 101, no. 40; Korzukhina, Klady,p. 131, no. 127, gives Divocha hora,near as thefind to Kiev province, Kanivcounty, Sakhnivka, spotanddatesthehoard no. 25 and betweenthe 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," 132, p. St. MichaelGoldenDrevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 25, givestheyardof theformer as thefind DomedMonastery spot. in the werepart of a hoardfound oftheKiev type 24. Kiev.1900. Two silver ingots oftheTechnical Schoolon Mykhailivs'ka former Square. yard the thehoardis datedbetween Korzukhina, Klady,pp. 114-15, no. 89, where Drevnii 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 132,no. 26; Tolochko, Kiev,p. 173,no. 24. 25. Kiev. 1903. Two silveringotsof the Kiev typeweighing 160.5g and 157.6g with treasure werefound Monastery. bytheSt. MichaelGolden-Domed Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 77; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102,no. 49; Korzuthe1170s thehoardis datedbetween khina, Klady, pp. 120-22, no. 103,where DrevniiKiev, and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 27; Tolochko, pp. 173-74, no. 26. 26. Kiev. 1903. An ingot of the Kiev type was found on the Zamkova coinsofVolodimer Ol'gerdovich. hora/Kyselivka alongwith Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 92; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia,"p. 133, no. 37; Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 36. Tolochko, of and twosilver 27. Kiev.1906. Two gold ingots (or one cutintotwoparts) ingots hoardof the theKiev typeweighing 161.8gand 160g werepartof a treasure of the St. Michael Goldenfromthe courtyard centuries -thirteenth twelfth DomedMonastery. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 78; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 90, no. 21, and p. is no. 101, 41; Korzukhina, Klady,p. 122,no. 105,whereonlyone gold ingot and the hoardis dated betweenthe 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, mentioned 3 Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 27, where p. 132,no. 28; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," arementioned. oftheKiev type andtwoingots goldingots piecesfrom 28. Kiev. 1906. Two silveringotsof the Kiev typewerepartof a largetreasure Street. found hoard alongTrysviatytel's'ka the thehoardis datedbetween Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 124-25, no. 108,where Drevnii 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 132,no. 29; Tolochko, Kiev,p. 174,no. 28. of theKiev typeand 3 53 silveringots hoardincluding 29. Kiev. 1907. A treasure intheSt. and the of (2) 128gwas found 192.9g type weighing Novgorod ingots The Kiev typeingotsweighed: 164.5g, MichaelGolden-Domed Monastery. 164.2g, 164.lg, 163.9g, 163.7g, 163.lg (2), 163g, 162.9g, 162.8g, 162.7g, 162.5g, 162.4g, 162.1g, 162g (2), 161.9g (2), 161.7g (2), 161.6g, 161.4g, 161.2g(3), 161.lg, 160.6g(2), 160.5g,160.2g(2), 160.1g,160g (2), 159.9g,
PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY
433
159.7g(2), 159.3g,159.2g(3), 159.1g,158.9g,158.8g,158.6g,158.5g,158.2g, and 152.2g. 158.1g,158g,157.2g,156.7g,154.2g, Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 79; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 105, no. 63 and p. 119,no. 108; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"1931,p. 64, no. 116; Korzukhina, Klady, the 1170s and 1240; Tolop. 125,no. 106, wherethehoardis datedbetween Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 29. chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 132,no. 30; Tolochko, of theKiev typeweighing 159.4 g was found 30. Kiev. 1908. An ingot alongwith Church. inexcavations treasure bytheDesiatynna Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 73; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 102, no. 50; ToloKiev,p. 173,no. 11,listsone chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131,no. 11 andDrevnii in 1908. found nearthekapyshche oftheNovgorod type ingot a copperingot of theNovgorod was 31. Kiev.1908. A copper tile,apparently type, in excavations.In 1908 two suchcopperingots found werealso found in the and a thirdwas foundin a yard on former yard of the Frol Monastery Street.Finally, an ingotcast from lead and weighing Kostiantynivs'ka 105g. was found on thegrounds oftheSt. SofiaCathedral ca. 1908-1909. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 93; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 119, no. 105; ToloDrevnii chko,"Topohrafiia," Kiev,p. 174,nos. p. 133,nos. 38-39; Tolochko, 37-38. of theKiev typewas found in theyardof theDesia32. Kiev.1909. A silver ingot Church. tynna DrevniiKiev,p. 173,no. Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131,no. 12; Tolochko, 12. of theKiev typewerepartof a hoardfound 33. Kiev. 1911. Six ingots in excavations at the DesiatynnaChurch. They weighed: 165.8g, 159.8g, 159.5g, 156.5g,155.9g,andl46.3g. Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 74; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 103, no. 51; Korzuthe 1170s and khina, Klady,p. 109, no. 69, wherethehoardis datedbetween 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 13; Tolochko,DrevniiKiev, p. 173,no. 13. 34. Kiev. 1914. Fourelectrum of theKiev typewerepartof a hoardfound ingots work at the Church. during Desiatynna Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 75; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106, no. 71, where one silveringot of theKiev typeis noted;Korzukhina, Klady,p. 111, no. 78, where the hoard is dated to between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,p. 173,no. 14. "Topohrafiia," p. 131,no. 14; Tolochko, 35. Kiev. 1936. A silveringot of theKiev typewas partof a hoardfound nearthe intheformer Church ofPetrovs'kyi. Desiatynna yard thehoardis datedbetween the1170s Korzukhina, Klady, p. 108,no. 67, where and 1240;Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131,nos. 15 and 16,andDrevniiKiev, oftheKiev type. p. 173,no. 15,liststwoingots 36. Kiev. 1938. An ingotof theKiev typewas partof a smallhoardfoundat 14 Strilets'ka Street.
434
S. NOONAN THOMAS DrevniiKiev,p. 173,no. Tolochko, p. 132,no. 23;~Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," 22.
between160g and silveringots of theKiev typeweighing 37. Kiev. 1940. Fifteen in Michael the of the St. Golden-Domed of a hoard found were yard part 150g Monastery. Korzukhina, Klady,p. 122, no. 104, wherethe hoardis dated betweenthe Drevnii 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," p. 132,no. 31; Tolochko, Kiev,p. 174,no. 30. 38. Kiev. 1949. A silveringotof the Kiev typewas foundin theyardof the St. MichaelGolden-Domed Monastery. DrevniiKiev,p. 174,no. Tolochko, p. 132,no. 32; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," 31. of theKiev typeweighing 39. Kiev. 1949. Threesilveringots 159.9g,159.7g,and the silver well as three as shape of a small monetary ingotshaving 157.6g werepartof a and a small stick piece) 196.3g,195.3g, three-edged (weighing treasure hoard found along Herov Revoliutsii Street, formerly Trysviatytel's'ka. Korzukhina, Klady,p. 125, no. 109, wherethe hoardis dated betweenthe 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia,"pp. 133-34, no. 33; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,p. 174,no. 32. 1673. At least39 -Riazan county. Riazari gubernia. P eriaslavV 40. Near Kutkova. of theOka hoardfound werepartof a treasure silveringots along a tributary butKorzukhina believedthey is imprecise, oftheseingots (?). The description thetwelfth from oftheKiev type weremostlikely century. the thehoardis datedbetween Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 142-43, no. 161,where 1170sand 1240. of theKiev raion.Kiev oblast'. 1819. Twelve silveringots 41. Staiky. Kakharlyk found. were type Il'in,Topografia, p. 29, no. 104; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 72. raion. Kiev oblast7. 1840. 42. Zhuliany(formerly Zheliany).Kiev-Sviatoshyne werefound.One weighed oftheKiev type 206.9g. Twenty heavyingots no. 99; Tolo"Die no. 118, Silber-," 105; Bauer, 29, Il'in, Topografia, p. p. chko,"Topohrafiia," p. 133,no. 40. werefound oblast'.Pre-1840. Ingots 43. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasy alongwith era. Romancoins. The ingots maydatetothepre-Kievan IFin,Topografia, p. 30, no. 110. of theKiev type Rivneraion.Rivneoblast'. 1852. Severalsilver 44. Khotyn. ingots werefound. Il'in,Topografia, p. 16,no. 20; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 108,no. 83. 1866. A hoardcontaining Rivnecounty. koloniia. 45. Sofiis'ka gubernia. Volhynia of the"West Rus' " silver and twelve of the Kiev one silver ingots type ingot werefound. type
MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD Il'in,Topografia, p. 16,no. 22; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 105,no. 64.
435
46. Terekhovo. Bolkhovskii Orel gubernia.1876. A silver of theKiev county. ingot 159.1 ofa hoard found thedigging ofa field. type weighing g was part during Il'in,Topografia, p. 38, no. 160; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 104,no. 58; Korzuthehoardis datedbetween the1170s khina, Klady, pp. 139-40, no. 154,where and 1240. 47. Horbove.Novhorod-Sivers' oblast'. 1878. Of 25 silver kyiraion. Chernihiv found in a hoard, severalwereidentified: six wereheavyingots of the ingots Kiev type with an average of 195.9g. weight Il'in,Topografia, p. 52, no. 220; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 118,no. 101. 48. Pekaril Kniazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasy oblast'. 1877. Threesilveringots oftheKiev type werefound and 152g. weighing 166.8g,161.4g, 1 1 no. "Die Il'in,Topografia, 1; Bauer, Silber-,"p. 103,no. 52. p. 30, 49. Chernihiv. 1878. A hoard of 9 silver of theKiev type was found nearthe ingots SaviorCathedral. Il'in,Topografia, p. 53, no. 225; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 108,no. 85. 50. Richyka. Near Chernihiv. Pre-1884. Two silveringotsof theKiev typewere found weighing 160gand 157.8g. Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 103,no. 55. 51. VasyVkiv Kiev oblast'. 1885. Severalgold ingots werepart (formerly Vasyliv). ofa treasure hoard found the Stuhna River. along Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 99; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 21, no. 23; Korzuthehoardis datedbetween the1170sand khina, Klady,p. 133,no. 134,where 1240. 52. Vilkhovets' . Zvenyhorodka raion.Cherkasy oblast'. 1888. Foursilveringots of theNovgorod andone silver of the Kiev were found with silver type ingot type jewelry. Il'in,Topografia, p. 28, no. 101; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 77; Korzuthehoardis datedbetween khina, the1170s Klady, pp. 132-33, no. 133,where and 1240. 53. Trypilla. Obukhiv raion.Kievoblast'.Pre-1889. Severalingots oftheKiev type werefound with other together things. Il'in,Topografia, p. 29, no. 106; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 74. 54. Vasyl'kiv Kievoblast'. 1889. Threesilver of theKiev (formerly Vasyliv). ingots werefound. type Il'in,Topografia, p. 28, no. 95; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 73. 55. Pekaril Kniazhahora.Kaniv raion.Cherkasy oblast'. 1889. Four silveringots oftheKiev type and 156.6gwerefound. weighing 159g,158.5g,157.5g, Il'in,Topografia, p. 30, no. 112; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 103,no. 53. 56. Horodok. Rivneraion.Rivneoblast'. 1890. A silveringot of theKiev typewas found with jewelry.
436
THOMAS S. NOONAN Irin, Topografia, p. 16,no. 24; Bauer,"Qie Silber-,"p. 108,no. 84; Korzuthe1170sand thehoardis datedbetween khina, Klady,p. 135,no. 141,where 1240.
1891. An ingotof theKiev type Kiev gubernia. Kaniv county. 57. Pivtsi.Former with silver was found madeofpoorquality jewelry. the Il'in,Topografia, Klady, p. 132,no. 130,where p. 28, no. 102; Korzukhina, the1170sand 1240. hoard is datedbetween oblast'. 1891. Three treasure Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy 58. Pekaril fivesilveringots excavations.One hoardcontained hoardswerefound during with treasure. and between oftheKiev type 161.5galong 164.7g weighing Il'in,Topografia, p. 30, no. 114; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 78; Korzuthe1170s and thehoardis datedbetween khina, Klady,p. 127,no. 115,where 1240. oblast'. 1892. Two silveringots Kniazha hora.Kanivraion.Cherkasy 59. Pekaril werefound. oftheKiev type Il'in,Topografia, p. 130,no. 113; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 79. of 1893. Threeheavysilveringots Tvergubernia. 60. Diagunino.Zubtsov county. hoardfound around195geach werepartof a treasure theKiev typeweighing alongtheVolga. Il'in,Topografia, p. 47, no. 205; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 108,no. 86; Korzuthe1170s thehoardis datedbetween khina, Klady,pp. 148-49, no. 172,where and 1240. Mahilogubernia.1893. Twenty. Rahachocounty. Lukavolosf 61. Zadrutsie. Bauergivestheweight werepreserved. oftheKiev type one of92 silver ingots of 87: 164.8g,163.7g,163.3g,163.2g,162.6g,162.2g,162.1g,161.9g,161.8g (2), 161.6g, 161.4g (3), 161.2g, 161.lg, 161g (2), 160.8g, 160.7g, 160.5g, 160.2g, 160g, 159.8g (3), 159.3g, 159.2g (2), 158.9g (2), 158.8g, 158.7g 158.6g, 158.4g, 158.2g, 158.1g, 157.8g (3), 157.7g, 157.3g (3), 157g (3), 156.9g(2), 156.8g(3), 156.6g,156.4g,156.1g,156g, 155.9g. 155.8g,155.7g 155.3g (2), 155.2g, 155g, 154.9g (2), 154.8g (2), 154.7g (2), 154.6g (2), 154.5g, 154.2g, 153.6g, 153.1g (2), 153g, 152.9g, 152.5g, 152.2g, 151.2g, and 135.4g. Fourdamaged weighed: ingots 150.5g,147.7g(2), 146.5g,146.1g, 153g(2), 152.2g,andl45.5g. Il'in, Topografia, p. 36, no. 149; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"pp. 103-104, no. 57; "Russkieklady,"p. 55, no. 18. andSpasskii, Sotnikova was found. oftheKiev type Pre-1894. A silver 62. Smila.Kievgubernia. ingot Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 81. werefound 1895. Six silver Kievgubernia. 63. Pyliava.Kanivcounty. along ingots bracelets. silver with several Korzukhina, Klady, p. 92, no. 34, where the hoard is dated to the centuries. eleventh -earlytwelfth of theKiev 1895. A silver Kievgubernia. 64. ViVshanytsia. ingot county. VasyVkiv was found. type
HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY PERIOD Il'in,Topografia, p. 28, no. 96; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 76.
437
65. Pekaril Kniazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasy oblast'.1896. A silver ofthe ingot was part ofa treasure hoard found in a claypot. Kiev type Korzukhina, Klady,p. 129, no. 120, wherethe hoardis dated betweenthe 1170sand 1240. Kiev county. 1896. Eleveningots, 66. Mysholovka. of theChernihiv evidently type, werefound alongwithsilver jewelry.Theyweighed: 200.4g, 199.8g,199.6g, and 194.1g. 199.3g,199.2g,198.6g,198.4g,198.1g,197.3g,196.2g, no. "Die Il'in,Topografia, 29, 108; Bauer, Silber-," p. p. 114,no. 93; Korzuthehoardis datedbetween the 1170sand khina, Klady,p. 133,no. 136,where 1240. 67. Zhadkiva. Korets'raion.Rivnaoblast'. 1896. Fifteen silveringots of theKiev of nine were: 165.8g, 165g, 164.1g, 159.6g, typewerefound. The weights and 154.4g. 159.2g,158.5g(2), 155.6g, Il'in,Topografiia, p. 16,no. 17; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 103,no. 54. 68. Viitivtsi. Pereiaslavcounty. Poltava gubernia. 1898. Twenty-nine silveringots of the Kiev typewere partof a hoardwhichalso includedgold and silver jewelry.The ingots weighed:200.5g (2), 198.4g(2), 162.1g,160g(3), 157.8g (11), 156.7g(7), 153.6g(2), and 108.6g. Il'in, Topografia, p. 42, no. 179; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 104,no. 59, and p. 116,no. 97, andp. 119,no. 103; Korzukhina, the Klady,p. 136,no. 145,where hoard is datedbetween the1170sand 1240. 69. P ekari/ Kniazhahora.Kanivraion.Cherkasy oblast'. 1899. Severalingots were - mostwereof verygood silverbutone,of theKiev typeand weighing found was oflow quality.SeveralwereoftheKiev type andone was a heavy 179.2g, oftheKiev type. ingot Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 115; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 80, and p. 118,no. 100. 70. Sakhnivka. Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' oblast'. 1899. Silver kyi raion. Cherkasy werefound. ingots Il'in,Topografia, p. 30, no. 117. 71. Velyka Fastivraion.Kiev oblast'. 1900. Five silver of theKiev Snitynka. ingots type(?) weighing 202.9g,200.9g, 197.lg, 169.8g,and a cut ingotof 123.7g werefound. Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 98; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 104, no. 60, and p. 116,no. 96. 72. Sharky. raion.Kiev oblast'. 1901. A silveringot of theKiev typewas Rokytne found. Il'in,Topografia, p. 28, no. 97; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 75. 73. Pyshka.Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' oblast'. 1901. A gold bar kyiraion. Cherkasy ca. 64g,perhaps was found in a burial mound weighing partof an ingot, along with other objects.
438
S. NOONAN THOMAS II'in,Topografiia, p. 29, no. 103.
oblast'. 1903. Four silveringots Brid. Baranivkaraion.Zhytomyr 74. Kamianyi of thesame one of theKiev typeweighing 169.8gand 3 longingots including -twelfth with of the eleventh centuries. were found along jewelry weight Il'in,Topografiia, p. 30, no. 109; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 104,no. 61; Korzuthe1170s thehoardis datedbetween khina, Klady, pp. 134-35, no. 138,where and 1240. silveringotsof the Kiev typewere . 1906. Ninety-five 75. Tver' (or 96) regular hoard. They weighed: 167.4g, 166.5g, 166.lg, foundas partof a treasure 165.4g,165.1g,165g,164.8g,164.7g,164.6g,164.4g,164.2g(2), 164g,163.9g (3), 163.7g (2), 163.6g (2), 163.5g, 163.4g, 163.3g, 163.2g (3), 163.1g (2), 163g, 162.8g, 162.6g (3), 162.5g (3), 162.4g, 162.2g, 162.lg (3), 162g (2), 161.9g(4), 161.8g(3), 161.7g(3), 161.6g,161.5g(2), 161.4g,161.3g,161.2g, 161.lg (2), 160.9g, 160.8g (2), 160.7g, 160.6g, 160.5g, 160.3g, 160.2g (2), 160g(2), 159.8g,159.6g,159.5g,159.4g,159.2g,159.1g(2), 159g(2), 158.8g, 158.7g, 158.5g, 158.2g, 157.9g, 157.6g, 157.5g, 157.4g (2), 156.4g, 156g, of heavyingots eight 155.9g(2), 155.3g,and 154.9g. The hoardalso included the Kiev type weighing: 215.7g, 201.1g, 199.8g, 198.9g, 198.8g, 193.2g, 192.8g,andl91.8g. 106 ingots of theKiev type: Il'in, Topografiia, pp. 47-49, no. 206, mentions 98 weighedbetween168g and 154.9g,7 weighedbetween 215.6g and 189g, and 1 weighed 87.6g; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"pp. 104-105, no. 62, andp. 118, no. 102, and p. 119, no. 104; Korzukhina, Klady,pp. 147-48, no. 170, says between 138 totalingotsdividedas follows: 96 of the Kiev typeweighing of the Kiev 8 1 and typeweigh154.6g; ingots weighing 154.9g; ingot 167.4g of theKiev typeweighing 87.7g; ingot 8g; 1 light 215.7g and 191. ingbetween ofthe oftheNovgorod 12 ingots of theNovgorod type;14 ingots type;1 ingot datesthe and 1 bar. Korzukhina "West Russian" type;4 unidentified ingots; and Spasskii,"Russkieklady," the1170sand 1240; Sotnikova hoardbetween no. 19. 55-56, pp. raion.Kiev oblast'. 1912. (See appendix 76. Denysy. A, Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi ofundetermined no. 28; appendix C, no. 10) A silver B, no. 49; appendix ingot hoard. 117.9gwas part ofa coin-treasure form weighing Il'in,Topografiia, p. 42, no. 180; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 82, no. 6; Sotnikova "Russkieklady,"p. 54, no. 9. andSpasskii,
oblast'. Pre-1917. An ingotof the Novgorod 77. Pekari.Kaniv raion. Cherkasy was found. type Il'in,Topografiia, p. 30, no. 116. werefound. oftheKiev type Pre-1921. Two ingots 78. Zhytomyr. Il'in,Topografiia, p. 15,no. 14; Bauer,"Die Silber-,"p. 106,no. 82. 1923. A silveringotof theKiev typeweighing 79. Chernihiv. 160g was partof a around theSaviorCathedral. inexcavations hoard found Bauer, "Die Silber-,"p. 103, no. 56; Korzukhina, Klady,p. 138, no. 150, the1170sand 1240. is datedbetween where thehoard
439
oblast'. 1938. A silveringotof the Kiev typeweighing 80. MyropiV. Zhytomyr ofa hoard. 149.8gwas part Korzukhina, Klady,p. 134, no. 137, wherethe hoardis dated betweenthe 1170sand 1240. The Hermitage collectionincludes14 silver 81. Find spotsand dates unknown. between168.7g and 152.4g of unknown ingotsof the Kiev typeweighing origin. "Russkieklady,"p. 63. Sotnikova andSpasskii,
440
THOMAS S. NOONAN
APPENDIX E: FindsofRus' Coins 1. Boryspil. Kiev oblasf (formerly Poltava gubernia). Pre-1815. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type1, was found bya peasant. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 1. raion.Kievoblasf. 1935. A sribnyk 2. Vyshhorod. ofVolodimer, Kiev-Sviatoshyne excavations. archaeological type1, was found during Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 2. raion.Kievoblast'.1963-1964.. Two sribnyky of Volodi3. Zarichchia. VasyVkiv were found one type1 andtheother excavamer, 2, type during archaeological tions. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 3. ofVolodimer, 4. Kiev.Ca. 1850. A sribnyk 2, was acquired. type andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no.4. of Volodimer, in 5. Kiev. 1876. A hoardof about120 sribnyky type1, was found ofL. N. Kushnerev. thecourtyard andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 5. of Volodimer, founda sribnyk 6. Kiev. 1894. K. A. Stavronski type2, on the Hill inthePodil. Kyselivka andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 6. raion. Kiev oblasf (formerly Pereiaslav 7. Denysy.Pereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyi 1912. (See appendix Poltavagubernia). B, no. 49; A, no. 28; appendix county. of Volodimer, types appendixC, no. 10; appendixD, no. 76) Six sribnyky of a largecoin-treasure with thename"Petor" werepart 2-6, andone sribnyk hoard. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 7. Poltavaguberoblasf (formerly Kanivcounty. 8. Lipliave.Kanivraion.Cherkasy of Volodimer, nia). 1913-1914. A sribnyk type 3, was foundin during excavations. archaeological Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 8. oblasf (formerly 9. Pekari.Kanivraion.Cherkasy county.Kiev guberCherkasy of Volodimer, nia). 1914. A sribnyk type3, was foundat theKniazhahora townsite. Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 9. of Volooblast'. 1892. A sribnyk . Horodniaraion.Chernihiv 10. Velykyi Lystven dimer, type1, was unearthed. andSpasskii, Sotnikova p. 55, no. 10. Tysiacheletie, of Volodioblast'.Ca. 1882.. A sribnyk 11. Vyshen'ky. Kozelets'raion.Chernihiv 4, was found mer, alongthebanksoftheDnieper. type andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 11.
MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD
441
. 1852. A hoardof around 12. Nizhyn. Chernihiv oblast' 200 sribnyky was found, Volodimer andbothtypes with thenameof 2-4), Sviatopolk, including (types Peter. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, pp. 55-56, no. 12. 13. Shores of the Dnieper lagoon. Fortyversts Khersonoblast'. fromKinburn. found a hoardcontaining Pre-1863. Shepherds 33 Byzantine gold coinsand 3 ofVolodimer. zolotnyky Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 13. k raion.Kherson 14. Radens'k.Tsiurupyns' oblast'. 1956. A sribnyk of Volodimer, byan anthropological type1,was found expedition. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 14. 15. Pinsk. Brestoblast'.Belorussian SSR. 1804. A nobleman I gave TsarAlexander coinsfrom his lands. This hoard(?) apparently 20 gold Byzantine included 6 as well. ofVolodimer zolotnyky andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 15. raion. Vitsiebsk 16. Parechye.Talochyn oblast' (formerly volost' . Starotalochyn Mahilogubernia). Belorussian SSR. 1886. A fragment of a sribnyk of Voloofa coin-treasure hoard. dimer, 3, was part type Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 16. 17. Votnia. raion.Mahilooblast'.Belorussian SSR. 1873. Foursribnyky Bykha ofVolodimer, theexcavations ofburial mounds. type1, werefound during Sotnikova andSpasskii, no. 17. 56, Tysiacheletie, p. 18. Mitkovka. Klimovo raion.Briaskoblast'.RussianSFSR. Early1950s. Thirteen of Volodimer and withthename Peter sribnyky (types1 and 2), Sviatopolk, werefound unauthorized excavations ofburial mounds. during archaeological andSpasskii, Sotnikova no. 18. Tysiacheletie, pp. 56-57, 19. Lipino.Kursk raionand oblast'.RussianSFSR. 1948. A fragment of a sribnyk of Volodimer, excavationsof type 1, was foundduringthe archaeological burial mounds. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 19. 20. Naginshchina. Gdov county.St. Slantsyraion. Leningradoblast' {formerly RussianSFSR. 1895. Included in a hoard of 1,018silver Petersburg gubernia). coins deposited ca. 1055 was a sribnyk of Iaroslavwitha Latinletter in the Scandinavian imitation ofIaroslav' s silver (a so-called coins). legend Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 20. 21. Molodi.Pskovraionand oblast'.RussianSFSR. 1878. A fragment of a sribnyk ofVolodimer, in a hoard of3kgofcoinfragments. type1, was found Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 21. 22. Former Rostovcounty. RussianSFSR. 1823. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type4, was found. Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 22.
442
THOMAS S. NOONAN
raion. Rostovoblast'. Russian SFSR. 1887. During 23. TsimliansLTsimliansk of Volodimer, excavations a badlybroken sribnyk type3, was archaeological from a local inhabitant. obtained Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 23. near the cityof Dorpat). 24. Raadi. Tarturaion (theformer village of Rasthof ofIaroslavwas found. Estonian SSR. 1838. A sribnyk andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 24. 1893. A sribnyk of Iaroslav 25. Island ofSaaremaa (Oesel). EstonianSSR. After found on theislandwas givento1.1.Tolstoi. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 25. Poland. Pre-1894). A sribnyk of Iaros26. Dobra. Nowograd powiat.Pomerania. no earlier than in a hoard ofWestEuropean deniers lav was included deposited 1030. Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 26. Poland. 1850 or or Sierpw. 27. Goszczyno Leczycapowiat. Kalisz wojewdztwo. of Volodimer, 1855. A sribnyk type2, was includedin a largecoin hoard ca. 1020-1025. deposited andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, pp. 57-58, no. 27. of a sribnyk of IarosPoland. 1880. A fragment 28. Rawicz.Poznanwojewdztwo. ca. 1040. hoard in a largedenier lav was found deposited andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 28. of Volodimer, 1859. A sribnyk 29. Schwaan.Cityof Rostock. type2, Germany. 1025. around in a very coin hoard was found deposited large andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 29. ofIaroslavwith 1891. A sribnyk Nasboparish.Near Molde.Norway. 30. Romsdal. in a coin hoarddeposited around "R" in thelegendwas found theLatinletter 1025. andSpasskii, Sotnikova Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 30. ofIaroslavwith a Latinletter 1858. A sribnyk Sweden. siteunknown. 31. Exactfind of theRoyal Coin Cabinetin "R" in the legendwas foundin theholdings Stockholm. Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 31. in a of Iaroslavwas found Sweden.1938. A sribnyk Island ofGotland. 32. Visby. in thelocal museum. hoard denier preserved andSpasskii, Sotnikova p. 58, no. 32. Tysiacheletie, of Iaroslavwith Sweden.Pre-1935. A sribnyk Island of Gotland. 33. Grtlingbo. around 1025. in a hoard was found "R" in thelegend theletter deposited no. 33. andSpasskii, Sotnikova p. 58, Tysiacheletie, of VolodiSweden.1918. A sribnyk Heideparish.IslandofGotland. 34. Sigsarve. 1055-1060. in hoard around found a denier was mer, deposited type1,
443
Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 34. 1796. A zolotnyk 35. Unknown ofVolodimer was purchased in Kiev. provenance. Sotnikova andSpasskii, no. 35. Tysiacheletie, p. 58, 36. Unknown Pre-1797. A sribnyk ofIaroslavwas acquired. provenance. Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 36. 1860. A sribnyk 37. Unknown ofVolodimer, ofa coin provenance. type1,was part collection bylu. B. Iversen. purchased Sotnikova andSpasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 37. 1878. A zolotnyk 38. Unknown ofVolodimer was purchased. provenance. Sotnikova andSpasskii, no. 38. 58, Tysiacheletie, p.

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The President and Fellows of Harvard College

ofKiev in thePre-Mongol The Monetary Period History

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

37 Appendix A, no. 1. 38 Appendix A, no. 4.

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

1913-1914 Bondari, 1916 Khabrivka,

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

S. NOONAN THOMAS ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDIXES

therewere "many theUmayyad, Aside from Abbsid,and Thiriddirhams,

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

' . Aghlabid {')

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY PERIOD

PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY

THOMAS S. NOONAN and 1240; Tolochko,"Topohrafiia," DrevniiKiev,p. p. 130,no. 6; Tolochko, 173,no. 6.

PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY

PERIOD HISTORY OF KIEVIN THEPRE-MONGOL MONETARY

S. NOONAN THOMAS DrevniiKiev,p. 173,no. Tolochko, p. 132,no. 23;~Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," 22.

S. NOONAN THOMAS II'in,Topografiia, p. 29, no. 103.

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEVINTHEPRE-MONGOL PERIOD

MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

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