Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Andrew Duguay
December 4 2008
EB 313
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(a) Before doing any research, I initially had a question in my mind, “Does ethnic
diversity have a negative effect on economic growth?” This was a partly unfounded
hypothetical question, but also an inquisitive interrogation of claims recently made that
the reason the United States does not have universal healthcare is due to the rules of
incentives. A more ethnically diverse country such as the U.S. would perceive fewer
gains from tax dollars spent on social services than an ethnically homogenous European
country. This would be due to the fact that the perceived benefits from the tax dollars
would be lessened due to more of ones money being shared among “other” people (i.e.
another ethnic group that one does not normally associate with). In the same way, ethnic
diversity could effect overall growth if both the majority and minority groups find it
I was curious if this applied to Sub-Saharan Africa at all. What if the forced
colonization in years past that split socioeconomic groups into countries made it more
difficult for members of the country to pursue economic ends in a way that a society
normally could? The consequences in later years could certainly be war, oppression of
minority groups and consequently less overall economic growth due to the
term economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. There has been a significant amount of
research done on this topic in recent years. Most of the studies can be traced back to the
empirical work of Easterly and Levine in 1997 on the effect of ethnic diversity on
national outcomes (1). They created an index (commonly known as ELF) for ethno-
spoken and difference ethnic backgrounds (2). Easterly and Levine then showed this
Since then, many studies have been done using ELF; including one study in 2001
by economist Paul Collier. In his research, Collier showed that ethnic diversity is
circumstances, namely dominance and dictatorship (3). Theoretically, this would be due
to the fact that in a democracy, minority groups can effectively be heard and influential in
governance. Similarly in a country that is not dominated by one ethnic group, there is
greater chance and opportunity for minority groups to have effective say in political
multiplying the variables together. Because of the importance showed in Collier’s work
of considering the political rights of country, I did the same for all of my regressions.
section data over a period of 30 years from 1960-1990. He used the ELF data produced
by Easterly and Levine in his regression, but since that time, Alberto Alesina et al. have
published an updated ELF data set on ethnic fractionalization using more detailed and up
see if his methods were relevant to Sub Saharan Africa in a more recent time period, say
(b) The data set I use for my results was built from scratch (for the variables I use and
the definitions for all the variables, see the appendix). When looking at the data from my
regression and the subsequent results, it is important to note four key differences in the
1. ELF index. I replaced the ELF statistics with new “Ethnic” data produced in
2003. Ethnic uses the same methods of measurement and scale (0 to 1). However,
the new data divides language effects from ethnic effects and I use Ethnic (though
2. Democracy Index. Collier uses the Gastil index of political freedom, since 1990,
Freedom House (producers of the Gastil index) has slightly altered their methods
3. Time Period. Collier uses data from the period 1960-1990. I will use the latest
4. Countries. Collier runs his regression using data from every country. I will just
use Sub-Saharan countries to see how relevant these variables are to their
particular case.
The data used for my research was pulled primarily from the World Development
Indicators on the World Bank website. There are two exceptions: the democracy
measurements come from Freedom House and the ethnic diversity measurements come
from work done by Alberto Alesina et al. I believe all data in my panel to be the best
available to me at the time. The World Bank is a primary resource for data for many
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econometricians. I found that for the variables and time frames I was seeking, the World
Bank’s WDI had the most available data. Other databases searched include: UNDP HDI
measurements based on the widespread use and acceptance I found in reading other
research articles. It also made sense to use a diversity index based on the same ELF index
that Collier used in his work. There are other indices of diversity that measure effects
such as polarization and religious diversity but these have been found to be less effective
organization. Their indices of political rights and civil liberties have been the most widely
used in the research on this topic that I have found. There are other measures of
democracy out there, but I chose this index based on both the widespread acceptance
among top economists and its similarity to the Gastil index used by Collier for his work.
(c) Table 1 lists four separate regressions. Regression 1 is Paul Collier’s original
regression for his paper Implications of Ethnic Diversity, published in 2001. The three
following columns are regressions produced from my created data set and variables.
In my panel data, I divided the time variable into three equal periods of six years
each (1990-1995, 1996-2001, and 2002-2007). This allowed for more observations and to
control for fixed effects. It is important to note that in controlling for fixed effects, my
following three regressions dropped the variables landlocked and dom65 because for all
In Regression 2, I attempted to update Collier’s data set using data from 1990-
2007 instead of 1960-1990. I also updated the Ethnic variable from ELF to Ethnic as
described above. In running this regression, the sole purpose was to compare it to
Collier’s results by making the regression as similar as possible. There was no attempt to
specify the functional form for regression 2; I merely imitated what Collier perceived as
correct for his regression. However, I did hypothesize the signs below before running the
regression.
• Lngdp – negative – Because country starting at a lower incomer per capita level,
all else equal, has the ability to grow percentage wise at a higher rate due to
• ethnicXdem – negative- Because both higher levels of ethnic diversity and lower
The results from regression 2 showed a surprisingly weak connection between the
growth showed to in conflict with the results (positive). The log of initial GDP was the
only variable that showed to be significant at the 5% level, which indicated something
was wrong. Together the variables were relevant according to the F-Test so there is not
much ground to say that the regression included irrelevant variables. However it appeared
that the regression suffers from incorrect functional form and/or omitted variable bias.
be a strong case for omitted variable bias. In hypothesizing possible omitted variables to
a reflection of that country’s willingness and ability to have both female and male
can certainly see the effects in worker productivity which can show a strong
• Export growth per year- a trade type variable is especially important for
Saharan Africa. Export growth can be positively correlated with economic growth
countries.
In adding these variables from my own created dataset, I found that my HIV and
literacy rate data proved not comprehensive enough. Due to not having adequate data for
all of my three time periods per country, these variables dropped my number of
observations down to 72 and 51 respectively. My dataset often had only one figure per
country which would not effectively reflect any changes in these variables with changes
in growth. My export growth rate data was more comprehensive and so I add it to my
0.72, and all the variables (minus lnpop) are statistically significant at the 5% level.
Importantly, all variables now reflected the hypothesized signs in the coefficients. To
formally test whether regression 2 had omitted variable bias, I ran a correlation matrix in
stata between exports and the other variables and then completed an omitted bias matrix.
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exports 1.0000
lnpop 0.1518 1.0000
ethnicXdem -0.0143 0.3723 1.0000
lngdp 0.0037 -0.4669 -0.4551 1.0000
sign of
corr
between
B w/ exports B w/ expected exports,
omitted bias exports sign X var
lnpop 2.654 + -0.645 + +
ethnicXdem -0.384 + -0.99 + -
lngdp -6.195 + -8.906 + +
It appeared the regression did indeed suffer from omitted variable bias. The
predicted bias was correct in two out of the three variables. The ethnicXdem variable
showed incorrect bias but, given the negative correlation between exports and
ethnicXdem is very small (-0.01), this does not appear to be of any big concern.
While Collier included population growth in log form, it appeared, from the scatter plot,
that there is no clear evidence that population growth has to be logged. Theoretically, it
can also be argued that a diminishing effect of population growth on per capita GDP
growth might only substantially take place at population growth rates that are much
higher than the normal growth rate experienced in Sub Saharan Africa, thus negating a
40
40
20
20
Growth
Growth
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
-1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
lnpop Population
After changing the functional form of the population variable, the regression appears to
make a better fit. In regression 4, the population variable becomes statistically significant
(d) The results imply that Collier’s regressions do not entirely hold up on their own
when looking at results from recent years in Sub Saharan Africa. It appears that when
looking at the effects of ethnic diversity and democracy on growth, controlling for trade
liberalization is essential. While I am disappointed that my results did not hold up for the
variables HIV and female literacy, I expect that with more data, these variables can also
be good predictors of economic growth and show that an ‘ethnic diversity’ and a
From this study we can conclude that ethnic diversity, when properly controlled
for with political freedoms, can be a strong indicator of economic growth in sub Saharan
Africa in recent years. Regressions 3 and 4 predict that for every 1 unit increase in the
ethnicXdem variable, per capita GDP growth decreases by 1 percentage point, all else
equal. While the statement is hard to conceptually quantify, the variable shows us that
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democracy is a very real need for diverse African countries. With a democratic
government, minority groups can be heard and participate in the economy fairly, leading
Lngdp – log of GDP per capita for initial year in period t (constant 2000 US$)
• GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population.
GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident
producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies
not included in the value of the product
Exports – Mean of exports of goods and services (annual % growth) for period t
• Annual growth rate of exports of goods and services based on constant
local currency. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all
goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world
Landlocked – A dummy that measures 1 if the country has no access to sea ports
Bibliography
(1) Jackson, Ken (2007), “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Affect Public Good Provision? An
Empirical Analysis of Water Provision in Africa”
(2) Easterly W. and R. Levine (1997), “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic
Divisions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(4), 1203-1250.
(5) Reynal-Querol, M. (2002), “Ethnicity, Political Systems and Civil Wars”, Journal
of Conflict Resolution, 46(1), 29-54.
(6) Alesina, A., E La Derrara (2004), “Ethnic Diversity and Economic performance”,
Journal of Economic Literature