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5: - DOPPLER ()
5.41) .
,
.

1 y

1 y

1x

1
2

2 1x

1 1 .

, 1 x 1 y .

1 ,
( , . ).

1 1 x .
,

. , 2 2 1x
1 . 1

1 y .

1 1 y 2

1 x . , .

:
,
.

, ( ).

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p1

p1

2
,

p 2

1
2

p1

p1

p 2


p1 p1 p2

p1

p 2

p1 1 ,

p 2 2 ,

p1 1 ,

p 2 2 ,


p1 p2 p1 p2 p1 p1 p2 (1)
(1) .

p1 , p1 , p2 :

p12 p12 p22 2 p1 p2 m 212 m 212 m 2 22 2m1 m 2


m 212 m 212 m 2 22 2m 21 2 m 212 m 2 12 22 21 2
m 212 m 2 12 22 21 2 12 12 22 21 2 (1)
.
:
0

1 2 1 2 1 1 2

1
1
1
m12 m12 m 22
2
2
2

1
1
m12 m12 22 12 12 22 (2)
2
2
(1) = (2) :

12 22 21 2 12 22 21 2 0 0 90

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5.42) m=50 g =200 m/s
=950 g (. 5.32).
=10000 /m. :
)
) .


V 0

) S.I.
m 50g 50 10 3 kg 5 10 2 kg

950g 950 10 3 kg 95 10 2 kg

p ,

P ,

P ( m ) ,

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0

p P P p P P m V m V m m V
2

1000
1000 10 kg
5 10 kg 200
m
s
s
s V
V
V

2
2
2
m
100
5 10 kg 95 10 kg
100 10 kg
V 10m / s
:
( )

. ,
.
: l (1)
.
V 10m / s . .
(
) :

V (2)
(
) . :

2

m
2

m
m

N
N
10.000
10.000

m
m



m
5 10 2 kg 95 10 2 kg
100 10 2 kg

m
s2
m

kg

N
N
10 4 10 2
10 4 10 2
m
m

100kg
100kg
100 10 2 kg
10 4

kgm
ms 2 10 62 1 10 4 rad 100 rad
2
s
s
s2
10 kg

10 6

(2) :

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m
s 0,1m
V

rad

100
s
10

(1) : l l 0,1m

!
.
(. .4
2013).
( ...)
...
.

mg


.
( ).
,
0

W WF W W WF (1)

.


, :

F x
, x .

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:
F

WF
x

, WF

1
1
x x WF x 2
2
2

x l , :

WF

1
1 2
x WF l 2 (2)
2
2

(2) (1) :

WF

1
mV 2 1 l 2 mV 2 l 2
2
2
2

l 2

mV 2

100 10 2 kg 100
10 4

N
m

m V 2

95 10 kg 5 10 kg 10 ms


l
N
10.000
m
2

m2
m2
2
100

10
kg

100
4
2
2
s 2 l
s 2 l 10 10 m
m
10 4
10 4 kg 2
ms

l 10 2 m 2 l 10 1 m l 0,1m
:
,
.
( )
.

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) .
:
2

1
. m 2 1 5 10 2 kg 200 m
2

m2
m

2,5 10 2 kg 2 10 2 2,5 10 2 kg 4 10 4 2
s
s

4 2,5 10 2 10 4 kg

m2
10 10 2 10 4 J 10 3 J
2
s

1000 J

:

1
m V 2
2
2

1
1
m
m
5 10 2 kg 95 10 2 kg 10 100 10 2 kg 10
2
2
s
s
2

1
1
m2
m2
1
m
10 2 10 2 kg 10 kg 100 2 100kg 2
2
2
s
s
2
s

50J
:

50J 1000J 950J


950 J .

:
%

100% %

950 J
100% % 95%
1000 J
2

kgm
J ;
s2

: S.I. Joule :
1J 1N m

, 1N 1kg

m
( 2 F m )
s2

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: 1J 1N m 1kg

m
m2

1
kg
s2
s2

5.43) m=20 g
= 1 kg 1 m.
= 60.
. g = 10 m/s2.

l h

2 0

S.I. kg :

m 20g m 20 10 3 kg m 2 10 2 kg


.
:

p1 ,

p 2 ,

P ,

m 1

(1)
p1 p2 P m 1 m 2 m V m 1 m V V
m

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:
=
.
:

1
m V 2
2

U 0 ( )
:

0 ( )
U m gh
:
, ,
.
.
,
0

U U U

1
m V 2 m gh
2

1
1 2
m V 2
V
V2
2
2
(2)
h
h
h
m g
g
2g
(1) (2) :
2

m 212
m1

V2
m 212
m
(m ) 2
h

h
h
h
2
2g
2g
2g
2 g m
2 ghm m 212 12
2

2 ghm
m
1
2 gh
2
m
m
2

(3)

= 60
. :

l h
l l h h l l h l 1 (4)
l

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(4) (3) :

m
m
2 gl 1
2 gh 1
m
m

2 10 2 kg 1kg
m
2 10 2 1m1 60
2
2 10 kg
s

2 10 2 kg 100 10 2 kg
m
1
2 10 2 1m1
2
2 10 kg
s
2

m
102 10 2 kg
m2 1
2

10
1 51 10
2
2
s
2 10 kg
s 2

(1) :

m
m
102 `10 2 10kg
2 `10 2 kg 51 10
m 1
s
s V
V
V
m
1kg 2 10 2 kg
100 10 2 kg 2 10 2 kg

m
s V 10 m
2
s
102 10 kg

102 `10 2 10kg


( )
.
2

. m12 1 2 10 2 kg 51 10 m
1
2

10 2 kg 26.010

m2
m2
2

26
.
010

10
kg

260,1J

s2
s2


:
2

1
m V 2 1 2 10 2 kg 1kg 10 m
2
2
s

1
m
1
m

2 10 2 kg 100 10 2 kg 10 102 10 2 kg 10
2
s
2
s

2
2
m
m
51 10 2 kg 10 2 51 10 2 10kg 2 51 10 1 J
s
s

5,1J

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10

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:

5,1J 260,1J 255J


255J .

kgm
J ;
s2

: S.I. Joule :
1J 1N m

m
( 2 F m )
s2
m
m2
: 1J 1N m 1kg 2 m 1kg 2
s
s
, 1N 1kg

5.44) m1=20 kg =30.


m2=30 kg ,
= 10m/s.
3

.
3
.
; g = 10 m/s2.

p m2 ,

p m1 ,

P ,

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11

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,

m 2

p p P m2 m1 m1 m2 V m2 m1 m2 V V
m1 m2
m

300kg
30kg 10
m 2
s V
s V 6m / s
V
V
m1 m2
50kg
20kg 30kg
2 :
: ....

3 . , N .

x y .

y N (
).

x :
x
x x m1 m2 g

m
50 10 m
m 1
20kg 30kg 10 2 30 x 50kg 10 2 x
kg 2
2
s
s
s 2

x 250N

y :

y y m1 m2 g

y 20kg 30kg 10

m
m 3
50 10 3
m
30 y 50kg 10 2
y
kg 2
2
2
2
s
s
s

y 250 3N
:
:

Fy 0 N y 0 N y N 250 3N
: T N T

3
250 3N T 250N
3

( ) :

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12

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2

1
1
m2
1
m
m1 m2 V 2 20kg 30kg 6 50kg 36 2
2
2
s
2
s

1
m2
50 36kg 2 900J
2
s

x .
x ( ) .
:
0

W W x W y WN W

W x W x x 180 x 180

x x 1 x 1 x x x x x x
x x x


900 N m
900 J
x 1,8m
x
x
250 N 250 N
500 N
x

:
:
0

W W x W y WN W
W x W x x 180 x 180
x x 1 x 1 x x x x x x

1
m1 m2 V 2 m1 m2 g x m1 m2 g x
2
1
m1 m2 V 2 m1 m2 g x
2
1 2
1
m1 m2 V 2
V
2
2

x
x
m1 m2 g
g

V2
x
2 g

m
6
s
m
2 10 2
s

3
30
30
3

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13

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m2
m2
36
s 2 x 1,8m
s2
x
x
x
m
m 1 1
m 1
3 3
20 2
20 2

20 2

s
s 2 2
s 2 3 2
36

m2
s2

36

( ).

( + x )
.
.

:

V t 0 V t V t t

(1)

1
x V t t 2 (2) (
2
)
(1) (2) :
2

V2 1
V2
V2 V2
2V 2 V 2
1
V
2 x

x V x
2
2
2 2

2V 2 V 2
V2
(3)
x
2
2

x .
2 :

Fx m1 m2 x m1 m2

x
m1 m2

(4)

Fy 0 y 0 y 250 3N

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14

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:

3
250 3N 250N
3

(4) :

m
x
m
500 s 2
250 N 250 N
500 N
10 2


s
50 kg
20kg 30kg
50kg
m1 m2
kg

(3) :
2

m
m2
6
36 2
2
V
s
s x 1,8m
x
x
x
m
m
2
2 10 2
20 2
s
s
,
x 1,8m :

.
x
x

, .
,
( ):

Fx x 250N 250N 0
,
.

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5.45) , s=4,2 m
= 30 m=1 kg, .
s1 = 1,6m
.
.
:
) .
) .
g = 10 m/s2.

.
s

s s1

s1

h1
h2

U 0

U 0

! s1 , s-s1 .
) 1
2 . 3 .
) ...
) ....
)
s1 , ,
(...)
* .... .
! ....
.... .
.... h1 h2 .
:

h1
1
h1 s h1 4,2m 30 h1 4,2m h1 2,1m
2
s

1
h2
h2 s s1 h2 4,2m 1,6m 30 h2 2,6m
2
s s1

h2 1,3m

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16

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.
.
.
:
0

U U U U mgh1

1
m 2 mgh2
2

1
1

mgh1 2 gh2 m gh1 2 gh2 2 gh1 2 2 gh2 2 2 gh1 2 gh2


2
2

2 2 g h1 h2 2 g h1 h2 2 10

2 10

m
2,1m 1,3m
s2

m2
m

16
4m / s

0
,
8
m

s2
s2

:
0

p p p1 p2 p. p1 p. m m mV

m 2mV 2V V

4m / s
V 2m / s
2

s s1 .
.... .... .
....
* .

3 . , N .

x y .

y N (
).

x :

x
x x m m g x 2mg

y :

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17

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y y m m g y 2mg

:
:

Fy 0 N y 0 N y N 2mg
: T N T 2mg
0

W W x W y WN W

W x W x x 0 x 180
x x x 1 x x x x x x

1
1
2mV 2 2mg x 2mg x 2mV 2 2mg g x
2
2
1
V 2 g x g x V 2 2 g x 2g x
2
V 2 2 xg 2gx V 2 2 xg 2gx

2 xg V 2
(1)
2 xg

.
:
x s s1 (2)
(2) (1) :

2s s1 g V 2

2s s1 g

m
m
30 2
2
s
s
m
24,2m 1,6m 10 2 30
s

2 4,2m 1,6m 10

m2
m2
m 1
m2
m2
26

4
30

4
s2
s2
s2 2
s2
s2
2
m
m2
m 3
26 3 2
26 3 2
2 2,6m 10 2
s
s
2
s

2 2,6m 10

15 3
5 3
15 3
15

13 3
13
13 3
13 3 3

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)
(
1 ).
0

1 2 1 U 1 2 U 2 U 1 U 2
mgh1 mgh2 mgh1 h2 1kg 10
1kg 10

m
2,1m 1,3m
s2

m
m2

3
,
4
m

34
kg
34 J

s2
s2
2

kgm
J ;
s2

: S.I. Joule :
1J 1N m

m
( 2 F m )
2
s
m
m2
: 1J 1N m 1kg 2 m 1kg 2
s
s
, 1N 1kg


.
,

0
:

Q Q 0 34 J Q 34 J

5.46)

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5.47) m1 0 m2 =2m1
x=l m (. 5.33). , ,
.
=0,5. :
) .
) .
g = 10 m/s2.


)

V 0

m2

m1


V 0

m2

m1

m1

N2

N1

1
m1

m2

m2

d
x

m1

m1

m2

m2

m1

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20

m2

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
0
m1
. m1
, x=l m.
....
.
: ....

m1 3 . 1 , N 1

1 .
.
.
:
:

Fy 0 N 1 0 N 1 N m1 g
: T N T m1 g
m1 x .
x ( ) . :
0

1 1 W 1 1 W1 WN W

1 W 1 1 x 180
1
m1 gx
m112 m1 gx 1 2

1
2
m1
2
m
m2
gx 2 2gx 2gx
2

0
,
5

10

1
m

10

1
1
1
1
1
1
s2
s2
2
m
1 10
s

1 1 x 1 1 x

m1
m
1 10 ( m1 ).
s

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21

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( ).
m1 ()
.
m1 .

:

1 t 0 1 t 1 t t

1
(1)

1
x 1 t t 2 (2) (
2
)
(1) (2) :
2

x 1

2 1
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1

1 x 1 12 x 1 1 x 1 1
2
2
2
2

2
212 12
x 1 (3)
2
2

.
m1 2 :

Fx m1 m1

m1

(4)

m1 :

Fy 0 N 1 0 N 1 N m1 g
:

N T m1 g
(4) :

m1 g


g
m1
m1

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(3) :

12
m
12 2x 12 2gx 1 2gx 1 2 0,5 10 2 1m
2
s

1 10

m
m2
( m1 )
1 10
2
s
s

m1
.
(
)
.

.
* .
:

m 2m1
m1 m2
m1
1 1 1 1 31
1 1 1
1 1
3
m1 2m1
m1 m2
3m1

2
2m
2m1
2m1
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 21
3
m1 m2
3m1
m1 2m1

21
3

: 1 1 1

1 .

1 ( ) 1 3 10m / s

1 10m / s .
,

21
2 3 10 m
m
2 2 10
2
3
s
3
s

m1
.... . ....
* .
0

W 1 1 W1 WN W

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1 1 1 x 180 1 1 1 x
1
1
1
1
1
1
m112 m1 02 m1 gx m1 12 02 m1 gx 12 02 gx
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

m
m
2gx 2gx 0 3 10 2 0,5 10 2 1m
s
s

2
1

2
0

2
0

0 90

2
1

m2
m2
m2
m
m2

90
100

,
5

10
10

0
0
s2
s2
s2
s2
s2

0 10m / s
) m 2
.... . ....
* .
0

2 2 W 2 2 W2 WN W
2 W 2 2 d 180 2 2 d 180

2 2 d 2

1
m2 2 2
1
2
2
2 d m2 2 m2 gd d

2
m2 g

m2
2 10
4

10
2

s
s 2 d 4m
d 2 d
d
m
m
2 g
2 0,5 10 2
10 2
s
s

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5.48) =200 N/m , =
30 5.34 m2 = 1kg
.
l=4 m m2 m1=m2/3. m1
m2.
m1 m2
. g = 10 m/s2.

)
m1 m 2 . 3
.
) ...
) ....
)

h1
h2

N1

1
2

1 x
F

1 y

2 y

N2

2x

s1

s2

, ,
(...)

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sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
* .... .
! ....
.... .
.... h1 h2 .
:

h1
h1 l x
lx

h2
h2 x
x

.
.
.
:
0

U U U U mgh1

1
m12 mgh2
2

1
1

mgh1 12 gh2 m gh1 12 gh2 2 gh1 12 2 gh2 12 2 gh1 2 gh2


2
2

12 2 g l x 2 gx 12 2 gl 2 gx 2 gx 12 2 gl

1 2 gl 1 2 10

1 40

m
m
1
4m 30 1 2 10 2 4m
2
2
s
s

m2
1 2 10m / s
s2

m1
.
(
)
.

.
* .
, m1

m2
m2 3m1
3

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26

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
:

m 3m1
2m1
m1 m2
1 1 1 1 10m / s
1 1
1 1 1
2
m1 3m1
m1 m2
4m1

2m
2m1
2m1
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 10m / s
2
m1 3m1
m1 m2
4m1

: 1 1 1

1 .

m1 ..., .... .
....
* ... .

m1 2 . 1 ( 2

1 x 1 y ) N 1 . N 1 1 y
.

30

mg
1x
1x 1 30 1x m1 g 30 1x 1
2
1

....
0

1 1 W 1 1 W1 x W1 y WN
1 W1 x 1 1x s1 180 1 1x s1
1 1x s1

mg
1
1
1
m112 1 s1 m112 m1 gs1
2
2
2
2

m2

s 2 s 1m
12 gs1 s1 1 s1
1
m
g
10 2
s
2

10


m2 .... .

:
* .... .

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m 2 .
. 2 max .
s 2
. s 2 .
:

max 2 s2 s 2

2
(1)

N
m
1kg

200

1
2

m2
m2
m2
2

m 1
200kg 2
s m 200 1 2 100 rad 10 2 rad
s
s
s2
1kg

200 N
1kg

1
m

(1) :

m
s s 10 m s 1 10 m s 5 m
s2
s2
2
2
2
rad
10 2

10
10 2
10 2
s

10

s2 0,1 5m
....
m 2
....

2 x .

.
l .
l s2 .

.
:

Fx 0 m2 g Kl 0 l

m2 g

: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com

(1)

28

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
.
F

s 2 l

WF

s 2 l

()
:

, WF

WF

s2 l l
s l l
s2 l l WF 2
s2
2
2

s 2
s2 2 l
s 2 2 l s 2
s2 WF 2
WF 2 l s 2
2
2
2

!
,

. 2 x
.
.... :
0
s 2
1
2 2 WF Wx m2 22 2 l s2 m2 g s2 (2)
2
2

( (1) (2) )
s2 0,1 5m

5.49) 2 5.35 m2 = 4kg


. 2 1 m1=950g.

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29

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1, 2
=0,5. 1 , mB = 50g
B = 100m/s. 1
.
)
) , , ;
) 1 2
;
) 1 2 ;
g = 10 m/s2

1
2

V - 1 (

2 ) V - 2 .
)
1 ( ). :
0

p p p p1 p. m m1 1 m m1 V
m
m
50 g 100
50 g 100
m
s V
s
m m m1 V V
V
m m1
50 g 950 g
1000 g
m
5000
s V 5m
V
1000
s
- 2
. .
- 2 .

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30

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p p p. p 2 p
0

m m1 V m2 2 m m1 m2 V m m1 V m m1 m2 V
V

m m1 V
m m1 m2

m m1 V
m m1 m2

(1)

: m m1 50g 950g 1000g 1kg


(1) :

m
m
1kg 5
s V
s V 1m / s
V
1kg 4kg
5kg
1kg 5

! - 1 .
V 1m / s - 1 2 1
2 .
) 1 2 -

1 2 . :
2

1
1
m

m 2 5 10 2 kg 100
2
2
s

1
m2
m2
5 10 2 10 4 kg 2 2,5 10 2 kg 2 250J
2
s
s

1 2 .
2

1 2

2,5kg

1
1
m
m m1 m2 V 2 5kg1
2
2
s

m2
2,5J
s2

Q 250J 2,5J Q 247,5J

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31

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kgm
J ;
s2

: S.I. Joule :
1J 1N m

m
( 2 F m )
s2
m
m2
: 1J 1N m 1kg 2 m 1kg 2
s
s
, 1N 1kg

N1


- 1

N2

- 1

2 . 2

- 1 . ( - ).

- 1
V
2

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32

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- 1
s
2


- 1 .
: Fy 0 N 1 . 0 N 1 . N1 m m1 g
N 1 1kg 10

m
N 1 10N
s2

N 1 0,5 10N 5N

:
m
5kg 2
5N

s 5m / s 2
Fx m m1 m m1


1kg
1kg
m m1

- 1 2 V V .
:

V V t t V V t

V V

m
m
m
4
1
s t s t 0,8s
t s
m
m
5 2
5 2
s
s
5

) - 1
t 0,8s . :

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1 m
1
m
1 m
2
s1 Vt t 2 s1 5 0,8s 5 2 0,8s s1 4m 5 2 0,64s 2
s
2 s
2 s
2
s1 4m 1,6m s1 2,4m

2 .

5N ( )
2 .
m
5kg 2

5N

s 1,25m / s 2
Fx m2 m2



4kg
4kg
m2
m2

2 t 0,8s :

1
1
1
m
m
2
s 2 t 2 s 2 1,25 2 0,8s s 2 1,25 2 0,64s 2 s2 0,4m
2
2
2
s
s
- 1 s1 . ,
2 s 2 .
, 1 2
:

x s1 s2 x 2,4m 0,4m x 2m

s1
x

s1

5.50)

5.51) d = 400m
540Hz .

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34

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603,5 Hz.

.
340m/s.

!
( ).
.
603,5 Hz.

f S , f :


fS

(1)

(1):

f
.
(
, ).
f S .

f . (1) .
(1)
( f 603,5Hz ) ( .)
( ).
(1) :


f S f f S f f S f S

f f S f S

f f S
f f S

fS
fS

603,5Hz 540Hz 340m / s


540Hz

63,5Hz 340m / s
40m / s
540Hz

( d = 400m
) . (
)
:
0

0 t t (2)

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35

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com

t ,
d 400m .
(2) :

t t


(3)

:
0

1
1
d 0 t t 2 d t 2 (4)
2
2
(3) (4) :
2

2
2
1
1
1

t 2 d d 2 d d 2 2
2
2
2

2

2

m
m2
40

1600
2
s
s2 2 m


2 400m
800m
2d
s2
,
.
t (1):

fS fS t
fS fS t

t
fS f
fS f
f

f fS

fS
t (5)

(5) y x , :

f y
fS

fS

tx


f f S 540Hz .

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36

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com

:
f Hz



(3):

f 603,5

m
s t 20s
t
t
m

2 2
s

f S 540

0,0

20

40

t (s )

5.52) 8 km/h 400 z.


54km/h, .
. 340 m/s.

S.I.
:

S 8

km
1000m
8
2,23m / s
h
3600s

54

km
1000m
54
15m / s
h
3600s


f
s

f s (1)

: (+)
(-) .
: (-)
(+) .
(1) :

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37

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com


f S (2)
S

.
, (
,
( ) ).
S , (
, S
( ), ).
f S .
(2) :
m

340 15
355

s
s 400 Hz f 415Hz
s 400Hz f
f
fS f

m
m
m
S
340

2,23

342,23

5.53) 1000 m.
1500 m , .
360 z 340 z.
,
.
. 340m/s.

: f 360Hz .
: f S 340Hz
340m / s
( )
( ) .
( )
:

fS
S

(1)

(1):

f
.

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38

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com

S () .
f S .
(1) S .
(1) :

f S f S f S f f S f S
S

f f S S f S

360Hz 340Hz 340 m


360Hz

f f S
f f S
S

f
f

s
S

m
s 18,89 m
S
360 Hz
s

20Hz 340

()
.

s
2

d 1500m

s 1000m

s
500m
2

s
1500m 500m 2000m
2

.
, .
t ( ) :

s
t
2

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(1)

39

sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
m
.
s
,
t ( ).
t :
S 18,89

s
S t (2)
2

(1) (2) :

s
2

s
t

2

2
2
2d s S
s S
2d s S
s S t
2d s S
d

d
2

m
m
1000m 18,89
s S
s
s
s S 2d s

2d s
2 1500m 1000m
4000m
1000m 18,89

18,89
4

m2
s 4,72m / s


f
s

f s (3)

: (+)
(-) .
: (-)
(+) .
(3) :
f


f S (4)
S

f
.
, (
,
( ) ).

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S , (
, S
( ), ).
f S .
(4) :
m

340 4,72
335,25

s
s 340Hz f
s 340 Hz
f
fS f

m
m
m
S
340

18,89

321,11

m
s 340 Hz f 355Hz
f

m
321,11
s
335,25

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