vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 25

tqif h j rif h y nm
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf jyKpkjcif;
a'gufwmausmfped f
uReaf wmfwYdk wuúov
dk af usmif;om;b0 (195-54)u ausmif;oH;k
pmtkyftrsm;pkrSm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;ygonf/ (1952)ck?
uRefawmf 0dZÆmatmufwef; (JUNIOR B.A) wGif pdwfynmbmomwJG
,lc&hJ m prf;oyfrI pdwyf nm (EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY) twGuf
jy|mef;aom pmtkyrf mS tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k umvDz;dk eD;,m; wuúov dk rf S
pdwyf nm ygarmu© (2)OD;jzpfonfh (POSTMAN & EGAN) ykpYd rf if;ESihf tD*if
wk\Yd pmtkyf jzpfygonf/ xkd bmom&yfudk tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k udv k AH , D m
wuúokdvfrS (Ph.D.)yg&*lbJGU&cJhol? uxduq&m a'gufwmvSoGifu
t*Fvdyfvkd oifMum; ykdYcsygonf/ taxGaxGpdwfynm (GENERAL PSY-
CHOLOGY) twGuf jy|mef; pmtkyr f mS t*Fvyd pf w
d yf nmygarmu© pya&mhwf
(SPROTT)\ taxGaxG pdwy f nmESihf tar&duefygarmu© 0k'0f ghof (WOOD
WORTH)ESihf t*Fvy d f ygarmu© rm;uGpf (MARQUIS)wk(Yd 2)OD; yl;wJjG yKpo k nfh
taxGaxG pdwfynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwkdY jzpfMuygonf/ xkdbmom&yfukd
(xkpd Ofu) obm0wå ESihf pdwyf nmXme (DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSO-
PHY AND PSYCHOLOGY) ygarmu©? vef'efwuúokdvf (LONDON
UNIVERSITY)rS yg&*lbJGU& q&mBuD; a'gufwmvSbl;ukd,fwkdif t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh oifMum;ykdYcsygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY enf;jyq&mjzpfonfh (1954)ckESpf vufaxmufuxdu
jzpfonfh (1957)ckEpS w f w Ydk iG v
f nf; txufyg t*Fvyd b f mom jy|mef;pmtkyf
rsm;ukd oH;k pJu
G m t*Fvyd b f momjzifyh if oifMum;ykcYd say;cJMh uygonf/ okaYd omf
xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om;tcsKdUu t*Fvdyfpmcufonf[k nnf;nLMuí
26 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

wpfaMumif;? tdE, d´ rS q&mrsm; a&;om;onfh tvG,v f rf; (MADE EASY)

rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;ukd tm;xm;vGef;onfwpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY
q&mwynfhwpfpk? pdwfynmbmom&yfukd vG,fulonfh t*Fvdyfpmjzifh
a&;om; jyKpck MhJ uygonf/ rSwrf o d rQ ajym&vQif wuúaA'bmom&yftwGuf
(A TEXT-BOOK OF MODERN LOGIC) ukd ygarmu©q&mBu;D a'gufwm
vSbl;ESifh uxduq&m au-tifum; (K.N.KAR)wkdY jyKpkMuygonf/
acwfopf pdwfynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf (MODERN GENERAL
PSYCHOLOGY)ukr d l ygarmu©q&mBu;D a'gufwmvSoiG Ef iS hf vufaxmuf
uxdursm; jzpfMuonfh uRefawmfESifh q&mr a':jrifhjrifharwkdY t*Fvdyfvkd
jyKpkcJhMuygonf/
(1960)wpf 0 k d u f u rl taemuf w k d i f ; ynma&;avmuwG i f
pmtkyx f w
k vf Qif xkw/f rxkwv f Qif jyKwf (PUBLISH OR PERISH) [laom
tqkdtrdefY acwfpm;aeygonf/ xkdpOfu taemufEkdifiHrsm; (txl;ojzifh
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk)wGif tqifhjrifhynm ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;ukd
olYxufig tNydKiftqkdif jyKpkaeMuygonf/ xkdokdYjyKpk&mwGif tcsKdUu
pmenf;enf; t½kyf? "mwfyHk rsm;rsm;? tcsKdUurl ukd,fykdift,ltqenf;enf;
olwumt,ltqrsm;rsm;jzifh a&;om;wwfMu&m jzwf? ñSy?f uyf ausmif;oH;k
pmtkyfrsm;[líyif tcsif;csif; avSmifajymifoa&mf a0zefwwfMuygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY yg&*lbJGU,lNyD; jrefrmjynfokdY jyefvmonfhtcsdef (1967)
ckESpfwGifum; ]]ynmavmu &moDOwkonf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk ajymif;vJcJhayNyD?
bmom&yf[lorQ jrefrmvkd oifMurnf}}[laom a<u;aMumfoHukd vufoHk;jyK
xm;NyDjzpf&m bmom&yfqkdif&m t*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;ukd jrefrmvkdjyefjcif;
(okdYr[kwf) toHvS,fjcif;? jrefrmbmomjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmwef;rsm;?
a&;om; zwfMum;jcif;? uReaf wmfwYdk jyKpx k m;aom (MODERN GENERAL
PSYCHOLOGY) ukd ]]acwfopfpw d yf nm}}trnfjzifh bmomjyefjcif; ponf
wkdY jyKvkyfum pmoifcef;wGifvnf; jrefrmvkdajymíyif oifMum;ydkYcscJhMu
ygonf/ ,if;okYd oifMum;umpwGif q&mwkYd uRr;f usirf rI &Sad o;íwpfaMumif;
jy|mef;pmtkyfrSmvnf; jrefrmrsm;u t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyKpkxm;onfh
ausmif;oHk; pmtkyfjzpfí wpfaMumif;? a0g[m&rsm;ukd toHvS,fí jzpfpOf
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 27

jzpf&yfwu Ydk dk jrefrmvkd jyefvnf&iS ;f jyaom ESpb f momenf; (B1-2 IN GUAL

METHOD)ukd oH;k cJMh uygonf/
xkt d csed u
f uReaf wmfwu Ydk ,
dk w
f idk f tar&duefwiG f ausmif;aepOfu
awGUBuHKcHpm;cJh&aom ]]xkwfvQifxkwf? rxkwfvQifjyKwf}} (PUBLISH OR
PERISH) [laomtcsuu f dk owdw&jzifh ausmif;oH;k pmtkyrf sm; jyKpck yhJ gonf/
uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf; jyKpkaom pmtkyf(2)tkyfrSm ]]acwfopfpdwfynm}}
('kw, d wJ)G ESihf ]]acwfopfqufqaH &; pdwyf nm}}wkYd jzpfygonf/ xkt d csed u
f rl
t*Fvyd b f momjzifh &SNd y;D jzpfaom pmtkyw f rYdk S aumif;Ek;d &m&mwku
Yd dk xkwEf w
k u f m
oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;ESifh ukdufnDonfwkdYukd jrefrmbmomjyefqkdí pkaygif;wifjy
onfhoabmrQom jzpfayonf/ tmp&d, y&Hy&? q&mhq&mwkdY enf;vrf;
twkid ;f ]]jzwf-n§y-f uyf}}bmomjyef pkpnf;aygif;pyf a&;om;vrf;pOfudk vku d f
em usifhoHk;cJhygonf/
okdYaomf usrf;ukd;awG NrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdifjzifh orm;*kPfjy jyKpkxm;aom
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwpftkyfvnf; &Sdygao;onf/ xkdpmtkyfrSm ]]acwfNydKif
pdwyf nm *kdPf;uJGrsm;}}jzpfí xkdpOfu vufaxmufuxdu (,ck ygarmu©)
jzpf o l q&mr a':aX;aX;ES i f h yl ; wJ G a &;om;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / þwG i f
]]orm;*kPfjy}}[k qkd& jcif;rSm wynfhjzpfoltm; taMumif;t&mESifh tcsuf
tvufaygif;rsm;pGmukd &if;jrpfjzpfaom pmtkypf mwrf; *sme,ftapmifapmif
rS aumufEkwfpkpnf; wifjyapNyD; q&mjzpfolu wl&ma&G;xkwfí taMumif;
t&mvnf; us,jf yefeY ufepJ v kH ifap? pmoifom;wkv Yd nf; tvG,w f ul em;vnf
ap[laom &nfrSef;csufjzifh jyKpkxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh
xkdtcsdefu taemufwkdif; tqifhjrifhausmif;oHk;pmtkyftcsKdUwGifom awGU&
wwfonfh ]]rSwpf yk g usr;f uk;d pm&if;}} (ANNOTATBD BIBLIO GRAPHY)
ukd wifjyxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; ]]orm;*kPfjy}}oabm jzpfonf[k qkd&yg
onf/
,cktcg umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f zlvmwefaumvdyf (FULLER
TON COLLEGE) rS pdwfynm ygarmu© (2)OD; yl;wJGjyKpkxm;onfh ]]vlom;
zHGUNzdK;rI}} (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT) [laom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfukd
awGU&onft h cgwGirf S tqifjh rifyh nmausmif;oH;k pmtkyf jyKp&k mwGif ]]pepf
28 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

pdppfrI}} (SYSTEM ANALYSIS) enf;ukd oHk;pJGygu ykdí xda&mufrI &SdEkdif

aMumif; odjrifvmygonf/ ]]pepf-pdppfrI}} [lonf pdwfynmq&mwkdY\
]]oif,jl cif;jzpfpOf}}rSmuJo h yYkd if ]]vkt
d if}} (NEED) ESihf pwifNy;D ,if;vkt d ifwYdk
ESifh ywfoufonfh ,lqcsufrsm; (ASSUMPTIONS) ESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;
(OBJECTIVES)wkdYukd pkpnf;aygif;pyf aqG;aEG;um jyKvkyf&rnfh ]]jzpfpOf}}
(PROCESS)wkdYukd &Sif;vif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ (yl;wJGygyHkukdMunfhyg/)
pmtkyfa&;ol ygarmu© (2)OD;\ t"du vkdtifqE´rSm ]]vlwkdY\
zHUG NzKd ;rI taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí Ny;D jynfph akH om wuúov dk o
f ;kH pmtkyw
f pftyk f
jyKpka&;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdYjyKpk&mwGif t"duusaom ,lqcsufBuD; (5)
ck &Sdayonf/
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif oHk;pJGonfh pepf - pdppfrI - yHkpH

→
vkdtif
jyefauR;rI?
jyKjyifp&m&Sdonfukd ↓
jyKjyifjcif;
→ ,lqcsufrsm;
(5)csuf
↑ ↓
tuJjzwfrIrsm;?
(ausmif;om;rsm;? vkyfazmf
→ &nfrSef;csufrsm;
(10)csuf
ukdifzufrsm;? q&mrsm;ESifh ↓
pmzwfolrsm;xHrS
&&Sdonf/)
← jzpfpOf(3)&yf

↓
vkdtifqE´ jynfh0jcif;
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 29

,if;wkdYrSm (1)uav;b0ESifh ysKdazmf0ifb0wkdY taMumif;ukd avhvmjcif;jzifh

uREyfk o f nf uREyfk w
f t
Ydk aMumif;ukd ykrd dk od&edS m;vnfEidk o
f nf/ (2) uav;wku Yd dk
arG;jrLxdef;odrf;olrsm;onf xkd uav;wpfOD;csif;twGufom wm0ef&Sdonf
r[kw/f xku d av;wkYd aemufq;kH Bu;D jyif;vm&rnfh vlt Y zJUG tpnf;twGuv f nf;
wm0ef&adS yonf/ (3) vly*k Kd¾ vw f pfO;D csi;f pDonf ol\ pGr;f aqmif&nftm;vH;k
zHUG NzKd ;wk;d wufatmif BuKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmifz?Ydk tcGit hf a&; tjynft h 0 &Sad yonf/
(4) vltawmfrsm;rsm;wGif zHGUNzdK;atmif vkyfaqmifEkdifonfh pGrf;tifykef;
(POTENTIAL) tajrmuftjrm; &Sdonf/ (5) vlwkdY\ zHGUNzdK;rIukd pepfwus
avhvmí awGU&SdcsufwkdYukd rSefuefpGm toHk;csjcif;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf
aomfvnf;aumif; vlt Y zJUG tpnf;wpfcv k ;kH twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; tusK;d
xl;rsm; &&SdEkdifayonf/
txufazmfjyyg ,lqcsufrsm;ukd taumif
txnfazmf&mwGif xm;&Sd&rnfh &nfrSef;csuf (10)ck ausmif;oHk;pmwpftkyf
&Sdayonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm (1) ukd,fhtaMumif;ukd,f jyKpk a &;rS m wu,f
ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnf&ef? (2) oifhrdbrsm;taMumif;ukd wrf;om pepfpdppfrIukd
ykrd odk &d dS em;vnf&ef? (3) oifo h m;orD;rsm; taMumif; oH k ; pJ G í vk y f i ef ; uk d
ukd ykdrkd od&Sdem;vnf&ef? (4) vlwkdY\zHGUNzdK;rIESifh taumiftxnf azmf
ywfoufonfh tajccH owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd rnfqkdygu taumif;
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk wifjyEkdif&ef/ (5) vlwkdYzHGUNzdK;rIESifh xuftrGef jzpfEidk o f nf
ywfoufonfh t,ltqrsm; okawoersm;ESifh rSwfapumrl odyfawmh
awGU&Sdcsuf &v'frsm;ukd azmfjy&ef/ (6) vlom;b0 rvG,fvSaom tvkyf
twG u f t"d u usí ta&;ygonf h ok a woe wpf c k ygwum;[k
ESifh oDtkd&DtcsKdUukd o½kyfjy aqG;aEG;&ef? (7) vlom; aumif;pGm oabmayguf
zHGUNzdK;rIESifh ywfoufonfh rEkóaA'? vlrIaA'ESifh rdygownf;/
ZD0aA' ponfh qufpyfrI&Sd&m bmom&yfrsm;\
avhvmawGU&SdcsufwkdYukd odrf;oGif; aygif;pyfaqG;aEG; azmfjy&ef? (8) zHGUNzdK;rI
pdwfynm (DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY)\ oifhb0
wpfoufwm aeYpOf vIy&f mS ;jyKrrl rI sm;tay: tusK;d oufa&mufyw kH u
Ydk dk pOf;pm;
avhvm&ef? (9) a&SUokYd qufvufí avhvmvkpd w d af y:atmif EI;d aqmfay;&efEiS hf
30 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

(10) pmoifom; (okrYd [kw)f pmzwfow l t

Ydk m; vlom;tusK;d twGuf 0efaqmif
rIvkyfief;rsm;wGif wufwuf<u<u yg0ifvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf tm;ay;&ef
[lí jzpfayonf/
txufazmfjyyg &nfrSef;csuf (10)&yfukd taumiftxnfazmf&m
wGif vkyfaqmif&rnfh jzpfpOf(3)&yf &Sdygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm (1) vlom;
zHGUNzdK;rIESifh ywfoufonfh bmom&yfqkdif&m ½Iaxmifhaygif;pHkrS avhvmawGU&Sd
csufwkdYukd aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;? (2) tjyKtrlqkdif&m zHGUNzdK;rIESifhywfoufonfh
b0yef;wkid f rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vkt d yfonfh vrf;ñTerf rI sm;ukd
wifjyjcif;? (3) vlom;b0 oHo&m (LIFE CYCLE) tqifhwpfckpDESifh
ywfoufonfh okawoeawGU&Scd surf sm;ESihf vufawGUtoH;k csrrI sm;taMumif;
ukd &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;wkdY jzpfayonf/
,if;okdYaom jzpfpOfrsm;twkdif; jyKpkNyD;onfh taMumif;&yfwkdYukd
tuJjzwf&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;? vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;? q&mrsm;ESifh
pmzwf y&d o wf r sm;xH wif j y&rnf jzpf y gonf / ,if ; yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;u
(1)&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufonf? raygufajrmufonfukd vnf;aumif;?
(2) ,lqcsurf sm;\ jynf0h pHv k ifrI &So
d nf r&So d nfudk vnf;aumif;? (3) tajccH
vkt d yfcsuu f dk vH;k 0 OóHk jznfq h nf;ay;Ekid rf I &So
d nf r&So
d nfudk vnf;aumif;?
(vlom;zHGUNzdK;rI ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfaumif;wpftkyf [kwf r[kwf) jyefauR;rI
(FEED BACK) ay;Eki dv
f rd rhf nf jzpfonf/ jyefauR;rI (FEED BACK) [laom
a0g[m&rSm oif,ljcif;oDtkd&Dq&m (LEARNING THEORISTS) wkdY\
tm;jznfhrI (REIN FOR CEMENT) ukdyif &nfñTef;jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;
tm;jznfhrIonf (1) &nfrSef;csuftqifh? (2) ,lqcsuftqifhESifh (3)
vkdtiftqifh ponfhtqifh (3)qifhpvHk;ESifh tusKH;0ifayonf/ (yl;wJGyg
yHkpHrsm;wGif jrm;wkdY\ vrf;ñTef&mukd Munfhyg/)
txufazmfjyyg vkyfief;tqifhqifhtvkduf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom
]]zHUG NzKd ;rIpw
d yf nm ausmif;oH;k pmtky\ f trnfrmS vlom;zHUG Nz;d rI? yk*v
¾ u
d zGUH NzKd ;rI
pdwfynmukd ynm&yfaygif;pHk ½IaxmifhrS csOf;uyfavhvmenf;}} (HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT - A - MULTI - DISPLINARY APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL GROWTH) [lí jzpfygonf/ ,if;
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 31

ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfwGif (1) ed'gef;? (2) ynm&yfaygif;pHk½Iaxmifhrsm;? (3)

b0yef;wkid rf sm;? (4) b0 oHo&m [lí tykdif;BuD; (4)ykdif;ESifh tcef;aygif;
(21)cef; yg0ifNyD; pmrsufESm (581) &Sdygonf/
uRefawmfhxHwGif&Sdaom pmtkyfrSm tzHk;yg;ESifhjzpfNyD; ]]txl;ay;ykdY
onfh BuKd wifaumfyD a&mif;&efr[kw}f } (SPECIAL ADVACE COPY NOT
FOR SALE) [k ½kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/ xkdpmtkyfonf uRefawmf pdwfynm
ygarmu© wm0ef xrf;aqmifaepOfu rdwaf qGjzpfaom puFmylrS xkwaf 0olu
]]a0zef tuJjzwfcsuf a&;ay;yg&ef}} arwåm&yfcpH mESit hf wl vufaqmifay;ykYd
vmjcif; jzpfygonf/ tzHk;yg; jzpf&jcif;rSm þpmtkyfonf a&mif;wef;0if
r[kwaf o;/ oufqidk &f myk*Kd¾ vw f EYdk iS hf aphpyfñEdS idI ;f qJ aumif;onfxufaumif;
atmif jyKjyifqJ jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonfh oauFwyif jzpfygonf/ xkdpOfu
uReaf wmf rnfuo hJ Ydk rSwcf suaf y;Ny;D jyefMum;cJo h nfurdk l rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ rnfoYdk
yifjzpfap ,ck jyefzwfonft h cgwGirf S tqifjh rifyh nm ausmif;oH;k pmwpftyk f
jyKpak &;rSm wu,fwrf;om pepfppd pfru I dk oH;k pJí
G vkyif ef;ukd taumiftxnf
azmfrnfqkdygu taumif;xuftrGef jzpfEkdifonf rSwfapumrl odyfawmh
rvG,v f aS om tvkyw f pfcyk gwum;[k aumif;pGmoabmaygufryd gownf;/

a'gufwmausmfpdef
n
32 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

ynma&;
ynma&;...
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OD ; aomif ; xG # f

OD;&SmazG / ]]OD;ynmBuDd;ygvm;/ rvmwm tawmfuav; MumoGm;NyDaemf/

ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGeJY ynma&; t&nftaoG;
jrifhrm;vmatmif aqmif&Gufae&vkdY tvkyfawGrsm;aew,f
xifw,f}}
OD;ynm / ]][kwyf gw,f OD;&SmazG/ OD;&SmazGBu;D awG;xifovkd tvkyaf wGrsm;
aewmwifrubl;/ tvkyfawG xyfaew,fAsm}}
OD;&SmazG / ]]tvkyfawG rsm;aewmeJY tvkyfawGxyfaewm rwlbl;vm;As/
bmuGmjcm;aevkdYvJ}}
OD;ynm / ]]uGmw,f OD;&SmazGa&U? uGmw,f/ tvkyfrsm;aew,fqkdwmu
tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfckukd owfrSwfxm;wJh tcsdeftwGif;
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef acsmacsmarmarmeJY tcsdefrDNyD;pD;zkdY tJ'D
wm0ef&UJ p - v,f - qH;k umvoH;k yg;pvH;k rSm tifwu dk tf m;wku d f
wpfcgwpf&H xrif;arh? [if;arh tdyaf &;ysucf NH y;D uk,
d w f idk v
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BuD;Muyfoifhwm BuD;Muyf? pdppfoifhwm pdppf&eJY *sifajcvnf
atmif vkyif ef;tqifq h ifah wG vufrvnfatmif vkyaf e&wmukd
tvkyfrsm;aew,fvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ tvkyfawG xyfaew,fqkd
wmuawmh tJ'Dvkd tm;oGefcGefpkduf vkyfaewkef;rSmyJ tjcm;
wm0efwpfck? vkyfief;wpfck? ESpfck? oHk;ck qkdovkd vkyfief;topf
awG xyfxyfNy;D wk;d vmvkYd tvkyaf wGxyfaewmvkYd ajymwmAsKUd }}
]]tif;… [kwfygw,f? [kwfygw,f? OD;ynmwkdYvkd ynm&Sd
awGeJY pum;vufqHkus&wm ynmwkd;ygw,f}}
]]tvkad v;… uReaf wmft h rnf OD;ynmqkw d meJY ynm&Sv d kdY
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 33

rajymvkdufygeJY/ uRefawmfuvnf; OD;&SmazGvkd ynm&SmazGaeol

ygAs}}
]]ynm&SmazGov l yYdk J ac:ac:? ynm&Sv d yYdk J uifyeG ;f wyfwyf?
ynmwwfoal wGeYJ pum;ajym&wm tvGeo f wdxm;&yguvm;}}
]]r[kwfbl;? OD;&SmazG… r[kwfbl;/ w&m;aemuf pum;yg
qkdwmvkd uRefawmfwkdY cifAsm;wkdY[m toufuav; BuD;vmNyD/
tawGUtBuKH rsK;d pHx k J usiv f nfc&hJ olawGqadk wmh ajymowd… qkd
owd? aeowd &Sd&r,fqkdwmk tusifhjzpfaeNyD r[kwfvm;/ tJ'g
aMumifh uReaf wmfwYdk ajymMu? qkMd u? aqG;aEG;MuwJt h cg ajymMuwJh
pum;vHk;awG … a0g[m&awG a&;om;vkdufwJh pmom;awG[m
wdwdusus jzpfzkdYvkdw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f OD;ynm? [kwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh…}}
]]'gayrJh qkdawmh OD;&SmazGu vufrcHbl;vm;}}
]]uRefawmf qkdcsifwmu tcsKdUa0g[m&awG? toHk;tEIef;
awG? ta&;tom;awG[m
a'owpfcek w YJ pfck rwlMu uRefawmfwkdhvkd ynma&;Xmeu vlawG
bl;/ wpfacwfeYJ wpfacwf vufcHxm;wJh tcsufwpfcsufuawmh
umvwpfcek w YJ pfcrk wlMu urÇmrSm tu©&mawG? pmawG? ayawG
bl;/ toufuGmjcm;&if ray:ru D wnf;u ynma&;qkw d m &Sad ew,f
awmif rwlwm awGU&w,f/ qkdwJhtcsufyJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmwwf
uRefawmfwkdY 'DacwfrSmyJ wmeJh ynmwwfwm rwlbl;? pmqkdwm
Munf h a v/ vl i ,f a wG ? ynmukd jrefjrefeJhrsm;rsm; &,la&;twGuf
ausmif;om;awG? pum;vH;k tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh taxmuftul quf
awG? a&;aeMuwJh pmom; oG,fa&; ud&d,mwpfckvkdh uRefawmfwkdh
awGud k uReaf wmfwY d k em;vnf ajymMuygw,f/
aewmeJY olwkdY qkdvkdwmeJY
vHk;0rwlwm &SdaeMuw,f? jzpfaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]OD;&SmazGvnf; emrnfeJYvkdufatmif awmfawmfuav;
&SmazG avhvm awG;awm qifjcif ajymqkdaeNyDyJ}}
34 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

]]awG;awmqifjcifaewm odyfrMumao;ygbl;/ rSwfrSwf&&

ajym&&if [kdwavmu 1989 ckESpf arvxkwf ayzl;vTm
r*¾Zif;xJrSm pma&;q&m atmifoif; a&;wJh ]]NrdKUrarmifeJY
uRefawmf}} qkdwJhaqmif;yg;ukd zwfNyD;uwnf;u qkdygawmh}}
]]tJ'Daqmif;yg;xJrSm bma&;xm;vkdYwkef;As}}
]]tJ'D aqmif;yg;xJrSm q&mNrdKUrarmifeJY ukdatmifoif;wkdY
awGUqHw k ek ;f rSm q&mNrKd Urarmifu ukad tmifoif;ukd ajymvku d w
f hJ
pum;? qHk;rvkdufwJhpum;ukd zwfvkduf&vkdYyg}}
]]bmawG ajymqkdqHk;rvkdufvkdYvJ}}
]]NrKd Urarmifu ukad tmifoif;ukd b,fvadk jymvJqadk wmh…
cifAsm;rSm bJGUwpfckawmif &NyD;NyDyJ/ enf;enf;zwfNyD; rsm;rsm;
pOf;pm;zkYd tcsed af &mufNy/D trsm;Bu;D zwfNy;D enf;enf;rQ rpOf;pm;
&if A[kokwrsm;wJh vlnHhwpfa,mufjzpfaerSmaygh/ trsm;BuD;
pOf;pm;Ny;D a&;xm;wJh pmtkyaf umif; enf;enf;avmufuzdk wfNy;D
ukd,fwkdifu rsm;rsm;pOf;pm;Ekdif&if ykdaumif;w,fAs}} vkdY ajym
w,fw/hJ
]]tif;… awmfawmfuav; pOf;pm;NyD; av;av;eufeuf
ajymvkdufwJh pum;yJ/ uRefawmfawmh axmufcHw,fAsm/
axmufcH½Hkomru xyfawmifjznfhpGufcsifao;w,f}}
]]bmukdxyfjznhfcsifwmvJ}}
]]uRefawmfawmh rsm;rsm;pOf;pm;wJh tqifhtxdom &yf
raeapcsifbl;/ cifAsm;eJYuRefawmfwkdYvkd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yGifhyGifh
vif;vif; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdMu? a&;om;Mu? Mum;olzwfolawGu
vnf; aoaocsmcsm tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;awG;ac:NyD;
jyefvnf ñSEd idI ;f Mu a&;om;MuwJt h qifth xd jzpfapcsiw f ,fAsm}}
]]tif;… 'gaMumifh cifAsm;eJpY um;ajym&wm aqG;aEG;&wm
ynmwkd;w,fvkdY uRefawmfajymwm}}
]]ynmwk;d w,fqv dk Ydk ajym&OD;r,f/ cifAsm;wkYd uReaf wmfwYdk
tygt0if vlwidk ;f vkv d dk vlwum ajymqko d ;kH EIe;f aeMuwJh ]]ynm
a&;}}qkdwJh a0g[m&taMumif;ukd BuHKwkef; aqG;aEG;csifw,f
Asm}}
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 35

]]aqG;aEG;yg OD;ynm? aqG;aEG;yg}}

]]oloil gig vlwum ajymqkad eMuwJh aeYpOfo;kH ]]ynma&;}}
qkdwJh a0g[m&eJY uRefawmfwkdYvkd ynma&;XmerS wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufaeMuwJh q&mawG? pDrHcefYcJGolawG? BuD;MuyfolawG
em;vnf oabmaygufaewJh ]]ynma&;}}qkdwJh a0g[m&&JU
teuft"dyÜg,f awG zGifhqkdcsufawG[m rwlbl;As}}
]]b,fvrdk wlwmvJ}}
]]vlwumoH;k aeYpOfo;kH aeMuwJh ]ynma&;}qkw d Jh a0g[m&
[m ausmif;awG? odyaHÜ umvdyaf wG? wuúov dk af wGrmS oifaewJh
]ausmif;oif pmoifynma&;}ukd qkv d Mdk uw,f/ pmwwfaywwf
vkyif ef;pOfwpfcv k Ydk oabmaygufaeMuw,f/ bJUG &rS ynmwwf
w,f/ bJGUrsm;av ynmwwfavvkdY owfrSwfxm;Muw,f/
uRefawmfwkdYvkd ynma&;XmeawGrSm &SdaeMuwJh olawGuawmh
]ynma&;} qkdwmukd ]twwfynmwpf&yf} wpfcktaeeJY
oabmxm;w,f? pmwwfaywwfrS r[kwfbl;? twwfynm
wpf&yf&yf wpfcck u k dk wwfajrmufatmif aqmif&u G u f nl aD y;jcif;
vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf &v'fwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;Muw,f/
tvGefus,f0ef;eufeJw,fvkdY qkd&rSmjzpfw,f}}
]]cifAsm;ajymovkq d &dk if pmrwwf? ayrwwfayr,fh ynm
wwf jzpfEkdifw,faygh}}
]][kww f ,f OD;&SmazG? [kww f ,f/ pmrwwfayr,fh vkyif ef;
wpfckckrSm olrwlatmif xl;cRefwwfajrmufaewJh twwf
ynm&SifawG urÇmrSm ay:xGef;cJhwmawG &SdcJhw,f/ EkdifiHwkdif;rSm
&Scd MhJ uw,f/ &Sad eMuw,f OD;&SmazG/ uReaf wmfv h dk ynma&;Xmeu
vlawG vufcHxm;wJh tcsufwpfcsufuawmh urÇmrSm tu©&m
awG? pmawGayawG ray:rDuwnf;u ynma&;qkw d m &Sad ew,f
qkdwJhtcsufyJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmwwfwmeJY ynmwwfwm
rwlbl;/ pmqkdwm ynmukd jrefjrefeJYrsm;rsm; &,la&;twGuf
tvGef toHk;0ifwJh taxmuftul qufoG,fa&; ud&d,m
wpfckvkdY uReaf wmfwYdk ajymMuygw,f/ ,leufpukv d Ydk t*Fvyd v f dk
36 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm

twkad umuf ac:wJh urÇmhukvor*¾ynma&;? odyÜHynmESifh

,Ofaus;rItzJGUu 1972 ckESpfrSm xkwfa0cJhwJh urÇmausmf
rsufarSmufESifh tem*wf urÇmhynma&; tpD&ifcHpm}}xJrSm
ynma&;ukd ]]vlb Y 0wpfoufwm ynma&;}} (Life - long Educa-
tion) tjzpf owfrSwfNyD;? orm;½kd;us ausmif;oifynma&;
(Formal Education)? orm;½kd;usr[kwfwJh trSwfwrJhynma&;
(Informal Education)? ausmif;jyifyynma&; (Non - formal
Education) rodrom ynma&; (Incidental Education) ponf
jzifh vlom;wpfOD; ynm&,lEkdifwJh ynma&;trsKd;tpm;awGukd
trsKd;rsKd;cJGjcm;NyD; wifjyxm;w,f/
]]cifAsm; &Sif;jyrSyJ uRefawmfwkdY em;vnfaewJh ynma&;
qkwd hJ a0g[m&&JU t"dymÜ ,f[m orm;½k;d us ausmif;oifynma&;
wpfckwnf;taMumif;ukdom ajymaeMuwm? qkdaeMuwmvkdY
oabmaygufvmw,f/ cifAsm;ajymwJh ynm &,lEidk w f ?hJ &&SEd idk wf hJ
ynma&;trsKd;tpm;awGtaMumif;ukd twkdcsKH;NyD; tESpfom&ukd
&Sif;ay;ygOD; OD;ynm}}
]]tar; &S d a wmh v nf ; ajz&wmaygh / orm;½k d ; us
ausmif;oifynma&;ukdawmh OD;&SmazG oabmaygufaeygNyD/
ausmif;? odyÜH aumvdyf? wuúokdvfwpfckckrSm ynmay;ol q&m
wpfO;D OD;u wynfah wGudk jy|mef;xm;wJh oif½;dk twkid ;f owfrw S f
xm;wJhtcsdeftwGif; oifMum;ay;NyD; wwfrwwf pmar;yJGppf
tuJjzwfwJh vkyfief;pOfukd qkdvkdwmyg/ orm;½kd;usr[kwfwJh
trSwfwrJh ynma&; (Informal Education)qkdwmuawmh
ausmif;oiform;½kd;us ynma&;rsKd;r[kwfbJ vlom;wpfOD;
taeeJY aeYpOfxad wGUaewJh vlU0ef;usirf S trSww f rJh &&Sw d hJ ynm
a&;rsKd;ukd qkdvkdwmyg/ Oyrm ajym&&if rdwfaqGtaygif;
toif;awGxHrS &wJh pdwfaeoabmxm;awG? tawGUtBuHKawG?
pme,fZif;rsm; zwfv&Ydk wJh todw&m;awG? ½ky&f iS w f AD ?D AD', D dk pwJh
vlxkqufoG,fa&; ud&d,mawGu wpfqifh &wJhA[kokwawG
ponfwkdY jzpfygw,f}}
 vufOD;q&m ESifh jrwfynm 37

]]uRefawmfwkdY ajymavh&SdwJh jrifq&m? Mum;q&mawGqDu

&wJh ynmrsKd;ukd qkdvkdwmvm; OD;ynm}}
]][kwfygw,f OD;&SmazG? tJ'D ynma&;eJY qifwl½kd;rSm;
ynma&;wpfrsKd;uawmh rodrom ynma&; (Incidental Edu-
cation) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ynma&;rsK;d ukd vufqifu h rf;ynma&;vkYd
qkdr,fqkd&ifvnf; qkdEkdifygw,f/ urÇmOD;tpupNyD; ,aeYwkdif
rsKd;quftqifhqifh vufurf;ay;oGm;vkdY rsKd;qufopfawG &&SdwJh
,Ofaus;rIawG? xHk;"avhawG? trlt&mawG? twwfynmawG?
Oyrm avSxkd; &Gufwkdif? vTqJG? v,fvkyf? Akdif;iif? &ufuef; pwJh
twwfynmawG? yef;q,frsKd;twwfynmawG pwmawGukd
vlBuD;awGxHrS om;orD;? wl? wlrrsm;u rodrom &,lwJh
ynma&;rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;jyifyynma&; (Non - Formal
Education) uawmh pmoifausmif;? odyÜHaumvdyf? wuúokdvf
awGu twef;vku d f oifMum;ay;wJh pmayynma&;rsK;d r[kwb f J
vkyif ef;wpfcck ?k ynm&yfwpfrsK;d rsK;d ? ykrd w
dk wfuRr;f atmif? wk;d wuf
atmif? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;? ,Ofaus;rI
pwJ h tzJ G U tpnf ; wpf c k u wm0ef , l N yD ; umvwk d o if ½ k d ; eJ Y
pepfwusoifMum; ay;wJh ynma&;rsKd; jzpfygw,f}}
]]vkyfief;cGifoifwef;awGrSmay;wJh ynma&;rsKd;ukd qkdvkd
wmvm; OD;ynm}}
]][kwyf gw,f OD;&SmazG…[kwyf gw,f/ Oyrmwpfck ajym&
&if urÇmausmfwJh jrefrmEkdifiH t-oHk;vHk; pmwwfajrmufa&;
vkyfief;&yfBuD;[m ausmif;jyify ynma&;jzpfw,f OD;&SmazG}}
]]OD;ynmeJY 'DaeYawGU&wm uRefawmfhrSm ynmwkd;oGm;
ygw,f/ ynma&;qkdwJh a0g[m&&JU t"dyÜm,fukdvnf; em;vnf
oifo h avmuf em;vnfygNy/D uReaf wmfwx Ydk ifwmxuf ykNd y;D eufeJ
us,f0ef;ygvm;}}
]][kwfw,f OD;&SmazG… [kwfw,f/ ynma&;eJYywfouf
NyD; aqG;aEG;p&mawGu rsm;vGef;aevkdY aemufwpfcgqHkrS xyfNyD;
aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif/
OD;aomif;xG#f