ynmEdkifiHawmf

odef;Ekdif (armu©ynma&;)
ykHESdyfjcif;rSwfwrf;
 rmwdum

(1) ynmEdkifiHawmf (1) wnfaqmufjcif; 12

(2) ynmEdkifiHawmf (2) 'Drdkua&pDynma&; 19
(3) ynmEdkifiHawmf (3) pmwwfwJh &Gmuav; 38
(4) ynmEdkifiHawmf (4) pmzwfjcif;EdkifiH 58
(5) vlYordkif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;Adokum csef&pfxm;cJhaom
oifcef;pmvufaqmifrsm; 81
(6) uav;i,f&JU cspfjcif;tEkynm 89
(7) pmoifcef;xJu tMuifemw&m; 98
(8) c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*sD odkYr[kwf
wkPSdbma0,Ofaus;rIrS azmufxGufjcif; 103
(9) AkH;rcGJEdkifwJh pmoifausmif; 111
(10) tmqD,H yk*¾vduynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESihf
vlrIpD;yGm;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI 117
(11) aywpf&may:u 8888 EdkifiHa&;oifcef;pmrsm;
pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;odkY a&muf&SdoihfygNyD 124
(12) aysmufqkH;oGm;wJh oif½dk;nTef;wrf; 131
(13) EdkifiHawmf\ pHwefzdk;rsm;udk jr§ihfwifjcif; 144
(14) pmoifcef;wGif; 'Drdkua&pDudk jyefvnftoufoGif;csdef 152
(15) ynma&;tokH;p&dwfESihf 0efBuD;XmewGif;
wapäESpfaumifjyóem 158
(16) a&Munfwayguf? at;&dyfjrjr tarG 163
(17) taumif;qkH; ausmif; 168
(18) tokH;rjyKao;wJh OD;aESmufrsm; 174
(19) pmoifcef;twGif; txD;usefqefrI 181
(20) taumif;jrifoabmxm;udk jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif; 186
(21) obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;&Sifoefa&; 192
(22) &Sifoefjcif;? bmompum;ESihf ausmif;ynma&; 198
(23) todÓPf tvif;cvkwf zGihfay;EdkifwJh bmom&yfawG 204
(24) ausmif;qdkonfrSm 210
(25) aumif;aom pmoifMum;jcif;ESihfywfoufí
pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mrsm; (1) 214
(26) aumif;aom pmoifMum;jcif;ESihfywfoufí
pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mrsm; (2) 219
(27) ,Ofaus;rI a&SUaqmifol&Jaumif;rsm; 225
(28) ynma&; uHqdk;rdk;arSmifus&jcif;taMumif; 231
(29) jrefrmESihf urÇmudk owådt&mESihf onf;cHjcif;w&m;wdkY
tyfESif;cJhol 236
(30) aysmf&TifrIudk tmrcHay;&rnhf ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI 243
(31) ausmif;ykHjyif (1) ta&GU 250
(32) ausmif;ykHjyif (2) vrif;BuD;&JU yk*¾voabm 258
(33) urÇmYeHygwfwpf ynmEdkifiH\ ynmawmfvSefa&; 268
(34) ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESifh
vGwfvyfaomausmif;q&mor*¾ 277
 trSmpum;

ykdrkdí ar;cGef;rsm;pGmxkwfvmMuonfh ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI

tay:wGif tm;jznfhvkdaom pdwfqE´jzihf þynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;
aqmif;yg;pkukd jyKpka&;om;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ rwluJGjym;aomtjrifrsm;
&Sdaeaomfjim;vnf; ynma&;ukdtajccHaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrIukd ykdrkd
pdwf0ifpm;rI &SdvmMuonfukdvnf; vkdvm;tyfaom tcsif;t&mwpf&yf
tjzpf ½Ijrifrdonf/ rl0g'ESihf pHwefzkd;wdkYtay: jiif;ckHtm;NydKifaerIrsm;
uvnf; ykdrkdvkdvm;tyfaom ynma&;pepfta&GUqDokdY t&Sdeft[kefjzihf
armif;ESifay;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/ ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom EkdifiHa&;b0ESifh vlrI
pD;yGm;b0twGuf tpOfwpku d af r;cGe;f xkw&f rnfrmS vnf; ynma&;pepfyif
jzpf\/ t"duar;cGef;rSm ]]ynma&;jzifh vlYtzJGUtpnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJ
rIukd jzpfapEkdifygovm;}} qkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
twk,lp&mrsm;pGm&Sdaeonfh tdrfeD;csif; tmqD,HEkdifiHrsm;\
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;uvnf; a'owGif;avhvmp&mrsm;tjzpf
aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf/ atmifjrifvsu&f adS eaom urÇmYynmEkid if aH wmf
rsm;xHrS tm;ustwk,lp&mrsm;? pmoifcef;twGif; tusifhtBuHrsm;ESifh
rl0g'a&;&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;uvnf; jrefrmhynma&;twGuf pHEIef;opf
rsm;ukd &&Sdapygvdrfhrnf/ enf;ynmacwf\ ynma&;rl0g' tajymif;
tvJrsm;wGif txifu&jzpfapoifah om? pmoifausmif;rsm;u jyKpyk sK;d axmif
ay;oifhaom? oif½kd;nTef;wrf;u tmrcHcsufay;&rnfjzpfaom tod
opfrsm;? pGrf;&nfopfrsm;? tawG;tjrifrsm;? oabmxm;rsm;twGuf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;zG,f&mrsm;pGmyif &Sdaeygonf/ wnf&SdaeqJ ausmif;
ynma&;ESifh oif½;dk nTe;f wrf; pHwefz;dk rsm;xJrS aumif;&mrGe&f m? vufqifh
urf;zG,f&mrsm;ESifh qyfpyfNyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdif&efvnf; &nf&G,f&if;
&Sdygonf/
pmoifcef;twGif;a&muf&Sdoifhaom jrefrmh&yf&GmESifh vlrItokduf
t0ef;xJrS tawG;tjrifrsm;? tusifhtBuHrsm;? tawGUtBuHKrsm;? tm;om
csufrsm;? arQmfvifhcsufrsm;ESifh vufawGUvlrIvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd
vnf; oifhavsmf&maqmif;yg;rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
jyifyurÇmESihf pmoifcef;wdYktquftpyfrmS uav;i,f\tem*wftwGuf
ykrd t
dk csuftcsmusaeavonf/ tul;tajymif;umvukd uav;i,fwidk ;f
jzwfoef;&onfcsnf;yif/ qufpyfay;jcif;jzihf pmoifcef;wdkYwefzkd; ykdí
jrifhrm;vmEkdifygonf/ eDwdtajcjyK pmoifausmif;ESifh ynma&;pepfwdkY
twGufvnf; ,cifESpfumvrsm;u jrefrmhynma&;pepftwGif; usifhokH;
cJhzl;aom ynm&wemrsm;ukd jyefvnf&SmazGwl;azmfxm;ygonf/ aysmf&Tif
rIukd tmrcHay;NyD; eDwdukdtajcwnfrSomvQif trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf
wdkY atmifjrifEkdifygrnf/
rsKd;qufwdkY\ vm;&myef;wkdifESifh pmoifausmif;\ wl½lcsuf
wdkYrSm rsm;pGmtvSrf;ruGma0;oifhyg/ ynma&;rl0g'ukd tajccHxm;onfh
pmoifausmif;\ wl½lcsufwdkYrSm rsKd;qufrsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufESihf xyfwl
usro S mvQif trsK;d om;ynma&;pepf atmifjrifEidk yf grnf/ tok;H rjyK&ao;
aom OD;aESmufrsm;twGuf pmoifcef;wdYk u awG;awmwwfap&ef? qifjcif
wwfap&ef? qufqw H wfap&ef avhusifah y;Ekid yf gonf/ þtwGuv f nf;
xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
 ynmA[kdjyKrdom;pkrsm;? ynmA[kdjyKpmoifcef;rsm;ESihf ynm
A[kdjyK&yf&Gmrsm; xGef;um;vmrSomvQif ynmEkdifiHawmfukd wnfaqmuf
Ekdifrnf/ txl;ojzifh ynmvrf;aMumif;jzihf ynmA[kdjyK jyKjyifajymif;vJ
jcif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;wdkYtwGuf
taocsmqkH;vrf;aMumif;jzpfygaMumif; ,kHMunfygonf/

odef;Ekdif
20 Ekd0ifbmv? 2014
 trSmpum;

uReaf wmf udo k ed ;f Edik Ef iS fh cifrif&if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifco hJ nfrmS ok;H ESpcf efY
&SdcJhNyD/ olESihf pwif&if;ESD;ykHuvnf; qef;onf/ tGefvdkif;ay:u &if;ESD;cJh
&jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfonf ynma&;wGif 0goemxkHcJhaomaMumihf
tifwmeufay:a&mufvQif ynma&;taMumif;awG arTaESmufzwfwwfonf/
xdkrS udkodef;EdkifwdkYvkyfaeaom ]]armu©ynma&;}} qdkonhf Website udk
owdjyKrdvmNyD; rMumcP 0ifzwfrdonf/
tNidr;f pm; ausmif;q&mwpfO;D jzpfonhf tm;avsmpf mG ynma&;ESifh
ywfoufNyD; a&;om;csipf w d rf sm;jzpfro d jzihf armu©xH tD;ar;vfuwpfqihf
pmawGyYkday;rdonf/ olwYkduvnf; ydYkay;wdik ;f tGev f ikd ;f ay:wGif wifay;avh
&So
d jzihf uReaf wmhpf mzwfy&dowfonf tGev f ikd ;f ay:wGif wd;k yGm;oGm;cJ&h onf/
udkodef;Edkifudk aemufrS jrefrmjynfwGif rae? xdkif;EdkifiHwGif
aexdik o f jl zpfaMumif; od&onf/ olwYkd onf 1988 ta&;awmfyt Hk NyD;wGif
wdik ;f wpfyg;udk xGuo f mG ;Muonf/ olrsm;awG awmfveS af &;a&pD;aMumif;xJ
ajrmygaecsed w f iG f udo
k ed ;f Edik w
f pfa,mufuawmh ynma&;jzihf wdik ;f jynfukd
jr§ihfwif&ef pdwful;tdyfrufawG rufaecJhonf/ xdktdyfrufudk olu
'Dtwdkif;rxm;/ cufcJpGm wdkif;wpfyg;wGif aexdkif&aomfvnf; ynma&;
twGuf raerem;vkyfaqmifBuKd;yrf;&if; MopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGif ynma&;
qdkif&m bGJUwpfckudk oifMum;atmifjrif&,lcJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGifvnf;
e,fpyfa'orsm;wpf0u kd f vSnv fh nf&if;u wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tMum;
ESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;&Sd uav;rsm;ynma&;udk olu raerem;aqmif&Guf
ay;aeaMumif; Mum;od&onf/
wpfcgwpf&H ol jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufvmwwfonf/ jyefa&muf
wdik ;f vnf; tvum;rae/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd ynma&;qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk
vdkufvHawGUqkHonf/ aqG;aEG;ar;jref;onf/ awGUqkHyGJ? a[majymyGJ?
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGuv kd nf; olu, kd w f ikd f aiGaMu;tuket f uscNH yD; vdu
k v
f yk o f nf/
uReaf wmht f jrifuawmh wu,hyf nma&;orm;wpfa,muf[k qdck sio f nf/
olu pmtkyw f pftyk x f w k &f ef uReaf wmhu f kd tultnDawmif;onf/
ola&;cJo h rQpmawGtm;vk;H udk uReaf wmhx f yH Ykv
d u kd Nf yD; pdppfwnf;jzwfcikd ;f onf/
uReaf wmfu þtxdawmh vdu k v f yk af y;vdu k Ef ikd o f nf/ odYk aomf þpmtkyf
jzpfajrmufa&; wpfenf;qd&k vQif pmtkyu f kd ykEH ydS af &;url uReaf wmfuRr;f usif
aom vdkif;r[kwfonhftwGuf xkwfa0olawGvufxJ tyfxm;&if;u
vaygif;rsm;pGmMumonftxd pmtkyfjzpfrvmonfudkawmh uRefawmf
awmif;yef&rnf/
uRefawmf olYpmtkyu f kd tprStqk;H wnf;jzwfpOf zwfMunhv f u
kd f
onhftcgwGif olapwem? olY&ifxJua0'em? olYcHpm;csufrsm;udk ydkNyD;
odjrifcGihf&cJhonf/
wu,fawmh olwdkYonf udk,hfEdkifiHBuD;ESihfa0;NyD; txD;usefae
onfqdkaomfvnf; ynma&;aMumihf þtodkif;t0dkif;xJwGif ]q&m}
qdo k nhf *dP k ;f twGi;f 0ifa&mufciG &fh aeMuonf/ ol\ynma&;tjrifum;
aMumufp&maumif;vSonf/ oljzpfcsifonhf ynmEdkifiHawmfudk olwnf
aqmufjyvdkufrS uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynfwGif tb,faMumihf ynma&;
edru fh saecJ&h aMumif;udk uReaf wmfbufwpfbufr&S yfNyD; ½IjrifciG &fh vdu k o f nf/
uReaf wmfwYkdu jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f aoma'orsm;wGif ausmif;q&m
vkyfcJh&onf/ e,fajra'o Murf;wrf;onhf tcuftcJrsm;avmufudk
uRefawmfwdkYu yifyef;qif;&JvScsnhf[k xifMuonf/ udkodef;EdkifwdkYum;
Ak;H oH? aoewfoaH wGMum;xJwiG f jzwfoef;&if;u cufcyJ ifyef;pGmvkyaf qmif
cJhMu&onf/ tvGefyifyef;qif;&JNyD; tem*wfaysmufaeolrsm;udkvnf;
olwdkY pmoifMum;ay;cJ&onf/ trSefqdk&vQif olwdkY\ q&mb0u
uReaf wmfwYkdxufyNkd yD; ]em} vSonf/ uReaf wmfwYkdu ]emok;H em} om&So d nf/
olwdkYu ]apwem? 0goem? tepfem} tjyif ]&ifem} p&maygif;rsm;pGmudk
BuHKawGUcJh&NyD;rS þpmpkudk &ifxJu arG;xkwfcJhjcif;jzpfrnfxifygonf/
rnfodkYqdkap q&myDoaom? q&mpdwf&SdaomolwpfOD;\
&ifwGif;cHpm;csuf? ynma&;tdyfrufrsm;udk uRefawmfzwfNyD;onhfaemuf
oufjyif;tcgcgcsvu kd rf o
d nf/ &ifxw J iG vf nf; a0'emwpf&yfp;l epfusecf hJ
onf/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd pmayavmurS xkwaf 0olrsm;u nnf;nL&if;? pmtkyf
xkwfa0a&;acwfudk ypfwifa0zef&if;? vufrcHcsifonhf pmpkrsm;udk
uReaf wmftvGeEf aS jrmwopGmjzihf jynfoal wGvufx?J txl;ojzihf jynfwiG ;f
ausmif;q&mawGvufxJodkY rnfodkYa&mufatmif vkyfay;&rnfenf;[k
pdwfapwemjzpfaerdaomfvnf; uRefawmfum; pGrf;Edkifolr[kwf/
odkYaomf uRefawmfajymEdkifwmwpfckawmh&Sdonf/ olYapwem
ynmpmrsm;onf olYordik ;f udk rSww f ikd w
f pfwikd f pdu
k af y;vdrrfh nf[í l jzpfonf/
udo k ed ;f Edik f þpmtkyu f akd &;vdu
k jf cif;u olYordik ;f udk ola&;vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf/
xdo k rdik ;f onf rnforl Q azsmufzsurf &Edik o f nhf ordik ;f jzpfNyD; ynmc&D;wGif
rm;rwfpGm usefcJhayvdrhfrnf/

wifnGefY
9.12.2014
 ynma&;jzihfomvQif wdkif;jynf\o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpfwdkYudk xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
tokH;jyKjcif;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygvdrhfrnf/
ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmwusdefpmrdaeaom
jrefrmjynfudk u,fwif&efrSm
ynma&;yifjzpfygvdrhfrnf/ rwluGJjym;aom
vlrsKd;pkusdefpmtwGufvnf; ynma&;uomvQif
ajzavQmhay;Edkifygrnf/
wdkif;jynfudkwnfaxmif&eftwGuf
þusdefpmwdkYudk ajzavQmhjcif;rS pwif&ygvdrhfrnf/
 12 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynmEdkifiHawmf (1)
wnfaqmufjcif;
ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vIHYaqmfaqG;aEG;aerIrsm;rSm rsm;pGm
tm;&p&m &SdvSygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf t&yfbuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; yg0if
vkyfaqmifvmjcif;rSm ydkrdktvm;tvmaumif;aom ynmEdkifiHawmfqDodkY
OD;wnfaeonf[k ,kHMunfrdonf/ rwlaomtjrifrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;
jcif;rSm vrf;pyifr[kwyf gvm;/ xdYk twGuf ynmEdik if aH wmf\ tcsi;f t&m
tcsKdUudk avhvmaphikMunhfrdygonf/
a&&Snfvkyfief;pOf wpfckvnf;jzpfouJhodkY rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf
taumif;qkH;aom (t½IH;r&SdbJ tjrwftrsm;qkH;aom) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
[lívnf; uif;yGe;f wyfxm;onfrmS ynma&;vkyif ef;omvQif jzpfonf/
uRefawmfwdkY trSefwu,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMu&ef tcsdeftcgaumif;[kvnf;
qdkcsifygonf/ wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;
 odef;Ekdif 13

a&;ESihf vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; ukHvkH<u,f0apa&;wdkYtwGuf

ynma&;rSm wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;jzpfonfuv kd nf; ,krH mS ;oHo,
&Srd aeoihyf g/ þaqmif;yg;rS tOD;tpjyKNyD; ynmEdik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;?
ynma&;jzihfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wdkYtwGuf tydkif;tvdkuf wifjyaqG;aEG;
oGm;ygrnf/

ynma&;ESihf EdkifiHawmf
todynmA[kokwwdkY &&Sdap&ef[lí ynma&;udk ½IjrifouJhodkY
vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf vdktyfaeaom pGrf;&nfrsm;&&Sdap&efvnf;
&nf&,G &f if;yg&Sad eonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwiG rf l Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;
vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&Sd
rwlaomtvTmaygif;pkHwdkY\ qE´rsm;? tdyfrufrsm;? arQmfvihfcsufrsm;?
vdktifrsm;? awmihfwcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHawmf\ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;u
tOD;tp avhvmok;H oyfMuonf/ ,if;aemuf tpdwt f ydik ;f tvdu
k jf zpfap?
wpfpkHvkH;taetxm;jzihfjzpfap enf;AsL[mESihf r[mAsL[mrsm;t&
taumiftxnfazmfaqmifMurnf/ þwGif EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;
vkyfief;pOfwpfckvkH;\ A[dkvrf;aMumif;rSm ]]ynma&;}} jzpfygojzihf
atmufygtcsif;t&mwdkYudk jznhfqnf;ay;onf[k qdkvdkygonf/

ynma&;ESihf todÓPfyGihf vlYtzGJUtpnf;

yxrqk;H wpfcsurf mS ynma&;jzihf todÓPfyiG ?fh ynmrsupf &d adS om
vlYtzGUJ tpnf;udk zefw;D ay;ygonf/ 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf wnfaqmufa&;wGif
r&Sdrjzpf wifBudK&,lxm;&rnhft&m[lí ynm&SifwdkYu owfrSwfcsuf&Sd
aeonf/ wpfOD;csif;taejzihf ynmÓPfrsufpdudk ydkifqdkifxm;rSomvQif
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf taESmiht f ,Suw
f Ykdujkd zpfap?
 14 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tydwftyiftwm;tqD; vkyf&yfwdkYudkjzpfap cHpm;odjrifEdkifrnf/ cGJjcrf;

ok;H oyfEikd rf nf/ a&SmifMunfEikd Mf urnf/ umuG,Ef ikd rf nf/ om"utaejzihf
todynmjzihf ukv H jHk ynh0f aom ynmvlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f &Sd Edik if o
H m;rsm;rSm
wm0ef,v l pkd w
d &f adS om Edik if oH m;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ &yf&mG vlYtzGUJ tpnf;ESifh
EdkifiHawmf\ a&wdk a&&SnfvdktyfcsufwdkYudk wkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;? csufjcif;
aqmif&u G wf wfjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ &yf&mG tusK;d udk ajrmfjrifMunhMf uonf/
vlxktouf tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfwdkYudk pkaygif;umuG,fvdkonf/ þynm
tcsif;t&m? ÓPfvkyfaqmifrIESihf ESvkH;&nfpdwfxm;wdkY uif;rJhygu
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;qdo k nfrmS rjzpfEikd yf g/ Eke,fao;onh'f rD u
kd a&pD
wGif ynm&yf&GmwdkY ay:xGef;vmap&ef ydkrdk OD;pm;ay;oihfygonf/

t&nftcsif;OD;pm;ay;pepf (r,f&Dwdkca&pD)
EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf 'kwd,tcsuftaejzihf
t&nftcsi;f OD;pm;ay;pepf (meritocracy) udk Edik if aH wmf tifpwDusL;&Si;f
rsm;taejzihf usihfokH;vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/ vlaumif;vlawmfudk
&nfnTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ pGrf;aqmif&nfjynhf0jcif;? xda&mufpGm taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;? tpd;k &ESiv
fh x l u
k kd taumif;qk;H tBuHÓPf
rsm;ay;Edkifjcif;? ½dk;om;ajzmihfrwfjcif;wdkYtwGuf twdwfumvrsm;u
vspv f sL½IcohJ nhf t&nftcsi;f rsm;udk r&Srd jzpf xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;&awmhrnf/
þwGifvnf; ynma&;jzihfomvQif vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm; zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufapNyD;vQif EdkifiHawmf\trIudpöwdkYudk edpö"l0vkyfaqmif&mwGif
todÓPfESihf vkyfwwfudkifwwfonhf pGrf;&nfjynhf0aomolrsm;udk
arG;xkwfay;Edkifygonf/ ynm&nfedrhfyg;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm
NyKu
d saysmufu, G o f mG ;onfukd ordik ;f pOfwiG t f xift&Sm; awGUjrifEikd yf gonf/
EdkifiHawmf tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfwdkY tbufbufu
 odef;Ekdif 15

edryfh g;? NyKq

d if;vmae&m wdik ;f jynftb,foYkd BuHBh uHch w
H nfwEhH ikd yf grnfenf;/
vlxkwpf&yfvkH;\ todÓPfynmrSm tc&m[lí qdkvdkygonf/ ,if;
aemufwGif t&nftcsif; OD;pm;ay;pepfudk usihfokH;&rnf[lvdk/

'Drdkua&pD&yf&Gm
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;qd&k m0,f vlxt k m;vk;H \ yg0ifaqmif
&Gurf EI iS fh yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG u
fh kd xm;&S&d ygrnf/ qif;&J csr;f omra&G;yg0if
vkyaf qmifEikd cf iG u fh kd qdv
k ykd gonf/ 'Dru kd a&pDusipfh Ofukd usio fh ;Hk jcif;[kvnf;
qdkEdkifygonf/ ynma&;jrihfrm;jcif;jzihf 'Drdkua&pDusihfpOf us,fjyefYvm
Edkifonf/ &yf&Gmwdkif;wGif usihfokH;vmrnf/ yg0ifaqmif&GufvmMurnf/
þodkY yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmjcif;jzihf EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&; ed'gef;
umvwGif ydkrdktqifacsmzG,f&m&Sdonf/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;u vdkvdkvm;vm;
yg0if wnfaqmufjcif;aMumihfyif/

rwlaom vlrsm;
pwkw¬tcsuftaejzihf rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm jrefrmEdkifiH\
trSefw&m;jzpfonf/ ynma&;jzihfomvQif wlnDaom bkHpHEIef;wdkYudk
odjrifEikd Mf uygrnf/ rwlnrD rI mS tm;jzpfonf[ak wmhqMkd uonf/ odYk aomf
wefz;kd xm;jcif;? tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;jcif;wdYk ukd tajccHro S mvQif tm;jzpf
ygvdrhfrnf/ odkYwnf;r[kwfrl bkHpHEIef;rsm; aysmufqkH;½kHrQomrubJ
rwlaom tkyfpkrsm; (tm;vkH;) twGuf tBuD;rm;qkH;aom tEÅ&m,fyif
jzpfEikd yf gao;onf/ rwlnrD aI Mumihf "m;rsm;udv k nf; awGUjrifae&ygonf/
rwlaom tkyfpkrsm;tay: zdESdyfrIrsm;aMumihf umvwpfcktMum Nidrf0yf
aeEdik yf gonf/ q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGmyif wdik cf NhJ yDjzpfaomfvnf; wdik ;f rfA;Hk rQom/
odkY&mwGif arQmfvihfcsufrrJhoihfyg/ ynma&;jzihf rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;rI
 16 ynmEkdifiHawmf

rsm;udk cHpm;odjrifapjcif;rSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf taocsmqkH;aom

vkyf&yfjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf tajccHtusqkH; pHEIef;jzpfonf/
twlwuG &SifoefEdkifrSomvQif twlwuG pnfyifzGHUNzdK;&ef arQmfrSef;Edkif
Murnf/ rwlonht f wGuf pd;k &drrf rI sm;? r,kMH unfrrI sm;? yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G &f ef
wkHYaES;aerIrsm;? ryg0if vufrwGJ rvkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf tajzrSm
ynma&;yifjzpfygonf/ ynma&;jzihf bkpH EH eI ;f rsm; wd;k yGm;vmEdik yf gonf/
bkHpHEIef;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfyg\/

vlvwfwef;pm;wdkif;jynf
ynma&;tajccHjzihf EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufrSomvQif vlvwf
wef;pm;tkypf k (ya&mfzuf&iS ef ,f tvkyt f udik v
f yk o
f rl sm;? ausmif;q&mrsm;?
q&m0efrsm;? tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;? uRrf;usifvyk o f m;xkwYkd
yg0ifygonf)udk zefw;D Edik yf gonf/ þvlvwfwef;pm;tvTmrSm 'Dru kd a&pD
wdik ;f jynftwGuf tvGet f rif;ta&;BuD;vSonf/ Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;
twGuf pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm;? pwdwt f ifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;twGuf t&nftcsi;f
jrihof rl sm;&&Sad p&ef? &yf&mG twGi;f vlaerIt&nftaoG; jrihrf m;vmap&efwYku d kd
vlvwfwef;pm;tvTmu jznhfqnf;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ vlvwfwef;pm;
tvTmudk EdkifiHawmftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf[k nDrQudef;csEdkifygonf/
þtcsuaf Mumihv f nf; ynma&;udrk @dKifjyK&rnf[k wdu k wf eG ;f vdyk gonf/
ynmr@dKifjyK &yf&Gm? vlYtzGJUtpnf;omvQif tm;&Sdaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;?
vlvwfwef;pm; xGe;f um;&majr? 0rf;0cg;vSaom NrKUd av;wpfNrKUd jzpfEikd af cs
&So
d nf/ xdrk S zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrv
I m;&mudk OD;wnfxm;Edik o f nf/ vlvwfwef;pm;
wd;k yGm;vmrSomvQif Nidr;f csr;f aom 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynfukd wnfaqmufEikd f
rnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
þaqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onhf tcsuftvufrsm;t& ynma&;ESihf
EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;wdkY qufET,faeykHudk txift&Sm;jrif&ygrnf/
 odef;Ekdif 17

ynmESifh Edik if aH wmfrmS tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef trSo D [Jvnf;jyKaeygonf/

(t&nftaoG;jrihf? tcGihfta&;wl) ynma&;r&SdbJESihf EdkifiHawmfwnf
aqmuf&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/ ynma&;jzihfomvQif uRrf;usifvkyfom;xk
ya&mfzuf&Sife,fwdkYudk avhusihfysKd;axmifEdkifrnf r[kwfygavm/ þol
wdkYjzihfomvQif 0rf;0 cg;vSaom EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufEdkifygrnf/
þenf;ESiEf iS yf if... ynma&;jziho f mvQif wdik ;f jynf\ o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpfwYkdukd xda&mufpmG pDrcH efYcjJG cif;? tok;H jyKjcif;wdYkukd vkyaf qmifEikd f
ygvdrhfrnf/ ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmwusdefpmrdaeaom jrefrmjynfudk
u,fwif&efrmS ynma&;yifjzpfygvdrrfh nf/ rwlujJG ym;aom vlrsK;d pkused pf m
twGufvnf; ynma&;uomvQif ajzavQmhay;Edkifygrnf/ wdkif;jynfudk
wnfaxmif&eftwGuf þused pf mwdYk ukd ajzavQmjh cif;rS pwif&ygvdrrfh nf/
zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufrI tedryfh g;qk;H Edik if w
H pfct
k aejzihf vGepf mG ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
ynma&;vrf;aMumif;jzihf csnf;uyfjcif;rSm ypöKyÜefESihf tem*wf
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkYtwGuf taocsmqkH;[k xyfrHaqG;aEG;yg&ap/
ynmvrf;aMumif;bufodkY tm½kHajymif;? vrf;vTJay;MuygpdkY/

The Voice Daily 2013

18 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tajccHynma&;wGif
'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYxnhfoGif;í
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaprnhf EdkifiHom;ynma&;udk tajccHoihfonf/
txl;ojzihf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk
od&Sdem;vnfapNyD; wm0ef,lwwfrIESihf vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif
yg0ifaqmif&Gufwwfap&ef avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ygrnf/
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;tjzpf tusihftBuH? todynm?
vlrIqufqHa&;ESihf pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&m t&nftaoG;rsm;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wwfap&ef vdktyfaeonf/
 odef;Ekdif 19

ynmEdkifiHawmf (2)
'Drdkua&pDynma&;

'Drdkua&pDESihf ynma&;
trSeaf wmh uRefawmfwYkd wikd ;f jynfwiG f 'Drukd a&pDynma&;pepfukd
usio fh ;Hk cJzh ;l ygonf/ yk*v
¾ u
d ynma&;vGwv f yfciG w
fh Ykd &&Scd zhJ ;l onf/ uReaf wmf
wdYk\ trdtz? tzd;k tzGm;wdYk arQmrf eS ;f wrf;waeonfrmS Edik if aH wmfopfxuf
olwdkYcHpm;cJhzl;onhf 'Drdkua&pDynma&;t&om[k qdkEdkifygonf/ ]]wdkY&JU
tJ'Dausmif;u yk*¾vduausmif;av? b,fvdktkyfcsKyfpDrHcJhwm? oif½dk;u
b,fvdk}} ponfjzihf jyefajymjyavh&Sdygonf/ tpdk;&ausmif;wufolwdkY
uvnf; tm;uRefrcH jyefajymydkifcGihf&SdcJhonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm rnfodkY
tpDtrHaumif;onf? q&mq&mrrsm;\ t&nftcsif;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;
pdw"f mwf rnfoYkd&o dS nf ponfwYkdrmS ajymrukeEf ikd yf g/ ausmom;? &ifom;
rcGJjcm;aom q&mq&mrrsm;[k ,ckxufxd tzdk;tzGm;? trdtzwdkY
*kPf,laeMuqJ/
 20 ynmEkdifiHawmf

avmu"mwfausmif;q&mwdkY acwf[lívnf; qdk&csdrhfrnf/

ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif t&nftaoG;jynhfrDaom ynma&;pepfudk ydkifqdkif
cJzh ;l onf/ þpHowfrw S cf surf mS yk*v ¾ yd nma&;ESio fh m oufqikd cf o
hJ nfawmh
r[kwfyg/ ynmrif;BuD;ESihf ynm0efwdkY wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;wGif
t"duuscJhzl;onf/ ynmEdkifiHawmf tdrfrufrsm; jynhfESufaecJhonf[k
qdck siyf gonf/ 1950-1960 ausmf ESpu f mvrsm;u oif½;kd onf 'Dru kd a&pD
vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf tkwfjrpf[kvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ ]]jynfawmfom
acwf? b0opfzefwD;rI ynma&;pDrHudef;umv (1952-1966) tqkH;
ed*kH;owf raumif;cJhygacs}} [k tajccHynmOD;pD;Xme nTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf
(tNidr;f pm;) q&mBuD;OD;oef;OD;u ol\oif½;kd nTe;f wrf; ordik ;f pmtkyw f iG f
rSwfcsufjyKcJhygonf/
vGwv f yfp Edik if aH wmfzUJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm tjiif;yGm;
zG,&f mrsm; &Sad ecJo h nfwikd f ynma&;jzihf 'Dru kd a&pD,Ofaus;rI? vlrsK;d pkEH ikd if H
vlrI½Icif;? t[ðoEdkifiHawmfwdkYudk azmfusL;ay;cJhygonf/ ppftmPm
odr;f vdu k jf cif;rSm ynmEdik if aH wmf\ ed'gef;umvrSmyif vrf;paysmufonhEf , S f
jzpfc&hJ awmhonf/ ynmtjrpf rcdik Nf rJcyhJ g/ þtydik ;f wGif uReaf wmfqufvuf
aqG;aEG;vdkonhf tcsif;t&mrsm;rSm aysmufqkH;aecJhonhf jrefrmhynma&;
pHEeI ;f rsm;udk jyefvnf&iS o f efapvd&k if;rQomjzpfyg\/ twdwu f mvrsm;u
ynma&;tdyfrufrsm;ESihf ynmEdkifiHawmfqD oGm;MuygpdkY/

ynma&;\ wl½lcsuf
vlom;\ todynm zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;ESifh b0Nidr;f csr;f vkNH cHKa&;
wdYk twGuf tajccHususvdtk yfonfrmS 'Drukd a&pDpepfqo D Ykd OD;wnfaom
ynma&;pepfyifjzpfygonf/ xdkYtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDESihf ynma&;rSm tpOf
tNrJ 'GefwGJíaeavonf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfwnfwHhap&ef t"dutm;rSm
ynma&;yifjzpfNyD; EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;twGuf w&m;rQwrI&Sdaom?
 odef;Ekdif 21

tqihfrDaom ynma&;udk rjznhfqnf;Edkifygu 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm

atmifjrifrnfr[kwf yg/ yxrqkH; tar&duefor®w a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwefu
þodkY rdefYqdkcJhavonf/
]]wdik ;f jynfwikd ;f wGif vlx\ k aysm&f iT cf sr;f ajrhrt
I wGuf taocsmqk;H
enf;vrf;rSm todynmyif jzpfacsonf/ þwGif uREykf w f Ykdwikd ;f jynftwGi;f
vlrItodkif;t0ef;\ cHpm;ae&rIrsm;rSwpfqihf tpdk;&\atmifjrifrIudk
wdkif;wm&efrSm vlxk\ todynmwdk;wufrIyif jzpfawmhonf}}
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf ed'gef;umvwGif ynmvrf;aMumif;udk
azmufxGif;cJhonhf tqdktrdefYtjzpf urÇmausmfygonf/
ynma&;\ &nf&, G cf surf mS 'Dru
kd a&pDpEH eI ;f rsm;? wefz;kd rsm;ESit fh nD
jyKrlusihfBuHEdkif&efyif jzpfoihfonf/ vli,frsm;\todwGif 'Drdkua&pD
oabmw&m;? tawG;tac:rsm;udk pGJNrJaeap&ef ynma&;rSwpfqihf
wnfaqmuf,El ikd yf gonf/ odYkro S m omrefvrl b I 0 'kut © cuftcJrsm;udk
omru tem*wfwGif BuHKawGU&Edkifonhf trsKd;om;a&;ESihf wpfurÇmvkH;
qdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;udkvnf; BuHhBuHhcHEdkifpGrf;rsm;&Sdrnf jzpfonf/
urÇmYtBuD;qkH; 'Drdkua&pD[k owfrSwfxm;onhf tdE´d,EdkifiHrS
ynma&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol au*sDpdkif,D'def; KG Saiyidain u
]]'Drdkua&pDvlrIb0\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsuf
tvufEiS fh t&nftaoG;rsm; &&Sad p&eftvdYk imS ynma&;udk jyifqifa&;qGJ
Mu&rnf}} [k avhvmaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
ynma&; OD;aqmifynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol *Ref*sL0D John Dewey
u ol\ ausmfMum;vSaom ]]'Drdkua&pDESihf ynma&;}} pmtkyfwGif þodkY
a&;om;wifjycJhygonf/ ]]tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zvS,fcGihfESihf
xdawGUul;vl;qufqHcGihf rjyKvkyfEdkif&ef twGif;a&m? tjyifyg ydwfyif
wm;qD;xm;aom vlrt I odik ;f t0ef;udk rvdv k m;tyfygacs/ vlrt I odik ;f t0ef;
\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf vltm;vkH;udk wef;wlnDrQpGm yg0ifcGihfjyK
 22 ynmEkdifiHawmf

xm;jcif;ESifh vlrb I 0ykpH tH rsK;d rsK;d wdYk\ tjyeftvSex f ad wGUul;vl;qufqaH &;

wdYk tay:rlwnfNyD; vdt k yfaom jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;? n§Ed iId ;f vkyaf qmif
jcif;wdYk ukd cGijfh yKxm;jcif;onfom 'Dru kd a&pDvYl abmif jzpfayonf/ þodYk
aom vlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f &Sd vltm;vk;H udk wpfo;D yk*v ¾ rsm;taejzihf vlrI
qufqaH &;rsm;ESifh pnf;urf;ydik ;f wGiv f nf;aumif;? vlrt I odik ;f t0dik ;f jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;rsm;wGif ½ke;f &if;qefcwfrjzpfapaom pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tavh
tusirfh sm;twGuv f nf;aumif; rdrq d E´tavsmuf pdwyf g0ifpm;ap&ef? a&G;cs,f
&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm;xm;&Sdaom ynma&;pepfrSm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf}}
ynmEdik if aH wmftwGuf ynma&;qdik &f m usipfh Ofrsm;[k qd&k ygrnf/
'Dru kd a&pDvt l zGUJ tpnf;odYk a&S;½IavQmufvrS ;f &mwGif ynma&;rSm
t"duarmif;ESit f m;[k aqG;aEG;vdyk gonf/ þwGif usio fh ;Hk cJzh ;l aom? usio fh ;Hk
aeqJjzpfaom pmoifcef;wGi;f jznhpf u G af qG;aEG;yg&ap/ txl;ojzihf pmoifcef;
rsm; ajymif;vJ&mwGif xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;EdkifMu&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf/
urÇmausmf b&mZD;vlrsKd; ynma&;ynm&Sif ay:vdkza&; Paulo
Freire u axmufjyxm;onfrSm rnfonhfynma&;rS Mum;aejcif;r&Sd?
ynma&;onf vGwfajrmufap&eftwGuf r[kwfvQif odrf;oGif;&ef
twGuo f mjzpfaMumif;udk avhvmod&x dS m;ygu jrefrmEdik if \ H ynma&;udk
cefYrSef;Edkifygvdrhfrnf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG rf l acwftqufqufynma&;udk vuf&w dS nf&adS e
aompepf a&&SnfwnfwHhap&eftwGuf vuf&Sd vTrf;rdk;tkyfpdk;xm;aom
tkyfpk odkYr[kwf tpdk;&u ¤if;wdkY\ pHwefzdk;rsm;? oabmw&m;rsm;ESihf
t,l0g'rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynforl sm;tm; jy|mef;oGwo f iG ;f ay;&m
vufeufwpfcktjzpf tokH;csMuonf/
þenf;tm;jzihf zdESdyfrIrsm;ESihf qif;&J'ku©rsm;udk vltrsm;u
ykrH eS f jzpf½;kd jzpfpOftjzpf vufcv H maponf/ xdYkaMumihv f nf; ausmif;rsm;wGif
Freire rS ]]bPfuJhodkYtyfESHodkrSD;aom ynma&;ykHpH (Banking concept
 odef;Ekdif 23

of education)}} [k ac:aom ynma&;ykHpHudk usihfokH;Mujcif;jzpfonf/

xdyk nma&;ykpH t H aMumif;udk Freire u þuJo h Ykd tao;pdw&f iS ;f jyxm;onf/
]]&Sif;jyydkYcsrI (q&m? q&mrrsm;u &Sif;jyydkYcsoltjzpf) u
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ydkYcsvmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk puf½kyfuJhodkY
rSwo f m;? tm*kaH qmif&ef OD;wnfomG ;aponf/ ydq k ;kd onfrmS ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olrsm;tm; q&m? q&mrrsm;rS jznhfodyf? xnhfoGif;ay;Edkifonhf
]Al;rsm;? ykH;rsm;} tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkykH;rsm;
twGif;odkY rsm;rsm;xnhfoGif;ay;Edkifav xdkxnhfoGif;ay;olrSm ydkí q&m?
q&mraumif; yDoavjzpfonf/ xnhfoGif;vmorQudk tEGHtwmcHí
vufcEH ikd af vav xdo k wl YkdrmS ausmif;om;aumif;rsm; ydí k yDoavjzpfonf}}
þenf;tm;jzihf ynma&;onf xnho f iG ;f ? tyfE?HS odrk ;DS aomvky&f yf
jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif ausmif;om;wdYk u xnho f iG ;f rIrsm;udk vufc, H o
l rl sm;
jzpfMuNyD; q&m? q&mru xnhfoGif;jznhfqnf;ol jzpfvmonf/ q&m?
q&mrrsm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf tjyeftvSefqufqH
zvS,fMu&rnhftpm; wpfzufowfaMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;
ausmif;om;rsm;u pdwf&Snfonf;cHum vufcHMu&onf/ rSwfom;
tvGwfusufMu&onf/ tzefwvJvJ vdkuf&GwfMu&onf/ ,if;rSm
]]bPfuJhodkY tyfESHodkrSD;aom ynma&;ykHpH (Banking concept of edu-
cation)}} jzpfNyD; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf vkyfaqmif&efrSm
xnhfoGif;tyfESHvmonfrsm;udk vufcH? odkrSD;xm;½kHom&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkY
taejzihf ¤if;wdkYodkrSD;xm;onfrsm;udk pkaqmif;olrsm;? trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;
owfrw S o f rl sm;tjzpf vkyaf qmifEikd o f nfrmS rSeyf gonf/ odYk &mwGiv f nf;
aemufq;Hk ¤if;wdYk onfomvQif vGrJ mS ;aompepfBuD;twGi;f wDxiG Bf uHqrI?
ajymif;vJrIA[kokw ponfwdkYuif;rJholrsm; jzpfvmonf/
]]bPfuJhodkY tyfESHodkrSD;aom ynma&;ykHpH (Banking concept
of education)}} u vlom;rsm;tm; a&vdkufig;vdkuf jzpfvmEdkifaom?
 24 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pDrcH efYcEJG ikd af om owå0grsm;tjzpf oabmxm;onfrmS rqef;ay? ausmif;ol?

ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf ¤if;wdkYxHxdk;xnhfvmaom t&mrsm;udk ydkrdk
aumif;rGepf mG pky, f o l rkd ;DS xde;f odr;f xm;avav ¤if;wdYk wiG f a0zefyikd ;f jcm;
wwfrI todw&m; (Critical Consciousness) rsm; zGHUNzdK;rIydkí enf;yg;
oGm;avjzpfonf/ (xdkuJhodkYaom todw&m;udk þurÇmBuD;tm; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJolrsm;tjzpf ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&mrS
&&Sv d mEdik o f nf) ¤if;wdYk tay: jy|mef;xm;aom vIy&f mS ;wuf<urIr&So d nhf
wkPH b dS ma0 tcef;u@udk vufcaH vav ¤if;wdYt k aejzihf ¤if;wdYxk xH nho f iG ;f
odrk ;DS xm;aom trSew f &m;\ tydik ;f tptcsKdUESijfh zpfap? ¤if;wdYk \ywf0ef;
usif&Sd tajctaeESihfjzpfap a&vdkufig;vdkuf jyKEdkifavavjzpfonf/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; wDxGifBuHqEdkifrI pGrf;&nfrsm;udk
tenf;qk;H tqiho f Ykd avQmch sypfEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om odYkr[kwf vk;H 0zsuq f ;D ypfEikd f
pGrf;&Sdaom bPfuJhodkY tyfESHodkrSD;aom ynma&;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfonf
zdEydS o f rl sm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udo k m xrf;&Guaf y;onf/ zdEydS o f rl sm;taejzihf
þurÇmBuD;\ t&Sw d &m;udk jyo&ef odYk r[kwf þurÇmBuD;ajymif;vJvm
rnfukd pdw0f ifpm;? vdv k m;olrsm; r[kwMf uacs/ pifppftm;jzihf zdEydS o f rl sm;
taejzihf pdw0f ifpm;onfrmS ]]zdEydS cf rH sm;\ todw&m;udk ajymif;vJ&efom
jzpfNyD; zdESdyfcHrsm;tm; zdESdyfaeonhftajctaeudk ajymif;vJypf&ef
pdwfr0ifpm;acs}} tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf zdESdyfcHrsm;taejzihf tqdkyg
taetxm;rsm;ESihf tvdkufoihfaeEdkifav ¤if;wdkYtm; Adkvfus pdk;rdk;&ef
ydí
k vG,u f al vjzpfonf/ þ&nfreS ;f csuf aygufajrmuf atmifjrif&eftwGuf
zdESdyfolrsm;taejzihf bPfuJhodkY tyfESHodkrSD;aom ynma&;ykHpHESihfwuG
tmPm&Sifzcif tkyfpdk;aom (Paternalistic) pepf\ enf;vrf;rsm;udk
aygif;pyf tokH;jyKonf/
Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (NY 2003)
ay:vdkza&;\ tzdESdyfcHwdkYtm; oifMum;a&; pmtkyfrS
 odef;Ekdif 25

vlom;wpfOD;csif; zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf EdkifiHawmf

(yk*¾vEdkifiHawmf)
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif wpfOD;csif;pD\ vlom;jzpfwnfrI wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;ojzihf vlwdkif;vlwdkif;udk wpfoD;yk*v ¾ taejzihf ol\tusKd;
pD;yGm;ESihf vlYtzGJUtpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rQwpGmxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;
jcif;tm;jzihf qufqo H nf/ vlom;\ obm0w&m;t& vlom;jzpfwnfrI
tay:wGif t"durlwnfí vlom;taejzihf todynmrsm;udk oifMum;
aponf/
qif;&J? csrf;om? t,kwf? tvwf? tjrwfra&G;? wef;wlnDrQpGm
ynmoifMum;cGijfh yKonf/ tm;vk;H twGuf ynma&;xuf tjcm;rnfonhf
t&mudk vufrcHEdkifyg/ tvkyfudkBuKd;pm;rI? tvkyf\ *kPfodu©m? pGefYOD;
wDxGifrI? pdwful;pdwfoef; topftqef;rsm;? rdrdudk,fudk udk;pm;rI
tp&SdonfwdkYudk tav;ay;xm;aom EdkifiHom;wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udk
txl;wefz;kd xm;onhf ynma&;pepfjzpfonf/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepfwiG f vlom;
tm;vkH;onf vGwfvyf? rQw? wef;wlpGm&SdMuojzihf vGwfvyfpGm
ynmoifMum;cGihf&Sd&rnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ynmoifMum;wwfajrmuf&ef
rnfonhfvlrIpD;yGm; twm;tqD;? tcuftcJrS r&Sdap&yg/ EdkifiHa&;t&
Edik if o
H m;tm;vk;H rSm vGwv
f yfciG &fh MdS uojzihf vGwv
f yfaom? qef;opfjcif;udk
tm;ay;aom? bufpkHjzpfaom ynma&;udk vlwdkif;oif,lcGihf&Sdonf/
jynfe,fynma&;Xmersm;ESifh Edik if aH wmfrS uav;wdik ;f twGuf yHyh ;kd ay;aom
pepfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf udk,fpDBuKd;pm;vdkpdwfudk ysKd;axmifay;jcif;[k
qdkEdkifygonf/ wpfOD;csif;tcGihftvrf;udk vrf;zGihfxm;&Sdonf/ þodkYjzihf
Zmwd&yf&Gmudk ydkrdkcifwG,fwwfaomolrsm; jzpfvmMuygrnf/
 26 ynmEkdifiHawmf

'Drdkua&pD ynma&;pHEIef;rsm;
toGiu f ;l ajymif;aeonhf jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf ynma&;pHEeI ;f rsm;vnf;
vdkufygajymif;vJ&rnfjzpfygonf/ atmufygtcsufrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
ynma&;pepf\ &nfrSef;csuftcsKdUjzpfygonf/
1/ twlwuG yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzihf oif,lavhvm
jcif;udk zefw;D &rnf/ odYkro S m aumif;jrwfaomtodynm
w&m;tzkHzkH pkHvifpGm zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrnf jzpfonf/
tusKd;wlpD;yGm;tajccHaumif;udk &&Sdaprnf/
2/ tem*wfumv vlrItodkif;t0ef;\ a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csufudk tajccHonf/
3/ tjyKoabmaqmifNyD; vGwfvyfaom pOf;pm;awG;ac:
jcif;pGrf;&nf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wwfap&efjzpfonf/
4/ trSm;ESifh trSeu f kd cGjJ cm;odjrifjcif;pGr;f &nf? 0g'jzefYa&;om;
a[majymrIESihf tjzpfrSefudk ydkif;jcm;Edkifjcif;? bufvdkuf
jcif;ESifh usK;d aMumif;qifjcifww Hk &m;uif;rJph mG rsuu f ef;
,kMH unfrrI sm;\ tEÅ&m,fwYkdukd odjrifjcif;wdYkyg&So d nf/
5/ tvkyf\ *kPfodu©mESihftnD oifwef;rsm;zGihfvSpfay;
xm;onf/
6/ vlwdkif;twGuf wef;wlnDrQaom tcGihftvrf;rsm;udk
xm;&Sdonf/
7/ tm;enf;olrsm;tay:wGif acgif;ykjH zwf tjrwfxw k jf cif;ESifh
vlrIted|m½kHrsm; uif;pifapa&;twGuf i,f&G,fonhf
t&G,fuwnf;u vlrIw&m;rQwrI Social Justice udk
jrwfE;kd wufap&ef ynma&;rSwpfqihf avhusio fh ifMum;
onf/
 odef;Ekdif 27

*/ rdrEd iS rfh wlnb

D J uGjJ ym;jcm;aomolrsm;tay: av;pm;rIEiS fh
arwåmw&m;xm;wwfap&ef jzpfonf/ vlom;tcsi;f csi;f
tjyeftvSefqufqHa&;udk zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaponf/
9/ uav;rsm;\ rwln?D uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f
pOf;pm;NyD; wpfOD;csif;pDtvdkuf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;udk
tav;xm;íoifMum;onf/ tm;vk;H udk wpfypHk w H nf;?
wpfrsK;d wpfpm;wnf; owfrw S x
f m;csurf sm; vk;H 0ryg&Syd g/
10/ rdrEd iS fh obm0w&m;\ tajccHoabmudk wefz;kd xm;NyD;
qef;opfwDxGifzefwD;rIudk tm;ay;onf/
11/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;udk OD;wnfaom ynma&;
twGuf a&G;cs,pf &mrsm;udk us,jf yefYpmG zefw;D xm;&So d nf/

rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;ESihf taoG;ta&mifpkH

,Ofaus;rI ynma&;
Diversity and Multicultural Education
'Drukd a&pD jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmftwGuf ynma&;qdik &f m vdt k yf
csufrsm;udk tBuHjyKwifjyaqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;? vlYtcGihf
ta&;ESifh wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit fh a&;ponhf vlrjI yKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;twGuf
BuKd;pm;aeMucsdew f iG f ynma&;qdik &f m xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;oiho
f nf udp&ö yf
rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/
wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pkH rSDwif;aexdkifonhf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf
jzpfonfEiS t fh nD ynma&;onf vlrAI [k0g'ESifh taoG;ta&mifp, Hk Ofaus;rI
oabmw&m;rsm; xif[yfaeap&efrmS vGepf mG ta&;BuD;ygonf/ 'Dru kd a&pD
Edik if aH wmftwGuf tajccHtusqk;H wnfaqmuf&mwGif Edik if aH wmf\ a'o
toD;oD;&Sd ausmif;rsm;? pmoifcef;rsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDausmif;rsm;?
 28 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pmoifcef;rsm; jzpf&ygrnf/ txl;ojzihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ynma&;qkH;½IH;

epfemrIrsm;udk cHpm;ae&onf wdkif;&if;om; jynfolwpf&yfvkH;twGuf
ynma&;qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;? wef;wltcGihfta&;ESihf az;rulnD
jcif;rsm;udk tav;teufxm;jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaeygonf/
'Drukd a&pDzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf\ ynma&;pepftwGuf
atmufygwdkYudk &nfrSef;csuftjzpfxm;&Sd&ef tBuHjyKwifjyvdkygonf/

'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHom;tjzpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaprnhf (ynma&;'DrdkEdkifiH)

tajccHynma&;onf vlYb0wGif txifu&ESihf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf
onhf b0tpydik ;f ESprf sm;\ tawGUtBuHKyifjzpfygonf/ xdYktjyif Edik if o H m;
trsm;pkrSm tajccHynmonfom b0wpfavQmufvkH;twGuf w&m;0if
ynma&;vnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/ vuf&jdS refrmjynftaetxm;t& ausmif;jyify
uav;OD;a&udk xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ txufwef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf
trsm;pkrSm toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufMu&onf/
uReaf wmfwYkdvkd wdik ;f jynfwnfaqmufqu J mvwGif qufvufí tqihjf rihf
ynmqnf;yl;Edik cf iG t fh wGuf rdom;pkwikd ;f rSm tcuftcJrsm;pGm&Sad eMuonf/
odkYjzpfí tajccHynma&;wGif 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;udk
us,fus,fjyefYjyefYxnhfoGif;í ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaprnhf EdkifiHom;ynma&;udk tajccH
oihfonf/ txl;ojzihf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk
od&edS m;vnfapNy;D wm0ef,w l wfrEI iS fh vlrt
I odik ;f t0dik ;f wGif yg0ifaqmif&u
G f
wwfap&ef avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ygrnf/ 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHom;tjzpf
tusit fh BuH? todynm? vlrq I ufqaH &;ESifh pm&dwyå ikd ;f qdik &f m t&nftaoG;
rsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wwfap&ef vdktyfaeonf/
 odef;Ekdif 29

&Sif;vif;aom pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIpGrf;&nf (awG;awmEdkifiHawmf)

'Dru
kd a&pD Edik if o
H m;wpfO;D taejzihf &Si;f vif;pGm pOf;pm;awG;ac:
EdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; pdwful;? pdwfoef;? tBuHÓPftopf? tqef;?
tvef;rsm;udk BuKdqdkvufcHEdkifpGrf;vnf; &Sd&rnf/ trSm;ESihf trSefudk
a0zefydkif;jcm;Edkif&eftwGuf todw&m;ESihf,SOfaom? *kPfodu©mESihf
odjrifem;vnfrI? 0g'jzefYjcif;ESihf yuwdtrSefw&m;? twåvGefuJpGm
wpfzufouf rsufuef;,kHMunfrIESihf wpfzufowft,loefjcif;rsm;\
tEÅ&m,f&Sdonhf qGJaqmifjcif;udk wGe;f vSefEidk fjcif;wdkY&Sd&rnf/ ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf "r®"d|mefuspGm usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwkHw&m;jzihf
pOf;pm;awG;ac:wwfjcif;ESifh tcsut f vufrsm;tay:rlwnfí aumufcsuf
cswwfjcif;rsm;jyKvyk w f wfap&ef avhusiyfh sK;d axmifay;&ygrnf/ i,f&, G pf Of
uwnf;u awG;awmwwfygrS BuD;onht f cg? rl0g'csrw S of rl sm;? a&G;cs,f
qkH;jzwfolrsm;? rJay;olrsm;jzpfvmonhftcg awG;awmwwfygrnf/
tawG;rSefuefygrnf/

opfvGifvef;qef;aom tawG;tac:rsm;udk vufcHBuKdqdkrI

(qef;opfEdkifiHawmf)
yGivfh if;vmaom acwfpepfwiG f tawG;tjrifopfwYkd 'DviId ;f yrm
vSdrhf0ifvmaeygonf/ tawG;tac:? t,ltqopfrsm;udk vufcHBuKdqdk
Edkif&eftwGuf yGihfvif;aompdwfESvkH;om;udk ydkifqdkifxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
acwfaemufjyefqaJG eonhf "avhx;Hk pHrsm;? ½d;k &mtpOftvmrsm;? ,kMH unfrI
rsm;u uefYowfcsKyfaESmifxm;&Sdonhf vlaerIpepfabmiftwGif;üom
&Srd aeoihyf g/ ta[mif;jzpfí jiif;y,fjcif; (odYk wnf;r[kw)f topfjzpfí
vufcHjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg/ ESpfckpvkH;udk "r®"d|mefuspGm
avhvmqef;ppf&rnfjzpfNyD; w&m;rQwrIESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk ydwfyif
wm;qD;onhf t&mrSeforQudk &J0HhpGmwGef;vSefEdkifpdwfudk arG;jrLay;&rnf
 30 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif q,fpkESpfav;ckausmf ypfy,fxm;

&SdcJhonhf jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk jyefvnftoufoGif;&rnhf tcsdef[k
wdkufwGef;vdkygonf/

&Sif;vif;pGm ajymqdkaqG;aEG;wwfjcif;ESihf a&;om;Edkifjcif;

(zefwD;jcif;EdkifiHawmf)
ydkrdktvm;tvmaumif;onhf vlxktjrifoabmxm;rsm;? rl0g'
rsm;csrw S Ef ikd af &;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd &f efEiS fh wpfO;D csi;f pD\tcef;u@udk
xif&Sm;ay:vGifap&ef ynmwwfolrsm;taejzihf aqG;aEG;ajymqdk&mwGif
vnf;aumif;? a&;om;azmfjy&mwGiv f nf;aumif; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;&S&d ygrnf/
t"r®tay:tajcrcHbJ vGwv f yfaom tjrifoabmxm;jzihf aqG;aEG;n§Ed iId ;f
jcif;? jidr;f csr;f pGmjzihf tjrifzvS,jf cif;ESifh rdrq d E´wYkdukd wifjyjcif;ponfwYkd
yg&Sod nhf 'Dru kd a&pDvYlabmif atmifjrifpmG wnfaqmufEikd &f ef þtcsurf mS
vGefpGmta&;BuD;onhf ynma&;qdkif&mtm;jznhfrI jzpfonf/
jiif;y,fwwfjcif;tEkynmESifh vufcEH ikd jf cif;wdYkukd avhusiafh y;&m
rnfygonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfzGJU? wpfygwD\ rl0g'rsm;jzihf
wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufí rjzpfEdkifonfudk rlvwef;t&G,frsm;uwnf;
avhusihyf sKd;axmifay;jcif;[kvnf; qdv k ykd gonf/ wpfO;D csi;f pD\ zefw;D rI
pGrf;&nfudk,fpDudk jr§ihfwifay;&ygrnf/

vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif &Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&ef
tEkynmwpf&yftaejzihf ynma&; (arwåmEdkifiHawmf)
rdom;pkudkrQyif vSnhfrMunhftm;? vSnhfrMunhfEdkifyJ rdrdwpfOD;
wnf;\ xGuaf yguftwGuu f kd 'a&maomyg; pOf;pm;aeMu&onht f wGuf
rdom;pkarwåmwdkY wdwfqdwfae&ygonf/ xdkYtwGuf arwåm&yf&Gmudk
todkYwnfaqmufMuygrnfenf;/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;? txD;wnf; &Sifoef
 odef;Ekdif 31

&yfwnfEdkif&efESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufEdkif&efrSm rjzpfEdkifygacs/

ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm vlrq I ufqaH &;jzihf &Sio f efaeMu
olrsm;jzpfygonf/ rdrd\ yifudk,fbufpkHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;ESihf vlrI
todkif;t0dkif;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;om r*Fvmw&m;rsm;twGuf rdrdESihfrwl
uGJjym;jcm;em;onhf tjcm;olrsm;ESihf twlwuG&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&ef
avhvmoif,&l rnfjzpfNyD; trsm;ESiq fh ufqjH cif;? vufawGUvkyaf qmifjcif;
rsm;rSwpfqihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;\ wefz;kd ESifh tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;udk
od&Sdem;vnf&ef avhusihfysKd;axmif&ygrnf/
vlom;tcsi;f csi;f Nidr;f csr;f pGm *kPo f u d m© ESit
fh nD &Siof ef&yfwnf
Edkifjcif;? t&nftaoG;jynhfrDonhf qufqHa&;jzpfxGef; apjcif;rsm;udk
avhusiyfh sK;d axmifjcif;r&Syd gu ynma&;[krac:oihyf gacs/ þpGr;f &nfrsm;?
t&nftaoG;rsm;&Sdap&efrSm pnf;urf;enf;vrf;rsm; od&Sdjcif;? yl;aygif;
aqmif&u G w f wfjcif;? vlrq
I ufqaH &; todtjrifEiS fh onf;cHEikd jf cif;pGr;f &nf
rsm; vdktyfygonf/
odYkwnf;r[kwrf l vlYtcGit fh a&;vIy&f mS ;ol tmz&duef-tar&duef
vlrJacgif;aqmif rmwifvlomuif; ajymMum;cJah om twlwuG &Sifoef
aexdik Ef ikd &f ef ravhvmygu iwk;H ? itrsm;taejzihf aoausysufp;D zG,&f m
&Sdonf/ arwåmEdkifiHawmfwGifomvQif rwlnDrIwdkYjzihf a0pnfygvdrhfrnf/

vlrIw&m;rQwrIudk jrwfEdk;wwfjcif; (&J&ihfEdkifiHawmf)

w&m;rQwrItwGuf toHrsm;ydkí us,favmifqlnHvmcJhNyD/
raeYu jyóemwdkYudk rajz&Sif;EdkifrDrSmyif ,aeYESihf reufjzef jyóem
rsm;udv
k nf; awGUjrifae&ygonf/ ynma&;pepfonf vlrw I &m;rQwjcif;udk
jrwfEdk;wwfap&ef &nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ ynma&;pepf
ud,k w
f ikd u
f w&m;rQwyg\avm/ ynma&;tay: ykcH saerIukd q&m? q&mr
rsm;u tjypf[í l awmh jrifrnfrxifyg/ auseyfpmG vufcMH uygvdrrfh nf/
 32 ynmEkdifiHawmf

þynma&;pepfukd tajymif;vJcsiq f ;Hk vlom;rsm;rSm olwYkdawGyif r[kwf

ygvm;/ ynma&;ESifh vlrw I &m;rQwrIrmS cGjJ cm;ír&Edik yf g/ vlom;b0\
vlY*P
k o f ud m© udk zsufq;D wwfaom vlrt I ed|m½krH sm;? acgif;ykjH zwfaoG;pkyf
cs,fvS,frIrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfapjcif;tay:wGif tajccH&ygrnf/
jynfov l xl w k pf&yfv;Hk \ pdwEf v
S ;Hk om;wGif vlrw I &m;rQwrIukd
jrwfE;kd wwfjcif;ESifh xde;f odr;f wwfjcif;rsm;&Sad p&efrmS 'Dru kd a&pDvYl abmif
\ tcsuftcsmusonhf udp&ö yfwpfcjk zpfNyD; ausmif;ynma&;jziho f mvQif
tajccHaumif;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifavonf/
trSew f &m;ESifh opömw&m;wefz;kd wdYkrmS zwfpmtkyrf sm;xJu vGiu fh s
aMurGaecJ&h ygonf/ oli,fwYkd tav;tyifxrf;xm;aom vG,t f wd rf sm;
xJwiG f pmtkyx f x l Bl uD;rsm;xuf w&m;rQwrIwYkd t"duyg&Sad pcsiyf gonf/
&J&ihpf moifcef;uom w&m;rQwEdik if aH wmfukd aqmifusOf;ay;ygvdrrfh nf/

rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;ESihf taoG;ta&mifpkH

,Ofaus;rI ynma&;
Diversity and multicultural education

onf;cHjcif;w&m; xGef;um;ap&ef (cEÅDEdkifiHawmf)

'Drdkua&pDvlYabmif &SifoefEdkif&efESihf wnfwHhEdkifap&eftwGuf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonhf tcsif;t&mwpf&yfrSm onf;cHjcif;w&m; (cEÅD)jzpfNyD;
ausmif;ynma&;rSwpfqihf avhusiyfh sK;d axmifay;Edik &f ayrnf/ wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d EG,pf rk sm; tvGerf sm;jym;onhf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w
H iG f 'Drukd a&pD
&Sio
f efxeG ;f um;ap&efrmS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ pdwEf v S ;Hk om;0,f
tawG;tjrifyikd ;f qdik &f m yGiv fh if;jcif;ESifh arwåmw&m;tajccH pdwo f abm
xm;rsm;udk jyKpk&ayrnf/
 odef;Ekdif 33

odYkro S m rwlujJG ym;aom tawG;tac:rsm;tay:wGif nDnw G af om

ykHpHrsm;jzihf jrefrmhvlYabmif\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;om,ma&;udk tpOf
a&S;½Iaom vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk xrf;&GuEf ikd Mf uygvdrrfh nf/ vlrw I &m;
rQwrIEiS fh onf;cHjcif;w&m;wdYk ukd 'Gew f vJG suf tajccHynmoif½;kd rsm;wGif
xnho f iG ;f Edik yf gonf/ txl;ojzihf vlraI &;bmom&yf? Edik if o
H m;ynma&;ESifh
aemufcv H mT oif½;kd (hidden curriculum) wdYktaejzihf avhusio fh ifMum;ay;
Edkifonf/ xdkYjyif taMumufw&m;uif;pifaom pmoifcef;jzpfrSomvQif
onf;cHjcif;EdkifiHawmf jzpfEdkifygonf/

rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf rvGefruRHapzdkY&m (rQwEdkifiHawmf)

ppfreS af om rsK;d csppf w d "f mwf[í l a<u;aMumfMuygonf/ rwlaom
trsK;d tEG,rf sm;jzihf pkpnf;xm;&So d nfjzpf&m todYkt"dymÜ ,fziG yfh grnfenf;/
rnfonhf trsK;d udck sp&f ygrnfenf;/ jrefrmwpfa,mufjzpfjcif; - trsK;d om;
trSwt f om;o½kyf (national identity) udk uReaf wmfwYkd\ rwlujJG ym;aom
uav;rsm;tm; todkY&Sif;jyygrnfenf;/
ppfrSefaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;wGif tajccH
tm;jzihf (3) csuf vdktyfygonf/
(1) rdrEd ikd if aH wmf\ vlraI &;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqikd &f m tarGtESprf sm;?
atmifjrifrIrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;?
(2) ordik ;f ESifh ypöKyeÜ jf zpfpOfrsm;\ trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;? tm;enf;csuf
rsm;udk yGiv
fh if;pGmjzihf todtrSwjf yK em;vnfvufcEH ikd jf cif;ESifh
(3) þtrSm;t,Gif;rsm;? tm;enf;csufrsm;udk jyKjyifEdkifjcif;?
uif;pifapjcif;wdkYtwGuf rdrd\pGrf;&nfudk tjrihfrm;qkH;
tokH;csEdkifNyD; udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;xuf EdkifiHawmfESihf vlrI
todik ;f t0dik ;f wpf&yfv;Hk twGuf ay;qyfpeG Yfvw T Ef ikd jf cif;wdYk
jzpfMuonf/ ausmif;ynma&;rS rnfoYkd &,lEikd yf goenf;/
 34 ynmEkdifiHawmf

rkef;wD;jcif;EdkifiHawmf (o[ZmwEdkifiHawmf)
rlBuKtd &G,rf S touf 12 ESp?f 13 ESpt f &G,f tv,fwef;tqiht f xd
ynma&;pepfEiS fh oif½;kd rsm;? ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;twGi;f tEkwv f u©Pm
oabmaqmifcJhaom ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;? vlrIa&;oifcef;pmrsm;? vlrI
ted|m½kHrsm;udk twwfEdkifqkH; uif;pifap&ef jyifqifa&;qGJoihfygonf/
i,f&, G Ef yk sKdaom pdwEf v S ;Hk om;rsm;twGuf temw&rsm; rjzpfapoihyf g/
wpfzufapmif;eif; rsK;d csprf sm;vnf; rjzpfapvdyk g/ ppfyrJG sm;? ppfoBl uD;rsm;?
ppfbk&ifrsm;\ tcef;u@wdkYudkvnf; avQmhcsoihfNyD; vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
twGuf wdkif;usKd;jynfjyK aqmif&GufcJhMuaom omreft&yfom;rsm;?
tEkynm&Sifrsm;? pmay*DwESihf vufrIenf;ynmwdkY qef;opfwDxGifNyD;
tusKd;jyKcJMh uonhf a&S;a[mif;jrefrmESifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;udk a&SUwef;wif
vsuf oifcef;pmwdkYudk a&;qGJ&ygrnf/ uRefawmfxdawGUqufqHcJh&aom
ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u ordik ;f rSerf sm;
yaysmufoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfwBuD; aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ awG;awmpOf;pm;rI
tm;enf;aeao;aom rlvwef;? tv,fwef;tqihrf sm;twGuf vlrt I ed|m½kH
tawGUtBuHKuif;pifapa&;ESihf pdwftm½kHwGif tEkwfvu©Pmrjzpfa&;udk
t"duxm;apvdak Mumif; &Si;f jy&onf/ ordik ;f rSerf sm;twGuf rpd;k &drMf uyg
vihf[k tm;ay;pum;ajymjzpfygonf/
awG;ac:pOf;pm;EdkifiHpGrf; ydkrdkjrihfrm;vmNyDjzpfonhf txufwef;
15 -16 ESpf t&G,w f YkdwiG f vuf&odS rdik ;f pmtkyrf sm;tjyif tjcm;tjcm;aom
ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;? tcsuftvufrsm;? rwlaomtkyfpkrsm;? vlrsKd;pkrsm;u
jyKpka&;qGx J m;onhf ordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;udk pmoifcef;twGi;f ,lvmEdik yf gNyD/
trSew f &m;qdo k nfrmS wpfzufwnf;wGi&f adS eonf r[kwyf g[laom tjrif
&&SdMuap&ef debate ESihf tjcm;aomoifMum;enf;tzkHzkHjzihf twlwuG
aqG;aEG;avhvmMurnf/ twdwfESihf ypöKyÜefb0rsm;rS oifcef;pmaumif;
xkw, f El ikd af &;ESifh tem*wftwGuf ted|m½ku H if;pifapa&;rSm ordik ;f rSerf sm;udk
 odef;Ekdif 35

od&Sdxm;&efvdktyfaMumif; uRefawmf rjiif;vdkyg/ þodkYenf;vrf;jzihf

oif½dk;udka&;qGJMuvQif (rdrdvlrsKd;udkjzpfap? tjcm;aomvlrsKd;? bmom
w&m;rsm;udkjzpfap) vludkrrkef;aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;Edkifrnf[k
,kMH unfygonf/ vGwv f yfoif½;kd wGif ordik ;f jzpfpOfreS rf sm;vnf; yaysmuf
p&m r&Sdyg/ trkef;w&m;uif;pifaprnhf o[ZwEdkifiHawmftwGuf
taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;tjzpf ynma&;u aqmif&Gufjcif;yif/

Zmwdcifrifpdwf xGef;um;a&; (vdku,fjrefrm)

2004 ckEpS w f iG f wdik ;f &if;om;a'owpfc\ k ynma&;vkyif ef;ESifh
q&mtwwfynmoifwef;twGuf uRefawmfc&D;xGufcJhygonf/ a'ocH
ynma&;orm;rsm;? q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m
tcsufwpfcsufukd odjrifc&hJ ygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGu J mvtwGif uRefawmfu
ar;cGe;f wpfcu
k kd ar;jref;cJyh gonf/ þwdik ;f &if;om; aus;vufa'otwGi;f &Sd
13- 14 ESpft&G,f jrefrmvli,f taxmiftaomif;wdkY ausmif;wuf&if;?
pmoifcef;wGif oif,al eMu&if; tjcm;aom pdwu f ;l awG;awmaerIrsm;ESifh
tem*wfarQmfvihcf sufrsm;rSm tb,ft&mwdYk jzpfEikd yf goenf;[k ar;jref;
vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ tao;pm;okawoewpfck vkyf&efvnf; uRefawmf
&nfrSef;xm;cJhonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vkH; acwårQNidrfoufoGm;cJhMu
ygonf/ oufjyif;csoHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;aerdonf/ toufcyfBuD;BuD;
pDeD,mq&mrBuD;wpfOD;u xí wpfcGef;aompum;jzihf ajzMum;cJhonf/
pDreD mtcef;xJ&dS useaf om q&m? q&mrOD;a& 60 ausm\ f &,farmoHrsm;jzihf
&Sad ecJo
h nf/ &,farmoHrsm;xJwiG f 0rf;enf;emusifaerIrsm;ESifh pd;k &drrf rI sm;
a&mpGufaeonfudk uRefawmfMum;vdkuf&jyefygonf/ q&mrBuD;\
tajzrSm ]r[mcsKid }f [lí jzpfonf/ (r[mcsKid rf mS xdik ;f Edik if ?H befaumufNrKUd rS
2 em&DcefYoGm;&aom yifv,furf;em; e,fNrKdUav;jzpfNyD; a&TUajymif;
jrefrmtvkyform; odef;ESihfcsD&Sdaeaom ae&mjzpfygonf/) rdom;pkwdkif;
 36 ynmEkdifiHawmf

eD;yg;wGif tenf;qkH;wpfOD;OD; a&GUvsm;oGm;cJhNyD/ tpfudkBuD;? tpfrBuD;?

OD;av;? ta':wdkYjzpfap? taz? tarwdkYudk,fwdkifjzpfap a&GUvsm;aecJhNyD/
aumif;aom a&GUvsm;jcif;avm? aocsmonfu jrefrmwdkYa&TUajymif;ae
&ygonf/ ynma&;pDrDem NyD;qkH;cJhonfrSm ESpftawmfMumNyDjzpfonhfwdkif
uRefawmhftawG;wdkY ,aeYtxd r&yfem;Edkifao;yg/ uRefawmfawG;aerd
ygonf/ pd;k &drpf w
d v
f nf;jzpfro d nf/ rk'w d myGm;zG,&f m tdrjf yefcsde[
f al om
toHrsm;rSmvnf; qlnHus,favmif&muae wdk;vsoGm;cJhNyD/
þ 13-14 ESpf t&G,?f 8 wef;? 9 wef; jrefrmausmif;om;wdYkonf
Zmwdcifrifpdwfudk&&Sdap&ef uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmhynma&;u ru,fEdkif
awmhNyDvm;/ þZmwd&yf&Gm? þcsufjrKyf&mNrKdUav;udk tb,faMumihf
rcifrifEdkif&ygoenf;/ þ&Gmuav;u olwdkYudk rvdkcsifawmhbl;vm;/
jrefrmjynf tem*wfqo kd nfrmS olwYkd \vufxw J iG f &So
d nf[í l awmhjzihf
uRefawmfwdkY tcrf;tem;wdkif;wGif Mum;ae&ygonf/ þae&mwGif
t&nftaoG;jynhrf aD om a&SUqufynma&;udv k nf; qufvufaqG;aEG;ap
vdkygonf/ þ&Gmuav;wGif vkyfp&mrsm; wpfykHwpfyif&SdaerSmawmh
taotcsmyif/ olwdkYav;awG vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf? aexdkifvdkpdwfjzpf
vmapzdkY pmoifcef;u vIHYaqmfray;ao;bl;vm;/ tjcm;tjcm;aom
ae&mxdkxdkwGif olwdkYav;awG &Sifoefaumif; &SifoefEdkifMuygvdrhfrnf/
acwfynmwwfBuD;awGvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfMuygvdrhfrnf/ aMu;&wwf
awGvnf; jzpfvmEdik yf gao; onf/ odYk aomf olwYkdonf vdu k ,fjrefrmrsm;
r[kwMf uawmhNyD/ tdrk if;rpGr;f rsm;? bkpck ½kav;rsm;jzihaf wmh þ&Gmuav;\
tvkyfawG NyD;Edkif&Smrnf r[kwfyg/ &GmNcHpnf;½dk;awG vkHNcHKa&;ua&m/
q&maZmf*sD\uAsmxJu þ&Gmuav;uawmhjzihf olwdkYav;awG rxGuf
oGm;rDuyif vGrf;aerSm taotcsm/
 odef;Ekdif 37

t okH;vkH;rSonf ]t} tvkH; okH;q,f (30) txd

&SdvmaeNyD[k ynma&;okawoDrsm;u
a,bk,s owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/
pmwwfajrmufrI? uRrf;usifrI? pGrf;&nf?
wwfyGefrI? cHpm;EdkifpGrf;? vkyfwwfudkifwwfrI?
ÓPfpGrf;ÓPfpjzpfxGef;rIwdkYESihf ,SOfwGJaeonf/
acwfopf 21 &mpkvlom;wdkY &SifoefrIESihfvnf;
wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaeonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
ausmif;ynma&;\ yifrausm½dk;taejzihf
wnfaqmufxm;&Sdaom ta&;? tzwf? twGufwdkYESihf
wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaompGrf;&nfrSm okH;ykHwpfykHcefYom
&Sdaeygonf/ ausmif;ynma&;rS yDyDjyifjyifjznhfqnf;
ay;&OD;rnhf twwftopf? todtopfrsm;pGmwdkY
usef&Sdaeygao;onf/
 38 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynmEdkifiHawmf (3)
pmwwfwJh &Gmuav;

t okH;vkH;acwf r[kwfawmhyg
1970 jynhv f eG Ef pS rf sm;u jrefrmEdik if t
H aejzihf tvGe*f P
k ,
f zl ,
G &f m
ynma&; atmifjrifrIBuD;wpfck &SdcJhzl;onf/ ,aeYtcsdeftxd trSwfw&
*kPf,lzG,f&mtaejzihf ajymqdkaeMuqJyif/ wpfacwfwpfcgu jrefrmh
ynma&;\ tqihftwef;? ynm&yf&Gm? ynmEdkifiHawmftwGuf tm;vkH;
yg0ifNyD; pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufcJhrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;[kvnf;
qdk&ygrnf/ wpfurÇmvkH;wGif pHcsdefwifEdkifcJhjcif;twGufvnf; tHhMop&m
ygay/
ausmif;jyify ynma&;vkyfief;jzpfaom pmwwfajrmufa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk 1964 ckESpfwGif NrKdUe,faygif; 235 NrKdUe,f? 1967
ckESpfwGif NrKdUe,faygif; 239 NrKdUe,f? 1969 ckESpfwGif NrKdUe,fvkH;uRwf
pmwwfajrmufa&; av;NrKdUe,f? 1970 jynhfESpfwGif &SpfNrKdUe,f? 1971
 odef;Ekdif 39

ckESpfwGif 27 NrKdUe,fwdkYü pmwwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; toD;oD;

aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/ xdYkaMumihf 1971 ckEpS w f iG f urÇmYuv k or*¾ UNESCO
u csD;jr§ihfaom rdk[mruf&DZmygvADqkudk jrefrmEdkifiHu&&SdcJhavonf/
qufvufí pmrwwfoyl aysmufa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk 1972 ckEpS rf S 1979
ckEpS t
f xd aqmif&u G cf &hJ m pmrwwfow l pfoef;ausmu f kd pmwwfajrmufonf
txd aqmif&u G af y;Edik cf o hJ nf/ 1970 jynhv f eG Ef pS rf sm;umvwGif tok;H vk;H rQ
wwfajrmufjcif;onfyifvQif trsKd;om;tqihf*kPf,lp&m jzpfcJhygonf/
vlxyk g0ifvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;aMumihf NcdrNfh cdro fh J atmifjrifrrI sm;ESit
fh wl
tarSmifacwfumvBuD;xJrSmyif ynmEdkifiHawmftwGuf ½kef;uefcJhjcif;
udkawmh todtrSwfjyK&ygrnf/ ynma&;ordkif;rSwfwdkifwpf&yf[kvnf;
wGi&f pfuse&f adS eonf/ þ&yf&mG tajcjyK tpOftvmaumif;wdYk ujkd yefvnf
í vufqihu f rf;&ef ydrk v kd t kd yfvsu&f adS eygonf/ txl;ojzihf ausmif;jyify
uav;i,frsm;pGmwdkY tajccHpmwwfajrmufrItwGuf tultnDay;oihf
ygonf/
ynm&yf&Gm tawG;tjrifwdkY &SdcJhzl;onhf vlYtzGJUtpnf;? ynm
,Ofaus;rI jrihfrm;cJhaom vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;? ESvkH;&nfudkvnf; wefzdk;xm;
onhf "avhwdkYaMumihf tajccHvlxkudk ynmwwfjzpfvmap&efrSm rsm;pGm
rcufcJcJhyg/ vlxk\ ynmtodwGif tqihfoihf&SdaecJhonf/ tokH;vkH;
ausnufaom jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzihf *kPfwihfcJhonf/
odkYaomf ,aeY 21 &mpkonfum; ]t} okH;vkH; acwfawmh r[kwf
awmhyg/ odYk jzpfav&m ausmif;ynma&;wGijf zpfap? ausmif;jyify ynma&;
wGijf zpfap ]t} ok;H vk;H tjyif tjcm;rnho f nht f &mrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJyh goenf;/

t okH;vkH;udk ausmfjzwfMuygpdkY (pmwwfEdkifiHawmf)

tbd"mefrsm;wGif literacy udk pmwwfajrmufjcif;[k t"dymÜ ,fziG q
fh kd
ygonf/ tajccHpmwwfajrmufjcif;ESifh wdu k ½f u
kd yf wfoufaeonhf ta&;?
 40 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tzwftwGuf ]t} okH;vkH;? Reading, writing and Arithmetic - 3 Rs

[lí ausmif;ynma&;wGiv f nf; t"duxm;ae&qJyif/ pmaywwfajrmuf
oludk literate [lí ac:qdkMuonf/ 21 &mpkwGifrl t okH;vkH;ESihf rvkH
avmufawmhyg/ ausmif;ynma&; tajccHrSmyifvQif xnhfoGif;&rnhf
wdk;yGm;vmaeonhf ]t} tvkH;uav;rsm; (twwfynmtopfrsm;)
taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ pmwwfEdkifiHawmfESihf pmoifcef;wdkY
tquftpyfukd wifjyvdyk gonf/ ynmtcGit fh a&; wef;wlnrD QrItwGuf
jzpfap? 21 &mpk ynmacwfwiG f &Sio
f efaexdik Ef ikd &f ef vdt
k yfaom pGr;f &nf
wdkYtwGufjzpfap &Gmom;wdkif;rSm tokH;vkH;udk ausmfjzwf&ygawmhrnf/

wdk;yGm;vmaeaom ]t} tvkH;uav;rsm;

(New Literacies)
okawoeavhvmrIrsm;t& wwfyGef&rnhf tajccH ]t} tvkH;
uav;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmcJhNyDjzpfonf/ tokH;vkH;rSonf ]t} tvkH;okH;q,f
(30) txd &SdvmaeNyD[k ynma&;okawoDrsm;u a,bk,sowfrSwf
xm;Muygonf/ pmwwfajrmufrI? uRrf;usifrI? pGrf;&nf? wwfyGefrI?
cHpm;Edik pf rG ;f ? vkyw
f wfuikd w
f wfr?I ÓPfprG ;f ÓPfpjzpfxeG ;f rIwYkdEiS fh ,SOw f JG
aeonf/ acwfopf 21 &mpkvo l m;wdYk &Sio
f efrEI iS v
fh nf; wdu k ½f u kd of ufqikd f
aeonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ ausmif;ynma&;\ yifrausm½dk;taejzihf
wnfaqmufxm;&Sad om ta&;? tzwf? twGuw f Ykd EiS fh wdu
k ½f ukd o f ufqikd f
aom pGrf;&nfrSm okH;ykHwpfykHcefYom &Sdaeygonf/ ausmif;ynma&;rS
yDyDjyifjyif jznhfqnf;ay;&OD;rnhf twwftopf? todtopfrsm;pGmwdkY
usef&Sdaeygao;onf/
 odef;Ekdif 41

twwftopf? todtopf? tawG;topfrsm;ESihf

ausmif;ynma&; (opfvGifEdkifiHawmf)
enf;ynmacwf\ pmoifcef;rsm;xJwiG f tpOfojzihf ajymif;vJae
onhf enf;ynmtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYrS ay:xGufvmaeonhf pGrf;&nfrsm;ESihf
vdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIwdkYudk xnhfoGif;vmMuygonf/ twwfynm
topf? todtjriftopf? tawG;tac:topfwYkd wd;k yGm;vsuf&MdS uonf/
ynma&;udk t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrI topfrsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;vdkYvmaeygonf/
tpOftvmtwdik ;f om &Sad eao;aom pmoifcef;rsm;\ tuefYtowfxJ
wGiyf if uRrf;usif&rnhpf rG ;f &nftopfrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f vmMuawmhonf/
ywf0ef;usif&Sd enf;ynmurÇm? vlrIurÇm? EdkifiHa&;avmuESihf
obm0ywf0ef;usifurÇmBuD;udk vSrf;ajr§mfMunhfvdkufyg/ uav;b0
uwnf;uyifvQif avhusio fh ifMum;ay;&ef vdt
k yfaeonhf pGr;f &nftopf
rsm;udk tvG,w f ul awGUjrif&ygvdrrfh nf/ acwfopfurÇm? reufjzefurÇmudk
raeYu pmoifcef;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmuf&efrSm rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ raeYu
jrefrmpmoifcef;rsm;u ,aeYjrefrmESihf tem*wf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
rnfrQxkyfydk;jyifqif avhusihfay;vdkufygoenf;/ ,aeY pmoifcef;rsm;
ua&m raeYuESifh rnfrQumG [csu&f adS eygoenf;/ acwfumvuawmhjzihf
a&GUvsm;aeygonf/ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; ajymif;vJvmonf/ enf;ynmrsm;u
wpf[kefxdk; xGef;um;aeonf/ qufqHa&;ykHpHrsm;? vlrIrD'D,mrsm;
us,fjyefYvmaeonf/ enf;ynmESihf vlom;qefrI tuGmta0;Mum;wGif
ausmif;ynma&;rSm a&Smch &f aeonf/ acwfaemufoYkd rrDrurf;vdu k af e&NyD/
wpfoufwmynma&;jzihf jyifqifay;rSomvQif reufjzef urÇmwGif
uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;vli,frsm; qufvufavhvmrIrsm;jzihf
&SifoefEkdifrnf[k wifjyvdkygonf/
þae&mwGif ausmif;ynma&; oif½dk;nTef;wrf;wGif rvGJraoG
 42 ynmEkdifiHawmf

xnhfoGif;&awmhrnhf todynmtopfrsm;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;ygrnf/

txl;ojzihf jrefrmhynma&; oif½dk;nTef;wrf;wGif xnhfoGif;&efvdktyfae
ao;aom twwfynmopf? todynmtopf? tawG;tjriftopfwdkYudk
OD;pm;ay;wifjyvdkygonf/

'óetajccH ausmif;ynma&;ESihf yk*¾vo½kyf

Philosophical Literacy ('óeEkdifiH)
*latmif;urÇmrSonf tarSmifacwfurÇm? tv,facwfurÇmESihf
*E¦0ifurÇm? xdrk cS &D;ESicf ahJ omf pufru I rÇm? enf;ynmurÇm? armf'efurÇm?
ydkYpfarmf'efurÇmBuD;txd c&D;wGifcJhNyD;jzpfyg\/ rsufarSmufacwfuav;
rsm; &Sio f efaexdik &f m acwfukd trnfemrrsm;pGmjzihf uifyeG ;f wyfxm;Muonf/
vufcHonfjzpfap? jiif;y,fvdkonfjzpfap olwdkYav;awGuawmhjzihf
ydkYpfarmf'efurÇmwGif vlvm;ajrmufaeMuygonf/
acwfNyKdifvlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&Sd jrefrmuav;rsm;? q,fausmf
oufrsm;\ ausmif;ynma&;wGif 'óeoabmw&m; tajccHwdkYudk
avhvmcGihf &&Sdapoihfygonf/ rsufarSmufacwf ydkYpfarmf'efurÇmBuD;wGif
tjrif½Iyfp&mrsm;? ra&&mrIrsm;? pdefac:rIrsm; &Sdaeavonf/ tpOftvm
ynma&;'óeu vufrcHEdkifonhf tawG;opf? t,ltqopfrsm;u
'DviId ;f yrmvTr;f rd;k vsu&f &dS m tawG;csKUd wJah eqJ pmoifcef;wdYk tb,fuo
hJ Ykd
BuHhBuHhcHEdkifygrnfenf;/ 'óepGrf;&nfryg&Sdygu wpfoD;yk*¾vzGHUNzdK;rI
twGufomrubJ vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESihf EdkifiHwGufyg jyKef;wD;rIwdkYjzpfapEdkif
ygonf/ jrefrmrI? jrefrmh'óewdYktjyif rsuaf rSmufurÇmBuD;\ ,Ofaus;rI
ESihf 'óewdkYudkvnf; &if;ESD;apoihfygonf/ yk*¾vtrSwftom;o½kyf
(personal identity) udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf ausmif;ynma&;rS yHhydk;
jznhq f nf;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ jrefrmhvYltzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f olwYkad v;awG\
 odef;Ekdif 43

ae&mudk &SmazGapjcif;vnf; rnfygonf/ ausmif;oif½dk;rsm;uwpfqihf

rdrdudk,fudk &SmazGawGU&Sdapoihfygonf/
q,fausmo f ufumvtwGi;f ? txufwef;tqihrf sm;wGif jrefrm
vli,fav;wdkY yk*v ¾ identity udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &SmazGodjrifNyD;vQif
,Ofaus;rItwGi;f ? vlrt I zGUJ tpnf;ESifh Edik if aH wmftwGi;f olwYkd \ud, k yf ikd f
ae&mav;rsm;udk 'óe? tawG;tac:? ,Ofaus;rI tkyfpki,frsm;ESihf
,SOfwGJí cHpm;odjrifEdkifpGrf; &Sdjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ odkYrSomvQif ausmif;
rsm;rS xGucf mG vmonht f cgwGif a&SUqufvrf;aMumif;ESifh t"dymÜ ,f&adS om
&Sio f efrw I YkdtwGuf a&G;cs,o f nhtf cgwGijf zpfap? b0udw k nfaqmufonhf
tcgwGijf zpfap taxmuftyHah umif;wdYk yg&So d mG ;ygvdrrfh nf/ t&Sed t
f [keEf iS fh
ajymif;vJaeonhf urÇmBuD;wGif BuHhBuHhcH&ifqdkifEdkif&eftwGufvnf;jzpf
onf/ bmjzpfvmrnfukd wdwu d suRerf ajymEdik o f nht f jyif pOf;pm;ajrmfjrif&ef
cufcJaeonhftem*wfudkvnf; owdjzihf csnf;uyfEdkifpGrf;wdkY &&Sdygrnf/
ausmif;oif½dk;nTef;wrf;wdkYwGif tqihftvdkuf? touft&G,f
tvdkuf 'óepGrf;&nf xnhfoGif;&ygrnf/ udk,fydkifb0aeenf;ESihf
ud, k yf ikd 'f óewdYku, kd pf D &&Sad poihyf gonf/ ADZ? 0goem? tawG;? vkyef nf;?
vlrsK;d ? *se'f g? bmomw&m;ESifh tjcm;aom yk*v ¾ oGijf yifvu©PmwdYkuv kd nf;
xif[yfay:vGifapygonf/
þ&Gmuav;wGiv f nf; ud, k yf ikd 'f óeESifh &Sio f efreI nf;vrf;wdYk
&Sdaeygonf/ udk,fydkiftrSwftom;o½kyfrsm; (personal identity) wGif
wdik ;f &if;om; trSwt f om;o½kyf (ethnic identity) ESifh trsKd;om; trSwf
tom;o½kyf (national identity) wdYk vnf; &&So d mG ;ap&ef oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;
rsm;u ulnDEdkifygao;onf/
 44 ynmEkdifiHawmf

Edk;Mum;wuf<uaeaomEdkifiH (Political Literacy)

ynma&;\ t"du&nfrSef;csufwpfckrSm wm0ef,lvdkpdwf&Sdaom
EdkifiHom;rsm;udk ysKd;axmifavhusihfay;&ef jzpfyg\/ wm0ef,lvdkpdwf
&Sdaom &Gmom;rsm;taejzihf tjcm;olwpfyg;udk av;pm;orIvnf;&SdMu
onf/ xdYktjyif rsm;pGmvdt k yfaeonhf &Gm\oma&;? ema&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSonf
Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIb0rsm;wGif ud, k pf t
D odw&m;
jzihf yg0ifulnDaqmif&GufMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ rdrd\rdom;pkESihf aus;&Gm
uav;\ edp"ö 0l &Sio f efrw I iG f Edik if aH &;jzpfpOfrsm;\ vTr;f rd;k oufa&mufaeykH
odjrifem;vnfMujcif;? yg0ifaqmif&u G Mf ujcif;udk Edik if aH &;tod<u,fjcif;?
wpfenf;tm;jzihf political literacy wwfajrmufjcif;[k qdkygonf/
tdE,d´ Edik if wH iG f touf 12 ESpf t&G,f q|rwef;tqihf ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;av;rsm;onf aus;&GmvlBuD;a&G;cs,yf EHk iS fh rJqE´ay;a&G;aumufyJG
pepf? a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf? 'Drdkua&pDusihf0wftajccHwdkYudk ausmif;
pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; taotcsm avhvmoif,lMu&ygonf/ 9 wef;?
10 wef;tqihw f Ykd wiG f 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH &; oifcef;pmrsm;udk tus,fw0ihf
avhvmcGihf&&SdMuonf/ rdrdEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;? rsufarSmufacwf
EdkifiHa&; tusyftwnf;rsm;? wdkif;&if;om;a&;&mrsm;ESihf EdkifiHwum
pHcsdef? pHEIef;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; oifcef;pmrsm;? vufawGU
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;? 'Dbdwfrsm;jzihf avhvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;? rdom;pkrsm;ESifh þ&Gm? þNrKdUESifh þEdik if H
tay:pdeaf c:aeonhf Edik if aH &;jzpfpOfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;avhvmapjcif;
jzpfygonf/ jynfaxmifpv k w T af wmf? jynfe,fvw T af wmfwYkd wiG f tmPmcGJ
a0ykrH sm;? Oya'jyKykrH sm;ESifh qk;H jzwfcsucf srw S yf Hk tqiht f qihu f kd vufawGU
avhvmMuonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnhf tajccHOya'qdik &f m tcsut f vuf
rsm;udv k nf; pmoifcef;rsm;twGif yGiv fh if;pGm a0zefaqG;aEG;cGi&fh &SMd uonf/
 odef;Ekdif 45

EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm;? EdkifiHom; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk odjrifvmMu

ygonf/ wpfO;D csi;f taejzihjf zpfap? tkypf ik ,frsm;taejzihjf zpfap Oya'wdYk
jyKjyifajymif;vJap&ef vkyaf qmifEikd rf rI sm;taMumif;? qE´jyyGrJ sm;taMumif;?
zdtm;? wGef;tm;ay;tkyfpkrsm;taMumif;? rdrdtcGihfta&;ESihf &yf&Gma'o?
vlrsKd;pktcGihfta&;rsm;twGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkifykHrsm; taMumif;udk
avhvmjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
þodkYjzihf &Gmausmif;av;u ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\ EdkifiHa&;b0? EdkifiHa&;todtjrifwdkY wdk;wufvmMuygonf/
Edik if aH &;pum;vk;H rsm;? Oya'pum;vk;H rsm;ESifh 'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH &; usih0f wf
rsm;ESiv fh nf; ,Ofyg;vmMujcif;aMumihf Edik if aH &;t& tpOfE;kd Mum;wuf<u
aeMuaom Edik if o H m;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ þonfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if t
H wGuf
taocsmqkH;aom ysKd;axmifavhusihfjcif;[k qdkEdkifygonf/
i,fEpk Ofuwnf;u avhusio fh ifMum;ay;jcif;jzihf þ&Gmuav;wGif
'Drdkua&pDtjrpf cdkifcdkifNrJNrJ wG,f&pfygrnf/ xdk&Gmom; uav;i,fwdkY
aemifESpfwGif ausmif;qufwufEdkifrnfrSm raocsmjcif;aMumihfvnf;
ta&;BuD;vSonhf EdkifiHa&;b0 oifcef;pmwdkYudk tajccHynma&;wGif
xnhfoGif;Mu&jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pD vlYtzGJUtpnf;
wnfaqmufa&;umvwGif &Gmausmif;om;av;rsm;taejzihf 'Drdkua&pD
Edik if aH &;oifcef;pmwdYkukd tus,t f jyefYavhvmoif,cl iG &fh &S&d ef tcsed w f efNyD
[kvnf; wdu k wf eG ;f vdyk gonf/ yg0ifvyk af qmifow l Ykd? jyefvmvkyaf qmifol
wdkYjzihf þ&Gmuav;\ tvkyfrsm;vnf; ydkí EdkifEdkifeif;eif; &Sdygrnf/
'Drdkpmoifcef;rsm;rSwpfqihf 'Drdkua&pDaus;&Gmrsm; xlaxmifMuygpdkY/

usef;rmaomEdkifiH (Medical Literacy)

tajccHaq;ynmESifh usef;rma&;tod (medical literacy) wdYk ukd
ausmif;oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;wGif xnho
f iG ;f &ygrnf/ usef;rmjcif;[kq&kd mwGif
 46 ynmEkdifiHawmf

udk,fusef;rmjcif;? pdwfusef;rmjcif;ESihf vlrIqufqHa&;usef;rmjcif;wdkY

yg0ifonf/ ausmif;oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;wGif þusef;rmjcif; okH;oG,fudk
tajccHusus odem;vnfap&ef avhusio fh ifMum;ay;rSomvQif use;f rmaom
EdkifiHawmfudk arQmfvihfEdkifygvdrhfrnf/ emrusef;jzpf&ef vG,fulvSaom
urÇmBuD;wGif &Sifoef&rnfjzpf&m usef;rmjcif;\ t"dyÜm,fudk
odjrifcHpm;EdkifpGrf;? jyKrlaexdkifEdkifpGrf;wdkYudk rlvwef;vGefumvrsm;wGif
tavhtusihfaumif;rsm;taejzihf &&Sdapoihfygonf/ yk*v ¾ usef;rmjcif;?
csrf;ajrhjcif;rSonf rdom;pkwGif; usef;rm? csrf;ajrhEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
use;f rma&;ESifh um,ynmoifcef;pmwdYkukd rnfoYkdoifMum;aeyg
oenf;/ pmoif&ef pdefac:rIt&SdqkH; aomMumaeY aemufqkH; 2 csdefudk
um,tcsdet f jzpf w&m;0ifowfrw S x f m;&Sad omfjim;vnf; (wu,fwrf;
rSmawmh &Gmausmif;av;wGif q&mvnf; r&Sd? oif½dk;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/)
wpfausmif;vk;H udk trIu d af umufcikd ;f jcif;jzihf usef;rma&;tod<u,faom?
&Tifvef;aom &Gmav;jzpfvmzdkY arQmfvihfEdkifygrnfvm;/
oefY 4 oefY tod? tusihfwdkY jynhfpkHNyD; uRefawmfwdkY 10 wef;
atmifvmcJhMuygovm;/ oefY&Sif;? usef;rmaom &Gmuav;udkawmhjzihf
rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf arG;&mygvufaqmiftaejzihf ay;tyfMuygpdkY/

cHpm;wwfaomEdkifiH (Emotional literacy)

tdkifusLESihf tD;usL 'Dbdwfudk tus,frcsJUawmhyg/ tdkifusL
t,ltqrSm ESpf 100 ausmf aemufususef&pfcJhNyD/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tvGwfusufrSwf od&SdrIaMumihfjzpfap jrihfrm;aeaom tdkifusLrSm b0\
atmifjrifrw I iG f 20 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rQom wefz;kd &So
d nf[k ynma&;okawoeu
qdkxm;ygonf/ cHpm;rIÓPf&nf (emotional intelligence) ESihf cHpm;
odjrifEikd pf rG ;f (emotional literacy) rSm b0atmifjrifrEI iS fh at;csr;f om,mrI
twGuf t"duaomhcsuf[k qdkMuav&m ausmif;ynma&;u rnfodkY
 odef;Ekdif 47

wm0ef,yl grnfenf;/ uReaf wmfwYk\ d vuf&o dS if½;kd rsm;udk jzwfoef;Ny;D aemuf

10 wef;atmif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ ESvkH;&nfESihf pdwfvIyf&Sm;
cHpm;odjrifEdkifpGrf;udk rnfodkYwdkif;wmMuygrnfenf;/
cHpm;rIpGrf;&nfrSm tb,fenf;/ rdrd\udk,fydkif cHpm;csufrsm;udk
odjrifNyD; b0wGif vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; NyD;ajrmufapzdkY&m xdkxdkaom
cHpm;csurf sm;udk xnho f iG ;f tok;H jyKEikd o
f nhf pGr;f &nfyifwnf;/ cHpm;csuaf wGukd
qk;H jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f mwGif tok;H jyKjcif;? pdwzf pd ;D rI stress rsm;? a0'em
rsm;udk cHpm;&csdefrSm xdef;n§dEdkifjcif;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;tay: cHpm;em;vnf
ay;EdkifNyD; qufqHEdkifaom pGrf;&nf[lívnf; tus,fzGihfqdkvdkygonf/
arwåmpdwx f eG ;f um;aom? pmemwwfaom Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmuf
&efrmS cHpm;rIprG ;f &nf (emotional literacy)udk jr§iw fh if&efrw S pfyg; tjcm;
enf;vrf;r&Syd g/ ausmif;oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;wGif txifu&taejzihf xnho f iG ;f
&rnhf yifrpGr;f &nfvnf;jzpfonf/ cHpm;rIEiS fh pdwv f yI &f mS ;rIqikd &f m oD;oefY
oifcef;pmrsm;jzihf avhusihfoihfygonf/ xdkYtjyif aemufcHvTm oif½dk;
nTef;wrf; (hidden curriculum) taejzihfvnf; ausmif;ynma&;ESihf
oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk vTrf;NcHKxm;&Sdoihfonf/ pma&;ol ynmawmfoif
avhvma&;c&D;taejzihf qnf;yl;cJo h nhf MopaMw;vsEikd if EH iS fh paumhwvef
jynftygt0if zGHUNzdK;NyD;wdkif;jynfEdkifiH trsm;tjym;\ oif½dk;nGef;wrf;
A[dck surf wGif þpGr;f &nfukd r@dKiw f pfct
k aejzihf xnho f iG ;f xm;Muygonf/
½d;k &m"avhrsm;aMumihjf zpfap? bmomw&m;\ oGeo f ifrrI sm;aMumihjf zpfap
jrefrm&Gmom;wdYk\ tD;usLrSm b,fwek ;f urS redrcfh yhJ g/ ausmif;ynma&;u
qufvufzGHUNzdK;cGihfay;&efrQom/
txl;ojzihf oli,fcsi;f ESifh rdom;pkwYkdtay: cHpm;wwfoal v;rsm;
wdk;yGm;vmapjcif;jzihf þ&Gmausmif;\ ynma&;vnf; tqihftwef;
jrihfrm;vmzG,f&m &Sdygonf/ &Gmuav;\ cHpm;csufwdkYudk ,cknwGif
em;axmifay;yg/
 48 ynmEkdifiHawmf

'pf*spfw,fEdkifiH (ICT Literacy)

rwwfvQif rjzpfawmhNyDjzpfonhf computer and information
literacy uGey f sLwmwwfuRr;f rI? owif;tcsut f vufwYkdukd &SmEdik pf rG ;f ESifh
tuJjzwfEdkifpGrf;wdkYudk ydkrdkaqG;aEG;aeMuNyDjzpfonf/ tajccHynmtqihf
NyD;onhftcgwGif uGefysLwmwwfuRrf;rI tqihfowfrSwfcsufrsm; xm;&Sd
oihfygonf/
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazGEdkifjcif; search engines ? pmpD
pm½du k f wwfajrmufjcif; word processing ? pm&if;Z,m;xnho f iG ;f a&;qGJ
wwfjcif; spreadsheets ? tifwmeufwwfyGefrI internet literacy ?
uGeyf sLwmtaMumif;odem;vnfrI computer literacy ESifh qdu k b f murÇm&Sd
tGefvdkif;vlrIuGef&ufrsm; online social media \ aumif;usKd;rsm;ESihf
qdk;usKd;rsm;twGuf media literacy udk odjrifem;vnfwwf&efvnf;
vdktyfaeNyDjzpfonf/ tdkifpDwD enf;ynmacwfwGif &SifoefaexdkifEdkif&ef
uRefawmfwdkY pmoifausmif;rsm;u avhusihfay;&rnf r[kwfygavm/
uGeyf sLwmESifh tifwmeufwufuRr;f rI tajccHjzihf rdrad e&mrSmyif
oif,lvdkaom twwfynmrsm;udk avhvmcGihf&&SdaeNyDjzpfonhf tGefvdkif;
ynma&;udk vufvrS ;f rDEikd yf gonf/ rsm;rMumrDumvwGif tifwmeufEiS fh
rdkbdkif;vfenf;ynmrsm; us,fjyefYvmjcif;ESihftwl jrefrmaus;&Gmrsm;ESihf
Edik if wH umwuúov kd w
f Ykdukd csw
d q
f ufavhvmEdik yf gawmhrnf/ t*Fvyd pf mESifh
bmompum;rsm; wwfuRrf;rI (language literacies) ESihf odyÜHpGrf;&nf
(scientific literacies) wdkYudk vG,fvihfwul avhvmEdkifMurnf/
jrefrmausmif;q&mxk\ 'pf*spfw,fwwfuRrf;rItwGuf enf;
ynm txl;jyKoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufapjcif;? vdt k yfaomuGeyf sLwmrsm;ESifh
enf;ynmrsm; yHhydk;ay;jcif;jzihf pwif&ygvdrhfrnf/ xdkYtjyif uGefysLwm?
tifwmeuf? rdb k ikd ;f vfenf;ynmrsm;ESifh ausmif;pmoifcef;? oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;
 odef;Ekdif 49

tcsdwftqufudkvnf; em;vnfxm;&Sdoihfygonf/ tGefvdkif;urÇm\

'pf*spfw,f jrefrm&Gmuav;wGif ynmtcGihfta&;wdkY ydkrdka0pnfvmyg
awmhrnf/

&Gmol&Gmom; owif;orm; (Media Literacy)

rD'D,macwf[k qdkMuonfrSm q,fpkrsm;yif ausmfvGefvmcJhNyD/
ynma&;wGifvnf; rD'D,macwfESihfavsmfnDpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJvmMu
ygonf/ txl;ojzihf vltrsm;pkBuD;u rD', D mrsm;\ qd;k usK;d ? aumif;usK;d
wdkYudk odem;vnf&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf/ rD'D,mwwfodrIpGrf;&nf
(media literacy) [k qdk&mwGif ykH&dyfrsm;? bmompum;ESihf toHwdkYudk
tok;H jyKvsuf owif;trsK;d rsK;d udk zefw;D Edik jf cif;? a0zeftuJjzwfEikd jf cif;[k
t"dymÜ ,f zGiq fh ykd gonf/ bmompum;pGr;f &nf? qufqaH &;pGr;f &nfrsm;ESifh
rD'D,menf;ynmwdkYudk qufpyftokH;jyKEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydkY&mwGif tDvufxa&mepf?
'pf*spfw,f? ykHESdyf? ykH&dyftEkynm zefwD;rIenf;vrf;rsm; tokH;jyKjcif;udk
rD'D,m[k tusOf;csKyfvnf; zGihfqdkMuygonf/ wwfajrmufrIrSm tqdkyg
owif;pum;rsm;? tcsuftvufrsm;? oauFwrsm;udk t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk
wwfjcif;? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmwwfjcif;wdkYudk qdkvdkonf/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk rD'D,mtajccH todtwwfrsm;
avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ef vdktyfaeonf/ odkYrSomvQif rD'D,mtrsKd;rsKdudk
rdrw d Ykd&yf&mG tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf tok;H csEikd yf grnf/ xdYktjyifvnf; rD', D m
rsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI'Pfudkjzpfap? qdk;usKd;rsm;udkjzpfap odjrifMuygrnf/
wm0ef,v l pkd w d &f adS om Edik if o
H m;rsm;taejzihv
f nf;aumif;? ukex f w
k vf yk rf I
pGrf;&nfwdk;yGm;aprnhf vkyfom;rsm;taejzihfvnf;aumif;? ÓPftodESihf
,SOfwGJaexdkifwwfaom 0,f,lol? pm;okH;olrsm;taejzihfvnf;aumif;
ysKd;axmifavhusihaf y;&mwGif owif;rD', D mrsm;ESifh azsmfajza&;rD',D mrsm;
 50 ynmEkdifiHawmf

taMumif;udk ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; avhvmcGihf&&Sdoihfygonf/

owif;rsm;wGif rD'D,mrsm;u ykH&dyfrsm;? ½kyfykHrsm; a&G;cs,fykH?
wifqufykH? pum;vkH;okH;EIef;ykH? acgif;pnf;wyfykH pmom;zefwD;ykHwdkYudk
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
rD'D,m vpfxa&pDrSm rD'D,mrsm;udk qefYusif&ef? rD'D,mrsm;udk
wdu k cf ukd &f eftwGuf oifMum;jcif;awmh r[kwyf g/ rD', D mrsm;udk aMumuf
&GHUjcif; uif;ap&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf/ ukd,fpDvnf; &Gmol &Gmom;
owif;orm;rsm;taejzihf aqmif&GufEdkifaMumif; od&SdMuap&efjzpfonf/
acwfay:rD'D,mtrsKd;rsKd;u trsm;jynfoltay: vTrf;rdk;rI&SdaeykHrsm;?
wifqufyHk axmihrf sm;? &yfwnfrI axmihrf sm;? bufvu kd rf rI sm;? qE´prJG sm;?
vuf&Sd owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;ESihf wDAGDvdkif;rsm;? AGD'D,dk? ½kyf&Sifrsm;?
0ufbq f u kd rf sm;u wifqifyw Hk Ykdukd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
ud, k w f ikd v
f nf; zefw;D apjcif;jzpfonf/ &Gmom;wdYk rD', D mudk raMumufro S m
pwkw¬r@dKif atmifjrifygrnf/
oli,fwef;t&G,?f rlvwef;t&G,w f YkdwiG f &Gmprf;acsmif;\ prf;a&
pD;oH? aus;iSuu f av;rsm;\ oDcsi;f qdo k ?H opf&u G rf sm;vIycf wfo?H a&vdiI ;f
cwfow H Ykd cHpm;em;qifMunhaf pjcif;jzihf oli,fwYkd\ rD', D moifcef;pmrsm;
pwifygonf/ twef;BuD;vmonht f cgwGif txufyg rD', D mvpfxa&pD
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;t& rsufarSmufacwf owif;pm? *sme,fESifh tjcm;aom
rD', D mrsm;? vlru I eG &f ufrsm;taMumif;udk oifcef;pmrsm;jzihu f kd avhvmMuyg
rnf/ rD'D,macwf0,f þ&Gmuav;udkawmh rcsefxm;&pfapvdkyg/

,Ofaus;rItodjrihf EdkifiH (Cultural Literacy)

yifr,Ofaus;rIujkd zpfap? rdr\d vlrsKd;EG,pf k ,Ofaus;rIujkd zpfap
uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;vli,frsm; rnfrQtxd od&Sdem;vnfMu
ygoenf;/ cHpm;Edik yf goenf;/ ,Ofaus;rIjrihrf m;a&;? trsK;d *kPjf rihrf m;a&;
 odef;Ekdif 51

a<u;aMumfow H Yku
d akd wmh &Gwq f Mkd u&ygonf/ vrf;rBuD;wGif axmifxm;aom
vrf;nTefoauFwrsm;udk *½kjyKod&Sdem;vnfjcif;? &yf&GmtwGif;tokH;jyK
aeaom Aef;pum;rsm;udk okH;wwfjcif;wdkYrSpwifum ordkif;0ifXmae?
a&S;a[mif;ypön;f wdYk tay: wefz;kd xm;wwfjcif;wdYk ukd ,Ofaus;rItodjrihf
jcif;[k qdkcsifygonf/ jyefvSefawG;awm qifjcifwwfrIESihf vufawGU
tokH;cswwfjcif;? wefzdk;udk cHpm;Edkifjcif;wdkYvnf; yg0ifygonf/ *E¦0if
pmayuRerf ;f *efwYku d kd &Gwqf wkd wf½rHk Qjzihaf wmh ,Ofaus;rIjriho f [
l k rowfrw S f
Edkifao;yg/ acwfa[mif;? acwfay:tEkynm ypönf;rsm;? oauFwrsm;?
azmfnTef;rIrsm;? ordkif;rsm;? tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESihf ,SOfwGJ
odjrifcHpm;Edkifjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/
þ&Gmuav;\ ordkif;? &Gmuav;\ ,Ofaus;rI? &Gmuav;\
"avh½dk;&mwdkYudk pmoifcef;rsm;ESihf qufpyfEdkifrSomvQif &Gmuav;rS
trGeftjrwfxm;&SdcJhaom bdk;bGm;bDbifwdkY\ vufaqmifrsm;udk &&Sdyg
vdrrhf nf/ yifr,Ofaus;rIuv kd nf; pmoifcef;rsm;twGi;f ,laqmifvmcJyh g/
yk*HtmeE´mbk&m;BuD;rS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDum; wpfcsyfudkjzpfap? jrapwD
ausmufpmudjk zpfap? &mZoBuFet f rwfBuD;udjk zpfap? ysLt½d;k td;k wpfv;Hk udk
jzpfap? &cdik af 0omvD'*Fg;jym;udjk zpfap? tif;av;uefwiG ;f ajcaxmufjzihf
avSavSmaf eonhf &Sr;f vkvifi,fyu Hk jkd zpfap? rGerf ad usmif; wl&,
d mudjk zpfap?
u,ef;ya'gif vnfyif;aMu;uGif;ywf vkHrysKdykHudkjzpfap? vli,fBuKduf
acwfay: armf',fvfwpfa,mufa,mufudkjzpfap? epfuDbdk;rif;atmifudk
jzpfap? tm;vkH;udk,SOfwGJNyD; pmoifcef;eH&Hwdkif;wGif csdwfqGJxm;Edkifygap/
Bob Marley, Psy - Oppa Ganam Style, Usher, rufqD/ Manchester
United, Alicia Keys, Ne-Yo, New Boyz, Rihanna, wdkYvnf;
yg&rnfaygh/ twef;vTwo f nfEiS fh uReaf wmfwYkduav;rsm; olwYkdawGeYJcsn;f
r[kwfygvm;/ csefxm;ívnf;rjzpfaom ppfolBuD;rsm;? ppfbk&ifrsm;ESihf
ppfordkif;wdkYudkawmh tHqGJrsm;wGif xnhfxm;Edkifygonf/
 52 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uRefawmfwdkY\ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;uav;i,frsm; olwdkY

bmom ]jrefrm} qdw
k mudv
k nf; t"dymÜ ,ftopfziG q
fh ckd iG fh ay;vdu
k Mf uygpdYkvm;/

,Ofaus;rIpkHEdkifiHawmf (Cross Cultural Literacy)

jidr;f csr;f om,mcJah om þ&Gmuav;rSm ,ckawmhjzihf pd;k &drn f rsm;udk
jzwfoef;ae&ygonf/ tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;udk aMumuf&UHG ae&NyD/ b,fwek ;f urQ
þodkYrjzpfEdkifbl;[lí xifjrif,lqxm;cJhMuonf/ wu,fawmhvnf;
o[ZmwjzpfczhJ ;l Muygonf/ Nidr;f csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rI xGe;f um;cJzh ;l aom
&Gmuav;rsm;wGif ½dkif;yif;ulnDrIrsm;jzihf toufquf&SifcJhMuygonf/
odkYaomf raeYuESihfawmh rwl? jcm;em;cJh&NyD/ ta'gopdwfwdkY vGihfyg;
aysmufuG,fvkrwwf/ þ&Gmuav;udk u,fr&ef pmoifcef;rsm;u
wwfEikd af umif;yg&JU/ rwlaomvlrsm;udk &Gmausmif;uav;u wef;wl&nfwl
todtrSwjf yKxm;qJ/ ynm&ifEYkdaomufo;Hk cGifh jyKxm;qJ/ tm;vk;H twGuf
aEG;axG;vkHNcHKaeqJ/ rwlaomaMumihf cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cGihfudk pmoifcef;rsm;
twGif; ydwfyifxm;qJyif/ pmoifcef;wGif; ,Ofaus;rIudk &yf&GmtwGif;
ul;pufapoihfygonf/
rwlaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHwum ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk
odjrifcHpm;wwfjcif; (cross cultural literacy) \ ta&;ygykHudkvnf;
vspv f sL½Iír&yg/ txl;ojzihf jrefrmEdik if o H nf rwlaomvlrsm;? wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfav&m ,Ofaus;rIpkH
EdkifiHawmf\ oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk odjrifem;vnfap&ef ynma&;rS
yHhydk;ulnDay;Edkifygonf/ jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tc&mvnf;usygonf/
o[ZmwEdik if aH wmftwGuf arQmv f ihEf ikd of nf/ i,f&,
G Ef yk sKad om pdwEf v
S ;Hk
om;rsm;wGif rwlaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tay: cHpm;Edik pf rG ;f ESifh pmempdww f Ykd
ysKd;axmifay;&ygrnf/ rdrd\,Ofaus;rI? udk;uG,f&m bmomw&m;?
vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ydkrdkodjrif cifwG,fvdkpdwf&&SdapNyD;vQif
 odef;Ekdif 53

tjcm;aomolrsm;tay: av;pm;wefz;kd xm;wwfap&ef avhusihjf cif;[lí

(cross cultural literacy) udk t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkMuonf/
odYkjzpfí ausmif;oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;rsm;udk taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;rI
ynma&;? A[k,Ofaus;rIynma&; (multicultural education) tawG;
tjrifwYkdjzihf wnfaqmufoihyf gonf/ a0zefyikd ;f jcm;odjrifEikd pf rG ;f (critical
literacy) udk tajccHonhf oif½dk;nTefwrf;opfwdkY vdktyfaeaMumif;
wifjyvdkygonf/
rdcifbmompum;? wdik ;f &if;om;bmompum; oif½;kd wGijf zpfap?
jrefrmpmESifh vlraI &;bmom&yfrsm;wGijf zpfap txl;*½kjyKNyD; ,Ofaus;rIpHk
vltzGUJ tpnf;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;jcif;jzihf o[Zmwjzpfaom? tnDtnGwf
jzpfaom? tEdkiftxufrjyKrlaom &Gmuav;jzpfvmzG,f&m&Sdygonf/
oif½;kd nGe;f wrf;? zwfpmtkyrf sm;? jy|mef;pmtkyrf sm;wGiyf g&Sad om
pmom;rsm;udk qef;ppfa0zefjcif;? t"dymÜ ,fEiS fh zGUJ pnf;rIukd ok;H oyfEikd pf rG ;f wdYk
twGufvnf; avhusihfoifMum;ay;oihfygonf/ zwfpmtkyfyg cGJjcm;rI
&Sdaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m tcsuftvufrsm;?
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tMum; vufrcHEdkifaom jzpfpOfrsm;ESihf ykH&dyfrsm;udk
jyefvnfppd pf&awmhrnf/ txl;ojzihf rwlaom,Ofaus;rIrsm; ½Iaxmih\ f
MunhfjrifcHpm;wwfolrsm; jzpfvmap&ef avhusihfay;oihfonf/

pdrf;vef;aom&Gm (Environmental Literacy)

qufvuf Nidrf;csrf;? &SifoefaeOD;rnhf EdkifiH
(Sustainable Literacy)
]]uRefawmfwdkY[m ajrurÇmudk rdbawGqDuae tarG&cJhwm
r[kwfbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU uav;i,frsm;xHu iSm;okH;aejcif;rQom}}
r[wår*E¨D
 54 ynmEkdifiHawmf

rMunfvifawmhaom &Gmuav;\ prf;acsmif;av;udk þ&Gm

uav;rS ajcmufwef;ausmif;om;av;rsm;u ud, k wf ikd o
f ak woejyKcGi&fh dS
ygonf/ tzdk;tzGm;wdkY tarGjzpfaom opf&dyf 0g;&dyfwdkYvnf; &Sm;yg;vdkY
vmaeygonf/ odkYaomf &Gmuav;\ ajr;jrpfwdkYu ulpdkufay;Muygap/
av;wef;ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;av;rsm;udo k m þwm0efrsm; tyfEiS ;f cJyh g/
pDrHudef;tajcjyKoifcef;pm (project based learning) oifMum;enf;rsm;?
jyóemtajz&SmoifMum;enf; (problem based teaching) enf;emrsm;jzihf
&Gm\ pmoifausmif;u avhusihfay;Edkifygonf/ okawoepGrf;tm;
(research power) rSm rlvwef;t&G,fuwnf;u pwifzGHUNzdK;&rnhf
pGr;f &nfwpf&yfjzpf&m &Gmuav;rSm rsm;rMumrD Munfvifaom pdrpfh rf;a&?
at;jrom,maom opf&yd ?f 0g;&dyw f Ykd jyefvnf&&Syd gvdrrfh nf/ Nidr;f csr;f aom
&Gmuav;wpf&mG udk jyefvnf&&S&d ef pmoifausmif;u wm0ef,yl gvdrrfh nf/
o,HZmwused pf mudv k nf; &Gmausmif;u uav;awGu ajzavQmah y;ygvdrfh
rnf/
obm0uay;tyfxm;onhf ajrqDvTmvufaqmifjzpfap? a&
MunfoefYESihf ig;av;rsm;yg&Sdonhf prf;acsmif;i,fjzpfap? at;&dyfjrjr
awmESifh awmifwef;jzpfap þrsK;d qufwpfct k wGuof m r[kwo f nfuv kd nf;
&Gmuav;rS rlvwef;ausmif;om;wdkY owdjyKrdMurnf/ rdrdwdkYudkomvQif
ydkifqdkifaprI uefYowfxm;onhf urÇmBuD;awmhvnf; r[kwfcJhaMumif;udk
i,f&, G pf Ofuwnf;yif cHpm;Edik rf o
S mvQif rsK;d qufwYkdukd vufqihu f rf;&m
a&mufEdkifygonf/
rsuaf rSmufacwf jrefrmEdik if wH iG f obm0ywf0ef;usif ysupf ;D aerI
rsm;? o,HZmwESihf obm0&if;jrpftajcjyK vlrIjyóemrsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;
jyóemwdkYudk BuHKawGae&NyDjzpfonf/ þonfrSm wpfurÇmvkH;ESihfvnf;
oufqdkifaeygonf/ &Gm0ef;usif\ owåavmuESihf obm0w&m;udk
em;vnfap&ef? cHpm;wwfap&ef? umuG,fxdef;odrf;vdkpdwf xGef;um;
 odef;Ekdif 55

ap&efwYkdtwGuf ywf0ef;usipf rG ;f &nfukd wd;k jr§i&fh ygrnf/ a&&Snw

f nfNrJaom
zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk vspfvsL½Ií r&Edkifyg/
a&&SnfwnfNrJaom zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf ynma&; (education for
sustainable development) rSm ynma&;tawG;tac:opf wpfck[k
qdkEdkifygonf/ uav;zGHUNzdK;rIESihf tem*wfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\ pdefac:aerI
tay:wGif qufpyfawG;ac: pOf;pm;jcif;ESifh ynma&;udk ajymif;vJvyk af qmif
jcif;jzpfyg\/ ESD rSm ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; aysmufuG,foGm;rnhf
cgawmfrDynma&; pum;vkH;wpfvkH;awmhvnf; r[kwfyg/ wpfurÇmvkH;
twdik ;f twmESijfh zpfap? rdrw
d YkdEikd if ?H jynfe,f? &yf&mG a'otavsmufjzpfap
uav;wpfO;D csi;f twGuEf iS fh tem*wfvYltzGUJ tpnf;twGuf trSew f u,f
wefzdk;&Sdrnhf ynma&;vrf;aMumif;opfudk cif;&awmhrnfjzpfonf/

wdk;yGm;&awmhrnhf pGrf;&nftopfrsm;ESihf
jrefrmausmif; oif½dk;nGef;wrf;
21 &mpk\ pmwwfEikd if aH wmf tcsif;t&mrsm;twGuf txifu&
jyKjyifajymif;vJjyifqifoihfonhf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;ESihf ausmif;ynma&;
vkyfief;pOfwdkYudk tusOf;csKyf wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ t&yfbuf vlrI
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u wpfwyfwpftm; ]t} tvk;H uav;rsm; wd;k yGm;? us,jf yefY
vmap&ef az;rulnaD y;ae&m wpfpw Hk pf&maom twdik ;f twmtxdawmhjzihf
auseyfp&mygay/ odYk&mwGif ynma&;yifra&pD;[k qdt k yfaom ausmif;ynm
a&;ESihf w&m;0ifpmoifcef;rsm;twGif; a&muf&Sdap&ef uRefawmfwdkY ydkí
BuKd;pm;&ygOD;rnf/
jrefrmpmoifcef;rsm;ESihf &yf&GmtwGif; wdk;yGm;&awmhrnhf ]t}
tvkH;av;rsm;taMumif;ESihf uav;rsm; oif,lwwfajrmufrItqihfwdkY
udvk nf; ynma&;okawoejyKoihyf gonf/ pGr;f &nftopfrsm;? todtopf
 56 ynmEkdifiHawmf

rsm;ESihf uRrf;usifrItopfwdkYudk vuf&Sd oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;wGif rnfodkY

xnhfoGif;oihfonf? rnfrQyg0ifoihfonf? oifMum;enf;rsm;rSm rnfodkY
&Srd nf tp&Sod nfwYkt d wGuv f nf; okawoejyKoihyf gonf/ avhvmp&mrsm;
rukefEdkifonhfacwf0,f ausmif;csdefuawmhjzihf wpfywfvQif 35 csdefom
&Sdaeonf r[kwfygvm;/ vuf&Sd oif½dk;nTef;wrf;\ acwfrDrIudkawmh
pOfqufrjywf ar;cGef;xkwfMuygpdkY/ pmwwfaom &Gmuav;tjzpfodkY
a&mufatmif ydkYaqmifEdkifygrnfvm;/
jrefrmhynma&;wGif t"dyÜm,ftopfwdkYudk zGihfqdk&ygvdrhfrnf/
]ynma&;}? ]ausmif;}? ]oif½dk;nTef;wrf;}? ]pmwwfjcif;}? ]pmoifjcif;}?
]ynmwwfwo hJ }l wdYkuvkd nf; uReaf wmfwYkd t"dymÜ ,ftopfrsm;jzihf wefqm
qifrSom þ&Gmausmif;uav; vl&m0ifygvdrhfrnf/ &Gmausmif;q&mwdkY
*kPfwihfygrnf/ EdkifiH\ynma&;vnf; opfvGifajymif;vJrI t&SdefEIef;
jrefqefygvdrhfrnf/
ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm; aemufrusbJ &Sad erSomvQif þ&Gmuav;
vnf; acwfrDvmrnf/ EdkifiHwumynma&;qdkNyD; a<u;aMumfoHwdkY qlnH
vmcsdefwGif þ&Gmuav;\ rl^v,f^xuf ynma&;wGif ]t} okH;vkH;udk
ausmfveG &f ygvdrrfh nf/ ]t} ok;H vk;H udk ausmfjzwfMuNyD;vQif 21 &mpkpcH sderf D
pmwwfaom&Gm? Nidrf;at;aom&Gm? 'pf*spfw,f&Gm? omwlnDrQaom&Gm?
,Ofaus;rIpHk &Sio f efEikd af om&Gm? Ed;k Mum;wuf<uaeom&Gm? tD;usLjrihaf om
&Gm? rD',D mudBk uKdq&kd aJ om&Gm? use;f rmaom&Gm? pdr;f vef;aom&Gm? zlvaHk om
&Gm? rsKd;qufopfwdkYtwGuf aecsifpzG,f &Gmuav; wpf&Gmavmufawmh
uRefawmfwdkY csef&pfxm;Edkifrnf[k arQmfvihfrdygonf/
 odef;Ekdif 57

pmtkyfurÇmxJwGif olwdkYav;awG vGihfarsmoGm;ygap/

wpfudk,fwnf; rdrdbmompmzwfaeygonf/
txD;usefqefjcif;awmhr[kwf/ ae&mrsm;pGmodkY
a&mufoGm;Edkifygonf/ tawG;tjrifaygif;pkHwdkY
ul;pufvmygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf wpfae&m&mwGif
olwdkYudk,fudk &SmazGawGU&SdoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ pmtkyfrsm;u
zGihfvSpfay;vdkufaom olwdkYav;awG\ yGihfvif;? ysKdrspf
pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;ESihf OD;aESmufwdkYrSmvnf; todynmwdkYudk
avhvmqnf;yl;&ef tqifoihf/
 58 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynmEdkifiHawmf (4)
pmzwfjcif;EdkifiH

wdkufwGef;vdkYawmh aeMuqJ
pmzwfjcif;rSm ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk rMumcP ajymqdq k ;Hk rrIrsm;
&Sad eygonf/ ausmif;wdik ;f \ eHeufcif;pka0;yGJ assembly ae&mrsK;d wGijf zpfap?
vli,fausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcrf;tem;rsm;wGijf zpfap? ausmif;tkyBf uD;
rsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;? &yfr&d yfzrsm;u pmzwfMuyg&ef wdu k wf eG ;f avh&MdS u
ygonf/ twef;xJwGifvnf; q&m? q&mrrsm;u pmzwfjcif;jzihf b0
wdk;wufatmifjrifEdkifaMumif; oGefoifqkH;rMuonf/ &yf&GmwGif;rSmvnf;
vli,frsm;udk vlBuD;olrrsm;u pmzwfMu&ef vIHYaqmfMuonf/aemuf
qufwGJtaejzihf wpfEdkifwpfydkifpmzwf&Sdefudk jr§ihfwifrIrsm; &SdvmcJhonf/
&yf&mG rsm;wGif vli,frsm;ud, k wf ikd Of ;D pD;NyD; pmMunhw
f u
kd rf sm; xlaxmifvm
Muonf/ þtpOftvmrSm &SifoefaeqJ/ xdkYtwGuf 0rf;omp&myif/
owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;? pmapmifrsm;wGiv f nf; pmzwfMu&ef
 odef;Ekdif 59

vIHYaqmfrIrsm;udkvnf; rMumcP awGUjrifae&ygonf/ jrefrmrIpum;ykH

rsm;jzihfvnf; a&S;jrefrmwdkYu pmzwfjcif;ESihfywfoufNyD; tarGozG,f
<u,f0pGm xm;&pfcJhMuygonf/ ]]pmtkyfpmay vlYrdwfaqG}}? ]]tvdr®m
pmrSm&Sd}}? ]]pmrwwf ol\0efxrf;}}? ]]pmayjrihfrS vlrsKd;wihfrnf}}? ]]pmay
aysmufu vlrsKd;aysmufrnf}}? ]]EIwfw&m pmwpfvkH;}}? ]]pmtp earmu}}?
]]pmrSm o'´g? *DwrSm 'kH;}}? ]]pmwpfvkH; bk&m;wpfql}}? ]]pmwwfudk pmrSwf
zsufonf}}? ]]pmrwwfvQif vrf;rSmzwf}}? …/ Am[kopöÍö? odyÜÍö -
A[kow k tMum;tjrifrsm;jcif;? twwfynm&Sjd cif;wdYkrmS r*FvmrnfaMumif;
vnf; avhvmMu&onf/
Edik if w
H um owif;pmrsm;wGirf l pmvk;H rJBuD;jzihf wifjyxm;onhf
txufyg pum;ykrH sm;uJo h Ykd ryg&Syd g/ aocsmonfrmS tjcm;aomEdik if rH sm;xuf
jrefrmvli,frsm;rSm pmzwfMuyg&ef wdkufwGef;jcif; ydkrdkcHMu&ygonf/
þrQwdkufwGef;rIrsm;tMum;wGif BuD;jyif;vmMuaom jrefrmvlBuD;rsm;?
vli,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmtrSefwu,f zwfMuyg\avm/

jrefrmvli,frsm; pmb,favmuf zwfMuygovJ

]]uav;awG pmiwfaeNyD}}
a'gufwmarmifjzL;

2000 jynhEf pS 0f ef;usiu f ynm&yfrsm;ESifh Edik if w

H um ajymif;vJrI
aqmif;yg;rsm;? tawG;tjrifrsm;udk w&pyfwifjycJo h nhf r*¾Zif;wpfapmif\
t,f'w
D mwpfO;D ESifh uReaf wmfaqG;aEG;cJzh ;l onf/ jynfwiG ;f pma&;q&mrsm;\
tawGUtBuHKrsm;? jrefrmynm&Sirf sm;\ wifjycsurf sm;tygt0if bmomjyef
u@rsm;jzihf a0a0qmqmxkwfa0onhf r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm a&&Sm;yg;aom
t&yfwiG f rd;k udak rQmv
f ihaf eom &Gmom;rsm;uJo
h Ykd tajymif;tvJuakd wmif;w
 60 ynmEkdifiHawmf

iHhvihfaeaom jrefrmjynftwGuf rD;armif;ozG,fyif/ ynmtm;wdk;aq;

[kvnf; qdkcsifygonf/ acwfudka&GUap&ef ÓPfupm;jcif;[kvnf;
ac:Edkifygonf/ rD'D,macwf? *sme,facwfvnf; r[kwfao;ojzihf
tawG;tac:ESihf ynmtajcjyKr*¾Zif;? pmapmifrsm;? uav;pmayrsm;rSm
&Sm;yg;vGe;f vSygonf/ rD', D macwfO;D udk rIejf yjyjrifae&onhf ,ckumvwdik f
&Sm;yg;aeqJ/ pGefYpm;xkwfa0olrsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifaerdygonf/
uRefawmfu rdwaf qGt,f'w D mtm; odvpkd w d jf zihf ar;jref;cJzh ;l yg
onf/ okw? &orQwpGm wifqufxm;onhf r*¾Zif;\ xkwfa0tm;ESihf
pmzwfy&dowftajctaeudk aqG;aEG;ar;jref;cJo h nf/ rdwaf qG\ NiD;wGm;
oHudk uRefawmfpdwfroufompGm Mum;odcJh&ygonf/ ]]xkwfa0wJh
tkyaf &u 1500 (wpfaxmihif g;&m) xJyg/ ukezf Ykd ukd tawmfapmih&f w,f/
vdkuf&ygw,f/ udk,fydkif0,fzwfwJh y&dowfu tifrwef &Sm;yg;wm/
pmMunhw f u
kd u
f vnf; &Sm;yg;wJt h a&;xJrmS wif&aumif;rSe;f rodwo hJ al wGeYJ
vnf; awGUzl;w,f/ qdkifawGrSm veJYcsDNyD; odrf;xm;Mu&w,f/ uRefawmf
wdkYvdkyJ pmayr*¾Zif;trsm;pku t½IH;cHNyD;awmhudk xkwfa0ae&wm}}
vlOD;a& oef; 60 eD;yg;&Sdonhf jrefrmjynfwGif pmzwfy&dowfOD;a&
tcsKd;tpm;rSm pdk;&drfp&m[lívnf; uRefawmfwdkY udef;*Pef;rsm;udk
pdwrf eS ;f jzihf wGucf suaf qG;aEG;Muygonf/ rdwaf qGt,f'w D mESifh uReaf wmf
wdkY tm;udk;&mrJhcHpm;cJhzl;ygonf/ tzdk;wef okw-&o ynmr*¾Zif;?
pmapmifrsm;? *sme,frsm; t½IH;cHxkwfa0aeMu&jcif;rSm *sme,fwpfapmif?
r*¾Zif;wdkufwpfwdkufwnf;\ t½IH;[líom qdkEdkifygoavm/
pmzwfy&dowfEiS fh ywfoufNyD; olwYkdr*¾Zif;wdu k uf tMurf;zsO;f
ppfwrf;aumufcHMunhf&m av;av;eufzwf½I avhvmMuaomolrsm;rSm
OD;a& 300 (okH;&m) ESihf 500 (ig;&m) twGif;om &SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;
odc&hJ onf/ trsm;pkrmS tay:,H&yS zf wfMu½ko H m zwfMuaMumif;? av;av;
eufeuf zwf½Iolrsm; enf;vGef;aMumif;udkvnf; ajymjycJhMuonf/
 odef;Ekdif 61

jrefrmvl&G,f vli,frsm;\ pmzwfjcif;tavhESihf zwfaeaom

pmtrsK;d tpm; twdrt f eufwYku
d kd tao;pdwpf pfwrf;jzpfap? okawoejzpfap
jyKvkyfMu&ygOD;rnf/ 10 wef;atmif ausmif;om;wpfOD;taejzihf ½dk;½dk;
pmzwfenf;udkjzpfap? pmzwfjcif;tavhudkjzpfap? ynmESihf tawG;&&Sd&ef
pmzwfenf;udjk zpfap rnfonht f wef;wGif xnho f iG ;f oifMum;cJ&h ygoenf;/

odkufpmzwf&m em;axmifyg Opöm&Edk;Edk; . . .

usrf;pmzwf&m em;axmifyg w&m;&Edk;Edk; . . .
ta&mif;&qk;H aom pmtkyt f rsK;d tpm;rsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyrIrsm;wGif
eHygwfwpfrS 10 twGi;f trsm;qk;H yg0ifaeonhf pmtkyrf sm;wGif wufusr;f
rsm;? bmoma&;pmtkyfrsm;ESihf *rÇD&? yOövuftwwfynmrsKd;jzihf BuD;yGm;
csrf;omenf;rsm; trsm;qkH;yg0ifaom pmtkyf? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;u ae&m
,lxm;onfrSm q,fpkESpfyif ESpfckausmfygawmhrnf/ wufusrf;zwf&if;
epfjrKyfoGm;Muaom vli,frsm;pGmudkvnf; awGUcJhzl;ygonf/ ae&ma'o?
vlrpI ;D yGm;ywf0ef;usifEiS fh Edik if aH &;aemufcrH wlaom tjcm;vlYtzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;udk pHxm;NyD; olwdkY\ BuD;yGm;wdk;wufenf;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;wifjy
xm;onf/ tqdyk gpmtkyrf sm;ESifh jrefrmhvil ,frsm;\ vufawGUb0tuGm
ta0;udak wmhjzihv f nf; wufusr;f pma&;q&mwdYk aqG;aEG;ay;apvdyk gonf/
rnfonhfae&mwGif Opöm&wem tpktaqmif; &Sdonf[laom
oduk pf mudk zwf½aI e&olteD;wGif em;axmifí rdryd if Opöm&&SEd ikd af wmhrnfuo hJ Ykd
pdwu f ;l ,Ofjcif;? tcsdejf zKef;jcif;jzihf aemufq;Hk wGif ynmvnf;r&? w&m;
vnf;r&? Opömvnf;r&cJhaom tajctaersKd;udkawmh vli,frsm;taejzihf
rBuHKapcsifawmhyg/ wufusrf;rsm;wGif b0vrf;nTef? tvkyfvrf;nTef
wefz;kd rsm; twdik ;f twmwpfpw Hk pf&mawmh &Sad eEdik yf gonf/ wufusr;f rsm;udk
zwf½Ionhftjyif rdrd\0goemESihf pdwfyg0ifpm;&m ynm&yfpmaywdkYudk
 62 ynmEkdifiHawmf

avhvmvdkufpm;wwfap&ef ulnD&ygOD;rnf/
þtwGuf pmzwfjcif;tavhukd avhusijfh cif;tjyif pma&G;cs,zf wf½I
wwfap&efvnf; avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ygawmhrnf/ olwdkYudk,fwdkif
zwfaeaompmESihf vufawGUb0 tuGmta0;udk odjrifap&ef pmoifcef;
rsm;uawmh vrf;nTefrIay;&ygvdrhfrnf/

pmrzwfwm ausmif;om;awGwifyJvm;
]]wu,fvdkY tifrwefrS xl;jcm;vSwJh ynm&SdBuD;wpfa,mufeJY
qkaH wGUcGi&fh w,fqykd gpdYk/ uReaf wmfwYkd ar;jref;&rSmu olb,fpmtkyaf wGukd
zwf½IovJqdkwmygyJ}}
&zf0gvf'dktDrmqef

tnmaus;vufa'owpfcw k iG f rlvwef;t&G,f uav;rsm;twGuf

pmoifausmif;av;wpfausmif; xlaxmifNyD; &yf&GmpmMunhfwdkufvnf;
wnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzihf uRefawmf c&D;xGufcJhygonf/ pmMunhf
wdkufi,f xlaxmifjcif;? tajccHtGefvdkif; pmMunhfwdkufjzpfap? a&GUvsm;
pmMunhw f u
kd jf zpfap jzpfEidk af csrsm;udv
k nf; odcsifaeonf/ q&m? q&mr
rsm;ESihf oif½dk;udpörsm;? vydkif;rmwduma&;qGJjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf
wpfywfvQif wpfcsdefcefYjzihf bmom&yftopfwpfckudk xnhfoGif;Edkif&ef
aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ tvm;wlaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;a'otcsKdUwGif
vnf; usif;ycJhygonf/
a'owGif; tNidrf;pm;ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;? ynma&;orm;rsm;ESihf
q&m q&mrrsm;u EdkifiHwumynma&;? tqihfrDoif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;
taMumif; ar;jref;aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ ynma&;pDreD m wufa&mufvmol
trsm;pkBuD;u uav;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmodyfrzwfMuaMumif;jzihf
 odef;Ekdif 63

olwdkY\pdk;&drfrIudk zGihf[aqG;aEG;Muonf/ uRefawmfu q&m q&mrrsm;

taejzihfvnf;aumif;? ynma&;rl0g'csrSwfol vlBuD;rsm;taejzihfvnf;
aumif; vGecf ahJ omvu pmtkyEf pS t f yk af vmuf zwfcw
hJ o
hJ l vufnK§ ;d axmif
yg[k pkHprf;ar;jref;Munhfrdonf/ tm;vkH;Nidrfouf wdwfqdwfvsuf/
uav;rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkom ]]pmrzwfMubl;}} [lí
tjypfwifaejcif;udkawmh jyefvSefokH;oyf&ygvdrhfrnf/

pmzwfjcif;bmom (Reading)
uav;rsm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; pmzwfvmap&ef rnfodkY
jyKvkyEf ikd rf nfukd tvky½f aHk qG;aEG;yGaJ cgif;pOfjzihf uReaf wmfwYkd tus,w f 0ihf
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ jyóemrsm;? twm;tqD;rsm;? vdktyfaom yHhydk;rIrsm;?
enf;emrsm;jzihf pkHvifvSygonf/ odkYaomf ta&;BuD;vSonhf tcsuf
wpfcsufrSm usef&pfaevsuf&Sdonf/
uav;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;? vlBuD;rsm; pmzwf
Mu&jcif; t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm pmzwfjcif;bmomudk oif½;kd wGix f nhof iG ;f
avhusihfay;jcif;r&SdonhftwGuf[k wifjycJhonf/
oif½dk;nTef;wrf; aqG;aEG;yGJü uRefawmfwdkY\ ausmif;oif½dk;
nTe;f wrf;xJwiG f pmzwfjcif;udk oifMum;ay;jcif;r&Sad o;aMumif;? rlvwef;
tqihu f yifvQif ]pmzwfjcif;bmom} udk xnho f iG ;f oifMum;oihyf gaMumif;
uRefawmfu pwifaqG;aEG;vdkufygonf/ tm;vkH; uRufpDuRufpDjzihf
rausreyfjzpfNyD;vQif olYxufig tvsifpvdk aqG;aEG;Mujyefygonf/
ausmif;wdik ;f wGif jrefrmpmESifh t*Fvyd pf mwdYk ukd oifMum;&aMumif; t"du
tm;jzihf axmufjyaqG;aEG;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
þwGif uRefawmhftaejzihf tus,fw0ihf &Sif;vif;ay;&ygawmh
onf/ jrefrmpmESifh t*Fvyd pf moifMum;ay;jcif;rSm bmompum;wwfajrmuf
 64 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uRrf;usifatmif oifMum;ay;jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESihf pmzwfjcif;twGuf

taxmuftuljzpfEdkifaMumif;? arG;&myg bmomaA'ÓPf&nfADZjrihfrm;
onhf uav;i,f 15 &mcdkifEIef;twGufrl a&SUquf pmzwfjcif;tavhudk
&&Sdaumif; &&SdEdkifrSmjzpfaMumif;? odkYaomf uav;trsm;pkBuD;rSmrl pmzwf
jcif;tavh&&Sd&efrSm jrefrmpmESihf t*FvdyfbmomwdkYudk oifMum;ay;½kH?
pmzwfMu[k qkH;r½kHrQESihfawmh rvkHavmufaMumif;? þonfudk tESpf
av;q,f jzwfoef;NyD;NyDjzpfaom jrefrmhynma&;ESihf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;
atmifjrifrI&v'fudk Munhf½kHrQjzihf tvG,fwul odjrifEdkifygaMumif;
qufvufaqG;aEG;jzpfygonf/
]pmzwfjcif;bmom} udk oif½;kd wGif oD;oefYxnho f iG ;f oifMum;ay;rS
omvQif pmzwfjcif;,Ofaus;rIukd Edik if EH iS tfh rQ &&SEd ikd rf nf[íl odjrifem;vnf
apvdk&if;jzpfygonf/ wu,fawmhvnf; ½dk;pif;vG,fulvSonhf oif½dk;
nTef;wrf; jyifqifrIuav; vkyf½kHrQom/ (oif½dk;nTef;wrf;ynmrSm
av;eufaom r[mbGJUwef;0if? yg&*lbGJUwef;0if ynm&yfe,fy,fBuD;
wpfckjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf 0efcHygonf/)
rlvwef; pmoifcef;twGi;f wpfywfvQif tenf;qk;H tcsed w f pfcsed f
jzpfap? ESpcf sed cf efYjzpfap ]pmzwfjcif;bmom} twGuf tcsed af y;apvdyk gonf/
yxrwef;? 'kwd,wef;? wwd,wef; uav;rsm;tm;vkH; þtcsdefwGif
ESpfouf&m (uav;ESihf udkufnDaom) pmtkyfwpftkyfpD iSm;,lNyD; (tdrfrS
vnf; ,lvmEdkifygao;onf/) rdrdae&mwGif NidrfoufwdwfqdwfpGmjzihf
pwifzwfMum;Murnf/ twef;xJ&dS ausmif;om; 30 OD;rSm ta,mufwikd ;f
udk,fpD em&D0ufcefY (oihfawmfovdk) zwf½IMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ rnfolrQ
wdwfqdwfjcif;udk taESmihft,SufrjyK&/ q&m q&mrtaejzihfvnf;
pmtkyfwpftkyfudk twef;a&SUwGifxdkifNyD; zwf½Iaernf/
pmzwf&ef txl;vdt k yfaom tcsufo;Hk csufukd cHpm;odjrifMuNyD;
vQif vdvk m;tyfaom pmzwfjcif; ]tavhtusih}f udk ysKd;axmifay;jcif;yif
 odef;Ekdif 65

jzpfonf/ pmzwf&eftwGuf (1) pmtkyw f pftyk ?f (2) wdwq

f w d af omtcsed f
ESihf ae&m? (3) pdwfpl;epfrI? orm"dw&m;wdkY vdktyfygonf/ tjcm;aom
pmzwfaeolrsm;udkvnf; taESmihft,Suf ray;oihfaMumif;? rdrdudk,fwdkif
vnf; taESmihft,Sufuif;uif;jzihf pmzwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;wdkYudkvnf;
i,f&G,fpOfrSmuwnf;u odjrifaponf/ pmzwfjcif;rSm oD;oefY
ta&;BuD;aom tvkyfwpfckjzpfaMumif;ESihf vlwdkif;vkyfEdkifaom tvkyf?
vkyf&efvdktyfaom tvkyfjzpfaMumif;vnf; em;vnfapygonf/ ]ta&;
BuD;rI} udk oif½dk;0ifbmomtaejzihf avhusihfay;&ygrnf/ zwf½IMuonhf
pmrsm;? pmtkyrf sm;rSm odyt f a&;rBuD;vSyg/ olwYkdtwGuf b0wpfoufwm
ywfvkH; tcsdef&onf r[kwfygvm;/ pmzwf&if;yif pmtkyfrsm;vnf;
a&G;cs,w f wfvmygonf/ ]pmzwfjcif; tavhtusi}fh &&S&d efrmS rl trsK;d om;
ynma&;rl0g'\ atmifjrifrI[líyif wdkif;wmEdkifygvdrhfrnf/
tcsed u
f ek q
f ;Hk cgeD;wGif q&mrESit
fh wl wpfwef;vk;H jyefveS af qG;aEG;
Edkifygao;onf/

uav;udk wu,fcspfwJh rdb

]]aeYwikd ;f awmhvnf; pmzwfp&m rvdyk gbl;/ oif xrif;pm;wJh
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f pftyk v
f ;Hk ukeq
f ;Hk oGm;
 66 ynmEkdifiHawmf

onhftcg ]uav;ESihftwl pmzwfNyD;pD;aMumif;} &DydkYuwfxJwGif rdbESihf

uav;wdkY vufrSwfa&;xdk;í xm;Murnf/ a&SUtywftwGuf pmtkyfopf
wpftyk uf kd rdbjzpfap? q&mjzpfap? uav;ud,
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f ikd jf zpfap a&G;cs,fay;½kH
rQom/ rdbrsm;vnf; uav;ESifh pmzwfjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk avhvmxm;
oihfygonf/ tcsdefay;jcif;? pdwf&Snfjcif;wdkYjzihf pwifEdkifygonf/
uav;udk wu,fcspfygu vufaqmifypönf; 0,fay;jcif;xuf tcsdefydk
ay;Muyg[laom aqmifyk'fudk usihfokH;oihfygonf/ aeYpOf pmtwlzwf
jcif;rSm taumif;qkH; vufaqmifwpfckjzpfaMumif; ,kHrSm;oHo,
&Sdraeoihfyg/ ykHrSefpmzwfaom tcsdefuav;xm;&Sdyg/

us,fus,favmifavmif pmatmfusufjcif;udk
tm;ray;oihfyg
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awGUjrif&avh&Sdonf/ pmzwfjcif;rSmrl wdwfqdwfpGm vkyf&jcif;jzpfonf/
pmusufjcif;ESihf pmzwfjcif; rwlyg/ ynma&;okawoDrsm;u tcsuf
(3) csufudk tBuHjyKMuygonf/ yxrwpfcsufrSm pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;
wdwfqdwfpGmjzihf pmzwfjcif;tavhudk jr§ihfwifay;&efjzpfonf/ 'kwd,
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qdyk gonf/ txl;ojzihf wpfcef;vk;H ta&SUwGif pmatmfzwfjy&jcif;aMumihf
pd;k &drpf w
d rf mS vGeuf aJ ewwfonf/ uav;i,frmS rvkNH cHKawmhyg/ rSm;,Gi;f pGm
zwfrdoGm;rnfudk aMumufae&NyD/ wwd,tcsufrSm uav;wdkif;eD;yg;
 odef;Ekdif 67

pmatmfzwfjcif;? usufrSwfjcif;wdkY jyKvkyfEkdifaomfvnf; trSefwu,f

em;vnfrIr&SdbJ vkyfaejcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygao;onf/ txl;ojzihf
wpfyx
JG ;kd tvGw&f &ef atmfusujf cif;rSmrl a&&Snrf w
S Ó
f PfxJ a&muf&&dS ef
tajctaer&Sdojzihf pmar;yGJatmifjrifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; ynmusef&Sd
aernfrSm raocsmvSyg/

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zwf½I&efvdkwJhpmrsKd;yg}}
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pmtkyfrsm;rSm ydkíoihfawmfygonf/ pmrzwfrD zwf½IrnhfpmwGifyg&Sdaom
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ed'gef;ysKd;aqG;aEG;oihfonf/ ar;cGef;rsm;udk rdb? q&mwdkYu OD;aqmif
ar;jref;jcif;jzihf pwifEdkifygonf/ wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf pmzwfjcif;ESihf
wpfwef;vkH;udk q&mrS OD;aqmifpmzwfenf;wdkYudk tokH;jyKEdkifygonf/
pmzwfNyD;pD;ygu olwdkYtjrifrsm;? cHpm;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cGihfay;oihf
ygonf/ pmzwfjcif;ESifh jyefveS af qG;aEG;jcif;udk raMumufaompdw&f &S&d ef
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tvufrsm;udk &SmazGzwf½Ienf; (Scanning) wdkYtaMumif;? tao;pdwf
 68 ynmEkdifiHawmf

zwf½Ienf;? taES;zwfjcif;ESihf rSwfpkxkwfenf;? rsufpdjzihf pmzwfenf;?

em;jzihf pmzwfenf;ESihf ÓPfynmjzihf pmzwfenf;rsm;taMumif;?
bmom&yftvdkuf pmayzwf½I avhvmenf;rsm;?jrefEIef;jrihf pmzwfenf;?
pmtkyfa0zefcsufrsm;? a0zefenf;rsm; ponfwdkYudk xnhfoGif;avhusihf
ay;oihfygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf pmzwfjcif;tavhwdk;wuf
vmjcif;aMumihf pma&;om;jcif;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKygonf/
]]'Dbmomavmufawmh atmifygw,f}} [laom tjrifrmS ;rsm;udk ausmv f eG f
Muygrnf/ bmom&yfwdkYudk avhvmvdkufpm;rIwGif tqihfjrihfvmrnf/
euf½dIif;vmrnf/
aerif;BuD;u tarSmifurÇmudk vif;vufaEG;axG;apNyD; NrKdifeef;
awmwef;twGi;f yef;aygif;pkw H Ykd zl;yGiafh pqmcGiu fh kd ay;ouJo
h Ykd yif pmtkyf
rsm;u pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk vif;vufawmufyapNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
ay;pGrf;Edkifygonf/
pmtkyu f rÇmxJwiG f olwYkd av;awG vGiafh rsmoGm;ygap/ wpfu, kd f
wnf; rdrdbmompmzwfaeygonf/ txD;usefqefjcif;awmh r[kwf/
ae&mrsm;pGmodkY a&mufoGm;Edkifygonf/ tawG;? tjrifaygif;pkHwdkY ul;puf
vmygvdrfrnf/ odkYaomf wpfae&m&mwGif olwdkYudk,fudk &SmazGawGU&SdoGm;
ygvdrrfh nf/ pmtkyrf sm;u zGiv fh pS af y;vdu k af om olwYkdav;awG\ yGiv fh if;?
ysKdrspf pdwEf v
S ;Hk om;rsm;ESifh OD;aESmufwYkd rmS vnf; todynmwdYk ukd avhvm
qnf;yl;&ef tqihfoihf/
 odef;Ekdif 69

q,fausmfoufrsm;? pmzwfjcif;tavhESihf
ya&mfzuf&Sife,f tvkyftudkif
]]um,avhusihfcef;awG[m udk,fcE¨mtwGuf vdktyfovdk
pmzwfjcif;[mvnf; pdwfESvkH;om;twGuf vdktyfygw,f}}
qm&pfcsufpwD;

atmufpzdkY'f wuúodkvf? vlrIaA'qdkif&m avhvmrIwpfckt&

touf 16 ESpft&G,fwGif pmzwfjcif;tavhtusihf xlaxmifjcif;jzihf
aemifwGif b0twGuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIqdkif&m ya&mfzuf&Sife,f
tvkyfwpfck cdkifcdkifNrJNrJ&&SdapEdkifaMumif; wifjyxm;ygonf/ okawoe
awGU&Sdcsufjzpfí tav;xm;&ygrnf/ vl ESpfaomif;ausmfudk ar;cGef;rsm;
ar;jref;cJhonf/ touf 16 ESpft&G,fwkef;u ausmif;oif½dk;jyify
vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufyHrk sm;udk tao;pdwaf r;jref;cJhNyD; vuf&dS 33 ESpf t&G,f
tvkyt f udik rf sm; pkpH rf;cJ&h mrS awGU&Scd suyf ifjzpfonf/ 0goemESi, fh OS w
f NJG yD;
ya&mfzuf&iS ef ,ftvkyw f Ykd vkycf iG &fh &Sad eol trsm;pkBuD;rSm q,fausmo f uf
t&G,u f pmzwfemcJMh uolrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Scd sufrmS ausmif;ynma&;
twGuf pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygonf/

ausmif;oifcef;pmESihf pmMunhfwdkuf tquftpyf

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c&pfpwdkzm armfav
 70 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pmpDpmukH;acgif;pOfwpfckck odkYr[kwf tjcm;aombmom&yfrsm;

twGuf avhvm&rnhf acgif;pOfwpfcck u k akd y;í zwf½aI vhvm&rnhf pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;udk q&mu nTeMf um;owfrw S af y;jcif;? xdpk mtkypf mwrf;rsm;rS
tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;apjcif;? &&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:
tajcjyKí pDukH;a&;om;apjcif;? udk;um;a&;om;apjcif;? rdrdtjrifudk
EdIif;,SOfwifjyjcif;wdkYrSm 21 &mpkynma&;twGuf rl^v,f^xufESihf
wuúodkvftqihftxd t"duavhvmykH enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf/
ausmif;oifpmESihf pmMunhfwdkuf tquftpyfvnf; jzpfonf/ þodkY
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk,f rdrd
,kHMunftm;udk;vdkpdwfrsm; wpfpwpfp jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmygrnf/
rdrd&ifwGif; 0goemESihf ADZpGrf;&nfudk ydkrdkodjrifvmEdkifonf/ todynm
aygufurJG aI cwf[ak c:qdo k nhf rsuaf rSmufacwfukd trDvu kd Ef ikd yf gvdrrfh nf/
zwfpmtkyfrsm;udkausmfvGefNyD; ydkívnf; bmom&yftod? tawG;? tjrif
wdYk ESYHpyf<u,f0vmMuygrnf/ pOf;pm;awG;awmwwfvmrnf/ wpfoufwm
ynma&;twGufvnf; jyifqifay;&ma&mufygonf/
pmzwfjcif;EdkifiHjzpfvmap&ef tdrfrS tOD;tpjyKoihfygonf/
aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf NrKdUe,fwdkif;wGif pmMunhfwdkufrsm;xm;&Sdjcif;rSm tvGef
wefzdk;&SdvSonf/ txl;ojzihf zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHtaejzihf trsm;jynfolwdkY
vufvSrf;rD&m pmMunhfwdkufrsm;? pmtkyfrsm; vdktyfaeqJjzpfonf/
pmzwfvdkpdwfudk vIHYaqmfay;&mvnf; a&mufygonf/
ausmif;pmMunhfwdkufrsm;\ wefzdk;ESihf tokH;jyKrIudk ,ckxuf
jr§iw fh ifoihyf gonf/ pmMunhw f ukd rf LS ;rsm;? wm0efcq H &mq&mrrsm;taejzihf
ausmif;&Sd q&m q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; pmzwfcef;xJoYkd
ykrH eS af &muf&adS p&ef? avhvmzwf½v I pkd wd w f ;kd yGm;ap&ef pnf;½k;H vIYHaqmfay;oihf
ygonf/ pnf;½k;H vIYHaqmf&mwGif ausmif;pmMunhw f ukd o
f Ykd a&muf&v dS maom
pmtky?f pmapmiftopfrsm;udk aMumfjimoifyek ;f wGif azmfjyaMujimay;jcif;?
 odef;Ekdif 71

pmMunhw f ukd t
f cef;trsm;twGi;f pmtkyrf sm;udk tvG,w f ul zwf½aI vhvm
Edik af tmif pifziG pfh epfjzihf cif;usi;f jyoxm;jcif;? pmzwfjcif; tusK;d aus;Zl;udk
azmfjyaom aqmifyk'frsm;? pmwrf;rsm;? yef;csDum;rsm;? "mwfykHrsm;ESihf
pmzwfjcif;aMumihf &yfusKd;&GmjyK? wdik ;f usKd;jynfjyK vkyaf qmifEikd cf ohJ rl sm;\
½kyfykHum;csyfrsm;ESihf pmMunhfwdkufudk jyifqifrGrf;rHoihfygonf/

pmtkyfaxmihfrsm; (Reading Corners)

rlvwef;tqihw f iG f pmzwfjcif;tavhtusiu fh kd OD;pm;ay;ysK;d axmif
ay;oihfaMumif; txufwGif aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf/ uav;i,frsm;udk
pmMunhfwdkufrsm;odkY tvnftywfac:,ljcif;udk ykHrSefvkyfEdkifygonf/
odYk aomf ydí
k ta&;BuD;onfrmS olwYkdav;awG pmtkyrf sm;ESifh pOfqufrjywf
xdawGUcGihf&&Sdaeapjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYtwGuf pmoifcef;wdkif;wGif
pmtkyfaxmihfrsm; (reading corners) xm;&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/
q&m q&mrrsm;taejzihf ausmif;pmMunhw f u kd Ef iS fh &yf&mG pmMunhf
wdkufrsm;rS uav;rsm;twGuf oihfavsmfonhfpmtkyfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD;
pmoifcef;axmihw f iG f wpfBudrv f Qif wpfywf? q,f&ufcefYrQ xm;&Sjd cif;yif/
tkyfa& 20 cefYqdkvQif vkHavmufygonf/ ]]pmzwfjcif;bmom}} tcsdef
wGifvnf; uav;rsm;tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ olwdkYav;awGESihf ydkudkufnDaom
pmaytrsKd;tpm;udkvnf; a&G;cs,fNyD;jzpfonf/ uav;rsm; tjriftm½kH
wGifvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m pmtkyfrsm;udk awGUjrifcGihf&aeonf/ pmzwf
vdk pdw?f pmtkyuf kd jrwfE;kd pdww
f Ykdukd aeYpOf ysK;d axmifjcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
pmoifcef;wdkif;rSm pmMunhfwdkufi,fav;rsm;toGif jzpfvmygrnf/

pmtkyfqdkif ed*kH; (tD;bGwfcfacwftp)

uRefawmfonf pmtkyfqdkifrsm;udk ykHrSefvnfywfwwfolwpfOD;
 72 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jzpfonf/ pmtkyq f ikd Bf uD;rsm;udk vnfywf&onfrmS tjcm;rnfonhaf e&m

rsm;ESihfrQrwlaom cHpm;rIwpfrsKd;udk &&Sdwwfonf/ wpfacgufoGm;vnf
wdkif; urÇmopfwpfck? ra&mufzl;ao;aom NrKdUwpfNrKdUqDodkYa&mufonhf
cHpm;rIrsKd;/ bmpmtkyt f opfawG wifxm;MuovJ? aMujimrSmawGUxm;wJh
pmtkyf&SdyghOD;rvm;? aps;aum oufomrSmvm;/ BuKdwifí taotcsm
rodxm;Edik o f nfh pmtkyw f pftyk t f yk af wmh 0,frcd o hJ nfcsn;f yif/ odvpkd w d f
rsm;jzihf 0ifa&muf&onhftwGufvnf; vef;qef;wuf<uaeygonf/
ta&mifpkH? qdkufpkHpmtkyfrsm;? pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m tjyiftqifrsm;?
rsufESmzkH;wdkY\ qGJaqmifrIrsm;? pma&;q&mtcsKdU\ oD;oefYaxmihfrsm;?
pmtkyt f a[mif;? topfrw d qf ufyrJG sm;jzihf pmtkyqf ikd w
f iG ;f vnfywf&onfrmS
t&om&SdvSygonf/ pmjrnf;cGihfvnf; &&SdEdkifao;onf/ pmtkyfrsm;udk
udkifprf;Munhf&onfrSmvnf; &ifckefp&m/ 0gusihfusihf pmrsufESmrsm;?
a<u&nfow k f puúLtacsmpmrsm;? azmif;<upmvk;H rsm;? rEdik w fh Edik f r&onhf
uRefrf;*efBuD;rsm;? riftrsKd;rsKd;? 'DZdkif;taxGaxG? pum;ajymaeaom
pmvkH; tEkt&GwdkYjzihf wefqmqifxm;aom rsufESmzkH;rsm; . . . /
avat;ay;pufrsm; wyfqifxm;onht f wGuf taEG;xnfuv kd nf;
wpfcw k wf pf& ,lomG ;&ygonf/ ajcaxmufanmif;vmonfjzpfap? rsupf d
anmif;vmonfjzpfap? tvGecf sr;f vmonfjzpfap pmtkyq f ikd Ef iS fh wGv
J suf
zGihfvSpfxm;wwfonhf aumfzDqdkifxJwGif0ifa&mufNyD; aumfzDylylav;
wpfcGufavmuf aomuf&onfrSmvnf; cgwdkif;ESihfrwlyg/ NyD;vQifawmh
aemufwausmhjyefvnfygOD;rnf/ cspfp&m ydpdan§mufawmuf pmtkyf
ao;ao;av;rsm;? pD'o D cD sif;acGrsm;? vufaqmifay;Edik o f nhf arG;aeYuwf
vSvSav;rsm;? acwfay:pma&;ud&d,m topftqef;rsm;jzihf rNiD;rnL
vnfywfrdjyefygonf/ pmtkyfvmzwfol? vm0,folrsm;xJwGif touf
t&G,f tpkHtvif/ yifpifpm;BuD;rsm;rStp 0efxrf;rsm;? *savbDrsm;?
ausmif;om; vli,fav;rsm;tqkH; awGUjrif&onf/ aps;yGJawmfBuD;
 odef;Ekdif 73

ozG,fyif/ odkYaomf t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom wdwfqdwfNidrfoufrIjzihf/

vmrnhfEpS u f mv tenf;i,frSmyif þjrifuGif;ESihf þcHpm;rIukd
uRefawmfwdkY qufvuf&&SdrnfrSm raocsmvSawmhyg/
Edik if wH um&Sd txifu&pmtkyq f ikd Bf uD;rsm; jzpfMuaom Amazon,
Kobo, Borders, Angus & Robertson wdkYrSm ykHESdyfpmtkyfrsm;xuf
tD;bGwcf f ebooks a&mif;tm;u omvGeo f mG ;cJNh yDjzpfonf/ pmtkyq
f ikd rf sm;u
vufusef ykHESdyfpmtkyfrsm;udk aps;tvGeftrif;oufompGm avQmha&mif;cs
aeMuonfrSm ykHESdyfpmtkyfrsm;\ ed*kH;urÜwf tqkH;owfES,f uRefawmf
pdwfroufromjzihf cHpm;rdygonf/
xdkYtwGuf ykHESdyfpmtkyf ta&twGufrsm;udk rsm;pGmavQmhcsypfae
MuNyD/ obm0ywf0ef;usiu f v kd nf; xde;f odr;f &ma&mufonf[ak wmh qdMk u
ygonf/ wefz;kd tm;jzihv f nf; ebooks rsm;rSm avsmeh nf;ygonf/ tifwmeuf
pmrsufESmrsm;uaeívnf; tvG,fwul 0,f,lzwf½IEdkifMuonf/ odrf;
qnf;p&mvnf; rvdyk g? jcvnf; rpm;? oGm;av&mudk ,laqmifomG ;Edik Mf uNy/D
EdkifiHwum wuúodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; eResource, eLibrary wdkYudk ydkrdk
tm;xm;aeMuNyD/ aocsmonfrSmawmh uRefawmfwdkY tD;bGwfacwfodkY
a&mufaejcif;yif/ pmtkyrf sm;udk udik pf rf;írQr0ao;rD pmtkyrf sm;aysmufq;Hk
oGm;awmhrnf[laom rodpdwfjzihfvnf; pdk;&drfjcif;jzpfrdonf/
uRefawmht f wGuaf wmh ebook reader ESifh jzpfap? uGeyf sLwmay:
wGijf zpfap? rdb k ikd ;f vfzek ;f phablet jzihjf zpfap pmzwfjcif;tavhukd avhusifh
ae&onfrmS rvG,u f v l yS g/ wpfcck vk akd eovdrk sK;d cHpm;&ygonf/ pmawmh
pmygyJ/ pmtrSefwu,f zwf½Iaeonf[k cHpm;pdwf&&Sd&ef renf;BuD;
vky, f &l ygonf/ uReaf wmhx f ufyí kd touft&G,Bf uD;olrsm;twGuv f nf;
tm;wkHYtm;em jzpfaerdygonf/ ynmacwfudkawmhjzihf vdkufEdkiforQ
vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/
ebooks rsm;rSm uGey f sLwm? rdb
k ikd ;f vfzek ;f ESifh wbfvufrsm;wGiv f nf;
 74 ynmEkdifiHawmf

zwf½IEdkifonf/ wefzdk;enf;? aps;oufomvmonhf ebook reader rsm;rSm

vnf; pmtkyfi,fqdkufomom &Sdojzihf ayghayghyg;yg;jzihf oGm;av&mudk
,loGm;Edkifonf/ bufx&Dvnf; vESihfcsDNyD; cHygonf/ aeYpOf tm;oGif;
p&mrvdkawmh/ pmtkyft&G,ftpm;uav; ebook reader wGif ykHrSef
pmtkyftBuD;? tao;okH;axmifcefYudk tenfqkH; odkrSD;odrf;xm;Edkifonf/
jrefrmbmom? t*FvdyfbmomjzihfomrbJ tjcm;bmompkHjzihfvnf;
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 odef;Ekdif 75

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 76 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 77

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 78 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 79

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80 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 81

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 82 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 83

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 84 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 87

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88 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 91

t&m[líum; r&Sdjcif;udk olrodjrifvmcJhonf/

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 odef;Ekdif 93

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 94 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tpm; ]]rif;vkyfcJhwm[m olwpfyg;twGuf emusifapw,fav}} [k

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tjrifoabmxm;udk ysufpD;aprnf[k olwdkY rcHpm;&awmhyg/

tem*wf tjyKtrltwGuf ykHazmfay;yg/

(twdwftrSm;udk tjypfay;rnhftpm;)
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i,ftaejzihf rnfodkY BuD;jyifvmrnhftay:wGif rsm;pGmvTrf;rdk;rI&Sdaeyg
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q&mrrsm;\ jyKrw l YHkjyefyw
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BuHKawGUygu rnfoYkdwYHkjyefvyk af qmif&rnfuu kd m; oifMum;jyo&mra&muf
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vmMuawmhrnf/ pdw"f mwfprG ;f tif? pdwyf g0ifpm;rItqihw f Ykdukd avsmu
h sap
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 odef;Ekdif 95

ynma&;&nfreS ;f csuwf pfcrk mS tavhtxaumif;rsm;ESifh qufqaH &;

pGrf;&nfwdkYudk avhusihfwnfaqmufay;jcif;jzpfonf/ uav;i,f\
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oli,fcsi;f rsm;\ cHpm;rIwYkt d ay:wGif xdcu kd af ponht f cg0,f olonfvnf;
xdcu kd cf pH m;wwfap&efjzpfygonf/ rdrv d yk &f yf? tajymtqdw k Ykdukd jyefvnf
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wwfap&ef avhusihfay;oihfygonf/
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 96 ynmEkdifiHawmf

taMumif;r&Sdyg/ ydkrdkvdkvm;tyfaom aumif;usKd;csrf;om &&SdEdkifygonf/

wnfjidrfat;aq;olrsm;? &ihfusufolrsm;? vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;olrsm;?
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rsm;pGmomvGeaf om b0tqiht f wef;udk ydik q f ikd Ef ikd yf gaMumif; okawoDu
axmufjyxm;ygonf/
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xm;jcif;vnf; rnfygonf/ aysmf&Tifp&maumif;aom? usef;rmaom?
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Sunday *sme,f? 2014? &efukef
 odef;Ekdif 97

pmawmfwm? pmrawmfwmudk tomxm;?

tMuifemw&m;? arwåmw&m;eJY
jyKrlqufqHjcif;[m b0t&nftaoG;eJY
ynmudkyg wdk;wufvmapw,f/
wu,fvnf;bJ awmfvmMuw,f?
xl;cRefvmMuygw,f/
 98 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pmoifcef;xJu tMuifemw&m;
21 &mpk rsufarSmufacwf uav;b0[m NyD;cJhwJh&mpkrsm;eJY
vGefpGmuGmjcm;vdkYaeNyD jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzihf ausmif;ynma&;ykHpHawG
ajymif;vJvmaew,f/ ynma&;&JUtqihfwdkif;[m t&ifueJY uGmjcm;vm
aewmudk awGUjrifae&w,f/
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vlaerIb0ykpH aH wGvnf; ajymif;vJvYkdvmw,f/ rdbESpOf ;D pvk;H u tcsed jf ynhf
tvkyv f yk u
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rlvwef;? tv,fwef;tqihfawGrSmawmh tm;upm;[m tvkyf
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 odef;Ekdif 99

awGrSm yg0ifqifETJEdkifzdkY enf;pepfrSefrSefeJY avhusihfaeMuw,f/

q,fwef;vGefoifwef;rsm;eJY aumvdyfausmif;0ifcGihfqdkwmu
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acwfukd a&mufvmaeygNyD/ tusK;d quftaeeJY aEG;axG;wJh rdom;pktwGi;f
qufqaH &;eJY ]]rdom;pktwGi;f tMuifemw&m;}} [mvnf; acwfa[mif;rSm
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olrsm;uawmh 'D½dk;&m[m b,faomtcgrS ra[mif;EGrf;oihfbl;vdkY
tBuHjyKwifjyxm;Muygw,f/
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apygw,f}} vdYk tMuifemw&m;ESifh jyKrq l ufqaH &; azmifa';&Si;f tzGUJ BuD;u
wifjyxm;ygw,f/ wpfO;D eJYwpfO;D arwåmw&m;eJY b,fvjkd yrlqufqo H ihf
w,fqw kd mudk oifMum;ay;aewJt h zGUJ jzpfygw,f/ ]]pmawmfwm? pmrawmf
wmudk tomxm; tMuifemw&m;? arwåmw&m;eJY jyKrlqufqHjcif;[m
b0t&nftaoG;eJY ynmudkyg wdk;wufvmapw,f/ wu,fvnf;bJ
awmfvmMuw,f? xl;cRefvmMuygw,f}}
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awGudkomvQif tusKd;&Sdapwm r[kwfygbl;/ tjyKoabmaqmifwJh
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ausmif;om;awGeJY vlBuD;awGudkyg tusKd;rsm;apygw,f/ vlom;&JU
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zGUH NzdK;apNyD; b0wpfavQmufvH;k tokH;wnhv f w
S Jh vlrIqufqaH &;pGr;f &nf
udkvnf; uav;rsm;&&SdEdkifygw,f/ trSefwu,fwrf;rSm cifrif&if;ESD;wJh
olawGeJY rsufESmpdrf;wJholudkyg tcgtm;avsmfpGm MuifempGm jyKrlqufqH
 100 ynmEkdifiHawmf

apjcif;[m uav;rsm;udk olwYkdywf0ef;usif urÇmi,fav;&JU abmiftjyif

bufeYJvnf; xdawGUqufccH iG fh &&Sad pwmyg/ 'DtcgrSm ta&miftaoG;pkv H if
axGjym;vSwJh ywf0ef;usifurÇmBuD;udkyg qufqHNyD;om; jzpfvmr,f
r[kwfvm;/
ausmif;pmoifcef;u b,fvdk pwifvkyfaqmifay;EdkifygovJ/
MuifempGm jyKrlvkyfaqmifzdkYqdkwm odyftcufBuD; r[kwfygbl;/ ywf0ef;
usifrSm vIHYaqmfpdwfudk jzpfxGef;apEdkifwJh tajctaeawG trsm;BuD;yg/
tcgtm;avsmfpGmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ 'DacwfBuD;rSm rMumrMumMum;ae
&wJh ]]tcgtm;avsmpf mG ae&mtESt H Murf;zufr}I } qdwk hJ vky&f yfeYJqefYusipf mG
ay:xGufvmwJh ]]tcgtm;avsmfpGm MuifempGm jyKrlqufqHrI}} vkyf&yf
jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzihf ]]tcgtm;avsmfpGm}}&,fvdkY okH;EIef;&wmuawmh
]]rMuifemwwf? rpmemwwf? rcHpm;wwfao;wJholawGeJY ywfoufNyD;
qdkvdkwmyg}}/ ywf0ef;usifrSm&SdaewJh 'DvlawG? uav;awGtay:rSm
tMuifemw&m;eJY jyKrlqufqHay;zdkYyg/ vlpdrf;olpdrf;awGjzpfEdkifw,f/
'grSr[kwf aps;qdik u f aps;onfawG? vrf;ab;vkyo f m;awG? vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf
ausmif;q&m q&mrtcsi;f tcsi;f ? twef;azmfpwJo h al wGvnf; ygygw,f/
tMuifemw&m;eJY pmempdwf ul;pufcHpm;oGm;apzdkY&,fyg/
uav;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifoihw f ,f/ tcGit fh vrf;awG&mS azG
oihw f ,f/ touft&G,Ef iS fh pdwyf g0ifpm;rItvdu k f vrf;nTet f BuHay;&rSm
yg/ tHt h m;oihaf vmufwhJ ]]tMuifem}} tBuD;BuD;awG? vky&f yfx;l awG&,fvYkd
rqdkvdkygbl;/ wdkif;od jynfod tMuifemw&m;udkvnf; rqdkvdkygbl;/
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ud,k wf ikd zf efw;D wJh ydYk puwfav;rSm ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f oli,fcsif;&,f}}
qdwk hJ pmom;av;eJY ay;wwfzYkd yg/ ausmif;wGi;f trIu d yf ;Hk ab;rSm uav;
awGu ]]aus;Zl;}} qdw k hJ pmom;uyfxm;jcif;[m oefY&iS ;f a&;vkyo f m;Bu;D awG&UJ
yifyef;wJhtvkyfudkvnf; tultnDay;&m a&mufw,fr[kwfvm;/
 odef;Ekdif 101

tdref ;D em;csif;u EdYk pYkd uav;udk ulxed ;f ay;wJh ausmif;om;oli,fav;[m

vlom;ESpfOD;udk wpfNyKdifwnf;rSm MunfEl;aysmf&Tifapwmyg/ rtm;vyf
avmufatmif tvkyf½IyfaewJh rdcifjzpfol&,f? upm;azmftopfvdkaewJh
uav;av;udkvnf; ulnDay;vdkufwm/
q&m q&mrrsm;udk aus;Zl;wifwwfzYkd? uav;tcsi;f csi;f aus;Zl;
pum;qdw k wfzYkd avhusiafh y;oihyf gw,f/ tjyeftvSet f ultnDay;zdYktwGuf
vufraES;zdkY/ rdk;&moDrSm rdk;um? xD;r&Sdao;wJhuav;awGudk tcsif;csif;
ulnDay;zdkY/ &GmxJu tdrftrdk;rvkHwJh rdom;pkawGudk pmempdwfeJY tifzuf
wcsKdU urf;vSrf;wwfzdkY? acsmfvJusoGm;wJh oli,fcsif;udk xlray;zdkY/
avSmifajymif&,farmwwfwhJ tjcm;uav;awGuv kd nf; uav;tcsi;f csi;f
tJ'v D rkd vkyzf Ykd ajymwwfzYkd? pmtkypf ifay:u pmtkyu f kd vrf;vSr;f rrDjzpfaewJh
uav;av;udk tjcm;uav;BuD;wpfa,mufu ulnDay;wwfzdkYpwJh
]]tMuifem}} vufaqmifao;ao;av;awG tNrJwrf;ay;jzpfaezdkY
i,f&G,fpOfuwnf; vrf;nTefay;&rSmyg/ MuifempGm NyHK;jywwfzdkYeJY
csD;usL;pum;awG ajymqdkwwfzdkYvnf; ulnDay;&rSmyg/
tJ'Dw'*F cPi,fav;rSm tJ'Dvli,f? vlBuD;? uav;awG[m
jidrf;csrf;a&;vnf;&aerSm r[kwfvm;/
'Dausmif;&JU 'Dpmoifcef;twGi;f u ta&;BuD;qk;H aom oifcef;pm
awG rjzpfoihfbl;vm;/ 'Dta&;BuD;vSwJh oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk b,fvdk
wnfaqmufMurvJ/
Sunday Journal Vol. 1, No. 49 Feb. 2013 &efukef
102 ynmEkdifiHawmf

c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*sDrSm
a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppfawG;awmjcif;udktajccHvsuf
vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvkH;tay: ½IjrifokH;oyfjcif;jzpfonf/
pmoifom;A[dkjyKoifMum;jcif;? jyóemtajcjyKavhvmjcif;?
usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfpGmcsOf;uyfavhvmjcif;?
vlom;A[dkjyKtm;xkwfjcif;wdkY\ tpkta0;[kqdkEdkifygonf/
&v'ftaejzihf ]]wkPSdbma0,Ofaus;rI}} udk
NzdKcGJ? azmufxGufEdkifpGrf;jzpf\/
 odef;Ekdif 103

c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*sD
odkYr[kwf
wkPSdbma0,Ofaus;rIrS azmufxGufjcif;
jrefrmhynma&;pepfukd tajccHususjyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;twGuf
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vnf; rsm;pGmaemufusaecJNh yD[k ½Ijrifo;Hk oyfrrI sm;? &ifxrk emjzpfaerIrsm;udk
jrifawGU&onf/ uefYuGufrIrsm;ESihf axmufcHrIrsm;tMum;wGif ydkrdkpdk;&drf
zG,&f mrSm vuf&jdS yKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vkyaf qmifrrI sm;onf tem*wfrsK;d quf
rsm;twGuf ynmc&D;ESihf b0tmrcHcsufudk trSefwu,fay;Edkifygrnf
avm[lí jzpfonf/
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u@pkH? bufpkHrS pdefac:csufrsm;&SdaeonfrSmvnf; ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmcJhNyD/
ynma&;pepfudk tajccHususajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfcsufrSmum; jiif;csuf
 104 ynmEkdifiHawmf

xkwf&efrvdkawmhyg/ þwGif rnfonhftcsufrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;NyD;ajymif;

vJ&rnfenf;/ [dw k pfp? 'Dwpfpynma&;taqmuf ttku H jkdyKjyifzmax;½krH Qjzihf
vlxkynma&; OD;wnfcsufrsm;twGuf tqifajyygrnfvm;/ ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm pepfwusjzihf ysufp;D ? zsufq;D cHc&hJ onf r[kwyf gvm;/ tBuD;rm;
qkH;aom twm;tqD;rSm rnfonfenf;/
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef t"duvdt
k yfcsuw f pfct
k aejzihf ynma&;'óe
wnfaqmufrI[k ½IjrifokH;oyfrdygonf/ vrf;nTeftawG;tjrifwpf&yf
vdktyfaeqJjzpfonf/ rsufarSmufynma&;pepfudk wdk;wufajymif;vJ&ef
jznhfqnf;ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh tawG;tjrifopf
wpf&yfudk tajccHtm;jzihf xm;&Sdoihfonf/
20 &mpk txifu&ynma&;orm;wpfO;D ynma&;'óeynm&Sif
wpfOD;jzpfol b&mZD;vfEdkifiHom; aygvdkza&; Paulo Freire u ynma&;
OD;aqmif'óeynm&Sif *Ref*sL0D\ tawG;tjrifrsm;tay:wGif tajccH
vsuf xyfqihfwnfaqmufxm;onhf 'ótjrifudk wifjyvdkygonf/
vuf&dS jrefrmhynma&;udzk a&;\ tjriftm;jziho f ;Hk oyf&aomf ]]bPfuo hJ Ykd
tyfEo HS rkd ;DS aomynma&;}} [kq&kd ygvdrrfh nf/ oif,o l l (ausmif;om;rsm;)
udk bmrSrod? r&Sdao;aom OD;aESmufAvmrsm;taejzihf ½IjrifNyD; ]]wefzdk;
&Sdaom todynm}} tpkpkudk jznhfqnf; xnhfoGif;ay;&rnhfolrsm;[k
(vGJrSm;pGm) owfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ jznhfqnf;xnhfoGif;ay;aeol
rsm;rSm ]]wwfodem;vnfol}} q&mrsm;jzpfonf/ ]]todynm}} udk rQa0
vTaJ jymif;ay;onhf jzpfpOftwGi;f rSmyif (tydwo f abmjzih)f ynma&;pepfukd
tajccHxm;onf/ tusKd;quftaejzihf 'gzwf? 'grSwf? 'gusuf? 'gajz
ynma&;pepfudk 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;pGm awGUjrifae&onf/ tif;0acwf
jrefrmhynmausmf pmqdak usmf &Sirf [m&|om&\ jrefrmhynma&;'óeESifh
vnf; ajzmihfajzmihfBuD;qefYusifvsuf/ ok-pd-yk-bm tpcsDaom ynm
vrf;nTef &SpfvkH;xJwGif "ma&,s (EIwfikHaqmif&rnf) [laom wpfvkH;
 odef;Ekdif 105

wnf;ESihf pcef;oGm;aeqJynma&;/ ynmt&Sifjrwf\ wefzdk;&Sdaom

usef ckepfvkH;rSm zwfpmtkyfrsm;xJwGif tdyfaysmfaeqJ/
þvuf&u dS sixfh ;Hk rSm tpOftvmt& rdom;pk? oufi,f-oufBuD;
qufqHa&;? q&m-wynhf qufqHa&;tp&Sdaom vlrIpepf\ xdef;csKyfrI
atmufwGif usihfokH;cJhMuonf/ usihfokH;vsuf&SdaeqJ/ toufi,f&G,f
ao;aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;? oGefoifqkH;r&mwGif
wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;twmtxd wefzdk;&Sdaumif;&Sdygrnf/ odkY&mwGif
twef;BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl rvkHavmufawmhyg/ þtpOftvm
twdik ;f qufvufynmoifMum;ygrl pd;k &drzf , G &f m tajctaewpf&yfqo D Ykd
OD;wnfapEdik o f nf/ þonfuykd nm&Sizf a&;u ]]wkPb dS ma0 qdwq f w
d af e
,Ofaus;rI}} (culture of silence) [lí uifyeG ;f wyfonf/ vlYtzGUJ tpnf;ESifh
vlrIjyóemrsm;tay:wGif ]]a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppf tuJjzwfEdkifpGrf;}}
aysmufuG,frnhftEÅ&m,f &Sdaeonf[k ½Ijrifonf/
]]wkPSdbma0,Ofaus;rI}} u ynma&;\ t"dyÜm,frsm;pGmudk
ydwq f Ykdz;Hk uG,x f m;&So d nf/ pmqd&k iS rf [m&|om&? ay:vdzk a&;ESifh *Re*f sL0D
wdkY\ oabmw&m;? tbd"r®mwdkYESihf ajzmihfajzmihfBuD;qefYusifvsuf
yk*¾v zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIESihf vlYtzGJUtpnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
pmoifcef;rsm;? aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;? wuúov kd rf sm;\ txifu&tcef;u@
udk arS;rSdef;uG,faysmufaeapygonf/ qufawG;aomf trsKd;om;EdkifiH
wnfaqmufa&;wGif ynma&;pepf\ tm;jznhaf qmif&u G rf I avsmyh g;aponf/
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI? pGr;f &nftrsKd;rsKd;? usih0f wfew D ?d aygif;oif;qufqH
a&;ESifh ukex f wk pf rG ;f tm;wdYk tay:wGif qefYusifbuf&v'frsm;yif &Sad eEdik f
avonf/
ynm&Sifza&;u tajz&Smonhftaejzihf ]]a0zefydkif;jcm;aom
oif,rl t I Ekynm}} (critical pedagogy) udk tqdjk yKcJo h nf/ jrefrmtrsm;pk
ESihf a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppf pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif; (critical thinking)
 106 ynmEkdifiHawmf

t,ltqrSm tvGet f rif;awmhvnf; pdr;f vSonfawmhr[kwyf g/ (Critical

thinking) udk pmoifcef;tqihfwGif tokH;csrIudk aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/
zwfpmtkyu f zkd wf½&I mwGif ]]b}} ajcmufv;Hk udt k ajccHvsuf pl;prf;ar;jref;?
pkHprf;rIjyKí zwf½Ijcif;[k tusOf;csKyfqdkEdkifonf/ b,fola&;xm;wmvJ?
b,ftcsdew f ek ;f uvJ? b,fae&mrSmjzpfwmvJ? bmaMumihf 'Dvq kd &kd ovJ?
bm&nf&G,fcsuf&SdaeovJ? bmoifcef;pmxkwfEIwf,lEdkifovJ? oabm
rwlEdkifwmawGu bmjzpfrvJ/
c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*sDrSm a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppfawG;awm
jcif;udk tajccHvsuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvkH;tay: ½IjrifokH;oyfjcif;
jzpfonf/ pmoifom;A[dkjyKoifMum;jcif;? jyóemtajcjyKavhvmjcif;?
usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfpGm csOf;uyfavhvmjcif;? vlom;A[dkjyKtm;xkwfjcif;
wdYk \ tpkta0;[kqEkd ikd yf gonf/ &v'ftaejzihf ]]wkPb dS ma0,Ofaus;rI}}
udk NzdKcGJ? azmufxGufEdkifpGrf;jzpf\/
jrefrmhynma&;udk (critical pedagogy) ynma&;'óe½Iaxmihrf S
qifjcifokH;oyfMunhfygu jrefrmhynma&;jyóemrsm;\ &if;jrpfwdkYudk
&SmazGawGU&SEd ikd yf gvdrrfh nf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf jrefrmhynma&;wGif t*wdw&m;rsm;
jynhfESufaejcif;? q&mtvGeftrif;A[dkjyKjcif;? zwfpmtkyf tvGeftrif;
A[dkjyKjcif;? tvGwfusufrSwf wpfyGJxdk;pmar;yGJudk tav;ay;jcif;ESihf
tmPm&Sipf pf0g'wdYkukd ½du k o
f iG ;f aejcif;wdYkaMumihf ]]wkPb dS ma0,Ofaus;rI}}
udk pOfqufrjywf toufoiG ;f ay;aeovdrk sK;d jzpfaMumif; awGUjrif&ygrnf/
rl^v,f^xufrSonf wuúodkvfynma&;txd tqihfwdkif;wGif
za&;\ a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppfaom ynma&;'óerSm jrefrmhynma&;udk
wpfacwfqef;apvdrhfrnf[lí ,kHMunf&onf/ yk*v ¾ zGHUNzdK;rIESihf vlYtzGJU
tpnf;ajymif;vJa&;wdkYtwGufvnf; ]]ynmarmif;ESiftm;}}tppftrSef
udk &&SdEdkifygonf/ za&;\ 'óerSm jrefrmrI? jrefrmhtpOftvmwdkYESihf
tvGeftrif;a0;uGmvSonf? oufqdkifrIr&Sd[líawmhvnf; jiif;qdkpum;
 odef;Ekdif 107

rajymoihyf g/ Oyrmtaejzihf jrefrmhaq;ynmavmuudk avhvmMunhMf uygpdYk/

a&S;½d;k tpOftvm& ausmif;oifbmom&yftaejzihf aq;ausmif;
om;rsm;onf cE¨maA'udkavhvm&m0,f tavmif;tppfrsm;jzihf avhvm
cJMh uonf/ cE¨maA'udk avhvmjcif;jzihf cGpJ w d yf nmzGUH NzdK;rIukd taxmuftyHh
jzpfapcJhonf/ a&m*gESihf jyóem tajcjyKoif,lavhvmEdkifMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf tltwwfa&mifa&m*gudkukojcif;/
acwfraD q;ynmu þxufukd wpfqihw f ;kd jr§iv fh yk af qmifonf/
q&m0efrsm;ESifh use;f rma&;vkyo f m;rsm;udk vlYtzGUJ tpnf;tm;cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm
avhvmrIjyKapjcif;jzpfonf/ vlxt k ajcjyK usef;rma&;okawoetm;jzihf
ul;pufa&m*gudk pl;prf;avhvmMunhrf nf/ Muufiu S w f yk af uG;a&m*guJo h Ykd
usef;rma&;jyóem\ ZmpfjrpfaemufcHESihf jzpfyGm;ykH? oufa&mufrIrsm;udk
pl;prf;avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufxyfívnf; wpfqihfwufNyD;pl;prf;
avhvmEdik yf gao;onf/ qif;&Jom;wdYktjzpfrsm;aom a&m*grsm;tay:wGif
aq;ynm&SifwdkYu pkHprf;avhvmMujcif;yif/
ynma&;oifMum;rItEkynmopf - c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*su D
aemufxyfwpfqihfwdk; pl;prf;avhvmrIjyKonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ESihf
rusef;rrmjzpfaeolrsm;\ ZmpfjrpfaemufcHudk umv a'o\ EdkifiHa&;?
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIwdkY qufpyf,SOfwGJvsuf usef;rma&;
vkyo f m;rsm;u pl;prf;avhvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcGit fh mPmESifh qufE, T f
aeaom jyóemrsm;udk xJxJ0if0if ½IjrifokH;oyfrIjyKrnf/ vlrIjyóem?
usef;rma&;jyóemrsm;udk wpfqihfwdk;NyD; EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&Smaumif;
&SmazGajz&Si;f ygvdrrfh nf/ jrefrmhq&m0efrsm;ESifh use;f rma&;vkyo f m;rsm;rSm
rsm;rMumao;rDu Edik if aH &;t& jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;\ tusK;d qufrsm;udk
rdrw d Ykd vyk if ef;e,fy,ftwGi;f oufa&mufrrI sm;pGm BuHKawGUae&avonf/
ydrk o
kd efYpifaom? t*wdw&m;uif;&Si;f aom? jynfoAl [djk yKaom use;f rma&;
pepfjzpfvmap&ef tm;xkwfrIrsm;udk BudKqdkoihfygonf/ vufwGJyg0if
 108 ynmEkdifiHawmf

aqmif&Gufoihfonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmw&m;tajccHvsuf usKd;aMumif;

qifjcifwkHw&m;aygif;pyfNyD; vlom;qefpGm vkyfaqmifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
þonfudk ynma&;'óeynm&Sif ay:vdkza&;u ]]vlxk\
Edik if aH &;tod euf½iId ;f Ed;k Mum;rI}} (conscientisation) [lí t"dymÜ ,fziG q fh kd
ok;H EIe;f xm;onf/ t*wdw&m;rsm;? rvdt k yfaom AsL½du k a&pD,EÅ&m;rsm;?
Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk wnfaqmufyrHk sm;? tmPmvrf;aMumif;ESifh qufqaH &;
ykpH rH sm;? vlrsK;d EG,pf Ek iS fh vlwef;pm;jyóemrsm;udk ½Ijrifo;Hk oyfvmwwfrnf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tiftm;tenf;qkH;tkyfpk0ifwdkYrSm tqif;&JqkH;?
tcHpm;&qkH;? rusef;rrmtjzpfqkH;[lí ½Ijrifvmjcif;jzpfonf/
odYkjzpfav&m q&m0efrsm;ESifh use;f rma&;apmihaf &Smufol vkyo f m;
rsm;u c&pfwpfu,fyuf'ga*:*seD nf;vrf;rsm;jzihf ]]wkPb dS ma0,Ofaus;rI}}
udk xk;d azmufNzdKcGi;f azmufxu G af y;aeolrsm; jzpfvmygrnf/ pepfa[mif;?
EdkifiHa&; vrf;tdkvrf;a[mif;rS cGJxGufNyD; vlxkudk vrf;aMumif;opfay:
(use;f rma&;t&) wifay;Edik jf cif;jzpfonf/ t*wdw&m;uif;pifNyD; u½kPm
w&m;rsm;jzihf ydrk í kd jrefrmqefaom (vlom;qefaom) usef;rma&;pepfukd
wnfaqmufMujcif;jzpfonf/
q&m0efrsm;u þodYkprG ;f aqmifEikd Mf uygvQif tjcm;aome,fy,f
toD;toD;rSwwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;? vkyo f m;rsm;uvnf; tvm;wlprG ;f aqmif
Edik pf rG ;f &SMd uygonf/ jrefrmausmif;q&mrsm;? wuúov kd q
f &mrsm;? ynma&;
0efxrf;rsm;rSm pkpnf;nDnw G af om tiftm;pkwpf&yftaejzihf jrefrmEdik if \ H
EdkifiHa&;ESihf vlrIpD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;ajymif;vJa&;twGuf rsm;pGmvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;
&Sad eaMumif; ,kMH unfygonf/ txl;ojzihf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&;twGuf t"du yifrtiftm;pk[í l vnf; qkEd ikd yf gonf/ a0zefyikd ;f jcm;
qef;ppfawG;awmjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf pmoifMum;jcif;udk pGrf;aqmifEdkif
olwdkYu pmoifcef;twGif; uav;i,frsm;ESihfomvQif tokH;csjcif;tjyif
pmoifausmif;ESifh ynma&;pepfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udyk g tok;H csEikd yf gonf/
 odef;Ekdif 109

qef;ppfavhvmjcif;? a0zefydkif;jcm;jcif;wdkYjzihf tjyKoabmaqmifaom

vlYtzGJUtpnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udkvnf; vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/
ynma&;wGif rnDrQjcif;rsm;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;ESihf pmoifausmif;t&nf
taoG;? ynma&;w&m;rQwrIwdkYudk qufpyfNyD; ulnDajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;rsm;
jrefrmausmif;q&mwdYk wiG f &Sad eygonf/ þodYk ajymif;vJvyk af qmif&efrmS
vG,u f ol nf[í l awmhjzihf rqdv k ykd g/ pGeYfvw
T pf eG Yfpm;pdw"f mwfrsm;? pkpnf;
nDnw G af om tjrifrsm;? wGv
J ufrsm;vdt k yfygonf/ þonfrmS vnf; ydrk kd
ppfrSefaom ]]ynmyg&rD}} jznhfqnf;jcif;wpfrsKd;[lívnf; ½Ijrifrdonf/
110 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uRefr ajym&Jygw,f/ t½IH;ray;Edkifbl;/

aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGmeJY uRefrwdkY pk½kH;Mur,fqdkwmudk
,kHMunfrItjynhf&Sdw,f/ cspfjcif;arwåm &Sdr,f/
em;vnfrIygr,f/ Nidrf;csrf;aer,f/ 'Dvrf;aMumif;udk
&Sif;vif;azmufxGifr,hf olawGuawmhjzihf&if ausmif;q&m
q&mrawGyJqdkwmudk uRefrodaeygw,f/
 odef;Ekdif 111

AkH;rcGJEdkifwJh pmoifausmif;
uRerf uawmh rufqmcsLqufjynfe,f abmhpwGeNf rKUd uae ajrmuf
zuf ig;rdkiftuGmrSmwnf&SdwJh &D;Am;NrdKUav;u q&mrwpfOD;jzpfygw,f/
uRefrtvkyfvkyfaewm 18 ESpf&SdygNyD/ AkH;aygufuGJw,fvdkY owif;qdk;udk
Mum;&awmh uRefr&JUoli,fcsif; ESpfOD;jzpfwJh q&mr auwDqif;aemheJY
rD*efuDZmwdkYtwGuf pdwfylrdygw,f/ olwdkYu rm&oGeftajy;NyKdifyGJrSm
yg0ifqifETJaeMuwJholawGyg/ Facebook udk aus;Zl;wif&rSmyg/ olwdkY
aumif;aumif;rGefrGefeJY tEÅ&m,fuif;uif; &Sdaew,fqdkwmudk csufcsif;
qdok vdk odvu kd &f vdYkyg/ tJ'aD emufawmh uRerf &JU ausmif;om;awGtwGuf
pdwyf rl jd yefygw,f/ ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m rm&oGeaf jy;yGaJ wmfukd
Munf½IaeMur,fqdkwmudk odxm;vdkYyg/ rsKd;cspfrsm;aeY Patriots Day
[m abmhpwGefrSmawmh wu,hfaeYBuD; &ufBuD;wpf&ufjzpfygw,f/
ausmif;wufp&mrvdkbl;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGvnf; ydwfygw,f/
teD;tem;u Fenway yef;NcHxJrSm emrnfBuD;abhpfabmtoif; Red
Sox &JU upm;yGJ&Sdw,f/ ywf0ef;usif wpfpkHvkH;uawmh yGJvrf;obif
 112 ynmEkdifiHawmf

qif,if cif;usif;aeMuwmyg/
uRerf &JU ausmif;om;awG? oli,fcsi;f awGeYJ rdom;pkawG tEÅ&m,f
uif;&Sif;Muyg&JUvm;/
csucf si;f qdo k vdyk gyJ/ uRerf qDukd wufprf wfaqhcsf awG? zke;f vdik ;f
awG? tD;ar;vfawGtrsm;BuD; 0ifvmygawmhw,f/ uRefr ab;tEÅ&m,f
uif;&JUvm;qdkwmudk pkHprf;Muwmyg/ uRefr aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&Sdae
w,f/ zDvm'JzD;,m;e,frSm &Sdaew,fqdkwmudk jyefajymjyjzpfygw,f/
uRefr&JU azhpfbkwfeJY wGpfwmpmrsufESmawGudk zGihfvdkufygw,f/ a'o
wGif;eJY vuf&SdtajctaeawGudk od&atmifvdkYyg/ owif;awG[m rSm;ae
wwfwm&,f? cefYreS ;f csuaf wGrQom jzpfw,fqw kd mudv
k nf; odxm;olyg/
uRefr&JU pmoifausmif; rdom;pkawG[m ab;tEÅ&,fuif;Muyg&JUvm;
qdw k mudk uRefrodzYkd vt kd yfaew,f/ 'Dvkd tifwmeufpmrsufEmS uMunh½f I
wm[m tjrefqkH;aom enf;vrf;ygyJ/
t&ifwkef;u ausmif;oljzpfcJhzl;wJh (Vanessa) [m AkH;ruGJrD
10 rdepfavmufrS tJ'Dae&mrSm rdom;pkeJY &SdaecJhw,f/ aysmf&TifaewJh
rdom;pk&UJ "mwfy[ Hk m ajcmufjcm;aoG;ysuzf , G &f m xl;qef;vGe;f aeawmhw,f/
tJ'D"mwfykHudk AkH;uGJwJhteD;tem;uykHawGeJY AD'D,dkawGudk awmif;cHaewJh
tmPmydkifawGqDudkydkYay;zdkY uRefru wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/
aoG;ysufzG,f&m jrifuGif;ykHudkawmh tjcm;ausmif;olwpfOD;u
wifcJhygw,f/ pdwfwkefvIyfajcmufjcm;zG,f&m tJ'DvdkrsKd;"mwfykHawGudk
rwifoihb f ;l qdw k majymjyzdYk uRerf tawmftm;,l&ygw,f/ trsm;tjrifrmS
roihfawmfwJh wkefvIyfp&m "mwfykHawGudk rwifoihfbl;qdkwm &Sif;jycsif
cJw
h ,f/ uRerf rSm 'Dvakd jymydik cf iG afh wmif &S&d UJ vm;qdw k muawmh raocsmyg/
'gayrJh aemufqkH;rSmawmh uRefru tJ'D"mwfykHawGudk jzKwfay;zdkY ajymjzpf
cJhygw,f/
tGev f ikd ;f pmrsuEf mS awGrmS rMumcPqdo k vdk awGUae&wJrh ek ;f wD;jcif;
 odef;Ekdif 113

ajymqdka&;om;rIawGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; pdk;&drfrdygw,f/ axmuf

vSr;f a&;tzGUJ tpnf; FBI uawmh Ak;H cGw J u kd cf u
kd wf m[m b,foYl vufcsuf
qdkwm rodao;aMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifjyxm;ayr,hf vlawG[m
pwifvdkY jypfwifpGyfpGJaeMuNyD/ uRefr&JUausmif;rSm rGwfpvifeJY ta&SU
tv,fydkif;a'ou vlawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'Dausmif;om;vli,fawG
tay:rSm rSm;,Gi;f pGmeJY ypfrw S xf m; ,d;k pGyMf urSmudak wmh uRefrtaMumuf
qkH;ygyJ/ *½kpdkufMuzdkY? OD;aESmufokH;MuzdkYeJY tvsifpvdk rvkyfMuzdkYudk
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awG[m yifv,furf;ajcawGeYJ ajratmuf&xm;blwmawGrmS uif;vSnafh e
 114 ynmEkdifiHawmf

Mu&ygNyD/ FBI u uRerf 22 ESpMf um aexdik cf NhJ yD;jzpfwhJ wdu k cf ef;taqmuf

ttkHudk 0ifa&muf&SmazGaeMuNyD/ oJvGefpawG &SmazGMuwm/ ]]pdwf0ifpm;
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avp/
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a&mifjyef[yfaeMuygw,f/ ]]uRefrwdkYudk,fwdkif rsufjrifBuHK&wmyg/
tckxu d kd xdwv f efYwek vf yI af ewke;f yg/ 'gayrJh tqifajy aeaumif;oGm;rSmyg
q&mr/ uReaf wmfu tJ'aD e&mrSm &Sad ecJw h mav? uReaf wmfuawmh 'Pf&m
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puúeYf yikd ;f av;rSm &Sad ew,f/ aemufwpfpuúeYf rmS awmh oGm;&SmNyD/ touf
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aemufxyf ausmif;om;rsm;pGmwdYkuvnf; a&;om;xm;Muygw,f/ ]]uReaf wmf
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'gayrJh uRerf wdYk&UJ &DAm; t.x.u ausmif;av;uawmh olwYkad v;awGtwGuf
vkHNcHKab;uif;&m? ESpfodrhftm;ay;&m ae&mav;wpfck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk
,kMH unfxm;MuolawGyg/ ausmif;u q&m q&mrawG? tkycf sKyfoal wG[m
tMuifemw&m;eJY ajymqdkqufqHjyKrlolawGqdkwmudkvnf; olwdkYodxm;
Muygw,f/ q&mrwpfOD;taeeJY uRefr&JU wm0ef0wå&m;awGudk pwif
xrf;aqmifzdkY tqihfoihfygyJ/
 odef;Ekdif 115

tdkbm;rm;ajymwm rSefygw,f/ ]]abmhpwGefNrKdU[m BuHhcdkifw,f/

ZGJoefw,f/ 'DNrKdUolNrKdUom;awG[mvnf; 'DvdkygyJ}} tMurf;zufrI[m
uRefrwdYk &UJ b0awGtay:rSm vTr;f rd;k rI r&Sad p&bl;/ uRefr ajym&Jygw,f/
t½IH;ray;Edkifbl;/ aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGmeJY uRefrwdkY pk½kH;Mur,fqdkwmudk
,kMH unfrt I jynh&f w
dS ,f/ cspjf cif;arwåm&Srd ,f/ em;vnfryI gr,f/ Nidr;f csr;f
aer,f/ 'Dvrf;aMumif;udk &Sif;vif;azmufxGifr,hf olawGuawmhjzihf
ausmif;q&m q&mrawGyJqdkwmudk uRefr odaeygw,f/
q&mr eefpDbm½dkif; - Revere t.x.u
Ref: Scholastic.com
116 ynmEkdifiHawmf

2015 ckESpfwGif tmqD,HtodkuftNrHK ay:aygufa&;twGuf

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pdefac:csufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;ESihf yk*¾vduuwdkY
yl;aygif;ajz&Sif;vmMuonfudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/
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½IjrifokH;oyf&onf/
 odef;Ekdif 117

tmqD,H yk*¾vduynma&;
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jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;rSm tjcm;u@rsm;xuf ydrk t kd a&;ygonfukd awGUjrif
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yGm;zG,f&mjzpfcJhol xdkif;EdkifiH0efBuD;csKyf oufqif&Sifem0wfx&mu
 118 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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ajymif;vJr[ I qk o
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cJhonhf puFmyl\ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; pum;ajymqdk&mwGif ]]todynm
vlYtzGJUtpnf; (knowledge society)}}? ]]b0wpfoufwmynma&;
(lifelong learning)}} tp&Sad om pum;vk;H wdYk rmS rygrNyD;/ zdvpfyi kd Ef ikd if \H
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif ynma&;u@ wpfckwnf;rSmyif
tar&duef\ EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm; Bill of rights Oya'xufyif
ydkrdk&Snfvsm;aeygonf/
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tusyftwnf;umvrwdkifrDwGif ]]ynma&;}} rSm ta&SUawmiftm&S\
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[kqdkMuonf/ aemufxyfwpfzef pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf OD;armhvmap&ef
vnf; ynma&;udkyif tm;jyKMujyefygonf/ trSefwu,fawmhvnf;
tm&S\ þusm;tdkBuD;rsm;rSm olwdkY\ EdkifiHhpGrf;yum;twGuf ynma&;
aywHjzihyf if ajcukw, f x l m;MuqJ/ zdvpfyikd ?f rav;&Sm;? xdik ;f ESifh AD,uferf
Edik if rH sm;&Sd uav;i,fo;Hk ykEH pS yf Hk (70 &mcdik Ef eI ;f cefY) rSm txufwef;ausmif;
tqihftxd wufa&mufEdkifMuonf/ tdE´d,wGifrl 50 &mcdkifEIef;? w½kwf
EdkifiHwGif 68 &mcdkifEIef;rQom &Sdavonf/ wuúodkvftqihfwGifvnf;
tmqD,aH 'orSm omvGeaf ejyefonf/ puFmylrmS wuúov kd w
f ufa&mufEikd rf I
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pGrf;&nfrSm EdkifiHwumtqihf xl;cRefxufjrufMuonf/
odkYjzpfav&m b@ma&;tusyftwnf;umvrsm;rSm ynma&;
tay: qd;k qd;k &Gm;&Gm; oufa&mufraI wmhr&Scd [ hJ qk &kd rnf/ jynho f b l @mudk
aphaphaygufayguf udik w f ,G v f mMuaomfjim;vnf; rav;&Sm;ESifh xdik ;f Edik if H
wdYkwiG f ynma&;tok;H p&dwrf mS wd;k jr§iv fh mcJo h nf/ zdvpfyikd Ef iS fh tif'ekd ;D &Sm;
 odef;Ekdif 119

wdkYwGifrl ykHrSeftwdkif; wnfwnfjidrfjidrf okH;pGJEdkifcJhonf/ uav;rsm;

ausmif;xGufEIef; tenf;i,fomvQif&SdaecJhonf/ EdkifiHwumtvSL&Sif
rsm;\ ,m,DulnDyHhydk;rsm;uvnf; taxmuftyHhjzpfcJhonf/ tmqD,H
vlOD;a&tajymif;tvJuvnf; tm;omcsufwpfckyif jzpf\/ ausmif;ae
t&G,f uav;OD;a&rSm tif'ekd ;D &Sm;? xdik ;f ESifh AD,uferfwYkdwiG f xdyq f ;Hk a&muf
cJhonf/ rav;&Sm;ESihf zdvpfydkifwdkYrSmvnf; wdk;jrihfvdkYvmaeonf/
t&nftaoG;jrihfrm;NyD; pGrf;&nfjynhf0aom vkyfom;xkudkjyKpk
ysKd;axmif&ef ysufuGufygu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufrI tcGihftvrf;rsm;qkH;½IH;&rnfudk ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS
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f sufyif &Sad eMuqJjzpfonf/
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vdkMuNyD; uav;i,frsm;udk ausmif;pmoifESpf ydkrdk&&SdapvdkMuonf/
om"utaejzihf xdik ;f Edik if tH aejzihf roifrae&vlxyk nma&; (compulsory
public schooling) udk 9 wef;rS 12 wef;odkY ajymif;vJwdk;jr§ifhvdkufonf/
touf 15 ESpftxd tcrJhynma&;pepfudkvnf; usihfokH;vsuf&Sdonf/
rav;&Sm;uvnf; wuúodkvfwufa&mufolOD;a&udk 40 &mcdkifEIef;txd
&nfrSef;xm;onf/
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EdkifiHawmf b@maiGaMu;taejzihfvnf; pdefac:csufu &Sdaejyefonf/
odYk jzpfav&m tmqD,t H pd;k &rsm;u ynma&;udk Edik if aH wmfaiGaMu;tenf;
i,frQjzihf wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf prnhf enf;vrf;opfwYkdukd &SmazGvmMuonf/
tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsypfvdkufjcif;rSm t"du
enf;emwpf&yfjzpfvmonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH ynma&;0efBuD;Xme\ 0efxrf;
rsm;udk okH;ykHwpfykHcefYtxd avQmhcsypfvdkufonf/ ynma&;bwf*sufrS
onf ausmif;0wfpt Hk xdukd a'oEÅ&tpd;k &rsm;tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG afh y;vduk o f nf/
c½dik tf vdu
k f ausmif;tkycf sKyrf rI sm;twGuf ynma&;tmPmcGaJ 0ay;vdu k o f nf/
 120 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;u q&m q&mrrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufcefYtyfEdkifonf/

tvkyfjzKwfypfEdkifonf/ rdbrsm;\ yg0ifywfoufrIrsm;uvnf; ydkrdkvm
cJhonf/ A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI vGefuJvGef;vSonhf EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom tif'dk
eD;&Sm;ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHwdkYuvnf; tvm;wlynma&; tmPmavQmhcsrI
rsm;tay:wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm prf;oyfvsuf&Sdaeonf/
AD,uferf\ uGejf rLepftyk cf sKyforl sm;uvnf; yk*v ¾ ud ynma&;
pepfudk ydkrdkvufcHvmMuonf/ txl;ojzihf EdkifiHawmftwGuf ukefus
p&dwf toufomqk;H [lí ½IjrifvmMujcif;aMumihv f nf; jzpfonf/ tjcm;
aom tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;uJoh Ykd yif AD,uferfuvnf; xl;cRefxufjrufaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oD;oefYtxl;jyK wuúodkvfrsm;wGif tcrJhpepfjzihf
ausmif;wufapcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif 1993 ckESpfta&mufwGifrl tqihfjrihf
ynmtcGit fh a&; awmif;qdrk rI sm;wd;k jrihv
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ynma&;u@uvnf; ynma&;bwf*suu f kd tvGet f rif;ok;H pG&J ef vdt k yf
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rsm;tm; wnfaxmifciG jfh yK&awmhonf/ (odYk&mwGif - tpd;k &taxmuftyHjh yK
[lívnf; okH;EIef;wwfMuygonf/) ,cktcg yk*¾vduwuúodkvf 23
ckwGif ausmif;om;wpfodef;ausmf wufa&mufvsuf&SdaeavNyD/ 1990
q,fpEk pS f tv,fyikd ;f umvrsm;u pwifciG jfh yKcJah om rav;&Sm;wGiv f nf;
yk*¾vduwuúodkvfrsm;rSm tpdk;&wuúodkvfrsm;xuf ta&twGufausmf
vGefoGm;NyDjzpfonf/
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pdw0f ifpm;vsu&f adS eavonf/ 2013 ckEpS t f ukew f iG f Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;
topf wpfodef;udk xyfrHvufcHEdkif&ef pDpOfvsuf&Sdaeonf/ ynma&;rS
 odef;Ekdif 121

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txifu& EdkifiHjcm;wuúokdvf 9 ckwdkYuvnf; puFmylwuúodkvfrsm;ESihf
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ay;tyf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
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u@udk yk*¾vdodkY vTJajymif;ay;tyfjcif;rSm oihfavsmfaumif;rGefaMumif;
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tay:wGif oufa&mufrI&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;0da&m"drsm;ESihf aESmihfaES;rIrsm;
uif;vGwcf iG &fh &Sad ejcif;yifjzpfonf/ tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;tay:wGirf l Edik if aH &;
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taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzihf rav;vlrsKd;ESihf tpövmrfavhvma&;Xmersm;u
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 122 ynmEkdifiHawmf

bmoma&; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;udk awGU&wwfygonf/

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ponfwdkYrSm vdktyfaeqJ[k ½IjrifokH;oyf&onf/ ydkrdkta&;BuD;onfrSm
ynma&;qdik &f m wef;wltcGit fh a&;rsm;? w&m;rQwrIEiS fh az;rulnrD rI sm;jzihf
t&nftaoG;ESihf ta&twGufjyóemudk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;rSm tem*wf
jrefrmEdik if \
H vlrpI ;D yGm;zGUH NzdK;rItwGuf ydrk akd ocsmaom csO;f uyfaqmif&u G rf I
jzpfygonf/
Ref: The Economist
 odef;Ekdif 123

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'Drdkua&pD? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? a&&SnfwnfNrJaom zGHUNzdK;rI?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf? ½dkif;yif;ulnDvdkpdwf? wm0efodpdwf
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 124 ynmEkdifiHawmf

aywpf&may:u
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ta&;awmfyBHk uD; &Spaf v;vk;H (8888) vlxv k yk &f mS ;rIBuD;[lí wifpm;ac:a0:
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aom vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpfct k aejzihf jrefrmausmif;om;? &[ef;&Siv f jl ynfol
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 odef;Ekdif 125

Edik if aH &;Ek;d Mum;wuf<urI tjrihrf m;qk;H umv? tnifomqk;H aom

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rsKd;qufrsm;u ta0;rSm.../ tcsKdUum; tdrfrjyefEdkifMuao;.../ tcsKdUum;
toufxif&Sm; r&SdMuawmh/
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taumif;qkH;aom EdkifiHa&;oifcef;pmrsm;? jynfoleDwdrsm;? yg0ifvkyf
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T rf rI sm;udk avhvmoif,l
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aywpf&mrSm 88 \ txifu& oauFw.../
aiG&wkumv tcrf;tem;rsm;rSm usef&pfaeolrsm;u ay;qyf
 126 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pGefYvTwfchMJ uaomolrsm;? paw;cJh&olrsm;twGuf *kPfjyKMujcif;[kvnf;

qdk&rnf/ olwdkY\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf rsufarSmufacwfumv\
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od'¨dwifMujcif;[k ac:&rnfvm;/
'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH wnfaqmufa&;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdkYudk pl;pl;epfepf ,kHMunfrI ouf0ifrI
ESit fh wl qkyu f ikd v
f u kd Mf uNyDvnf;jzpfonf/ þonfrmS wu,fawmhvnf;
topftqef;wpfck[kawmh rqdkEdkifyg/ vGefcJhaom 25 ESpf ta&;awmfykH
ed'gef;umvrSmyif jynfolwpf&yfvkH;\ &ifbwfrsm;xJodkY a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;ESihftwl wdk;0ifcJhaom qE´rsm;vnf;jzpfygonf/ þqE´rsm;udk
rsKd;qufwdkif;odkY vufqihfurf;pD;qif; &Sifoefapoihfygonf/
1988 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;vmcJo
h l jrefrmi,fav;rsm;rSm ,cktcgwGif
vlvwfyikd ;f t&G,t f p 25 ESpf &SNd yDjzpfygonf/ 1988 ckEpS \ f xl;jcm;cJah om
awmfvSefjzpfpOfESihf qE´rsm;udk olwdkYrnfodkY em;vnfcHpm;Muygoenf;/
wif;usyv f aS om rD', D mrsm;\ xde;f csKyrf aI tmufwiG f Bu;D jyif;vmcJ&h olwYk\ d
tawG;tjrifrsm; rnfoYkd &adS eygoenf;/ aiG&wkukd rsKd;qufopfwYkd rnfoYkd
cHpm;Muygoenf;/
aocsmonfrmS awmh olwYkd\ausmif;ynma&;c&D;wGif 'Dru kd a&pD?
jidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;? pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI? EdkifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;wuf<urI?
yg0ifvyk af qmifvpkd w d ?f yl;aygif;aqmif&u G v f pkd w
d ?f taumif;jrifoabmxm;?
onf;cHjcif;w&m;? ½dik ;f yif;ulnw D wfr?I ajyjypfaomqufqaH &;wdYk twGuf
ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm; vkHavmufrI (vkH;0) r&SdcJhjcif;yif/ ausmif;jyify
ywf0ef;usifrSmaum... 'Drdktdyfrufrsm;? qE´rsm;twGuf avhusihfp&m
ae&m&Syd govm;/ ausmif;cef;xJxufyif pd;k &drzf , G &f m (rNidr;f csr;f ao;aom?
o[Zmwrjzpfao;aom) tajctae/ xdkYtwGuf vGefpGmpdk;&drfp&m[k
½Ijrifygonf/ 88 rsKd;qufwdkY EdkifiHa&;oifcef;pmrsm; avhvmcJh&m
 odef;Ekdif 127

aywpf&may:odYkvnf; aemifrsK;d qufwYkd rwuf&aJ vmufatmif ajcmufjcm;

umvrsm;wGif &SifoefcJh&olawG.../
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oufqikd o f nfawmh r[kwyf g/ odYkaomf &Spaf v;vk;H pdw"f mwftarGuakd wmhjzihf
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jyefveS o f ;Hk oyfoihyf gonf/ rsKd;qufopfwYkd tay: pdw"f mwftarGay;tyf
Edkifjcif;tay:rSmawmh *kPf,lapvdkygonf/
Edik if aH &;t& Ed;k Mum;wuf<urIrmS ynma&;\ t"du&nfreS ;f csuf
wpfcv k nf;jzpfonf/ Ek;d Mum;wuf<uaom Edik if o H m;rsm;udk arG;xkwaf y;&ef
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olwdkYrSm igwdkYtkyfpkomvQifjzpfonf[laom ya'o&mZfÓPfqdk;wdkYudk
uif;pifap&efvnf;jzpfygonf/
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uav;rQESiafh wmh 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynfxal xmif&ef raocsmvSyg/ jynfol
wpf&yfv;Hk yg0ifvmrSomvQif 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynf jzpfxeG ;f vmrnfuakd wmh
odjrifMuygonf/
txl;ojzihf 8888 \ tdyfrufqE´wdkYjzpfonhf 'Drdkua&pD?
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½dik ;f yif;ulnv D pkd w
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uRefawmfwdkY\ ESpf 40 ynma&;pepfrSm rsKd;qufrsm;tay:wGif
wm0efrauscJhyg/ vGefcJhaom 25 ESpfrSmrl tqdk;0g;qkH;aom ynma&;
ESpfumvrsm;.../ jynfolYqE´wdkYudk apmfum;cJhonhftjyif urÇmBuD;\
ajymif;vJaerIudk vspfvsL½IcJhaom q,fpkESpf ESpfckausmf.../
 128 ynmEkdifiHawmf

xdYktwGuf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmaysmufq;Hk aecJo h nhf ynma&;pHEeI ;f rsm;?

usihpf Ofrsm;ESifh tpOftvmt& vufqihu f rf;ay;&rnhf ynma&;usih0f wf
rsm;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfjcif;jzihf 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmhynma&;opfudk
taumiftxnfazmf&rnhf tcsdefaumif;[k ½IjrifokH;oyf&ygonf/
jynfolvlxktwGif; 'Drdkua&pDtodtjrifwdkY tm;enf;aerIudk
jynfoYl vw T af wmfwiG ;f wifjyaqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh 'Dru kd a&pDukd tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyK
rIrsm; &Sdaeonf[k okH;oyfrIrsm;tay: tav;xm;pOf;pm;oihfygonf/
todtjrifwdkY rnfrQ tm;enf;aeygoenf;/ tb,faMumihfygenf;/
rl^v,f^xufESihf wuúodkvfynma&; oif½dk;wpfpkHvkH;wGif yg&Sdaeaom
'Drukd a&pD&mcdik Ef eI ;f ESifh oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;t&nftaoG;udv k nf; pdppf&ygrnf/
oifMum;olwdkY\ ynma&;oabmw&m; jynhf0rI? 'DrdkusihfpOftay:
av;eufrIESihf 'Drdkbmom&yf ausnufrI Subject Knowledge t&nf
taoG;wdYk uv kd nf; pdppf&awmhrnf/ acgifozG,jf zpfonhf oif½;kd udrk nfoYkd
jyKpkMuygrnfenf;/
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'Dru
kd a&pDoif½;kd qdwo f Ok ;f uG,af ysmufjcif;\ tusK;d quf[k ½Ijrif&ygrnf/
'Dru kd a&pDvYl tzGUJ tpnf;\ pHEeI ;f rsm;tay:tajccHNyD; oif½;kd udak &;qGjJ cif;?
i,f&G,fonhf rlvwef;tqihfrSpwifum ynma&;tqihfwdkif;wGif
'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;wdkYudk taotcsm oifMum;avhusihfay;jcif;?
ausmif;wGi;f ESifh ynma&;usihpf OfwYkdwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDukd tajcjyKxm;jcif;wdYk
&Sdoihfygonf/
touf 40 ausmf vltrsm;pkonf 'Drdkua&pD,Ofaus;rIudk
pmoifausmif;ESifh &yf&mG wGi;f wGif w&m;0ifavhusio fh ifMum;cGifh r&&Scd yhJ g/
uav;A[djk yKynma&;udv k nf; ausmif;om;b0wGif jzwfoef;cJzh ;l olrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ xdkYtwGuf ynma&;0efxrf; ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;
taejzihf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmw&m;ESifh tusiht f BuHwYkd ukd rnfoYkd vufqihf
 odef;Ekdif 129

urf; oifMum;ay;Edik yf grnfenf;/ oif½;kd nTe;f wrf; jynhpf aHk poihyf gonf/
oifwef;wefz;kd wGif xif&mS ;apoiho f nf/ pmoifcef;vufprJG sm;? oifMum;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk jznhfqnf;ay;&rnf/ B.Ed bGJUoifwef;rsm;ESihf
ynma&;aumvdyw f Ykd wiG f 'Dru
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q&mtwwfynm oif½dk;opfwdkYudkvnf; zefwD;a&;qGJ&ygOD;rnf/
uav;oli,frsm;? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;\
vlrb I 0rsm;ESifh 'Dru kd a&pDpx f yfwnf;? wpfom;wnf; usaejcif;onfomvQif
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,kMH unfygonf/ jrefrmEkid if w H pfew H pfvsm;&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;? aumvdyf
rsm;ESifh wuúov kd yf nma&; tqihq f ihw f Ykw
d iG f oifMum;&efvt kd yfaeao;onhf
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tcsdejf zpfygaMumif; &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk aiG&wkumvwGif wdu k w
f eG ;f
vdkygonf/
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rsm;ESihf aumvdyf? wuúodkvfwef;rsm;wGif w&m;0ifavhvmoif,lcGihf
&&Sdoihfygonf/
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tjyefY &SifoefEdkifygvdrhfrnf/ rsKd;qufrsm;pGmwdkYqDodkY &mpkESpfrsm;pGmwdkif
qufvuf pD;qif;aeygvdrhfrnf/
(8888 aiG&wk *kPfjyKaqmif;yg;..)
130 ynmEkdifiHawmf

'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfwdkif;rSm wlnDwJhtcsufwpfck&Sdw,f/
olwdkYynma&;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepf &SifoefEdkifzdkYudk t"duxm;
jyifqifay;wmyg/ Edk;Mum;wuf<uwJhEdkifiHom; jzpfvmzdkYudk
arQmfvihfMuw,f/ 'grSvnf; &yf&GmtusKd;udk wm0ef,lvdkpdwfeJY
wufwuf<u<u o,fydk;Mur,fav/ aemufNyD;awmh
tcGihfta&;udk odem;vnfNyD; udk,fcsif;pmw&m;xm;wwfzdkY
oifay;Muw,f/ twef;BuD;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf
50 u jrefrmjynfrSm okH;cJhzl;wJh jynfoleDwd (txufwef;qihf)
bmom&yfrSmygwJh taMumif;t&mawGudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
oifMum;ay;Muwmaygh/
 odef;Ekdif 131

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jyefvyk Mf uayr,hv
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jyKvkycf iG &fh &Scd o
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 132 ynmEkdifiHawmf

touft&G,rf sK;d pkH ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm; pkpak ygif; 60 OD;cefY wufa&muf

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xJu jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk tajccHynmausmif;aewkef;u oif,lcJh
zl;wJh q&mq&mrrsm; acwårwfwyf&yfay;Muyg}}
 odef;Ekdif 133

tm;vkH; w'*FrQ wdwfqdwfjidrfoufoGm;Muavonf/ awGa0

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q&mrBuD; 7 OD;cefY jznf;nif;pGm rwfwyf&yfvmMuonf/ oifwef;q&m
taejzihf OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;aeolrS wpfcef;vkH;udk aphikpGmokH;oyfMunhfrd
onf/ q&mq&mr 60 OD;cefYrS touf 60 0ef;usicf efY 7 OD;om rwfwyf
x&yfonf r[kwfygvm;/ olwdkYrsufESmrsm;ay:wGif aqG;ajrhvGrf;qGwf
aeMu[ef&o dS nf/ use&f adS eaom q&m q&mr 50 ausmrf mS rwfwyf&yfjyol
q&m q&mrBuD;wdkYudk ai;arm&if; wpfpkHwpf&mudk udk,fpDpOf;pm;aeMuykH
ay:vGifaeonf/
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þodkYqufajymcJhavonf/
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ausmf? 30 ausmf? 40 ausmf? 50 ausmfawG trsm;pkjzpfwm awGU&ygw,f/
tm;vk;H vnf;yJ jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;udk jzwfoef;cJzh ;l olawGcsn;f jzpfw,f/
tckawmhjzihf uHtm;avsmfpmG ? uHaumif;pGmeJY 'Dae&mav;rSm ausmif;q&m
q&mrrsm;taeeJY wm0efxrf;aqmifcGihf &&SdaeMuw,f/ 'DaeYawmh
oifwef;csed af phawmhrmS rdYk vYkd tdrpf mtaeeJY ay;vduk cf siyf gw,f/ xdik af ewJh
q&m q&mrrsm;taeeJY bmjzpfvdkYrsm; jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk tajccH
ynmausmif;om;b0rSm oif,al vhvmcGifh r&&Scd MhJ uwmvJqw kd m tajz&Sm
vmMuzdkYyg}}
wD;wdk; aqG;aEG;oHrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh\/
oifwef;enf;jyq&mrS qufajymcJhonf/
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f &m q&mrBuD;rsm;udv k nf;
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'Dcef;rxJrSm xdkifaeMuwJh ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m jynfolYeDwd
 134 ynmEkdifiHawmf

bmom&yfukd tajccHynmausmif;om;b0rSm oif,al vhvmcGirfh &&Scd w hJ m

aocsmw,f/ tJ't D wGuf vGecf ahJ om tESpf 40 ausmf wpfacwfwpfcgu
q&m q&mrBuD; oif,lavhvmcGihf&&SdcJhwJh jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfeJY
ywfoufvdkY reufjzefcg jyefvnfajymjyapcsifygw,f/ 'DaeYawmh
'DavmufeJY &yfem;Mu&atmifyg/ tm;vkH; r*Fvmyg}}
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pjcif; q&mi,fwpfOD;rS pwifajymqdkvdkufavonf/ þNrKdUav;wGif
ocsFmq&mwpfqljzpfavol q&marmifcifaZmfjzpfonf/
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k w f m tajzvnf;
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tm;vk;H NyHK;pdpjd zpfuek Mf uonf/ rsufEmS csif;qdik w f iG xf ikd af eaom
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vufnKd;xdk;NyD; ajymvdkufavonf/
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awG;awG;qqajym\/ ]]'g[m &ufpufrIwpfckyJvm; q&modef;Edkif/
tNrJvdkvdk Mum;aecJh&wmuawmh bufpkHynma&;qdkvm;yJ/ uRefaw,f
raeYnu wpfnvk;H pOf;pm;w,f/ tck touf 50 em;eD;aeNyD/ odYkayr,hf
tajccHynma&;uwnf;u r&vdkufwJh[m roifcJh&wmeJY todynm
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pdwq f wfonhf ausmif;q&mOD;wdwu f vufo;D vufarmif;wef;
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 odef;Ekdif 135

udk jzKwfypfvdkufMuwmaemf/ rsKd;qufav;ckavmufawmif &SdaeNyD/

aemufydkif;ESpfawGrSmvnf; jyefxnhfzdkYudk rpOf;pm;cJhMubl;/ tckxufxd
jzKwfxm;Muwkef;/ 'g[m ynma&;qdkif&m &ufpufrIyg/ wm0efrJhrIvnf;
jzpfw,f/ tckawmh uReaf wmfwYkdu ausmif;q&m jyefvyk Mf uayr,hv f nf;
udk,furoifcJh&wJhtwGuf b,fvdkjyefoifay;EdkifrSmvJ}}
tm;vkH; jyefjidrfusoGm;jyefavonf/ enf;jyq&mjzpfolrS 0g&ihf
q&m q&mrBuD;rsm;bufodkYvSnhfNyD; aqG;aEG;ay;&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhonf/
]]tckvkd tjrifawGukd wifjyay;wm aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ tajccH
ynma&;rSmuwnf;u jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk oif,lcGihf&&SdcJhMuwJh
q&m q&mrBuD;rsm;rS tawGUtBuHKawGudk a0rQay;apcsifygw,f/ q&m
q&mrBuD;wdkY i,fpOf rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;ausmif;om;
b0wkef;u ynma&;tajctaeudk tm;vkH;vnf; odcsifaeMuygw,f}}
jynfe,ftqihrf mS ynma&;rSL;vkycf zhJ ;l ol touf 68 ESp&f NdS yDjzpfwhJ
q&mBuD; EdkifynmrGefrS rwfwyf&yfNyD; tm;vkH;jrifEdkifap&ef pmtkyfi,f
wpftyk u f kd ajr§mufjyvdu k o f nf/ oifwef;ol oifwef;om;rsm;ESifh enf;jy
q&mrsm;rSm q&mBuD;udik x f m;onhf pmtkyif ,fukd pdw0f ifwpm;armhMunhf
aeMuonf/ ydefydefyg;yg; tjidrf;pm; jrefrmhynma&;orm;BuD;qDrSm
&ifzGihfajymjyp&m wpfckr[kwf wpfck tNrJyif&Sdaewwfavonf/
]]t[rf;... tm;vk;H udk av;pm;ygw,f/ uReaf wmfjynfe,fynma&;rSL;
vkycf w hJ EhJ pS af wGwpfavQmufv;Hk rSm NrKdoyd x
f m;cJ&h wJh t&mwpfcu
k kd 'DuaeY
awmh ajymjyygr,f/ 'g[m tajccHynmOD;pD;rSm aqG;aEG;cJhzl;wmvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ pmoifcef;awGtxd jyefra&mufcJhwmuawmh tifrwefrS
0rf;enf;p&myg/ tckuReaf wmfuikd x f m;wJh pmtkyaf v;&JUemrnfu ]]jynfoYl
eDw}d } jzpfygw,f/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm uReaf wmf&h UJ tdru f pmtkyaf owåmav;rSm
odrf;qnf;xm;cJhwmyg/ tESpf 50 eD;yg;&SdaeNyD/ uRefawmf tajccHynm
ausmif;om;b0u oif,lcJh&wJh jy|mef;pmtkyfav;vnf; jzpfw,f/
 136 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pmayAdrmefyEHk ydS wf u
kd u
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aemufqkH;xkwfa0cJhwmvnf; jzpfr,f/ uRefawmfwdkYacwfwkef;u
owårwef;uae {um'orwef;txd avhvmcJh&w,f}}
xdik Nf yD; ai;armem;axmifaeolwYkdtMum; vIyv f yI &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfomG ;
Muonf/ uRwfpDuRwfpDjzihf aqG;aEG;oHtcsKdU ay:xGufvmjyefonf/
]]ausmif;q&mvkyfvmwm tESpf 20 eD;yg;awmif&SdaeygNyD/
wpfcgrS 'Dpmtkyfudk rawGUcJhzl;bl;}} [k e,fajrwGif;&Sd ausmif;tm;vkH;\
vlrIa&;bmom&yfrSL;jzpfol q&majrrS ajymvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
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wpfckckudk odcsifwdkif; rsKdodyfrxm;wwfyJ csufjcif;ar;wwfol ordkif;
q&mr a':rdk;oDwmjynhfrS odcsifaZmBuD;pGmESihf ar;jref;avawmhonf/
tm;vkH;rSmvnf; odcsifaeMuonfr[kwfvm;/
q&mBuD;EdkifynmrGefrS qufajymjyaecJhavonf/
]]pmrsuEf mS 140 eD;yg;&Swd hJ 'Dpmtky[f m tajccHynmtxufwef;qihf
twGuf jy|mef;cJw h myg/ tcef; 13 cef; yg&Syd gw,f/ tJ't D cef;acgif;pOfawGukd
ajymjyay;ygr,f/
tcef; (1) jynfolYeDwd t"dyÜm,fESihf tajccHoabm
tcef; (2) aygif;oif;qufqHrIESihf vlYtpnf;t½kH;
tcef; (3) EdkifiHom;ESihf ol\t&nftcsif;rsm;
tcef; (4) EdkifiHom;ESihf qefYusifaom oabmw&m;rsm;
tcef; (5) EdkifiHom;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
tcef; (6) EdkifiHom;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;
tcef; (7) EdkifiHawmfESihf tpdk;&
tcef; (8) EdkifiHtpdk;&wdkY wm0efrsm;
tcef; (9) EdkifiHawmf\ tajccHrlrsm;
tcef; (10) EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH
 odef;Ekdif 137

tcef; (11) EdkifiHawmfor®wESihf ygvDref

tcef; (12) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
tcef; (13) vGwfvyfa&; aMunmpmwrf;
'Dacgif;pOfawGudk uRefawmfwdkY taotcsmzwf½IavhvmNyD;
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qufpyfNyD;awmh pmoifcef;wGif;rSm aqG;aEG;Muao;w,f/ Oyrm¼
zGJUpnf;ykHu rrQwao;wmawG? bufvdkufxm;wmawG/ aemufNyD;awmh
wdik ;f &if;om;awG&UJ cHpm;csuaf wG? 'gawGukd txufwef;tqihf pmoifcef;
awGrSm aqG;aEG;zvS,fMuw,f/ rwlwJhtjrifawGudkvnf; wav;wpm;
em;axmifMu&w,f}}
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ausmif;om;awGeYJ bmqdik v f Ykdv/J ysi;f p&mBuD;awG/ bmjzpfvYkdoifc&hJ wmvJ
q&mBuD;/ ynma&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;bmqkdifvdkYwkef;}}
ynma&;ESihf roufqdkifonfrsm;udk tcsdefukefcHNyD; aqG;aEG;ae
onf[k xifjrif,lxm;aom q&mra':eDeDrS onf;rcHEkdifonhfrsufESm
xm;ESihf ar;jref;vkdufonf/ cef;rxJrS tcsKdUrSm Za0Z0grsufESmrsm;ESihf/
olwdkYjzwfoef;vmcJhonhf ynma&;c&D;vrf;wGif wpfcgrSrMum;cJhzl;aom
acgif;pOfrsm;jzpfaeívnf; oHo,pdwfwdkY&SdonfrSm ay:vGifaeonf/
tcsKdUrSm pdk;&drfaMumihfMuaom rsufESmrsm;udk zkH;zdr&/ tcsKdUvnf; enf;jy
q&mbufodkY uGufMunhfuGufMunhf vkyfaeMuonf/
tNidrf;pm; txufwef;ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol
OD;batmifrS rwfwyf&yfvdkufNyD; q&mBuD; EdkifynmrGefxHrS &Sif;jycGihf
awmif;cHvdkufonf/
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vdyk gw,f/ uRefawmfvnf;yJ wpfoufv;Hk NrKdoyd cf pH m;cJ&h olyg/ w&m;0if
zGihfajymjycGihfvnf; r&SdcJhbl;/ tckawmh 'Dae&mav;rSm uRefawmfwdkYb0&JU
 138 ynmEkdifiHawmf

qnf;qmcsed rf mS uHBuKH vYkqd q Hk nf;Mu&wJh vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf ynma&;orm;i,f

rsm;udk tjrif &Sif;jycGihfjyKapcsifw,f}}
tm;vkH;rS q&mBuD;OD;batmif qufajymrnhfpum;wdkYudk apmihf
arQmfaeMuonf/ jznf;nif;csKdompGm ajymqdkwwfonhf q&mBuD;rSm
wpfNrKdUvkH;u av;pm;&olwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ ESpfaygif; 40 eD;yg;
ynma&;0efxrf;b0udk jzwfoef;cJholyDopGm ynma&;tay: oHa,mZOf
BuD;vGef;vSonf/
]]wu,fawmh jynfoYlew D b d mom&yfeYJ 'Dacgif;pOfawG[m odyu f kd
ta&;BuD;vGef;ygw,f/ ynma&;eJY EdkifiHa&;[m cGJjcm;z,fxkwfxm;vdkY
r&ygbl;/ ynma&;onfyifvQif EdkifiHa&;jzpfovdk? EdkifiHa&;[mvnf;
ynma&;ESihf wefqmqifEdkifrSomvQif wihfw,fygw,f/ av;eufrIudk
&&SdEdkifygw,f/ odoihfodtyfaom acgif;pOfrsm;jzpfvdkY jynfolYeDwd
bmom&yfukd oif,zl ;l rSomvQif Edik if o H m;jzpf&usK;d eyfygr,f/ touf&iS f
aexdkif&usKd;eyfygw,f/ omrefod½kHrQeJYvnf; rvkHavmufao;jyefbl;/
vufawGUb0xJrSm jyefvnftokH;cszdkYvnf; avhvmcJhMuw,f/ ynm&Sd
BuD;awG rdefYqdkcJhw,f/ olYtvdktavsmufawmh vli,fawG[m EdkifiHh
om;aumif;awG jzpfrvmEdik b f ;l wJ/h avhusio fh ifMum;ay;rSom? todynm
ESifh tusit fh BuHwYkdukd &&Srd ,f/ wm0eford ,f/ tcGit fh a&;wdYk? &ydik cf iG w
fh Ykdukd
av;pm;vdkufemr,f/ rdrdeJY olwpfyg;tusKd;udk rQwpGmo,fydk;vdkr,f/
&yfusKd;&GmusKd;? wdkif;usKd;jynfjyK vkyf&yfawGtay:rSm wefzdk;xm;Edkifr,f/
yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdkpdwf jzpfay:r,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfvnf; EdkifiHom;
ynma&;vdYk ac:qdMk uwJh 'Dynm&yfukd oifMum;xm;rSomvQif av;eufwhJ
wefzdk;&SdwJh? todynm&SdwJh EdkifiHom;awGjzpfvmMur,f}}
]]bmjzpfvYkd tajccHynma&;rSmuwnf;u avhusio fh ifMum;ay;&
rSmvJ/ tjcm;oif,lp&mawGu wpfykHwpfyifBuD;/ vuf&Sdoif½dk;udkwif
renf;ukefatmifoifay;ae&w,f}} [k q&moD[rS txGefYwufar;jref;
 odef;Ekdif 139

vmonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHpmppftzGJUwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhzl;ol tjidrf;pm;
q&mrBuD; a':wifwif0if;u ajzMum;ay;&ef oifwef;enf;jyq&mav;rS
arwåm&yfcHvdkufonf/ rqdkif;rwGyif q&mrBuD;rS x&yfvdkufNyD;
MunfvifcefYjim;aom rsufESmwGif tNyHK;yef;qifí ajzMum;ay;cJhonf/
]]i,f&G,fEkysKdwJh pdwfESvkH;awGudkomvQif ykHazmfxkqpf&wm
vG,fulygw,f/ za,mif;om;av;awGvdk El;nHholawGukd vdkvm;tyfwJh
pdwt f ajccH,Ofaus;rIawG avhusiafh y;&vG,w f ,f/ BuD;rSqkd odycf ufomG ;NyD/
jynfolYeDwdynm&yf[m b0xJudk a&mufzdkYvdktyfw,f/ uav;wdkif;?
vlBuD;wdkif;? EdkifiHom;wdkif;&JU &ifbwfxJrSm ygoGm;zdkYvdktyfw,f/ 'Drdk
ua&pD ,Ofaus;rIay:xGef;zdkY? 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufzdkYqdkwm tJ'D
eDwdawGjynhfaewJh &ifbwfawGeJY wnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfvdkYygyJ}}
]]q&mrBuD; Oyrmav;wpfcak vmufay;yg}} q&mrBuD;rSm Oyrm?
Oyar,swdkYjzihf pum;ajymaumif;oljzpfonfudk odxm;onhf wynhf
a[mif;wpfOD;jzpfol q&mra':vif;vif;jzLrS awmif;qdkvdkufonf/
]][kwfuJhyg/ ajymjyygr,f/ EdkifiH&JUrSefuefwJh zGJUpnf;rIudk odzdkY
vdt k yfw,f/ yuwdt&Sw d &m;awGukd em;vnfxm;Mu&r,f/ tJ'geJYvnf;
rNyD;ao;bl;/ aqG;aEG;ajymqdkEdkifwJh EkdifiHom;awGjzpfvmzdkY? av;pm;pGm
em;axmifwwfwo hJ al wGjzpfvmzdYku vdt
k yfjyefw,f/ tJ'grSom tusK;d &Sw d hJ
aqG;aEG;0dkif;jzpfr,f/ tusKd;&SdwJh vkyf&yf&vmr,f/ pkaygif;vkyf aqmif
Edkifr,f}}
]]'Dynm&yfukd roif,cl &hJ ayr,hv f nf; uRerf wdYk tckvpkd ak ygif;NyD;
vkyaf qmifEikd Mf uwmyJ r[kwb f ;l vm; q&mrBuD;}} oifwef;olwpfO;D jzpfol
q&mr Ek0gatmifrS ar;jref;jyefonf/ toHtcsKdU ay:xGufvmjyefonf/
rsufESmtcsKdUrSm NyHK;ppESihf/
oifwef;enf;jyq&mav;rSm e,fajraemufcHudk BuKdwifavhvm
 140 ynmEkdifiHawmf

xm;ojzihf odxm;ESihfonf/ ausmif;pkpkaygif; q,f*Pef;rQom&Sdonhf

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q&m q&mrrsm; tcsi;f csi;f yifvQif rsuEf mS csi;f qdik Nf yD; aqG;aEG;ajymqd&k ef
0efav;aeMuqJ/ pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf q
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kd nfukd rwnfaqmufwwfMuao;/
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tm;vk;H rSvufrcHonho f abmjzihf NyHK;ppjzpfMujcif;yif/ olrud,k w
f ikd vf nf;
usefolrsm;udkMunhfNyD; cpfueJtoHxGufatmif &,farmrdvdkufonf/
olrajymwm avmBuD;oGm;onfukd aemifw&csicf si/f q&m q&mrtrsm;pkrmS
jynfoel w D u d kd roif,cl MhJ u&ojzihf olwYkde,fajrwGi;f pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf u
I kd
rwnfaqmufEdkifjcif; jzpfwef&monf[lívnf; qufvufawG;awmae
awmhonf/
tNidrf;pm;jynfe,f ynma&;rSL;q&mBuD; EdkifynmrGefrS twGif;
pmrsufESmtcsKdUudkvSefjy&if; xyfrH0ifa&muf aqG;aEG;onf/
]]jynfolYeDwd bmom&yf[m wdkif;oljynfom; wpfOD;taeeJY
wdkif;oljynfom;aumif;jzpfvmzdkY&m EkdifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;pepf
pwJ[ h mawGrmS wwfov d rd m® atmif tkwjf rpfcsay;aom t"dymÜ ,f&ydS gw,f/
rwlnw D EhJ ikd if aH &;pepfawGtaMumif; Oyrm- t&if;&Sipf epf? uGejf rLepfpepf?
qdk&S,fvpfpepfeJY rl0g'awGudk odem;vnfvmr,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
trsKd;rsKd;taMumif;? a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkYudk odjrifvmr,f/ a[m'DrSm
pmrsufESm 13 rSm pmoifcef;wGif; avhusihf&ef ar;cGef;awGxJu eHygwf
8 ar;cGef;udk zwfjyygr,f/ ]]'Drdkua&pD\ vkyfief;atmifjrifrIonf
jynfol? jynfom;rsm;\ todw&m;ESihf tvkyfw&m;rsm;tay:wGif
wnf&Sd\qdkaom pum;\ trSm; trSefudk a0zefjyyg}} qdkNyD;ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkar;cGef;rsKd;udk 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Mu&w,f}}
]]rlvwef;uwnf;u oifay;vdYk r&bl;vm;q&mBuD;}} ocsmF q&m
OD;cifaZmfrS ar;jref;jyefonf/
 odef;Ekdif 141

q&mBuD;rS ud, k uf u kd ikd ;f nGwv f u kd Nf yD; ]]odyu f kd aumif;wJah r;cGe;f

yg/ ynma&;&JUtqihw f ikd ;f rSmudk oihaf wmfuu kd n f w D yhJ pHk eH YJ avhusihaf y;Mu
&w,f/ rlvwef;rSmuwnf;uudk jynfoYlew D b d mom&yf[m pwifygw,f/
uav;i,fawGukd qufqaH &;? tajymtqd?k trlt,m avhusiho f ifMum;
ay;wmuae pwif&ygw,f}} [k &Sif;jy\/
oifwef;pDpOfow l pfO;D jzpfol tmuseq f eG rf S ol\xdik ;f Ekid if yH nma&;
tawGUtBuHKwdkYudk a0rQay;onf/ ]],Ofaus;rI? pm&dwåeJY tkyfcsKyfa&;udk
odzdkY&,f? pD;yGm;a&;tajccHudkodzdkYtwGufudk rlvwef;uwnf;u oif½dk;
nTef;wrf;eJY pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;w,f/ av;ESpfwpfBudrf oif½dk;
nTef;wrf;udk ajymif;wdkif;vnf; rGrf;rHw,f/ jyifqifjznhfpGufMuw,f/
pepfawGudk avhvmcGihf&&Sdw,f}}
tdE´d,EdkifiHESihf tjcm;aom 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfrsm;\ oif½dk;
nTe;f wrf;wdYkukd avhvmxm;ol q&mBuD;OD;aZmfrif;rS 0ifaqG;aEG;jyefonf/
]]'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfwdkif;rSm wlnDwJhtcsufwpfck&Sdw,f/ olwdkY
ynma&;[m 'Dru kd a&pDpepf&iS o f efEidk zf Ykd ukd t"duxm;jyifqifay;wmyg/
Edk;Mum;wuf<uwJhEdkifiHom;jzpfvmzdkYudk arQmfvihfMuw,f/ 'grSvnf;
&yf&GmtusKd;udk wm0ef,lvdkpdwfeJY wufwuf<u<u o,fydk;Mur,fav/
aemufNyD;awmh tcGit fh a&;udk odem;vnfNyD; ud, k cf si;f pmw&m;xm;wwfzYkd
oifay;Muw,f/ twef;BuD;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf 50 u
jrefrmjynfrmS ok;H cJzh ;l wJh jynfoel w D d (txufwef;qih)f bmom&yfrmS ygwJh
taMumif;t&mawGudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY oifMum;ay;Muwmaygh}}
tawGUtBuHK&o dS l 0g&ihq f &m q&mrBuD;\jzwfoef;rIukd avhvmcGifh
&&So d nfrmS wefz;kd rjzwfEikd yf g/ odYk aomf aeYv,fpmok;H aqmif&ef tcsed u f s
avNyD/ enf;jyq&mrS EIwfqufNyD;wef;jzKwfaomfjim;vnf; aqG;aEG;yGJu
r&yfwefYEikd af o;/ aeYv,fpmpm;ok;H &if; tkypf ik ,frsm;tvdu k f qufvuf
aqG;aEG;vdkY aeMujyefygonf/
 142 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynma&;orm;rsm;\ þuJhodkY aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIrsm;? pkaygif;

avhvmrIrsm;? yGiv
fh if;vGwv f yfaom pdwx f m;rsm;jzihf pkpnf;nDnmrIrsm;rS
wpfqihf jrefrmhynma&;½Icif;rS aysmufuG,fcJh&avaom ]]jynfolYeDwd?
EdkifiHom;ynma&;}} bmom&yfBuD;udk pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; jyefvnf
toufoiG ;f ay;Edik rf nf[k ,kMH unfarQmv
f ihv
f suvf nf; &Sad eMuavonf/
armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif; (trSwf3) 2011
 odef;Ekdif 143

rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf ]]aumif;&mwkí? aumif;rIjrwfEdk;?

aumif;atmifBudK;í? aumif;usKd;udk,fü wnfaprif;}} [laom
avmuom&ysKdUvm tqkH;trtwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIwGif;
wnf&Sdaeaom vdkvm;tyfonhf aumif;jrwfaom
pHwefzdk;rsm;udk vufqihfurf;ay&ef ausmif;ynma&;wGif
wm0ef&Sdjyefygonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif rsufarSmufacwf &yf&Gm?
vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vufcHusihfokH;aeonhf pHwefzdk;rsm;udk
a0zefppfaMumwwfap&ef? ajymif;vJjyifqifoihfonfwdkYudk
em;vnf&ef? tb,faMumihf vdkufemusihfokH;oihfonfwdkYudk
odjrifcHpm;wwfap&eftwGufvnf; pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;
aqG;aEG;&OD;rnfjzpfygonf/
 144 ynmEkdifiHawmf

EdkifiHawmf\ pHwefzdk;rsm;udk jr§ihfwifjcif;

a0zefyikd ;f jcm; pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;uJo
h Ykdyif b0ESiw
fh pfom;wnf;
&Sad p&ef ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf pHwefz;kd rsm;ESifh 'Drukd a&pD,Ofaus;rIwYkdukd
udk,fwdkifBuHKawGUEdkifcGihfrsm; &&Sdapoihfygonf/
vlrItzGJUtpnf;i,fwpfcktaejzihf owfrSwfEdkifonhf pmoif
ausmif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;pGmxJrS t"duwpfckrSm vlom;pHwefzdk;rsm;udk
vufqihfurf;oifMum;ay;&ef jzpfyg\/ aumif;rGefaom pHwefzdk;rsm;rSm
&yf&Gm vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ pnfyifom,mjcif;? pnf;vkH;nDnGwfjcif;ESihf
rSDwif;aexdkifMuol jynfolrsm;tMum; o[Zmwjzpfjcif;wdkYtwGuf
aomhcsufyif jzpfonf/
rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf ]]aumif;&mwkí? aumif;rIjrwfEdk;? aumif;
atmifBuKd;í? aumif;usK;d ud, k üf wnfaprif;}} [laom avmuom&ysKUd vm
tqk;H trtwdik ;f ,Ofaus;rIwiG ;f wnf&adS eaom vdv k m;tyfonhf aumif;
jrwfaom pHwefzdk;rsm;udk vufqihfurf;ay&ef ausmif;ynma&;wGif
wm0ef&Sdjyefygonf/ wpfqufwnf;rSmyif rsufarSmufacwf &yf&Gm?
 odef;Ekdif 145

vlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f vufcu H sio fh ;Hk aeonhf pHwefz;kd rsm;udk a0zefppfaMum

wwfap&ef? ajymif;vJjyifqifoiho f nfwYkd ukd em;vnf&ef? tb,faMumihf
vdkufemusihfokH;oihfonfwdkYudk odjrifcHpm;wwfap&ef twGufvnf;
pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; aqG;aEG;&OD;rnfjzpfygonf/
pHwefz;kd rsm;tay:wGif tjrifoabmxm;rsm;rSm rwlnb D ?J uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;Edik yf gonf/ touft&G,?f ,Ofaus;rI? ud;k uG,, f MHk unfrI bmom
w&m;? Edik if oH m;? vlrsK;d ponht f csurf sm;tay:wGif rlwnfaejcif;jzpfonf/
pHwefz;kd rsm;rwlno
D nht f wGuf ay:aygufaeonhf jyóemrsm;udk
avhvmMunhfoihfygonf/
vuf&Sd jyifopfEdkifiHwGif;rS jyóemudkavhvmMunhfvQif þ
tcsufudk txift&Sm; jrifawGUEdkifygonf/ tpövmrfomomemwGif
rGwq f viftrsKd;orD;rsm;rSm tpövrfomomemtxdr;f trSwf acgif;aygif;
yk0g0wf½rHk sm;udk 0wfqifMuonf/ 2010 Zefe0g&DvwGif jyifopfygvDrefrS
þ0wfpkHwdkYudk 0wfqifjcif;tm; wm;jrpfapoihfaMumif; tpD&ifcHpm
xkwjf yefcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf/ rGwq f viftrsK;d orD; acgif;aqmif;0wfpjHk ynhf
0wfqifjcif;rSm jyifopfEikd if \ H pHwefz;kd rsm;tay:wGif ]]vufrcHEikd zf , G &f m}}
pdefac:aejcif;yifjzpfonf[k ½IjrifokH;oyfcsufyif jzpfavonf/ Hijab
ESihf Tchador wdkYudk ]]acgif;aqmif; 0wfpkHjynhf}} [lí ac:qdkEdkifrnfvm;
qdok nfrmS raocsmaomfjim;vnf; Burqa ESifh Niqab wdYkrmS ]]acgif;aqmif;
0wfpkHjynhf}} yifjzpfonf/ ajcmufvwm Mum;emppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhNyD;
onhaf emuf Oya'jyKol 32 OD;yg0ifaomtzGUJ rS þwm;jrpfcsuu f kd axmufcH
tqdjk yKcMhJ uonf/ pmoifausmif;rsm;? aq;½krH sm;? vlxo k ,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&;
,mOfrsm;ESihf tpdk;&½kH;rsm;wGif rsufESmudkvTrf;NcHKxm;onhf acgif;aqmif;
0wfqifru I wkd m;jrpf&ef tqdjk yKjcif;rSm jyifopfEidk if w
H iG f rGwq f viftrsK;d orD;
0wfpkHtay:wGif tjyif;xefqkH; uefYowfcsufyifjzpfawmhonf/
(attufyDowif;pOf)
 146 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jrefrmEdik if \
H ynma&;½Icif;wpfpv Hk ;Hk udk avhvmMunfrnfqv kd Qif
vnf; vdkvm;tyfaom pHwefzdk;rsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? rwlnDaom
pHwefzdk;rsm;udk o[Zmwjzpfap&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm; enf;yg;onfudk
awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdcifbmompum;? wdkif;&if;om;
bmompum;wdkYudk oif½dk;nTef;wrf;wGif xnhfoGif;rxm;ao;jcif;?
oifMum;cGiv fh ;Hk 0rjyKjcif;? ½d;k &m"avhrsm;udk ynma&;rSwpfqihaf zmfxw k cf iG fh
rjyKjcif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ þuJhodkY wpfzufapmif;eif; usihfBuHrIrsm;onf
rwlnDaompHwefzdk;rsm;udk odjrifcHpm;wwfrIpGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;&efESihf vlYtzGJU
tpnf;twGif; o[Zmwjzpfap&ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdrnfjzpfonf/
xdYktwl jrefrmhvYltzGUJ tpnf;\ arQmrf eS ;f csujf zpfonhf 'Dru kd a&pD,Ofaus;rI
xGe;f um;ap&eftwGuv f nf; avhusiho f ifMum;ay;&ef ysuu f u
G af eqJjzpf
onf/
(oif½dk;nTef;wrf; tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJ 2006)

pHwefzdk;trsm;pkrSm vlom;tm;vkH;ESihf oufqdkifrI&SdNyD;vQif emcH

vdu
k ef mzG,jf zpfaomfjim;vnf; vltzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f &So
d l tm;vk;H rS wajy;nD
odjrifem;vnfrI? vdkufemrIwdkYudkum; rarQmfvihfEdkifygacs/ odkYjzpfav&m
pHwefz;kd rsm;tay:wGif yk*v ¾ tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh vuf&t dS ajctaersm;\
vTrf;NcHKoufa&mufrI&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/

bkHenf;vrf;rsm;
þtcsurf mS pHwefz;kd rsm;udk avhusiyfh sK;d axmif&mwGif BuD;rm;aom
pdeaf c:csut f aejzihf &ifqikd &f onf/ twdwuf mvrsm;wGif pHwefz;kd rsm;udk
oD;oefYbmom&yftaejzihf avhusihfoifMum;Muygonf/ rsm;rMumao;
rDEpS rf sm;rS ynma&;orm;rsm;onf bmom&yftm;vk;H ,SuEf , T v f rT ;f NcHKonhf
aygif;pnf;oif½dk; (integrative) oif½dk;jzihf pHwefzdk;wdkYudk oifMum;&ef
 odef;Ekdif 147

tm;xkwfvmMuonf/ enf;emESpf&yfpvkH;wGif q&m\ arQmfrSef;csufrSm

wlnyD g\/ tm;vk;H rS odjrifem;vnfNyD;vQif tm;vk;H \ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf
bkHpHwefzdk;wdkYudk vdkufemusihfokH;Mu&efyif jzpfavonf/
þonfrSmvnf; usihf0wfeDwdESihf pHwefzdk;ynma&; (value
education) ESihf EdkifiHom;ynma&; (citizenship education) aqmif&Guf
csufrsm;? ykHpHrsm;\ a&&SnfarQmfrSef;csuf jzpfaomfjim;vnf; wpfOD;
wpfa,mufjcif;pD\ vdktifrsm;udkrl jznhfqnf;ay;Edkifjcif;r&SdaMumif;
avhvmawGU&Sd&jyefygonf/ rdrdudk,fwdkif pl;prf;avhvm&SmazGjcif;? odjrif
em;vnfjcif;ESifh oifMum;aeonhf pHwefz;kd wdYkukd b0ESiq
fh ufpyfNyD; vufcH
usihfokH;vmjcif;wdkYudk qdkvdkygonf/

csOf;uyfrIenf;vrf; topf
txufygoif,jl cif;tqiho f Ykd a&muf&adS p&eftwGuf oifMum;enf;
vrf;wdkYudk a&S;OD;pGm taotcsm qifjcifokH;oyfoihfonf/ jrefrmpmoif
ausmif;rsm;wGif trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaeonhf a[majymydkYcsenf;ESihf ykHjyif
Zmwfvrf;rsm;ajymjyjcif; enf;vrf;wdYk jzihf aemufq;Hk ydww f iG f ]]'DyjHk yifxu J
pm&dweå YJ ywfoufvYkd bmoifcef;pmawG&&So d vJ}} ar;cGe;f rQEiS fh xda&mufrI
r&SdEdkifyg/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif wuf<upGm
yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIr&SdonhftwGufyif jzpfonf/
ud,k w
f ikd o
f jd rif cHpm;&rIr&Sjd cif;ESifh aeYpOfb0wGif vufawGUvdu k ef m
usihfBuHjcif;r&Sdaom pHwefzdk;rsm;onf usihf0wfeDwdESihf pm&dwåudk ykHazmf
Edik &f ef rsm;pGmtcuftcJ&ydS grnf/ xdYktwl avhusiyfh sK;d axmifay;rIr&Sb d EJ iS fh
uav;rsm;onf olYtvdktavsmuf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;rsm; jzpfvm&ef
cJ,Of;ygrnf/
 148 ynmEkdifiHawmf

oifMum;&efenf;vrf;rsm;
xda&mufatmifjrifEdkif&eftwGuf oifMum;enf;vrf;rsKd;pkH&Sdae
ygonf/ ½d;k pif;vG,u f al om oifenf;rsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ tjcm;aom
bmom&yfrsm;udo k ifMum;&mwGiv f nf; tok;H jyKEdik yf gonf/ þae&mwGif
rdwqf ufay;rnhf oifenf;taxGaxG\ ta&;BuD;onhf *kPt f *Fgwpf&yfrmS
ausmif;ol ausmif;rsm;taejzihf ud, k wf ikd v
f ufcv
H u kd ef m usihof ;Hk aeonhf
cH,lcsufESihf pHwefzdk;pepfwdkYudk wufwuf<u<uESihf taotcsmcGJjcrf;
pdwjf zmavhvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ pHwefz;kd topfEiS fh tusit fh BuHtopfwYkdukd
vufcHusihfokH;jcif;rjyKao;rD avhvmrI jzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif þoifenf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf tb,f
aMumihf þodYk xdo k Ykd xifjrifMuonf? pOf;pm;awG;awmMuonf? &Si;f vif;
aqG;aEG;&efukd q&m q&mrrsm;rS xyfqihaf r;jref;&ygrnf/ pmoifMum;jcif;\
xda&mufatmifjrifrIrsm; tjrihfrm;qkH;&&Sdap&ef ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
wdkif;tm; olwdkY\,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESihf tawG;tjrifoabmxm;wdkYudk
wifjycGiafh y;oihof nf/ tjyeftvSew f ifjy aqG;aEG;&mwGiv f nf; tm;vk;H rS
*½kwpdkufem;axmifay;&ef vdktyfygonf/

qE´rJay;jcif;
q&mua&G;cs,fxm;aom ]]taMumif;t&m}}? ]]acgif;pOf}}? ]]tqdk
jyKcsu}f } wpfcck t
k ay:wGif oabmwlonf? oabmrwlyg[lí ausmif;om;
rsm;rS qE´rJay;jcif;jzihf pwifEdkifonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf-
]]rdom;pkwdkif;[m uav;ESpfOD;om ,loihfw,fqdkwJh tcsuf
tay:rSm rif;wdkY b,fvdkxifjrifMuovJ}}
]]ud,
k yf ikd u
f m;awG 0,f,w
l mudk tpd;k &taeeJY uefYowfrv
I yk Nf yD;
trsm;jynfolokH; o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;twGuf ydkrdkvkyfaqmifoihfw,f}}
 odef;Ekdif 149

]]'DaeY ausmif;wufzYkd twGuf b,fvkd 0wfp0Hk wfoihw f ,fqw kd m

ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwkdifa&G;cs,f 0wfqifcGihf&Sdoihfygw,f}}
]]epfemqkH;½IH;aewJh ausmif;ol ausmif;om; tcGihfta&;awG&&SdzdkY
twGuf awmif;qdk&mrSm ausmif;om;wdkif;yg0if&rSm jzpfw,f}}
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf rnfoYkd yiftajzay;apumrl
q&m q&mrrsm;rS aemufqufwt JG aejzihf ]]bmjzpfvYkdt'J v
D kd xifjrif,q l
&wmvJ}} [laom ar;cGef;udkar;jref;&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/

tqihfowfrSwfjcif;
jzpfEdkifacs okH;ck (odkYr[kwf xdkYxufydkí) a&G;cs,fxm;&SdNyD;vQif
ausmif;om;rsm;rS ta&;BuD;qk;H udk odYk r[kwf olwYkd EpS o f ufovdk txuf
atmuf jyefpDpOfjcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf-
]]tifrwef'u k a© &mufNyD; ta&;BuD;wJt h csed rf mS awGUqkpH um;ajymzdYk
vlwpfO;D wnf;udo k m a&G;cs,cf iG &fh cdS &hJ if b,foYlukd a&G;rvJ/ (taz? tar?
q&m q&mr? oli,fcsif;wpfOD;OD;)}} ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif BuKdufESpf
oufovdk a&G;cs,fcGihfay;&mwGif tqihfowfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(1) tESpo f ufq;Hk rSpNyD;? (4) aemufq;Hk a&G;cs,rf t I aejzihf tqiho f wfrwS f
a&G;cs,jf cif;udk qdv k ykd gonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ tajzwdYkuv kd nf;xifqihf
&Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;ay;&ef q&mu ,ciftwdkif;ar;jref;jcif;jyK&ygOD;rnf/

pHwefzdk;jy rsOf;&Snf
rwlaoma&G;cs,fp&mrsm; odYk r[kwf qefYusifbuftjrifoabm
xm;rsm;ESpcf u
k kd rsO;f wef;\ tpGe;f ESpb
f ufay:wGif wifqufjcif;enf;vrf;
jzpfonf/ a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;rS olwdkY&yfwnfrIae&mudk a&G;cs,fMujcif;
jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ ud, k yf ikd cf ,
H cl suf? tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ESifh
 150 ynmEkdifiHawmf

teD;pyfq;Hk a&G;cs,fryI ifjzpfonf/ tpGeq f ;Hk ESpaf e&mtygt0if Mum;wGif

&Sdaom ae&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk qdkvdkonf/
wpfwef;vkH; vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;? wufwuf<u<u yg0ifvkyfaqmif
&onhf um,vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ twef;a&SUwGifjzpfap?
(oifykef;ay:wGifjzpfap) rsOf;&SnfwpfaMumif; a&;qGJxm;NyD;vQif
ausmif;om;rsm;rS olwdkY&yfwnfcsufae&mwGif vma&mufí rwfwyf&yf
ae&m,lMujcif;jzpfonf/ rwlnDaom &yfwnfcsufrsm;ESihf tjrifoabm
xm;rsm;jzihf aysmfp&mvnf;aumif;aom oifMum;enf;vrf;wpfckjzpf\/
Oyrmtm;jzihf-
]]rdbtkyfxdef;rIrSm b,fvdkykHpHu taumif;qkH;vJ}} (q&mu
rsOf;&Snf\ tpGef;wpfzufwGif ]]'Drdkua&pDenf;us tkyfxdef;rI}} [k
a&;om;NyD; tjcm;tpGef;wpfzufwGifrl ]]csKyfcs,fuefYowfrIrsm;jzihf
tkyx f ed ;f rI}} [lí a&;om;xm;onf/ q&mu tpGe;f ESpzf uf &yfwnfrEI iS fh
ywfoufí t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk &Sif;vif;ay;Edkifonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rS
tpGe;f ESpb f uftyg0if rsOf;wef;wpfavQmuf ae&mtESYH wiG f olwYkd &yfwnf
csut f & a&G;cs,&f yfwnfMuNyD;vQif rdrb d maMumihf a&G;cs,&f yfwnf&onfukd
&Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;Mu&jcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfwiG ;f vuf&odS if½;kd &Sd jynfoYlew D Ed iS fh pm&dwbå mom&yfyg
oifcef;pmtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh rvkaH vmufao;yg/ 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if o
H m;
ynma&;udk oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;wGif a&Smif&Sm;cJhMuonf/ xnhfoGif;&ef
wGefYqkwfaeqJyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf
tjcm;jcm;aom pHwefz;kd rsm;udv k nf; xnho f iG ;f oifMum;ay;oihyf gonf/
txl;ojzihf 'Drdkua&pD,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;ap&eftwGuf twef;wdkif;?
tqihfwdkif;wGif oif½dk;udk jy|mef;a&;qGJjcif;? aemufcHvTmoif½dk; (hidden
curriculum) taejzihf vufcu H siofh ;Hk jcif;wdYu
k kd vkyaf qmif&rnfjzpfygaMumif;/
rZösdr*sme,f2009
 odef;Ekdif 151

'Drdkua&pDtawG;tjrifwdkY tm;enf;jcif;rSm q,fpkESpf

av;pkcefY 'Drdkua&pDoif½dk; qdwfokOf;uG,faysmufjcif;\
tusKd;quf[k ½Ijrif&ygrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDvlYtzGJUtpnf;\
pHEIef;rsm;tay:tajccHNyD; oif½dk;udka&;qGJjcif;? i,f&G,fonhf
rlvwef;tqihfrSpwifum ynma&;tqihfwdkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pD
oabmw&m;wdkYudk taotcsm oifMum;avhusihfay;jcif;?
ausmif;wGif;ESihf ynma&;usihfpOfwdkYwGif 'Drdkua&pDudk
tajcjyKxm;jcif;wdkY &Sdoihfygonf/
 152 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pmoifcef;wGif; 'Drdkua&pDudk
jyefvnftoufoGif;csdef
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm aysmufq;Hk aecJo h nhf ynma&;pHEeI ;f rsm;? usihpf Of
rsm;ESihf tpOftvmt& vufqihfurf;ay;&rnhf ynma&;usihf0wfrsm;udk
jyefvnfazmfxw k jf cif;jzihf jrefrmhynma&;opfukd taumiftxnfazmf&rnhf
tcsdefaumif;[k ½IjrifokH;oyf&ygonf/ txl;ojzihf wdkif;jynfjyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&mwGif ynma&;u@\ ta&;ygyku H kd xifomjrifomjzpfap
oihfonf r[kwfygavm/ vlxkESihf wdkuf½dkufqufqHae&onhf ynma&;
u@rSm rsm;pGmtajymus,fjyefYvSouJhodkY ynmxkxnfudk tawG;opf?
tjrifopfrsm;jzihf eufeuf½Idif;½dIif;? cdkifcdkifrmrm wnfaqmuf&efvnf;
vdtk yfaeygonf/ vuf&v dS w
T af wmfwiG ;f wifjyaqG;aEG;aerIrsm;? Edik if aH &;
ygwDrsm;ESifh t&yfzufvYl tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;aqG;aEG;rI
rsm;ESihf pmoifcef;rsm; tquftpyfudkvnf; okawoejyK avhvmoihf
ygonf/
 odef;Ekdif 153

ynma&;pepfEiS fh ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;wGif Edik if w H um'Dru kd a&pD

usihfpOfrsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;odyÜHwdkYudk oifMum;ay;rnf[k 2013 ckESpf rwf
22 &ufu aejynfawmfwGifusif;yaom jynfolYvTwfawmfü ynma&;
0efBuD;a'gufwmjrat;u vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;jrihfpdk;\ar;cGef;udk
jyefvnfajzMum;&mwGif ajymMum;cJo h nf/ aysmb f ,G rf qJ E´e,frS ud, k pf m;vS,f
OD;jrihfpdk;u tcsKdUaomjynfolwdkYrSm 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m; pHEIef;usihfpOf
rsm;udk od&edS m;vnfrI tm;enf;onht f wGuf 'Dru kd a&pD tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKol
rsm;u ½d;k om;aomtcsKUd jynforl sm;udk tok;H csaerIrsm;vnf; &Sad eaMumif;?
xdu k ohJ Ykd tok;H csrcH&ap&ef 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd pepfwususio fh ;Hk í jidr;f csr;f
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaom urÇmYEdkifiHrsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDusihfpOfrsm;? pHEIef;rsm;?
usihfokH;ykHrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifrI taMumif;rsm;udk
tv,fwef;tqih?f txufwef;tqih?f tqihjf rihyf nmtvdu k f od&adS vhvm
Edkif&ef xnhfoGif;oifMum;ay;oihfojzihf ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;wGif
uRrf;usifaomynm&Sifrsm;ESihf wdkifyifum xnhfoGif;oifMum;ay;Edkifjcif;
&Sd? r&Sd ar;jref;cJhygonf/
xdak r;cGe;f ESipfh yfvsOf;í ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifp0k efBuD;
a'gufwmjrat;u rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;\ pdw"f mwfEiS fh ud, k u f siwfh &m;
jrihrf m;a&;twGuf pm&dwEå iS fh jynfoYlew D ?d pm&dwEå iS fh avmueDwb d mom&yf
oifcef;pmrsm;udk tajccHynm tqihftvdkuf oifMum;ay;vsuf&SdNyD;
'Drdkua&pD pdwfxm;usihfpOfESihf qufET,faom vlYtcGihftvrf;rsm;?
ynma&;oifcef;pmrsm;udk yOörwef;rS e0rwef;txd oifMum;avhusihf
ay;vsu&f ydS gaMumif;? ,cifu q&mudik pf mtkyo f m&Scd ahJ omfvnf; vmrnhf
ESpfrSpí ausmif;om;udkifpmtkyfwGifyg jyKpkjzefYa0oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;\ udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ESihf ynma&;tcsKd;nD
jynh0f vmapa&;twGuf vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;e,fy,fwiG f cdik rf mpGm &Sio f efEikd rf nhf
awG;ac:usihBf uHjyKrl aexdik w f wfonhf t&nftaoG;rsm; jynh0f vmap&ef
 154 ynmEkdifiHawmf

,ckynmoifESpfrSpí wdkif;a'oBuD; jynfe,ftvdkuf ausmif;om;?

ausmif;olrsm;tm; A[dt k qihEf iS fh ausmif;tqihf uif;axmufoifwef;rsm;
zGihfvSpfydkYcsay;cJhNyD; uif;axmuf uwdESihf usihf0wfrsm;wGif yg&Sdonhf
olwpfyg;tm; tpOfulnDonhf *kPfodu©monf ,kHMunfpdwfcs&onf?
ud, k Ef w
I Ef v S ;Hk ok;H yg;pvk;H jzLpifoefY&iS ;f onf[o l nhf vlom;wpfa,muf
jzpfa&;twGuf avhusihfjyKpkvsuf&SdygaMumif;? tqihfjrihfynmu@wGif
wuúov kd yf xrESpf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 'Dru kd a&pDEiS yfh wfoufqufE, T f
aom oif½;kd nTew f rf;rsm;udk ordik ;f bmomwGif xnho f iG ;f oifMum;vsu&f NdS yD;
urÇmYordik ;f bmom&yfukd ordik ;f txl;jyKausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf
yxrESpEf iS fh ordik ;f txl;jyKr[kwaf om ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vk;H
twGuf yxrESpf? 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGifvnf;aumif;? Modern Myanmar
udk wwd,ESpf ordkif;txl;jyK? yxrESpf *kPfxl;wef; ordkif;txl;jyK
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ordik ;f (Constitutional History of Myanmar) udk wwd,ESpf
*kPx f ;l wef;ordik ;f txl;jyKausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuv f nf;aumif;
oifMum;ay;vsuf&SdygaMumif;? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;ynm txl;jyK
*kPfxl;wef; aemufqkH;ESpfESihf r[m0dZÆm t&nftcsif;ppfoifwef;wGif
'Drdkua&pDESihfqufET,faom Political Science, Democracy ponhf
bmom&yfrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f oifMum;vsu&f ydS gaMumif;? xdYk tjyif rMumcif
Political Science bmom&yfwpfckudk Xmetopftaejzihf xlaxmif
oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;vnf; ajzMum;cJhygonf/
jynfolvlxktwGif; 'Drdkua&pDtodtjrifwdkY tm;enf;aerIudk
vTwfawmfwGif; wifjyaqG;aEG;jcif;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDudk tvGJokH;pm;jyKrIrsm;
&Sdaeonf[k okH;oyfrIrsm;tay: tav;xm;pOf;pm;oihfygonf/ tod
tjrifwdkY rnfrQtm;enf;aeygoenf;/ tb,faMumihfygenf;/ rl^v,f^
xufESihf wuúodkvfynma&; oif½dk;wpfpkHvkH;wGifyg&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pD
 odef;Ekdif 155

&mcdkifEIef;ESihf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;t&nftaoG;udkvnf; pdppf&ygrnf/

oifMum;olwdkY\ ynma&;oabmw&m;jynhf0rI? 'DrdkusihfpOftay:
av;eufrEI iS fh 'Drb kd mom&yfausnufrI (subject knowledge) t&nftaoG;
wdkYudkvnf; pdppf&awmhrnf/ acgifozG,fjzpfonhf oif½dk;udk rnfodkYjyKpk
Muygrnfenf;/
'Drdkua&pD tawG;tjrifwdkY tm;enf;jcif;rSm q,fpkESpfav;pkcefY
'Dru kd a&pDoif½;kd qdwo f Ok ;f uG,af ysmufjcif;\ tusK;d quf[k ½Ijrif&ygrnf/
'Dru kd a&pDvYl tzGUJ tpnf;\ pHEeI ;f rsm;tay:tajccHNyD; oif½;kd udak &;qGjJ cif;?
i,f&, G o
f nhf rlvwef;tqihrf pS wifum ynma&;tqihw f ikd ;f wGif 'Dru kd a&pD
oabmw&m;wdYkukd taotcsmoifMum;avhusiafh y;jcif;? ausmif;wGi;f ESifh
ynma&;usihfpOfwdkYwGif 'Drdkua&pDudk tajcjyKxm;jcif;wdkY &Sdoihfygonf/
touf 40 ausmf vltrsm;pkBuD;onf 'Drdkua&pD,Ofaus;rIudk
pmoifausmif;ESifh &yf&mG wGi;f wGif w&m;0ifavhusifh oifMum;cGirfh &&Scd yhJ g/
uav;A[djk yKynma&;udv k nf; ausmif;om;b0wGif jzwfoef;cJzh ;l olrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ xdkYtwGuf ynma&;0efxrf; ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;
taejzihf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmw&m;ESifh tusit fh BuHwYku
d kd rnfoYkv d ufqihu f rf;
oifMum;ay;Edik yf grnfenf;/ oif½;kd nTe;f wrf; jynhpf aHk poihyf gonf/ oifwef;
wefzdk;wGif xif&Sm;apoihfonf/ pmoifcef;vufpGJrsm;? oifMum;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk jznhq f nf;ay;&rnf/ B.Ed bGUJ oifwef;rsm;ESifh ynma&;
aumvdyfwdkYwGif 'Drdkua&pDESihf jidrf;csrf;a&;udk r@dKifjyKxm;onhf q&m
twwfynm oif½dk;opfwdkYudkvnf; zefwD;a&;qGJ&ygOD;rnf/
bmoma&; tajcjyKxm;aom jynfoYl ew D o d if½;kd rQjzihf 'Dru kd a&pD
vlYtzGJUtpnf;? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfwdkYtwGuf rvkHavmufEdkifaMumif;
udv k nf; axmufjyvdyk gonf/ þtcsurf mS q,fpEk pS af v;pkausmjf zwfoef;
NyD;onhf vuf&t dS ajctaeuyif oufaojyaeygí tus,fr&Si;f awmhNyD/
aumif;rGefaom ½dk;&mpHwefzdk;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfaMumif;udkvnf;
 156 ynmEkdifiHawmf

rjiif;vdkyg/ odkYaomf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepftwGuf 'Drdkua&pDynma&;

tusihftBuHwdkYudk ydkrdkxif&Sm;apoihfonf[k okH;oyfygonf/
]]ta&;BuD;aom bmom&yfrsm;}} udk usL&Sif,lonhf ,Ofaus;rI
vTr;f rd;k aeonhf ynma&;pepfq;kd jzpfyg\/ 'Dru kd a&pDynm? jynfoYlew D Ed iS fh
Edik if aH &;odywHÜ Ykd ukd usL&Sirf ,lMujcif;rSm ta&;rBuD;onht f wGu?f pmar;yGJ
atmif&ef rvdktyfonhftwGuf? txifu&rjzpfonhftwGuf? tem*wf
wefz;kd ESifh tok;H r&So d nht
f wGu[ f k ,lqxm;Muygovm;/ toufaoG;aMum
ozG,f ta&;BuD;onf? r&Sdrjzpfavhvm&rnf[laom todtjrifwdkY
&&So d mG ;ap&ef ynma&;pepfwiG f wm0ef&adS eygaMumif; rD;armif;xd;k wifjy
vdkonf/ ynma&;0efBuD;XmeESihf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tjyif t&yfbuf
vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; (civil societies) \ yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGihfrSm
tc&musonf[lívnf; wifjyvdkygonf/
uav;oli,frsm;? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;\
vlrIb0rsm;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDwpfxyfwnf;? wpfom;wnf; usaejcif;onf
omvQif 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynftwGuf taocsmqkH;aom vrf;aMumif;jzpf
ygaMumif; ,kMH unfygonf/ jrefrmEkid if H wpfew H pfvsm;&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;?
aumvdyrf sm;ESifh wuúov kd yf nma&; tqihq f ihw f YkdwiG f oifMum;&efvt kd yf
aeao;onhf 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;oif½;kd udk t&Sed t f [kejf zihf taumiftxnf
azmf&ef tcsdefjzpfygaMumif; wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygonf/
armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif; 7 {NyDv 2013
 odef;Ekdif 157

b,faomtcgrQ t½IH;ray:onhf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSm ynma&;wGif

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzpfaMumif;?
a&wdk? a&&Snf tusKd;tjrwftrsm;qkH; u@jzpfaMumif;ESihf
vlxk\b0 t&nftaoG; wdk;wufa&;twGufyg
vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfaMumif;wdkYudk ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeonf
oifcef;pm eHygwfwpftaejzihf avhvmxm;oihfygaMumif;
tBuHjyKwifjyvdkonf/ 0efBuD;Xmeudk tpOftNrJ
ajcmufvSefYaeaom ynma&;wapäESpfaumifjzpfonhf
t&nftaoG;ESihf ta&twGufwdkYaMumihf
tukodkvfw&m;rsm;vnf; xyfrHí rwdk;yGm;apoihfyg/
 158 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynma&;tokH;p&dwfESihf 0efBuD;XmewGif;
wapäESpfaumif jyóem
ydkrdk us,favmifpGm aqG;aEG; ajymqdkaeMuNyDjzpfonhf ynma&;
u@ajymif;vJrw I iG f tpd;k &bufuvnf; tm;urcH ynma&;tok;H p&dwu f kd
wdk;jr§ihfjcif;ESihf t&nftaoG;twGuf pdk;&drfruif;jzpfrIrsm;udk aqG;aEG;
vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf BuKdqdk&rnf
jzpfaomfjim;vnf; trSefwu,f xda&mufatmifjrifEkdifaom ynma&;
pDrcH suf jzpfygovm;qdo k nhf ar;cGe;f udrk l trsm;jynforl sm;u pdw0f ifpm;
vsuf&SdaMumif; ynma&;0efBuD;Xme owdjyKoihfygonf/ txl;ojzihf
acwfynmwwfjzpfMuaom ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;ESifh rdbjynforl sm;u
0efBuD;Xme\ajymif;vJrI ajcvSr;f wdik ;f tm; apmihMf unhaf eonfukd rarhxm;
oihfyg/ rD'D,macwfjzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm ,cifumvrsm;rSmuJhodkY
wpfO;D wpfa,muf\ qk;H jzwfcsut f &jzpfap? wd;k wd;k wdww f w
d v
f yk af qmif
jcif;udkjzpfap vufcHEdkifMurnfr[kwfyg/ ynma&;wGif omíyGihfvif;
 odef;Ekdif 159

jrifomrIrsm;&Sdoihfonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
2012-2013 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ynma&;tokH;p&dwftwGuf 4
'or 13 &mcdik Ef eI ;f jzihf usyfoef;aygif; ajcmufoed ;f ausmf ok;H pGcJ iG &fh &Scd NhJ yD;
,ckvmrnhf ynmoifEpS f 2013- 2014 b@mESpt f wGuf usyof ef;aygif;
5 'or 84 &mcdik Ef eI ;f (usyo f ef;aygif; ud;k ode;f ausm)f udk ok;H pGcJ iG &fh &Srd nf
jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ þonfrmS ynma&;tok;H p&dwf 1 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmf
wdk;jrihfvmjcif; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; wdkif;jynf\ynma&; emwm&Snf
tusyt f wnf;jzpfaeonhf t&nftaoG;jyóemESifh ta&twGujf yóem
ESpf&yfpvkH;udk rnfrQtwdkif;twmtxd ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifygrnfenf;/
jrefrmhynma&;orm;BuD;rsm;\ okH;oyfa0zefrIrsm;udk vspfvsL
r½Ioihyf g/ 0rf;omp&mowif; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; ynma&;t&nftaoG;
wd;k wufrt I wGuf vkaH vmufaom &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS rI [kwaf Mumif;udk &efuek f
ynma&;wuúodkvf tjidrf;pm; 'kwd,ygarmu©csKyf OD;rsKd;wihfu okH;oyf
ygonf/
7 Day owif;XmeESihf awGUqkH&mwGif wuúodkvfwpfck\ pDrH^
b@mXme t&m&Sw d pfO;D uvnf; ,ckw;kd jr§ix fh m;onhf ynma&;bwf*suf
aMumihf ajymif;vJrIBuD;BuD;rm;rm;udk arQmfvihfír&EdkifaMumif; axmufjy
cJhonf/
armu©ynma&; tifwmAsL;wpfckwGif tajccHynmOD;pD;Xme\
nTefMum;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhol tjidrf;pm;q&mBuD; EdkifaiGodrf; (,ck
rGe'f rD u
kd a&pDygwD Ouú|) u ynma&;u@ wd;k wufajymif;vJapvdyk gvQif
bwf*suu f kd GDP \ 20 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txd wd;k jr§i&fh rnfjzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;
xm;ygonf/ tenf;qkH; 3 oef;cefYrQaom jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm
pmoifcef;tjyifbufwGif &SdaeqJjzpfaMumif; ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
owdcsyfoihfonf (,leDquf? 2006/ ausmif;tyfESHrI 2011)/
rnfow l Ykd\ ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jzpfygoenf;[lí ar;cGe;f xkwf
 160 ynmEkdifiHawmf

Mujcif;udk tjypf[lívnf; r½Ijrifoihfyg/ tokH;p&dwf 1 &mcdkifEIef;

wd;k jr§io
fh nhtf wGuf uav;ta&twGuf 1 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ? ynma&;t&nftaoG;
jzpfonhf q&mhprG ;f aqmif&nfEiS fh oif½;kd nGe;f wrf;acwfrrD w I Ykd 1 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
cefYrQ wd;k jrihvf mzG,&f m&SEd ikd yf gonf/ vdt k yfaeaom ynma&;tajymif;tvJ
odkY OD;wnfEdkifygrnfvm;/
b,faomtcgrQ t½IH;ray:onhf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSm ynma&;wGif
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzpfaMumif;? a&wdk? a&&Snf tusKd;tjrwftrsm;qkH; u@
jzpfaMumif;ESifh vlx\ k b0t&nftaoG; wd;k wufa&;twGuyf gvkyaf qmif
csufjzpfaMumif;wdkYudk ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeonf oifcef;pm eHygwfwpf
taejzihf avhvmxm;oihyf gaMumif; tBuHjyKwifjyvdo k nf/ 0efBuD;Xmeudk
tpOftNrJajcmufvSefYaeaom ynma&;wapäESpfaumifjzpfonhf t&nf
taoG;ESihf ta&twGufwdkYaMumihf tukodkvfw&m;rsm;vnf; xyfrHí
rwdk;yGm;apoihfyg/
jrefrmausmif;q&m q&mrtrsm;pk oDq[ kd pfa<u;aeaom uG,v f eG of l
tEkynm&Sif tOÆvDarmifarmif\ ]]ajymif;vJjcif;eJY vdkufa&TU&r,f...
ykaH oqd&k if aemufusoGm;NyDw}hJ } oDcsif;pmom;udk 21 &mpk jrefrmhynma&;
aqmifyk'ftaejzihf 0efBuD;Xmeonf wpf&ufvQif okH;BudrfcefY &Gwfzwf
o&Zös,o f ihyf gonf/ ynma&;0efBuD;Xme\ tcrf;tem;wdik ;f tydww f iG f
vnf; þuJo h Ykda<u;aMumfoo H ;Hk Budru
f kd &Gwq
f Mkd uygpdYk / ]]OD;aESmuftopfeYJ
rsKd;qufwpfqihfrSm... ykHoP²mefawG[m ajymif;vJcJhNyDwJh}}
ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeonf tdik u f sLa&m? tD;usLygredro fh ihaf wmhyg/
emrnfaumif;&vdkrIrsm;? ygwD\rJta&twGuf wdk;jr§ihfvdkrIrsm;?
0efBuD;Xme\ tGefayyg &DydkYaumif; xGufvma&;wdktwGufom vlxk
wpf&yfv;Hk ESifh wdu k ½f u
kd o
f ufqikd af eonhf ynma&;jyóemwdYkukd tok;H rcs
oihfyg/ vufawGUusonhf ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vdktyfcsufrsm;t&? q&m
q&mrrsm;ESihf uav;oli,fwdkY\ awmif;qdkaeaom toHrsm;? arQmfvihf
 odef;Ekdif 161

csufrsm;? cHpm;csufrsm;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; vkyfaqmifoihfygonf/

0efBu;D Xmeonh oifcef;pmeHygwfwpfukd ausnufpmG em;vnfoabmayguf
NyD;vQif vufawGUusaom (,ckxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm) ynma&;p&dwf
wdk;jr§ihfrIudk vkyfaqmifoihfygaMumif; wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/
The Voice Daily 18 arv? 2013
162 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jywdkufxJwGif csefxm;&pfvdkYr&onhf t&mrsm;pGmudk

rnfodkY vufqihfurf;Muygrnfenf;/
aemifrsKd;qufwdkYtwGuf awmwpfawmESihf
jrpfwpfpif;avmufawmh usef&Sdaeoihfygonf/
 odef;Ekdif 163

a&Munfwayguf? at;&dyfjrjr tarG

awmudkrSDíom vlom;rsKd;EG,fpk\,Ofaus;rI ordkif;c&D;&Snfudk
csDwufEdkifcJhMu\/ ÓPftvif;udkvnf; awmrSmyif &SmrSD;odjrifcJhavNyD/
]Owk&moD awmudkrSD\}} [laom a&S;vufaqmifuav;vnf; raysmuf
ysufpaumif;/ xdkYxuf tzdk;wefaom ynmtarGonfvnf; r&SdEdkifcJh/
&SifoefrItwGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;\ yif&if;vnf; jzpfonfrdkYwrkHY/
csKad om oD;udk ok;H aqmifae&ao;onhtf wGuf aus;Zl;wifyg\/
arT;MuLaom&eHYESihf A[kta&mif yef;vufaqmifwdkYtwGuf rdrdwdkYrSm
xyfwljyefray;Edkifyg/ Munfaom a&csKdaMumihfom trdEdkY&nfudkpdkYEdkif
cJo
h nf/ todYk aus;Zl;wkYH &ygrnfenf;/ oefYaomavESifh Nidr;f aomat;&dyf
qm,matmufwGif ynmc&D;qufcJhMujyefygonf/ aysmf&TifMunfEl;pGm
wlwlykef;wrf;upm;Edkifaom tcGihfta&;twGufvnf; aus;Zl;yg/
tyGihft&Gufrsm; qGwfcl;jcif;? opfoD;0vHrsm; ,lokH;jcif;ESihf
tudik ;f tcufrsm; csKd;zsuf½rHk ubJ yifpnfuv
kd nf;jzwfNyD; tjrpfygrusef
wl;qGckwfvSJMuolwdkY\ rdkufrJrI'Pfudk tm;vkH;cHpm;aeMu&NyD/ awmudk
 164 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ckwcf MhJ uonf/ awmifukd NzKdcsaeqJ/ jrpfwYkd\ vGwv f yfciG u

fh kd odr;f ,lcsif
jyefao;onf/
jrpfwdkYonhf rm,mrrsm;cJh/ raumufuspfcJh/ olronf pD;qif;½kH
rQom/
awmwdYkonfvnf; rvSnpfh m;wwfc/hJ rajcmufveS Yfc/hJ yHyh ;kd ½krH Qom/
oefYpifaom ½dk;&m*DwwdkYudk awmrSmzGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ pdwf\
½kefY&if;rIudkvnf; awmuajyavsmhapcJhonf/
jrpfwYkd aumonht f cg? awmwdYk uG,o f nht f cg0,f vlwYkd ½ikd ;f jy
vmMurnf/ uGeu f &pfawmwGif tb,fyef;wdYk &eHYarT;ygoenf;/ awm&Sd
ygrS Nidrf;csrf;a&;vnf; t&om&Sdrnf/ vlwdkY taqGig;BuD;rsm;? iSufi,f
rsm;ESihf om;&JwdkY\ em;cdk&m a&usif;? yifjrihf,HESihf *ltdrfwdkYonfvnf;
r&SdoihfNyDavm/
pdr;f nKdUaom awm&ifciG f aemufcEH iS fh jympifaom jrpf0rf;tdrw f YkdrS
arG;zGm;vmcJMh uonhf ynm&Sd OD;ZD;uGu?f qif½ikd ;f BuD;udk taygif;tazmfrsm;ESifh
nDnDnGwfnGwf tHwkckcHcJhonhf bDvkH;iSuf? uav;u,fq,fonhf
tHhzG,f 0efydkiSufBuD;rsm;? rwlaom ywf0ef;usifaMumihf tusihfpm&dwå
uGjJ ym;&Sm&onhf aus;nDaemif? opömw&m;BuD;rm;vGe;f vSol atmufcsi;f iSuf
armifESH? a&TOaom bJief;? ysm;zGyfonhf 0uf0HBuD;rsm;? oufu,f&dwf
oGm;aom a&T,ek Ef iS fh a&Tusm;? aus;Zl;odwwfonhf <uufi,fEiS fh jcaohrF if;?
a'gif;a,mifaqmifaom usD;? q,fvrGefig;rsm;ESihf BuKd;MumiSufwdkY\
rdik af xmifcsD tdrt f jyefc&D; ykjH yifZmwfvrf;wdYk ukd aiGvomaomnrsm;wGif
ukuúKdyifatmuf uGyfyspfay:ü tzGm;u ajymjycJhjcif;aMumihf rdrdwdkY
tawG;ÓPfESihf &ocHpm;rIwdkY pwifarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf/
awm\ ed*kH;? awmif\ ae0ifcsdefESihf pD;xGufoGm;awmhrnhf
jrpfwdkYESihftwl vufOD;q&mvnf;jzpfonhf cspfp&mh jrefrmrIykHjyif? uAsm
wdkYudk qkH;½IH;oihfyg\avm/
 odef;Ekdif 165

]]prf;acsmif;av; usOf;vSw,f
jrpfavmufol rus,f
yifv,fBuD;u tus,fqkH;
vIdif;awG w0kef;0kef;}}
i,fpOfawmifaus; t&G,u f wnf;u cHpm;odjrifciG fh ay;cJMh uol
q&m q&mrwdkYxHrS jrefrmha&ajrawmawmiftarGrSm taoG;tom;xJ
pdrhf0ifaecJhNyD/
]]awmifawm&,fom
rmvmu ikHzl;
wyifudk ESpfyif,Sufw,f
aus;iSufu jrL;}}
jywdkufxJwGif csefxm;&pfvdkYr&onhf t&mrsm;pGmudk rnfodkY
vufqihu f rf;Muygrnfenf;/ aemifrsKd;qufwYkd twGuf awmwpfawmESifh
jrpfwpfpif;avmufawmh usef&Sdaeoihfygonf/

jrpf{&m

jrom;i,fwJh a&,rkef/
aiGvdIif;awG jzLpGmESihf
jrpf{&m e'DaMumrSm
arsmMu'dkufykH/

usL0g;½kH wlpkHuGJU azmfaESm/

bkHrwD; &,fESihf
iSufBuD; a&T0efydkwdkY
0JcdkvdkY arQm/ /
 166 ynmEkdifiHawmf

todÓPfBuD;jrihfMu&ef tcsdefrsm;pGm raESmif;ao;yg/

tuREyfk w f Ykdtm;vk;H wGif qifjcifwwHk &m;vnf; &Sad eygao;onf/
awm\ oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;ESifh jrpfa&pD;oH\ zwfpmudk vspv f sLr½I
paumif;/
ordkif;ESpfaxmifcsDonhf &mZ0iftqufquf jrefrmwdkYudk a&csKd
Munfat; wdkufauR;cJhonhf xdkxdkaom rdcifjrpfBuD;rsm;\ aus;Zl;w&m;
udkvnf; apmfum;&ef pdwful;rQaomf rxm;avESihf/
tuREyfk wf Ykrd mS obm0udzk efw;D wnfaqmuf wkyjcif;iSmrpGr;f omí/
odkYaomf jyKpk,k,cGihfESihf xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufcGihfav;awmh
&Sdaeygao;onf/
aus;Zl;w&m;BuD;rm;olwYkd ukd jyefvnfaus;Zl;jyKjcif;wnf;? rarh
ravsmhjcif;wnf;[laom uwnKw? uwa0'D r*Fvmw&m;ESihftnD
&SifoefcGihfudk &,lMuoihfyg\/ avmuw¬p&d,udk usihfokH;onhf &Gmom;
wdYk\ Zmwdyn k ESifh tpOftvmudk qifjcifMuygpdYk/ xdx k ufyí kd BuD;jrihaf om
ÓPfynm r&SdNyDwnf;/
tzdk;tzGm;wdkY csefxm;cJhMuonhftwGuf rdrdwdkYonf pdrf;vef;
vwfqwfaom avESihf &SifoefEdkifcJhMuonf/ pdrhfBuD;? NrKdifBuD;wdkY\
&ifcGifwGif vkHNcHKpGmcdkem;cJhMu&onf/
arG;zGm;vmMuOD;rnhf rsKd;qufwdkYtwGuf NrKdUOD;? &GmOD;xdyfwGif
t&dyaf umif;aumif; refusn;f yifysKw d pfyifEiS fh at;pdrafh eaom a&csKMd unfjr
xnhfxm;onhf a&csrf;tdk;pifi,fav;wpfpifavmuf csef&pfxm;ay;cJh
MuygpdkY/
urÇmBuD;vnf; t&dyf&ygap/
armu©ynma&; r*¾Zif; trSwf (7)
 odef;Ekdif 167

þrdbrsm;rS vIHYaqmfrI&Sdaom ynmywf0ef;usifudk

tdrfwGifjzpfapjcif;ESihf t&nftaoG;rDaom
oif,lavhvmjcif; tawGUtBuHKwdkYudk
xdawGU&&Sdapjcif;jzihf uav;\ ÓPf&nfzGHUNzdK;vmap&ef
ysKd;axmifay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfxm;Muonf/
 168 ynmEkdifiHawmf

taumif;qkH; ausmif;
]]taumif;qkH;ausmif;qdkwm r&Sdao;bl;/ urÇmay:rSmvnf;
b,frSmrSudk r&SdcJhao;bl;}}

rdwfaqGrsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf vkyfazmfudkifzuf ausmif;q&m q&mr

rsm;u rMumcP þar;cGef;udk ar;jref;wwfMuygonf/ ]]'DNrKdU&JU
taumif;qkH; jrefrmausmif;u b,fausmif;vJ}} [lí jzpf\/ uRefawmf
uvnf; ,ckvdkyif tpOfjyefvnf ajzMum;wwfonf/ ]]taumif;qkH;
ausmif;qdw k m r&Sad o;bl;/ urÇmay:rSmvnf; b,frmS rSukd r&Scd ahJ o;bl;}}
tcsKdU Za0Z0gjzpfukefMuonf/ tcsKdUrSm rausreyf/ rdrd\ausmif;udkrS
taumif;qkH;[k ,lqxm;onhf rdbrsm;ESihf q&m q&mrrsm;rSmvnf;
rmefrcsEdkifao;/ uRefawmf xyfrH&Sif;jy&jyefonf/ ]]wu,fqdk&if rdb
awGa&m q&m q&mrrsm;yg ar;&r,hf ar;cGef;trSefu 'Dvdkyg/ jyefvSef
pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mvnf;ygNyD;? wefz;kd tm;jzihv f nf; ydt
k uJjzwf&ma&muf
ygrnf/ uav;awG? ausmif;om;awG[m tdrfrmS jzpfap? ausmif;rSmjzpfap
taumif;qkH;aom oif,lavhvmrI tawGUtBuHKawGudk &&Sdae&JUvm;}}
 odef;Ekdif 169

vufawGUrusaom arQmfvihfcsuf
rdbrsm;\ cHpm;csurf sm;ESifh cH,cl suw f Ykdukd em;vnfay;Edik yf gonf/
ausmif;tay:wGif olwdkYu þodkY (vGJrSm;pGm) ½IjrifwwfMuonf/
]]uav;\ atmifjrifrIESihfywfoufNyD; ausmif;rSm vkH;0wm0ef&Sdonf/
taumif;qk;H ausmif;onf tjcm;ausmif;rsm;xuf ydrk x kd ad &mufpmG vkyaf qmif
EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf}} rdbrsm;od&Sdoihfonhf ta&;BuD;aomtcsufwpfcsufudk
axmufjyvdkayonf/ arSmfq&m\ yOövufynmrsKd;jzihf ausmif;rsm;onf
atmifjrifonfh vlom;wdYk ukd tqifajyacsmarGUpGmyif arG;xkwaf y;Edik jf cif;
r[kwfyg/ qef;ppfMunhfMuygpdkY/ ]]taumif;qkH;ausmif;}} [k ,lqonhf
ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufaeMuonhf uav;rsm;pGmwdYkrmS ausmif;vTwv f Qif
vTwcf si;f yif usL&Sif odYkr[kwf tydck sed rf sm;odYk ajy;Mu&jyefonf/ wpfaeYwm
ausmif;wGif avhusihfoifMum;xm;onfwdkYudk xyfrHavhvmcGihf&&SdMu
jcif;yif/ tcsdefydkrsm;pGmay;NyD; usL&Sifwufa&mufMu&onhf tavhudk
tm;ay;vdkí ajymjyjcif;r[kwfyg/ uav;rsm;avhusihfcGihf ydkrdk&&Sdonhf
oabmudk axmufjyjcif;ESifh tdrrf w S m0ef,El ikd rf u
I kd em;vnfapvdí k jzpfonf/
b0wGif atmifjrifaom? tqifajyaomolrsm; jzpfvmap&ef
twGufrSm ausmif;wpfckwnf;ESihf rvkHavmufEdkifyg/ þtcsufudk
em;rvnfEdkifonhf rdbrsm;rSm ausmif;rsm;onf olwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk
xifay:ausmMf um;onhf yk*K¾ v d rf sm;jzpfonhf tJvAwftikd pf wdik ;f ? bDv*f w d f
ESifh befumvfqefwYkduo hJ Ykd arG;xkwaf y;rnf[í l jzpf\/ rdbrsm;ud, k wf ikd f
uav;rsm;ESihf tcsdef,lNyD; ynma&;yHhydk;rItaejzihf uav;wpfOD;csif;
twGuf tcsdefay;Muyg\avm/
 170 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;rydkYrDu rdbtdrf
ynma&;okawoeavhvmawGU&Srd rI mS rl pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f maumif;
vSygonf/ ynma&;wGif xl;cRefatmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;\ rdb
rsm; (q&m q&mrrsm;r[kwfyg) onf uav;\ÓPf&nf? udk,fydkif
pnf;urf;? cH,cl sufEiS fh todynmwd;k yGm;aponhf pl;prf;avhvmvdrk w I Ykd EiS fh
ywfoufNyD; oihw f ihaf omtawG;tjrif &Sx d m;Muolrsm;om jzpfMuukeo f nf/
þrdbrsm;rS vIYH aqmfr&I adS om ynmywf0ef;usifukd tdrw f iG jf zpfapjcif;ESifh
t&nftaoG;rDaom oif,lavhvmjcif; tawGUtBuHKwdkYudk xdawGU&&Sdap
jcif;jzihf uav;\ ÓPf&nfzGHUNzdK;vmap&ef ysKd;axmifay;Edkifonf[k
,kHMunfxm;Muonf/ oli,fwef;rpwifrDuwnf;uyif uav;\
oif,al vhvmrI c&D;vrf;twGuf rdbrsm;u wufwuf<u<upDpOfMuonf/
(pmBuKo d ifay;jcif;udk rqdvk ykd g/) uav;\ rlBuKb d 0ynma&;ESifh oihaf wmfrI
&Sdaom yHhydk;rIwdkYudk pdwf0ifwpm;vkyfaqmifMu\/
xl;cRefxufjrufaom uav;rsm;\ rdbrsm;onf uav;\
atmifjrifrIrSm rdbrsm;ESihf tdrfwGif;ynma&;yHhydk;rI tajctaersm;tay:
ydrk w
kd nfraDS eonf[al om rSeu f efonht
f jrifukd cH,x
l m;Muolrsm;yifwnf;/
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;wdYkwiG f t"dutm;jzihf
rlrwnf[kvnf; (rSefuefpGmyif) ½Ijrifxm;Muonf/ uav;ynm&nf
wdk;wufrIrSm rdbrsm;\ pepfwus? ykHrSefulnDyHhydk;rI? yg0ifaqmif&GufrI
aMumiho f m &&SEd ikd o
f nf[vk nf; em;vnfxm;Muolrsm;yif uav;rsm;\
tjyKtrl? tusihfESihf ynma&;vdkufpm;rIwdkYtay: vrf;wnhfay;jcif;?
ulnDrI&Sdjcif;aMumihf tusKd;rsm;aom? oif,lavhvmvdkaom? oifvG,f
wwfvG,faom tavhtxaumif;rsm;? ywf0ef;usifaumif;rsm;udk
jzpfxGef;aponf/
 odef;Ekdif 171

twk,lp&m
tD'pfpwefEiS fh ½koaf vm&efYpw f Ykd \ tawGUtBuHKrsm;rSm þodYk yif
wnf;/ i,fpOfuyif tvGefxl;cRef xufjrufMuonf/ atmifjrifrIrsm;
&&SdcJhMuonf/ yk*¾Kdvfxl;? yg&rD&SifrsKd;½dk;uawmhvnf; r[kwfMuyg/
i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0rSm uwnf;uyif rdbrsm;\ Muifem,k,rIEiS fh
ynma&;tm;ay;rI? oGefoifrIwdkYaMumihf tD'pfESihf ½kofwdkY\ ÓPf&nfESihf
OD;aESmufzGHUNzdK;rIwdkYtwGuf rsm;pGmta&;ygcJhavonf/
e,l;a,mufNrKUd rS zcifjzpfol tm&Gepf wefonf orD;jzpfot l 'D pfukd
ynma&;twGuf vIYHaqmfrt I aumif;qk;H jzpfrnhf ywf0ef;usiu f kd zefw;D xm;
ay;cJhavonf/ tD'pfarG;uif;puwnf;uyif *E¦0ifaw;*DwudkwD;cwf
ay;NyD; em;qifaponf/ vlBuD;vlaumif;pum;rsm; a&G;cs,fajymqdo k nf/
ykHjyuwfjym;rsm;tokH;jyKNyD; pum;vkH;opfrsm;udk aeYpOfavhusihfoifMum;
ay;onf/
þodkY yHhydk;rI? xdawGUaprI? avhusihfay;rIESihf vIHYaqmfrIrsm;\
tusKd;quftaejzihf toufwpfESpft&G,frSmyif 0guspmaMumif;rsm;udk
jynhjf ynhpf pHk Hk ajymqdEk ikd cf o
hJ nf/ ig;ESpt
f &G,w f iG f b&pfweD u D mpG,pf u Hk sr;f
twGt J m;vk;H udk zwf½NI yD;pD;avNyD/ 6ESpo f rD;t&G,w f iG f e,l;a,mufwikd ;f rf
owif;pmESihf pmtkyf 6 tkyfudk aeYpOfzwf½Iawmhonf/ touf 12 ESpf
wGif aumvdyw f ufciG &fh &Scd NhJ yD; touf 15 ESpt f &G,w f iG f rpf&*DS efjynfe,f
wuúodkvfwGif tqifjrihfocsFmjyq&mrwpfOD; jzpfaeavNyD/
aemufxyfwpfOD;rSm t*FvefrS ½kofavm&efYpfjzpf\/ rdbrsm;rS
tdrfwGif;ynma&; ywf0ef;usifaumif;udk zefwD;xm;&Sday;cJhonf/
aw;*Dw? uav;ynma&; upm;p&mypön;f rsm;ESifh ynma&;avhvmrIrsm;udk
&&SdcJhonf/ udk;ESpft&G,fwGif uif;b&pf O Level pmar;yGJudk ajzqdk
atmifjrifcJhavonf/ ykHrSef 16 ESpft&G,frsm;om 0ifa&mufajzqdkonhf
pmar;yGJjzpf\/ 10 ESpf orD;t&G,fwGif A Level atmifjrifcJhNyD;
 172 ynmEkdifiHawmf

atmufpzdYk 'w
f uúov
kd o
f Ykd touf 12 ESpf t&G,w
f iG f wufa&mufciG &fh &Scd hJ
onf/

rdbrsm;rS ar;oihfonhf ar;cGef;

þjzpfpOfESpfckpvkH;wGif ynma&;atmifjrifrI? xl;cRefrIwdkYrSm
tdrfrStpjyKjcif;ESihf i,fpOfuwnf;uyif tcGihftvrf;&&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpf
aMumif; awGUjrif&ygrnf/ ausmif;rSyHhydk;ulnDrIjzihf atmifjrifrI&&Sdrnfudk
apmihfpm;arQmfvihfaernhftpm; jrefrmrdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifyif
tdrrf t
S pysK;d ulnyD yhH ;kd rIay;&ef txl;ta&;Bu;D onfukd odjrifem;vnfoih\ f /
txl;ojzihf ynma&;wefzdk;rsm; usqif;ae&onhf þumv0,f tdrfESihf
rdbwdYk \ tcef;u@rSm uav;i,f\ tem*wfynma&;twGuf ydí k yif
tc&musaeawmhonf/ rdbjzpfonhf rdrdwdkYtydkif;\ txl;ta&;ygrIudk
oabmaygufvo S ihyf gonf/ þwGif rdbrsm;rS yxrqk;H ar;cGe;f xkwo f ihf
onfrSm þodkYjzpfoihfonf r[kwfygvm;/]]ausmif;q&m q&mrawGeJY
ausmif;&JUwm0ef&rdS u I kd rajymcifrmS wdYk&UJ uav;ynma&; atmifjrifrt
I wGuf
tdrfuaeNyD;awmh wdkYudk,fwdkifwm0ef,lzdkY tqifoihfjzpfMu&JUvm;}}
rZÑdrowif;pm? &efukef 2014
 odef;Ekdif 173

odkYjzpfygí vGJacsmfaeaom tydkif;rSm ]OD;acgif;udk}

tokH;jyKoif,ljcif; (Heads-on Learning) yif
jzpfawmhonf/ ]vufawGU} awmh vkyfaqmifyg\/
]OD;acgif;} udkrl okH;&efroifMum;cJhyg/ ESpfumvMumjrihfpGmyif
ynma&;wGif þtydkif;udk trSwfwrJhyifxm;&SdcJhonf/
vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf
tvkyf½IyfaecJhjcif;aMumihfvnf;jzpfonf/
 174 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tokH;rjyKao;wJh OD;aESmufrsm;
]]ausmif;ynma&;rSm vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsuf oifcef;pmawG
yg&Sv
d maomfvnf; OD;aESmufukd tok;H jyK&efvnf; oifMum;oihyf gonf}}

q&m q&mrrsm; vkyif ef;cGit f &nftcsi;f jr§ifh oifwef; in-service

course wpfcktwGuf jrefrmjynf e,fpGefe,fzsm; þa'oodkY uRefawmf
c&D;xGufvmcJhygonf/ e,fajra'o A[kokw&ojzihfvnf;aumif;?
,cif q&mtwwf ynmoifwef;rsm;wGif wufa&mufcJhbl;oltcsKdUudk
jyefawGU&ojzihfvnf;aumif;? tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk rQa0cGihf? avhvmcGihf&
onht f wGuv f nf;aumif; tusK;d rsm;aom c&D;ygay/ trsm;pkrmS oifMum;
enf;topfrsm;? vufawGUoifcef;pm (activities based learning) rsm;udk
jyifqif&í rtm;vyfatmif&Sdae&aMumif;? odkYaomf uav;rsm; wuf<u
aysmf&TifrI&SdaMumif; ponfjzihf aqG;aEG;wifjyMuavonf/
q&mtwwfynmoifwef;rsm;wGif oifwef;ol? oifwef;om;wdik ;f
oifcef;pmrsm;pGmudk vufawGUjyifqifjcif; (lesson planning) udk tawmf
 odef;Ekdif 175

rsm;rsm; bmom&yfwdkif;twGuf avhvmvkyfaqmifMu&ygonf/ Lesson

plan wGiv f nf; acwfraD omoifenf;rsm;t& vufawGUvkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk
xnho f iG ;f &rnf[k rlcsrwS í
f avhusiafh pcJo
h nf/ oifwef;om;rsm;taejzihf
vnf; OD;aESmufukd tpGr;f ukex f w
k o
f ;Hk &awmhonf/ olwYkd u, kd w f ikd zf efw;D
xm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;wGif pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m vufawGUvkyaf qmifcsuf
rsm;jzihf tm;&p&maumif;onfrSm trSefyif/
ynma&;ynm&Sif Jean Piaget \ odrzI UHG NzdK;rIot
D &kd ED iS fh wGzJ ufí
vufawGU oifcef;pmrsm;udk olwYkdavhvmMujcif;jzpf\/ ynm&Sio f ak woD
Howard Gardner \ ÓPf&nftaxGtaxGot D &kd t
D & oifcef;pmwdik ;f wGif
ÓPf&nfrsm;twGuf jyifqifay;oihaf Mumif;udv k nf; olwYkd o&d MdS uonf/
þodkYjzihf oifwef;umv NyD;qkH;NyD;aemufydkif; rdrdwdkYt&yfa'o
toD;oD;wGif ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;taejzihf wm0ef,lMu&onhftcg
wGifvnf; activities rsm;udk oifcef;pmrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;vmMuonf/
]]udk,fwdkifyg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzihf oif,lavhvmjcif;}} [laom uav;
A[dkjyKynma&; aqmifyk'fudkvnf; NrJNrJudkifpGJum vufawGUrsm;pGmudk
pmoifcef;wGif tokH;jyKvmyg\/ tvGwfusufrSwfjcif; tavhrsm;
wpfpwpfp uG,faysmufvmonfrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;ynma&; wdk;wufrI
jy,k*w f pfc/k vufawGUvkyaf qmifcsurf sm;yg&Sad om oifcef;pmrsm;aMumihf
wuf<uaom pmoifcef;rsm; jzpfvmonfrSmawmh trSefyif/ odkYaomf
ynma&;qdkif&m wpfpkHwpfck vGJacsmfaejyefNyD[k cHpm;odjrihfcGihf&&SdcJhaom
c&D;jzpfcyhJ gonf/ vufrsm;jzihaf wmh awGUyg\/ OD;acgif;rsm;jzihaf &m awGUjrif
Muyg\avm/

odrIqdkif&m t,ltq
ynma&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif *si;f yD,a*s; (Jean Piaget) onf
odrzI UHG NzdK;wd;k wufro D &kd D (cognitive development) jzihf emrnfausmfol
I t
 176 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jzpf\/ tjcm;olrsm;xuf xl;jcm;onfrmS olYtaejzihf odrq I ikd &f mvkyaf qmif

csufrsm;onf b0tawGUtBuHKrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeonf[lí
,kMH unfojl zpfonf/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf tawGUtBuHKrsm;avav pOf;pm;
awG;awmrI ydkaumif;avavjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
omrefrQom xdawGU&jcif;udu k m; yD,a*s;taejzihf qdv k o kd nfr[kwaf cs/
ta&twGufxuf t&nftaoG;tm;jzihf pkaqmif;xm;&Sdaom
tawGUtBuHKrsm;omvQif odrIudk ododomom wdk;wuf aponf/
odYkjzpfav&m pOf;pm;awG;awmrI vGepf mG aumif;olwpfO;D onf tawGUtBuHK
tm;jzihf trsm;qkH; jzpfcsifrS jzpfygrnf/ “prwfusaomol” [kqdk&m0,f
ol\udk,fydkif tawGUtBuHK tenf;i,f yifjzpfapumrl ol\ wdk;wufrI
twGuf tpOftNrJyif tokH;jyKwwfolyifjzpfonf/ rwlnDaom
tawGUtBuHK tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk vdrm® yg;eyfpmG qufpyfNyD; t"dygÜ ,f&adS om
odem;vnfrI jzpfap&ef tm;xkwjf cif;jzpf\/ þodYk jzihf jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;?
tajctaersm;ESihf t,ltq rsm;udk odjrif em;vnfvmEdkifonf/

vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf oifMum;jcif;
(Hands-on Learning)
yD,a*s;\ odrzI UHG NzdK;rI oDt&kd t
D ay:wGif em;vnfrv I rJG mS ;olwYkdu
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ud, k w f ikd v
f ufawGU oif,al vhvmapjcif;udk tav;xm;
Muonf/ 1990 jynhfvGefESpfrsm;wGif txl;xif&Sm;cJh\/ udk,fwdkif
awGUBuHKavhvmjcif; t,ltq (vkyfaqmifcsufjzihf oif,ljcif;) udk
tm;ay;cJhMuavonf/ xdkpOfu ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lavhvmaeaom
t,ltqrsm;udk wdu k ½f ukd af wGUBuHKapjcif; (awGUBuHKEikd af p&ef tcGit fh vrf;rsm;
zefwD;ay;jcif;) jzihf oifMum;jcif;udk t"duxm;&SdcJhonf/ rnfodkYrnfykH
jyKvky&f rnfukd q&mu o½kyjf yNyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;rS xyfwv l u
kd v
f yk f
apjcif;jzpfonf/ "mwfcGJjcif;tcsdefyg&Sdaom odyÜHoifcef;pmrsm;wGif
 odef;Ekdif 177

þykpH rH mS orm;½d;k usyif jzpfavonf/ tjcm;aom bmom&yfrsm;jzpfonhf

vlraI &;? ocsFmESifh bmompum;oifcef;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; þykpH ?H þenf;
twdkif;yif jzpfvmonf/
q&m q&mrrsm;rS oifcef;pmwdkif;udk ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf
vufawGUvkyfaqmif oif,lEdkifap&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
twwfEdkifqkH; BuKd;pm;xnhfoGif;jcif;jzpfonf/ i,f&G,faom rlvwef;
tqihfrsm;rSpwifum vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm vGefpGmta&;BuD;
vmawmhonf/

vGJacsmfaeaom tydkif;
ausmif;om;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifcdkif;onhf vufawGU
avhvmvkyaf qmifapjcif; (hands-on learning) jzihf oif,al vhvmjcif;rSm
rSm;,Gi;f onf[k rqdv k ykd g/ ]]ud,k w
f ikd yf g0ifvyk af qmifjcif;}} [líqd&k m0,f
ywf0ef;usi&f dS ½kyyf ikd ;f ESifh vlraI &;yuwdt&Sw d &m;rsm;udk wdu k ½f u
kd af wGUBuHK
apíjzpfap? xdawGUqufqaH pjcif;jzihjf zpfap tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk pkaqmif;
&&Sdapjcif;[k qdkvdkygonf/ þodkYxdawGUrIESihf qufqHjcif;rSm b0ESihf
qufpyfaeaom t&mtm;vkH;udk odjrifem;vnfap&ef taxmuftuljyK
Edkifonf/ trSefwu,fwGifvnf; pdwåZqefaom pOf;pm;awG;awmrIrSm
vufawGUusaom vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;\ &v'ftaejzihf zGUH NzdK;vmjcif;yif/
pdwåZqefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;odjrif em;vnfvmjcif;
jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif ]]vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufjzihf oif,ljcif; (learning
by doing)}} enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKykHESihf oifenf;rSm;,Gif;jcif;aMumihf
ynma&;wGif jyóemjzpf&avonf/ ody?HÜ yx0D0ifEiS fh ordik ;f oifcef;pm
rsm;wGif pDrHudef;oifcef;pmrsm;ESihf tcsdef,lvkyfaqmif&aom tao;pm;
okawoeoifcef;pmrsm;udk ausmif;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKvmMuonf/ odYkaomf
 178 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif; odkYr[kwf (awG;awm&eftwGuf pOf;pm;jcif;

meta-cognition) udkrlum; þoifcef;pmrsm;rS rjznhfqnf;ay;EdkifcJhyg/
q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;rS aemufq;Hk &v'fu&kd &Sad p&ef vkyaf qmifcsuf
rQomjzpf\/ oifcef;pmOD;wnfcsufrsm;udk aygufajrmufap&eftwGuf
OD;wnfonf/ oifMum;jcif;enf;udkum; jynhfjynhfpkHpkH rpOf;pm;cJhMuyg/
bm ]]vkyf}} &rnfudk nTefMum;aomfvnf; b,fvdk ]]awG;}} &rnfudkum;
roifMum;cJhyg/
odkYjzpfygí vGJacsmfaeaomtydkif;rSm ]]OD;acgif;udk}} tokH;jyK
oif,ljcif; (heads-on learning) yif jzpfawmhonf/ ]]vufawGU}} awmh
vkyfaqmifyg\/ ]]OD;acgif;}} udkrl okH;&efroifMum;cJhyg/ ESpfumvMum
jrihpf mG yif ynma&;wGif þtydik ;f udk trSww f rJyh ifxm;&Scd o hJ nf/ vufawGU
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf tvkyf½IyfaecJhjcif;aMumihfvnf; jzpfonf/
ausmif;rsm;wGif awGUjrifae&wke;f yif/ rlvwef;pmoifcef;rsm;rS pwifum
vufawGUvkyaf qmifcsurf sm; oufoufjziho f mvQif oif,al pjcif;jzpfonf/
uav;rsm;udk oifMum;a&;ESihf wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap
qufpyfaeaom vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfcdkif;jcif; jzpfonf/
ausmif;rsm;rS þenf;jzihaf vhusijfh cif;onf t,ltqrsm;? todynmrsm;udk
od&Sdem;vnfaprnf[k ,kHMunfxm;Mujyefonf/ tvdktavsmufyif
&&Srd nf[k ,lqMu\/ &Si;f jy&ef cufcv J oS nhf odrjI zpfpOfrsm; (cognitive
process) twdkif; uav;rsm;taejzihf vufawGUrSwpfqihf oifMum;Edkif
rnf[v k nf; arQmfvihx
f m;&So d nf/ þonfrmS tpOftNrJ rrSeu f efEikd yf g/
vufawGUvkyaf qmifjcif;ESifh OD;acgif;tok;H jyKjcif;udk aygif;pyfyg/
(vGefcJhaom ESpfwpf&mausmf 19 &mpk pufrIacwfOD;ydkif;u)
acwfpm;cJah om ]]tvGwu f surf w S jf cif;}} ESifh puf½yk q
f efpmG ]]pmar;yGrJ sm;wGif
rSwrf o d rQukd jyefvnfxw k Ef wk af jzqdjk cif;}} tavhtusix fh uf ]]vufawGU
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf avhvmoif,ljcif;}} rSm tykHBuD; jcm;em;onfrSm
 odef;Ekdif 179

rSeyf g\/ 21 &mpk todynmacwfwiG rf u l m; rvkaH vmufao;yg/ ]]pOf;pm;

awG;awmaeaom}} urÇmBuD;udk &ifqikd Ef ikd &f eftwGuf jrefrmuav;rsm;udk
jyifqifay;&m0,f bufpyHk nma&;twGuv f nf;aumif;? pOf;pm;awG;awmrI
pGrf;&nfjrihfrm;apa&;twGuf vnf;aumif;? wpfOD;csif;\ arG;&mygADZ
ÓPf&nfrsm; rysupf ;D apa&;twGuv f nf;aumif; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
vkyaf qmif&efrmS ta&;wBuD; vdt k yfavonf/ t"dutm;jzihf ]]vufawGU
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf oif,ljcif; Hands-on}} ESihf ]]OD;acgif;rsm;jzihf
pOf;pm;awG;awmoif,ljcif; Heads-on}} ESpfckpvkH;yg&Sdaom ynma&;udk
qdvk ykd gonf/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGif vufawGUvkyaf qmifcsufrsm;udk ]]rvkyf
aqmifr}D }? ]]vkyaf qmifaepOf}} ESifh ]]vkyaf qmifNyD;pD;}} onhf tcsdew
f ikd ;f wGif
uav;rsm;tm; ]]rnfodkYpOf;pm; awG;awm&rnfudk}} vnf; oifMum;ay;
&ygOD;rnf/
pOf;pm;awG;awm&if; oif,ljcif;jzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf tm;vkH;
pOf;pm;oihfygonf/
180 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uHqdk;wmwpfckuawmh ausmif;rSm atmifjrifrI(pm&zdkY)

qdkwmudkomvQif ydktav;xm;wwfMuNyD;
vlrIqufqHa&;tydkif;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;wwfMu
ygw,f/ tusKd;qufuawmh txD;usefqef&jcif;qdkwJh
&v'fqdk;udk ausmif;awGrSm awGUjrif&wmygbJ/ ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;trsm;pk[m txD;usefrIudk cHpm;Mu&wJhtwGuf
pmoif&mrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rvkyfaqmifEdkifwm[m
tHMop&mawmh r[kwfygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
olwdkYtwGuf b0eJYtquftpyfuif;rJhw,f?
t"dyÜm,frJhw,fvdkY cHpm;ae&vdkYjzpfw,f/ wpfurÇmvkH;rSmvnf;
txD;usefqefjcif;qdkwm[m ausmif;olausmif;om;awGxJrSm
rdrdudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifjcif;&JU t"dutaMumif;wpfckjzpfygw,f/
 odef;Ekdif 181

pmoifcef;twGif; txD;usefqefrI
ausmif;om;awG[m oD;oefYraeoihfyg
ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk vlom;[m ydkrdki,f&G,fNyD; jym;aewJhurÇmrSm
&Siof efMu&wmyg/ qdv k wkd muawmh tuGmta0;eJY tcsed u f mvuefYowf
csufawGukd ausmfjzwfEikd cf NhJ yD; vltcsif;csif;qufqaH &;awG? t"dymÜ ,f&w
dS hJ
aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIawGudk wpfurÇmvkH;rSm&SdwJh vlawGeJY jyKvkyfvmEdkifygNyD/
odkYayrJh wpfOD;csif;taeeJY vltrsm;pkBuD;[m txD;usefqefjcif;ESihf
ab;z,fxm;jcif;udk cHpm;aeMu&wkef;yg/
qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmawG wdk;wufxGef;um;vmaeygvsufeJY
bmaMumihf vlom;tcsif;csif; qufqHa&;awGrSm ydkvdkYxdxda&mufa&muf
rjzpfvmao;wmygvJ/ vlawGukd pkppk nf;pnf; twlwuG&adS eapoihrf ,hf
tpm; urÇmvkH;qdkif&mzGHUNzdK;rI[m vlawGudk a0;uGmaeap&wmvJ/

txD;usefqefrI yvdyfa&m*g
vlom;wpfO;D wnf; oD;oefYaevdYkrjzpfb;l ? vl[m vlraI &;owå0g
jzpfw,fqdkwmawGudk uRefawmfwdkY taotcsmem;vnfxm;NyD;om;yg/
 182 ynmEkdifiHawmf

odkYaomfvnf; pm&if;Z,m;awGt& uRefawmfwdkY&JU rsufarSmufacwf

vlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f u vlYtvTmtqihq f ihw
f ikd ;f rSm txD;usefqefr[
I m
tawmhfudk ysHUESHvdkYaew,fvdkY od&w,f/ txl;ojzihfawmh ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awGrSmyg/ txD;usefqefjcif;qdkwm t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom vlrI
qufqaH &;rjzpfxeG ;f wJt h cgrSm &&Swd chJ pH m;csuf&,fvYkd qdyk gw,f/ ysif;&d
av;wGJUrIeJY &nfrSef;csufuif;rJhrIawG wGJzufvdkYygaewwfygw,f/
odyfrMumcifrSmbJ txD;usefqefaewJhol[m aeYpOfvkyfief;
aqmifwmawG? ykHrSefvnfywfaerIawGudk vkyfaqmifzdkY pdwfvufrygjzpf
vmawmhw,f/ bmjzpfvYkd vq J akd wmh t"dymÜ ,f&rdS eI YJ ta&;ygrI aysmufq;Hk
aevdkYyg/ wjznf;jznf;eJY rdrd&JUtm;enf;csufawGtwGuf rdrdudk,fudkbJ
tjypfzdkYvmawmhw,f/ rdrd&JU txD;usefqefaerItay:rSm tjcm;olawG
uvnf; pmempdwfr&Sd? em;vnfrIray;Edkif? onf;rcHEdkifawGjzpfvmNyD/
'DvdkeJYbJ ydkNyD;awmha0;uGm? txD;usefqefvm&jyefw,f/

jzpf&wJh taMumif;&if;rsm;
t&Sed Ef eI ;f xm;odyu
f kd jrefqefaewJh ,aeYurÇmrSm t&nftaoG;eJY
uRr;f usirf ?I wwford [ I m xyfwu l saeNy;D xkwv
f yk rf I pGr;f tm;tjrihrf m;qk;H udk
tcsdefwdktwGif;vkyfaqmifEdkifwJh enf;vrf;toacsFudk wDxGifazmfxkwfcJh
ygNyD/ 'DjzpfpOftwGi;f rSmyJ uReaf wmfwYkd[m tjcm;olawGeYJ xdawGUqufqH
&rIawG? ,Ofaus;rIul;vl;zvS,fqufqH&rIawG tcGihfta&;rsm;pGmudk
paw;ypfvdkuf&ygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzihf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; vlYtodkif;
t0dkif;rSm aumufyJoD;ESH &dwfodrf;csdefqdkwm[m twlwlpkaygif;vkyfudkif
Mu&w,f/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfwJh rdom;pkawGudk ulnDay;zdkY
&GmvkH;uRwfxGufvmMuw,f/ NyD;NyDqdkwmeJY aumuf&dwfyGJawmf&,fvdkY
qif,ifusi;f yMujyefw,f/ tawGUtBuHKawGzvS,Mf u? ajymqdak qG;aEG;Mu?
aw;oDcsif;awGoDusL;Mu? ½dk;&mtuawGuckefMu? ykHjyifZmwfvrf;awG
 odef;Ekdif 183

ajymjyMueJYaygh/ twdck sKyaf jym&&ifawmh vlawGtcsi;f csi;f t"dymÜ ,fjynh0f wJh

vlrIqufqHa&;awG trsm;BuD;jzpfxGef;cJhwmyg/ 'DvdkvlYtzGJUtpnf;rSm
txD;usefqefjcif;qdw k m rMum;cJb h ;l wJh pum;vk;H &,fyg/ uRefawmfwYkd &UJ
rsufarSmufacwfrSmawmh qefYusifbufjzpfaeygNyD/

ausmif;ESihf pmoifcef;twGif; txD;usefqefjcif;

ausmif;awG[mvnf; vnfywfwEhJ eI ;f xm;jrefqefwhJ tajctaeudk
a&mufaeNyD/ ykpH uH saewJah usmif;awGrmS wpfaeYwmudk acgif;avmif;xd;k wmeJY
pwifr,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh bmom&yfwpfckNyD; wpfckudk wduswJhtcsdef
Z,m;eJY oifMum;r,f/ Mum;xJrmS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGukd teD;uyf
apmihfMuyfMunhf½IwJh tm;vyfcsdefawG&Sdw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh acgif;
avmif;xdk; ausmif;vTwfawmhw,f/
q&m q&mrawGa&m? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGyg tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSeaf jymqdak qG;aEG;wJ?h oufaomiho f ufom&Swd hJ qufqaH &;ykpH aH wG
twGuf tcsed rf ay;Edik Mf uygbl;/ ud, k wfh m0ef? olYwm0efawGukd owfowf
rSwfrSwfxm;&Sdw,f/ wdwdususxm;&SdwJh ykHpHxJrSm (q&mtvkyf?
ausmif;om;tvky)f ud, k t fh vkyuf ,
kd vf yk zf Ykad vmufuo kd m tm½kpH u kd Mf uw,f/
vkyv
f nf;vkyMf uygw,f/ rvdv k m;tyfwhJ &v'fawGeYJ tjypfay;ta&;,lc&H rI
awGudk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifzdkYvdkwmudk;/
uHq;kd wmwpfcu k awmh ausmif;rSm atmifjrifrI (pm&zdYk) qdw k mudk
omvQif ydtk av;xm;wwfMuNyD; vlrq I ufqaH &;tydik ;f udk vspv f sL½Ixm;
wwfMuygw,f/ tusK;d qufuawmh txD;useq f ef&jcif;qdw k hJ &v'fq;kd udk
ausmif;awGrSm awGUjrif&wmygbJ/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;trsm;pk[m
txD;usefrIudk cHpm;Mu&wJhtwGuf pmoif&mrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef
rvkyaf qmifEikd wf m[m tHMop&mawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ bmjzpfvYkdvq J akd wmh
olwYkd twGuf b0eJYtquftpyfuif;rJw h ,f? t"dymÜ ,frw hJ ,fvYkd cHpm;ae
 184 ynmEkdifiHawmf

&vdYkjzpfw,f/ wpfurÇmvk;H rSmvnf; txD;useq f efjcif;qdw

k m[m ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awGxrJ mS rdru
d , kd u
f kd tqk;H pD&ifjcif;&JU t"dutaMumif;wpfck
jzpfygw,f/

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk tBuHay;ESpfodrhfjcif;
wd;k wufajymif;vJvw kd hJ ausmif;awGrmS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&UJ
pdwfvIyf&Sm;cHpm;&rIawGeJY ywfoufvdkY xda&mufwJhtBuHjyK vrf;nTef
tpDtpOfawGukd xm;&SMd uygw,f/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&UJ txD;usef
qefwJh pdwfcHpm;rIudk yHhydk;ulnDay;EdkifzdkYjzpfygw,f/ ausmif;awGrSm
tywfpOf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f tkypf ik ,fwiG ;f awGUqkyH jJG zpfap?
wpfO;D csi;f awGUqkyH jJG zpfap pDpOfxm;&Sw d ,f/ tusipfh m&dwEå iS fh eDwzd UHG NzdK;rIawG
twGuf tBujH yKvrf;nTeo f al wG (a&SUaqmifvrf;nTeo f t
l aeeJY wm0ef,al y;wJh
q&m q&mrwpfOD;OD;) yg0ifavh&Sdw,f/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&JU
yk*v
¾ ESifh ynma&;&nfreS ;f csuaf wGukd aqG;aEG;Muwmyg/ aeYpOfBuKH awGUae&wJh
tjzpftysufawGudk aqG;aEG;jcif;? rdrd&JUpHwefzdk;awGudk owfrSwfjcif;?
vrf;nTefajymqdkolawGeJY ,kHMunfpdwfcs&wJh qufqHa&;udk wnfaqmuf
Mujcif;? vlrq I ufqaH &;pGr;f &nfawGukd ysK;d axmifavhusijfh cif;? vkyif ef;cGif
wGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf avhvmapjcif;? taumif;qkH;? tawmfqkH;
qdkwmudk t"dyÜm,fowfrSwf zGihfqdkjcif;? tjcm;olawG&JU taumif;qkH;?
tawmfq;Hk tcsuaf wGukd &SmazGavhvmMujcif;pwJh vkyaf qmifraI wGtwGuf
tcsdefay;vkyfMuygw,f/
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f jzpfap? q&m q&mrawGeYJjzpfap
t"dymÜ ,f&w dS hJ xdawGUqufqaH &;awGukd zefw;D xm;&Sad y;jcif;[m ausmif;wGi;f
txD;usefqefjcif;twGuf ukpm;&mrSm taumif;qkH;aq; jzpfygaMumif;/
 odef;Ekdif 185

tem*wfb0atmifjrifrIrSm pmwwf½kH? vkyfwwf½kH

wpfckwnf;jzihf rvkHavmufEdkifawmhygacs/ udpörsm;ajrmif
vlwdkYabmif\ oyGwftlozG,f ½IyfaxG;rI&Sdaom urÇmBuD;onf
vlom;wdkY\ arQmfvihfcsufrsm;ESihf &Sifoefjcif;t"dyÜm,fwdkYudk
aysmufqkH;apygvdrhfrnf/ukefqkH;apjcif;jzihf 'PfcwfayOD;rnf/
t&m&mwdkif;tay:wGif taumif;jrifoabmxm;ESihf
a,medaomreodum&
rxm;Edkifrcsif; cHpm;ae&ayvdrhfOD;rnf/
 186 ynmEkdifiHawmf

taumif;jrifoabmxm;udk
jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;
r,kHMunfEdkifp&mwpfckudk ajymjyygrnf/ ukefusp&dwfrsm;pGm
oufomNyD; cufc½J yI af xG;rIr&Sb d J ½du f ;l xm;onhf Slumdog Millionaire
k u
½ky&f iS u
f m;BuD;rSm atmfpumtu,f'rDqk &Spcf u k kd &&Syd ikd q
f ikd jf cif;yifjzpfyg\/
Munhf½Iol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmESihf Mum;emzl;aom aemufxyfoef;aygif;
rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;\b0wGif acszsufír&Edkifawmhaom oufa&mufrI
wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdaejcif;onfyifvQif þ½kyf&Sifum;ESihfywfoufí ajymp&m
jzpfawmhonf/ ½ky&f iS rf aS y;aom t"dutcsurf mS ]]taumifjrifoabmxm;}}
yifjzpfavonf/ b0ESihf qufpyfaeaompdefac:rIrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;pif;pif;yif
wifqufxm;jcif;rSm vlwdkYtaejzihf tcuftcJ? tusyftwnf;rsm;udk
owåjd zihf &ifqikd Ef ikd af p&efjzpfNyD; tem*wfukd taumif;jrifoabmxm;jzihf
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifEdkifap&ef þ½kyf&SifrS cGihfjyKxm;&Sdavonf/
 odef;Ekdif 187

taumif;jrif0g'a&m*g
[m;Awfwuúov kd w
f iG f jyKvyk cf ahJ om pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mtaMumif;
tcsif;t&mwpf&yfEiS fh oufqikd yf gonf/ [m;Awfwuúov kd w
f iG f tausmf
Mum;qkH;aom pmoifcef;rSm wpfywfvQif ausmif;om; 900 ausmfwuf
a&mufMuonhf wm;bif&mS vmtrnf&dS vli,fygarmu©wpfO;D \ ]]taumif;jrif
oabmxm;pdwfynm}} oifwef;yifjzpf\/ b0aysmf&TifrI? taumif;jrif
oabmxm;ESihf arQmfvihfcsufwdkYudk ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tawG;tjrif
vrf;&Smay;jcif;udk txl;jyKoifMum;jcif;yif/ pD;yGm;a&;oifwef;uJo h Ykdaom
aiGaMu;ydkrdk&&SdapNyD; csrf;om<u,f0vmatmif jyKvkyfenf;oifwef;rsm;
xufvnf; þoifwef;rSm vlydkpnfum;aeavonf/ vlrsm;taejzihf
usi0fh wfov D ESifh ppfreS af omNidr;f csr;f onhf taumif;jrifb0aeenf;wdYk ukd
aiGaMu;ESihf tvkyftudkifatmifjrifrIwdkYxuf ydkrdkwefzdk;xm;jcif;&SdaMumif;
jyoaejcif;vnf;rnfonf/

tb,faMumihf vdktyfygoenf;
ud,
k ?f pdw?f 0dnmOfo;Hk yg;pvk;H nDnw G rf Qwaejcif; tusKd;&v'f
aMumihf taumif;jrifoabmxm;&Sdolrsm;rSm ydkrdkusef;rma&;aumif;rGef
aMumif;udk okawoerSavhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ tjcm;wbufwGifrl tqdk;
jrif0g'Drsm;rSm touf&Snfjcif;uif;a0;jcif;? pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;jym;jcif;ESihf
atmifjrifrEI iS fh t"dymÜ ,f&adS omb0udk ydik q
f ikd &f &Srd rI S tvSr;f a0;jcif;wdYk jzihf
&ifqdkifae&onf/
ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; taumif;jrifoabmxm;&Sdol uav;ESihf
tqd;k jrifoabm;xm;&So d l uav;wdYk tMum;uGm[csurf mS odomxif&mS ;vS
ygonf/ tqd;k jrifoabmxm;&So d l uav;onf tpOftNrJyif rdru d ,kd u f kd
tok;H rusaMumif; ponfjzihf tEkwo f abmaqmifaom ajymqdrk &I w dS wfNyD;
rdrdudk,fudk tokH;rusol[k,kHMunfaeavonf/ þodkYcHpm;jcif;onf
 188 ynmEkdifiHawmf

atmifjrifrItwGuf BuKd;yrf;&efudkyif pdwfysuftm;avsmhaeavonf/

ol\pGrf;aqmif&nfrSm wdrfjrKyfzkH;uG,faeavawmhonf/ þtqdk;jrif
tawG;rsm; 0uFbmaxmifacsmufESihf twlwGJzufaewwfonhf tjyKtrl
wdkYudk pGefYypf&efjiif;qefNyD; 0efav;aejcif;aMumihfyif jzpf\/
tHhMozG,f&maumif;onfrSm ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ pdwftajc
taerSm þodYkjzpfaejcif;yifwnf;/ tqd;k jrifoabmxm;&Sjd cif;rSm Edik if o H m;?
vlrsK;d ? rsK;d EG,pf ?k vlrpI ;D yGm;qiht
f wef;ESifh vdiu
f jJG ym;rIwYkdEiS fh roufqikd yf g
acs/ vlwikd ;f odYk ul;pufEikd af vonf/ txl;ojzihf tEkwv f u©Pmaqmif
aom tqd;k jrifoabmxm; tawG;rsm;udk qefppfjcif;? ppfaMuma0zefjcif;
r&Sod nht f wGuf jyKjyifay;Edik rf rI &So d nht
f cg0,f uav;rsm;ESifh q,fausmf
ouf&G,f vli,frsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;ygonf/

owif;aumif;
taumif;jrifoabmxm;udk jyKjyifavhusihf oif,lEdkifjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;taejzihf taumif;jrifoabmxm;qdik &f m
oD;oefYoifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;wnfaqmufNyD; avhusihfoifMum;&ef
tcGihftvrf;&Sdygonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf tjcm;aombmom&yfe,fy,f
rsm;wGivf nf; tcGio fh iho
f vdk taumif;jrifoabmxm;qdik &f m taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f jcif;jzihv
f nf;aumif;? aygif;pnf;oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;udk
zefwD;jcif;jzihfvnf;aumif; oifMum;Edkifao;onf/ ynma&;qdkif&m
uRrf;usifolrsm;rS tBuHjyKwifjyxm;onfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;udkom
OD;pm;ay;aom pmaybmom&yfwYkd ukd oD;oefYoifMum;jcif;xuf þuJo h Ykd
oifMum;jcif;rSm ydrk t
kd a&;BuD;NyD; xda&mufr&I adS Mumif;udk ,kMH unfMuaMumif;
yifjzpfonf/ tem*wfb0atmifjrifrIwGif pmwwf½kH? vkyfwwf½kHwpfck
wnf;jzihf rvkaH vmufEikd af wmhygacs/ udprö sm;ajrmif vlwYkad bmif\ oyGwt f l
ozG,f ½IyfaxG;rI&Sdaom urÇmBuD;onf vlom;wdkY\arQmfvihfcsufrsm;ESihf
 odef;Ekdif 189

&Sifoefjcif;t"dyÜm,fwdkYudk aysmufqkH;apygvdrhfrnf/ ukefqkH;apjcif;jzihf

'PfcwfayOD;rnf/ t&m&mwdkif;tay:wGif taumif;jrifoabmxm;ESihf
a,medaomreodum& rxm;Edik rf csif; cHpm;ae&ayvdrOfh ;D rnf/ taumif;
jrif tawG;&Sdol? tjyKoabmaqmifaom tjrifoabmxm;&SdolomvQif
atmifjrifEdkifygvdrhfrnf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf tusyftwnf;rsm;udk
tjcm;bufrsm;rS ½Ijrifo;Hk oyfjcif;ESit
fh wl tcGit
fh vrf;wdYk ukd azmufxu G f
pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifjcif;jzihf jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef zefwD;Edkifjcif;wdkY
aMumihfyifwnf;/

vufawGUtaumif;jrifoabmxm;
uav;i,f\ vuf&SdjyKrl vkyfaqmifcsuftajctaeESihf rouf
qdik bf J ausmif;q&m q&mrwdik ;f taejzihf uav;i,f\ atmifjrifEikd pf rG ;f
tcGit fh a&;twGuf oif,al vhvmEdik &f ef oifcef;pmwdYu k kd zefw;D wnfaqmuf&ef
q&mhusihf0wfoDvtm;jzihf wm0ef&Sdaeonf/ atmifjrifrItawGUtBuHKudk
r&&Sjd cif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf atmifjrifru I kd &,ltm;xkwEf ikd &f ef
pdwftm;xufoefrIr&SdEdkif/ tm;xkwf&,ljcif;r&SdbJ ypöKyÜefESihf tem*wf
wkHYjyefrIwdkYudk taumif;jrifoabmxm;ydkifqdkifol rjzpfvmEdkifyg/ atmif
jrifrI tedrq fh ;Hk ausmif;om;udyk ifvQif pmoifcsed u f ek vf monfEiS t fh rQ ol\
BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfrIESihf rodromwdk;wufvmrIwdkYudk oludk,fwdkif tod
trSwjf yKvmapjcif;jzihf atmifjrifru I kd rsuaf rSmufawGUjrif cHpm;cGi&fh &Sad p&ef
q&mu ulnDay;Edkifao;onf/ tenf;i,frQaom wdk;wufatmifjrifrI
twGuf tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKjcif;ESihf todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;wdkYrSm aemif
tcsed w f iG f ydrk Bkd uKd;pm;tm;xkwv f pkd wd uf kd ysK;d axmifay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
us½;HI jcif;ESifh &ifqikd Bf uHKawGU&m0,f twdww f pfcsed u
f tjcm;aom
atmifjrifrIwdkYudk aqG;aEG;ay;jcif;ESihf ,if;wdkYudk tem*wfumvwGif
tjyKoabmaqmifaom pdwx f m;twGuf tnTe;f taejzihf tok;H jyKjcif;rSm
 190 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ydkrdkxda&mufapygvdrhfrnf/ q&m q&mrwdkYtaejzihf ]]awmfol}}? ]]nHhol}}

[lí cGJjcm;owfrSwfcsufxm;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;MuNyD;vQif ausmif;om;
rsm;udkvnf; þuefYowfabmiftjyifbufodkY qGJac:oGm;&ygOD;rnf/
bmom&yfe,fy,f? pmawGU? vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf odrIzGHUNzdK;rI
e,fy,ftvdu k f ol\vkyaf qmifcsuw f Ykdukd ausmif;om;wpfO;D csi;f taejzihf
rdrd\ udkifwdkifvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;udk tjrihfrm;qkH;a&muf&Sdap&ef yHhydk;ulnD
jcif;rSm ydrk t
kd a&;BuD;qk;H jzpfonf/ ydrk íkd vnf;tusK;d rkcsjzpfxeG ;f apygrnf/

Ref: Cognitive development & Slumdog Millinaire movie

 odef;Ekdif 191

ynma&;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm atmifjrifaom

bdZeufvlom;rsm;ESihf aemufvdkufvkyfom;xkudk
arG;xkwfay;&efavm (odkYwnf;r[kwf) EdkifiHom;rsm;udk
½dk;om;ajzmihfrwfjcif;? pm&dwåaumif;rGefjcif;?
usihf0wfeDwdvdkufemjcif;? rdrdvlrsKd;ESihf Zmwd&yf&Gmudk
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? rdrdudk,fudk tm;udk;jcif;wdkYyg0ifonhf
b0wGufwm uRrf;usifp&mrsm;jzihf jyifqifay;rnfavm/
 192 ynmEkdifiHawmf

obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf
½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;&Sifoefa&;
vGecf ahJ omESpt
f enf;i,fu uReaf wmf\ 'kw, d wef;ausmif;om;
t&G,f wlawmfow l pfO;D udk trSwx f ifxifjzpfcyhJ gonf/ ausmif; ausmyd;k
vG,t f wd v
f ,G af e&mrS c&D;oGm;rsm;uJo h Ykd vufweG ;f vSn;f i,f c&D;aqmif
tdwfudk ajymif;vJtokH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpf\/ ausmif;csdefNyD;onfESihf usL&Sif
ESpfckudk qufwdkufwuf&rnf[kvnf; qdkonf/
uav;i,fwpfOD;tzdkY yckH;xufwGif rcHEdkifavmufatmifyif
ausmif;pmtkyaf wG vGepf mG rsm;jym;aejcif;yif/ uReaf wmf\wlrmS tm;rao;
aomfjim;vnf; ausmif;zwfpmtkyrf sm;tm;vk;H udk ausmif;ESit fh rd f toGm;tjyef
xrf;o,f&onfrmS yck;H xufwiG f temw&jzpfvm&onftxd &Sad vonf/
ausmif;wGif odrk ;DS xm;Edik &f efae&m (aowåm? pifi,f) r&So d jzihf ausmif;zwf
pmtkyftm;vkH;udk tdrfodkYjyefo,fvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ tdrfpmvkyf&ef
twGufvnf; zwfpmtkyfrsm;rSm vdktyfaejyefonf/ usL&SifwGifoifMum;
 odef;Ekdif 193

rnhf bmom&yfrsm;twGufvnf; txl;xkwfrsm;udk wpfygwnf;o,f,l

oGm;&jyefonf/
rsuaf rSmufacwf ynma&;pepf\ qd;k usK;d wpfcyk ifjzpfawmhonf/
ae&mwpfae&mpmtwGuf ydrk í kd ,SONf yKid af e&aom urÇmwGif usivf nfapEdik &f ef
tvdYk imS jyifqifay;jcif;yifjzpfonf[k rdbrsm;u apm'uwufMuonf/
,aeY ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk reufjzef pD;yGm;a&;ppfonfawmf
rsm;taejzihf toGiaf jymif;vJvmap&ef ausmif;trsm;pkrmS oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;udk
wif;usypf mG udik wf , G &f awmhonf/ odYkaomf þ0efxyk 0f efy;kd rSm rdbrsm;ESifh
uav;rsm;yckH;xufodkY ydusvm\/ rdbrsm;taejzihf zwfp&m? rSwfp&m
rsm;ESifh tdrpf mwdYk ukd NyD; rNyD; taotcsmpDppf&onf/ þwGif uav;i,f
rsm;rSm upm;ckepf m;csdeaf vsmhyg;jcif;? aygif;oif;qufqaH &;twGut f csdef
r&Sdawmhjcif;wdkY &ifqdkifvm&um; rdba&m uav;yg pdwfzdpD;rI'Pfudk
wdk;ícHMu&ygonf/
tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;r&S[ d k rdbrsm;u cHpm;Mu\/ pmaybmom&yf
wdkYxuf vlrIaygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESihf b0wGufwm uRrf;usifp&mwdkYudk
tav;xm;oifMum;aom ausmif;tcsKdUawmhjzihf &Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif
tjyif;txef? tBudwt f e,f ,SONf yKid 0f ifa&muf&rnhf tqihjf rihf (wuúov kd )f
ynma&; odkYr[kwf jyifyurÇmavmutwGuf jyifqifay;rIr&Sdrnfudk
pdk;&drfaeMuavonf/
ausmif;pm 0efxkyf0efydk;aMumihf pdwfzdpD;rI'Pfudk cHaeMu&onhf
uav;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;twGuf pd;k &drrf uif;jzpfvmMuonfEiS t fh rQ ausmif;pm
vkyfcsdefavQmhcsa&;? tm;upm;ESihf tEkynmtcsdef wdk;jr§ihfa&;ESihf tdrfpm
avsmhenf;a&;wdkYtwGuf ynma&;0efBuD;taejzihf enf;vrf;topfwdkYudk
&SmazGohifygonf/
ynma&;tpDtpOfopfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;tay:
n§mwmaxmufxm;rI &Sad pvdo k nf/ þonfrmS jrefrmhynma&;\ oif½;kd
 194 ynmEkdifiHawmf

nTef;wrf;u@wGif &ifqdkifae&aom jyóemaomif;ajcmufaxmifxJrS

wpfckomvQif jzpfacsonf/ oif½dk;nTef;wrf;qdkif&m (tvGeftrif;)
bufvdkufrIrsm;aMumihf tzdk;wefbmom&yfrsm;\ tcef;u@wdkY arS;rSdef
uG,af ysmufvsu&f adS eonf/ qd&k aomf ynma&;\t"dymÜ ,fukd usO;f ajrmif;
pGm zGihfqdkxm;aom pmoifcef;rsm;wGif uav;i,frsm;wufa&mufaeMu
&onht f wGuf uav;tm;vk;H twGuf ynma&;rjzpfao;yg/ csr;f omonf
jzpfap? qif;&Jonfjzpfap uav;i,frsm; 0goem? arG;&mygADZESihf yk*v ¾
pGrf;&nfrsm;vnf; vspfvsL½Ixm;cHae&qJ/
jrefrmhynma&;pepfukd a0zefMuolrsm;u ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm;\ oif,al vhvmvdpk w d Ef iS fh a0zefyikd ;f jcm; qef;ppfpOf;pm;vdpk w
d wf Ykdukd
ysK;d axmif;ay;&ef ysufuu G jf cif;tay: pmoifausmif;rsm;udk tjypfwifMu
onf/ jynfolYeDwdESihf pm&dwåynm oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;rSmvnf; rjynhfpkH
ao;yg/ þjypfwifa0befjcif;rSmvnf; xifay:ausmMf um;aom ausmif;rsm;?
wuúov kd rf sm;odYk wufciG &fh &Sad &;twGuf 0ifciG pfh mar;yGaJ tmifjrifa&;wGio f m
tjrifusOf;pGm ½Ijrifo;Hk oyfr\ I &v'fjzpfavonf/ þusqk;H rIjzpf&aom
aemufxyftaMumif;wpfcrk mS oif,al vhvmrIwiG f uav;rsm;tm½kpH u kd rf I
&Sdap&ef qGJaqmifEdkifonhf t&nftaoG;jynhf0NyD; apwemxufoefaom
q&m q&mrrsm; rvkHavmufjcif;yifjzpf\/ e,fbufwGif q&mwpfOD;
ausmif;? ESpOf ;D ausmif;rsm; &maxmifcs&D adS eqJ/ þodYkq&kd aomfvnf; jrefrm
q&m q&mrrsm;udk,fwdkifrSm ydkrdkacwfaemufuscJhonhf ynma&;pepfESihf
bufrnDcJhaom oif½dk;rsm;twGif; oif,lBuD;jyif;vmcJh&onf r[kwfyg
avm/
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk acwfrv D yk of m;xkoYkd toGiaf jymif;vJa&;?
enf;ynmwwfuRr;f a&;[lonhf tjrifusO;f ajrmif;rIwiG f ydrk pkd ;kd &drzf , G &f mrSm
½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIESihf obm0ywf0ef;usif <u,f0axGjym;jcif;udk tBuD;
tus,f ysufpD;apjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
 odef;Ekdif 195

acwfreD nf;ynmESifh taemufwikd ;f ,Ofaus;rItay:wGif tav;

xm;&Srd wI Ykad Mumihf a'o½d;k &mtodynmESifh b0aeenf;wdYkrmS rsuu f ,
G jf yKjcif;
cHae&onf/ olwdkY &SifoefBuD;jyif;vmap&eftwGuf tbdk; tbGm;rsm;?
trdtzrsm;rS vkyu f ikd cf &hJ onhf tvkyt f udik w
f Ykd tay:wGif &yf&mG twGi;f &Sd
a,musfm;av;? rde;f uav;rsm;onf wefz;kd xm;rIr&Syd gav/ ½d;k &mvkyif ef;
rsm;\ wefzdk;rsm;usqif;ae&jcif;ESihf xdkufwefaom vkyfcvpm? 0ifaiG
r&&Sjd cif;wdYk uvnf; taMumif;wpfcsujf zpfygonf/ om"uaqmif&aomf
v,f,mvkyif ef;vkyu f ikd af om rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsm;onf rdbrsm;xHrS
oif,lavhvm&efESihf ulnD&ef tcGihftvrf;r&Sdyg/ uav;rsm;u pmoif
ausmif;oGm;MuNyD;vQif rdbrsm;u v,f,mvkyif ef;cGio f Ykd qif;Mu&onf/
&yf&Gma'otvdkuf &SifoefaexdkifrI ½dk;&mykHpHrsm; a&&SnfwnfwHh
ap&eftwGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif\ ta&;BuD;ykHudkvnf; rod&SdMuyg/
Oyrm- yifv,furf;ajrmifa'owGiaf exdik Mf uolrsm;twGuf yifv,fvrkyif
opfawmrsm;rS 0ifaiG odYkr[kwf tm[m&twGuf taxmuftulay;aerIukd
wefzdk;xm;& aumif;rSef;rodMuawmhyg/ ausmif;oif½dk;nTef;wrf;wGif
þyifv,fvrkopfawmrsm;taMumif; vk;H 0ryg&So d nhf twGuaf Mumihyf if
jzpfyg\/ yifv,furf;½d;k wef;a'oudk þopfawmrsm;rS umuG,af y;yku H kd
vnf;aumif;? wd&pämefi,frsm;twGuf rSw D if;cdv k &HI mjzpfyu Hk vkd nf;aumif;
rod&SdMuyg/
wrifwum &nf&G,fcsufr&SdygbJ ausmif;ynma&;onf a'o
tvdkuf &Sifoefjcif;rsm;udk xnhfoGif;oifMum;rIr&Sd a&SmifaoGvGJaeMu
ygonf/ acwfay:enf;ynmrsm;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJrIwdkYudktokH;jyKNyD; uav;
rsm;\ tem*wf tvkyt f udik rf sm;twGuf oifMum;jcif;rSmvnf; wpfenf;
r[kwf wpfenf;tm;jzihf ½dk;&m&Sifoefaexdkifjcif;twGuf t"dujzpfonhf
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk acgif;ykjH zwf tjrwfxw k jf cif;udo k m tm;ay;&m
a&mufavonf/
 196 ynmEkdifiHawmf

wdik ;f &if;om;rsK;d EG,pf rk sm;ESifh wnfaqmufxm;onhf jynfaxmifpk

EdkifiHjzpfonfESihftnD rsKd;EG,fpkwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? b0aeenf;rsm;?
½dk;&m"avhESihf a&S;todynmrsm;udkvnf; ausmif;oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;u
umuG,fay;&ef wm0ef&Sdaeygonf/
þwGif ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m&Sv d mygonf/ ynma&;\&nf&, G cf surf mS
atmifjrifaom bdZeufvo l m;rsm;ESifh aemufvu kd v
f yk o
f m;xkukd arG;xkwf
ay;&efavm (odkYwnf;r[kwf) EdkifiHom;rsm;udk ½dk;om;ajzmihfrwfjcif;?
pm&dwaå umif;rGejf cif;? usi0fh wfew D v d u
kd ef mjcif;? rdrv
d rl sK;d ESifh Zmwd&yf&mG udk
wefz;kd xm;wwfjcif;? rdru d ,kd uf t kd m;ud;k jcif;wdYk yg0ifonhf b0wGuw f m
uRrf;usifp&mrsm;jzihf jyifqifay;rnfavm/
ynmEdik if w H nfaqmuf&eftwGuf oif½;kd nTe;f wrf; ar;cGe;f rsm;pGm
usef&Sdaeygao;onf/
 odef;Ekdif 197

Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&aom bmompum;wpfrsKd;onf
txifu&jzpfaom vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGif; ajymqdkolwdkY\
vlY*kPfodu©mudk jr§ihfwifay;Edkifjcif;? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m
&ydkifcGihfrsm;udk wdk;jr§ihfEdkifjcif;? a&;om;
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifjcif;ESihf tDvufxa&mepfenf;ynmwdkYudk
tokH;jyKEdkifjcif;wdkY jyKvkyfEdkifygrl &SifoefEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnf/
ynma&;pepftwGif; cdkifcdkifrmrmwnf&Sdaeygu &SifoefrItwGuf
rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHhjzpfaponf/
 198 ynmEkdifiHawmf

&Sifoefjcif;? bmompum;ESihf
ausmif;ynma&;
bmompum;rsm;&SifoefrIrSm pdk;&drfzG,f&mjzpfaeayNyD/ urÇmY
bmompum;aygif; 6000 (ajcmufaxmif) ausmfteuf xuf0ufcefY
(50 &mcdik Ef eI ;f )rSm aysmufu, G v f ek ;D yg;&Sad eNyD; 40 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rSm Ncdr;f ajcmuf
jcif;cHae&onf/ 10 &mcdkifEIef;omvQif &SifoefEdkifpGrf;&Sdae\/
bmompum; ajcmufaxmifteuf 96 &mcdik Ef eI ;f udk urÇmYvOl ;D a&
4 &mcdik Ef eI ;f om ajymqdMk uavonf/ &m*Pef; tenf;i,frQaom bmom
pum;wdkYudk ynma&;pepfrsm;twGif;ESihf ½kH;okH;taejzihf *kPfodu©m&SdpGm
ae&may;xm;MuNyD; 'pf*spfw,furÇmwGif tokH;jyKrIwGifrl wpf&matmuf
avsmhenf;avonf/
aysmufu, G v
f ek ;D yg; Ncrd ;f ajcmufcaH e&aom bmompum;trsm;pkukd
vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;rS ajymqdkMuonf/ wpfpkHwpf&m
vkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdygrl rsm;rMumrDumvwGif þbmompum;rsm;ESihf
,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSm aysmufuG,f&ygawmhrnf/
 odef;Ekdif 199

odkYjzpfygí ,leufpudk taxGaxGnDvmcHBuD;rS ]]EdkifiHwum

rdcifbmompum;rsm;aeY}}udk owfrSwfxm;&SdNyD; 2001 ckESpfrSpwifí
ESpfpOf azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufwGif usif;yjyKvkyfygonf/ bmomaA'?
,Ofaus;rI rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIESihf bmompum; rsKd;EG,fpkHurÇmBuD;
jzpfaeapa&;twGuf &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf/

wdrfaumuG,faysmufvmaeaom bmompum;rsm;
bmompum;wpfck uG,faysmuf? qkH;½IH;jcif;ESihftwl uREkfyfwdkY
vlom;rsKd;EG,f\ todA[kokw? awG;jrifodwwfrIESihf ½IjrifokH;oyfrI
wpfpdwfwpfydkif;wdkYudkvnf; tpm;rxdk;EdkifbJ qkH;½IH;&awmhonf/
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf bmompum;rSm ta&;ygvSayonf/
axmifpEk pS f zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;&nfreS ;f csufrsm;udk atmifjrifEikd af &;twGuf
bmompum;qdkif&m u@rSm AsL[majrmufwnf&Sdaeonf/
þ&nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawrIESihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI
uif;pifEikd af &;? rlvwef;ynma&; qk;H cef;wdik af tmif ausmif;aecGi&fh &Sad &;?
vdifydkif;qdkif&m wef;wlnDrQrIESihf trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif&nfwdk;wufa&;?
uav;aoqkH;rIavsmhyg;a&;? rdcifusef;rma&;wdk;wufa&;? tdyfcfstdkifAGD?
attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g? iSuzf sm;a&m*gESifh tjcm;a&m*gwdYkukd wdu k zf suaf &;?
obm0ywf0ef;usif a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf
urÇmvkH;qdkif&m qufpyfvkyfaqmifEdkifa&;wdkY yg0ifonf/
axmifpkESpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csuf&Spf&yfudk a'oBuD;
10 a'orS EdkifiH 190 yg0ifonhf EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;rsm; zGHUNzdK;
wd;k wufa&; vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;twGuf tnTe;f abmiftaejzihv f nf; vufcH
usihfokH;vsuf&Sdaeonf/
axmifpEk pS &f nfreS ;f csurf sm;rS tvGetf rif;qif;&Jjcif;ESifh iwfrw G f
acgif;yg;jcif;ab;'PfwYkdtwGuf bmompum;onf &Sio f efaexdik Ef ikd &f ef
 200 ynmEkdifiHawmf

tvkyt f udik &f ydik cf iG ?fh vlraI &;ESifh Edik if aH &;b0wdYk wiG f yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG ?fh
tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG; ajymqdkqufqHEdkifa&;wdkYESihf eD;uyfpGmqufpyfvsuf
&Sdaeavonf/
A[kow k todw&m;wdYkukd vufqihu f rf; jzefYjzL;&m0,fwiG v f nf;
bmompum;rSm t"duMum;cHjzpfaejyefonf/ axmifpEk pS f &nfreS ;f csurf sm;
jzpfonhf uav;tm;vkH; rlvwef;ynma&;qkH;cef;wdkifa&;? tdyfcfstdkifAGD?
attdik 'f tD ufa&m*g? iSuzf sm;a&m*gwdYk ukd wkeYf jyefvyk af qmif&mwGiv f nf;
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf/
bmompum;rSm tajccH&ydik cf iG rfh sm;jzpfonhf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmf
jyocGi?fh ynma&;tcGit fh a&;? ,Ofaus;rIqikd &f m yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG Efh iS fh
odyÜHESihf enf;ynmwdk;wufrI tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ydkifqdkif&&Sda&;wdkYudk
cHpm;Edkifap&eftwGufvnf; t"duusaeonf/ þtcsufrsm;tm;vkH;rSm
bmomaA'qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf qufpyfvsuf&Sdae\/

bmompum;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;
Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&aom bmompum;wpfrsKd;onf txifu&
jzpfaom vlrt I odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f ajymqdo
k w
l Ykd\ vlY*P
k o
f ud m© udjk r§iw
fh if
ay;Edkifjcif;? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m &ydkifcGihfrsm;udk wdk;jr§ihfEdkifjcif;? a&;om;
rSww f rf;wifEikd jf cif;ESifh tDvufxa&mepf enf;ynmwdYkukd tok;H jyKEikd jf cif;wdYk
jyKvkyfEdkifygrl &SifoefEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnf/ ynma&;pepftwGif; cdkifcdkifrmrm
wnf&Sdaeygu &SifoefrItwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHhjzpfaponf/
bmompum;rsm; &yfwnf&SifoefEdkifpGrf; odkYr[kwf wdrfaum
aysmufuG,fjcif;wdkYtwGuf ynma&;pepfrSm ta&;BuD;onhftydkif;wGif
yg0ifvsuf&Sdaeonf/ ynma&;pepfrsm;pGmrSmrl wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk
rsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf olwdkY\ bmompum;rsm;twGuf oihfawmfudkufnDrI
r&Sdjcif;omrubJ tEÅ&m,fyif&Sdaeavonf/
 odef;Ekdif 201

ynma&;qdkif&m atmifjrifrI&&SdEdkif&eftwGufESihf ,Ofaus;rIESihf

bmompum;pnfyif zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrw I Ykt d wGuyf g rlBuK?d rlvwef;ynma&;ESifh
ta&;tzwftwGuf tokH;vkH;ynma&;wdkYrSm rdcifbmompum;jzihf
avhusio fh if,cl iG &fh &S&d ef uav;rsm;ESifh vlBuD;rsm;twGuyf g ta&;BuD;onf/
ta&;tzwfukd olwYkd em;rvnfaom bmompum;jzihf avhusihf
oifMum;&efrSm vltrsm;pktwGuf rjzpfEdkifygacs/
bmompum;ESprf sK;d oifMum;a&;enf;AsL[mrSm xda&mufr&I NdS yD;vQif
oif,lavhvmrI&v'faumif;rsm;udk &&Sdaponf/ 'kwd,bmompum;udk
roifMum;ao;rD yxrbmompum;wpfrsK;d udk uRr;f usiw f ufajrmufoihf
ygonf/
trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkYtwGuf vlenf;pk
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rS yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG &fh adS p&efrmS urÇmYvYlrt I odik ;f t0dik ;f
wpf&yfvkH;taejzihf tm;vkH;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGihfudk vrf;zGihfxm;&Sday;
&ayrnf/
ynma&;pepfrS tusdL;jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf &yf&Gma'ovlYrI
todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;taejzihf ynma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrt H yk cf sKyu
f yG uf &J mESifh
oifMum;onht f aMumif;t&m? oifMum;enf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG Efh iS fh
qkH;jzwfydkifcGihfwdkYudk &&Sdoihfonf/
befaumuftajcpdu k f ,leufpudk tm&SEiS fh ypdzw d yf nma&;tpDtpOf
wGif rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;? pDrHudef;a&;qGJolrsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;? &yf&Gm
vlYtzGJUtpnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzihf i,f&G,fpOfumvrsm;wGif rdcif
bmompum;jzihf oif,jl cif;ESifh bmompum;ESprf sK;d oifMum;jcif;wdYktwGuf
ynmay;pnf;½kH;vIHaqmfvsuf&Sdonf/
 202 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;ynma&;? rdcifbmompum;ESihf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;

wdik ;f &if;om;rsKd;EG,pf rk sm; taoG;ta&mifpv Hk ifpmG axGjym;vsuf
wnf&adS ejcif;aMumihf ausmif;ynma&;wGif rdcifbmompum;? wdik ;f &if;om;
bmompum;wdYk ukd xnho f iG ;f oifMum;a&;rSm rsm;pGmta&;BuD;vSygonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&,lcJhpOfu taoG;ta&mifpkH,Ofaus;rI vlYtodkif;t0dkif;
(Multiculturalism) ESihf taoG;ta&mifpkH ,Ofaus;rI ynma&;pepf
(Multicultural Education System) wdYkukd trsK;d om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u
wnfaqmuf&ef arQmfrSef;xm;&SdcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm
Mumjrihcf NhJ yDjzpfonhf rsuaf rSmuf 21 &mpk yxrq,fpEk pS f ukeq f ;Hk awmhrnhf
tcsdeftxd wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm;? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;? ordkif;
tpOftvmrsm;udk ausmif;ynma&;yifrpepftwGi;f ESifh oif½;kd nTe;f wrf;wGif
xnhfoGif;jcif;? vufawGUoifMum;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcGihfr&&SdMu
ao;yg/ þonfrmS wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit fh a&;? uav;oli,ftcGit fh a&;ESifh
ynma&;tcGit fh a&;rsm; qk;H ½I;H epfemaeonhf tajctaeqd;k vnf;jzpfonf/
tajccHynma&;tqihfwdkif;wGif (rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;)
ok;H bmom oifMum;a&;rl0g'udk wpfEikd v f ;Hk wGif taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
oihyf gonf/ rdcifbmompum;? (wdik f;&if;om;bmompum;)? jrefrmpm?
t*FvdyfpmwdkYudk twef;tqihf? touft&G,fESihf e,fajra'otvdkuf
tcsKd;nDrQpGm xnhfoGif;oifMum;Edkifjcif;jzpfonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHESihf tjcm;
aom ,Ofaus;rIpkHvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif; usihfokH;onhf 'Drdkua&pD
ynma&;pepfwYkd rmS rsm;pGmtm;us twk,zl , G &f mjzpfyg\/ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;
o[Zmwjzpfapa&;? odjrifcHpm;Edkifa&;? uav;oli,ftcGihfta&;rsm;
&&Sad pa&;ESifh t&nftaoG;jrihrf m;aom ynma&;pepf wnfaqmufEikd af &;
wdkYtwGuf bmompum;rsm;oifMum;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'topfrsm;ESihf
vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vdktyfaeygonf/
 odef;Ekdif 203

½dk;&meJY acwfay:enf;pepfawGvnf;yg0ifwJh oifcef;pmawGeJY

tEk&obmom&yf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk wnfaqmufoihfygw,f/
rlvwef;t&G,frSmuwnf;upwifNyD;
avhusihfay;oihfw,fvdkY tEk&oynma&;
uRrf;usifolawGu qdkygw,f/ uav;wdkif;[m
roifrae& avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f/
yg0ifvkyfaqmifapoihfw,f/
 204 ynmEkdifiHawmf

todÓPf tvif;cvkwf zGihfay;EdkifwJh

bmom&yfawG
ausmif;ynma&;rSm tjcm;uav;awG? oli,fcsif;awGxuf
trsm;BuD;aemufususefae&wJh uav;awGeJYywfoufvdkY aeYpOfvdkvdk
Mum;ae&ygw,f/ ausmif;udv k nf; pdwrf 0ifpm;? pmawGvnf; rvdu
k Ef ikd ef YJ
r[kwv f m;? &v'fawGvnf; raumif;? wpfpw Hk pfa,muf (rsm;aomtm;jzihf
uawmh q&m q&mrwpfOD;OD;) u tJ'Duav;twGuf ]]todÓPf
tvif;cvkwf}} udk rSefrSefuefuef zGihfay;vdkufEdkifw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm
tJ'Dausmif;om;awG[m ½kwfw&ufqdkovdk ausmif;udkjyefvnf pdwfyg
0ifpm;rI&SdvmNyD; tem*wfatmifjrifrIawGudkvnf; &&Sdawmhw,f/
i,f&G,fwJh ausmif;om;tcsKdUtwGufawmh tJ'D ]]todÓPf
tvif;cvkwf}} qdkwm[m tEkynmbmom&yfjzpfw,f/ uav;trsm;pk
uawmh ody?HÜ ocFsm odYkr[kwf bmompum;twef;awGrmS pdwyf g0ifpm;rIeYJ
tem*wfa&G;cs,fp&mtaeeJY &Sw d wfMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh tjcm;uav;awG
 odef;Ekdif 205

rSmawmh *Dw? tu? jyZmwfeJY tjcm;aom tjriftm½kHqdkif&m tEkynm

awGuomvQif olwdkY&JU pdwfyg0ifpm;rIudk&&SdapNyD; tem*wfb0awG
awmufyrItwGufvnf; rsm;pGmta&;BuD;jyefygw,f/
rEÅav;NrKdUu rlvwef;uav;i,fawGtwGuf yef;csDtEkynmjy
q&mrwpfO;D jzpfwhJ rcifpy,fz;l taeeJY uav;awGukd tEk&obmom&yfeYJ
xdawGUavhvmcGihfay;vdkufwmeJY wpfNyKdifwnf;vdkvdkrSm tBuD;tus,f
ajymif;vJraI wG jzpfvmwmudk awGUBuHKcJ&h zl;ygNyD/ ]]&Su&f UHG aMumufvefYaewJh
uav;i,fawG[m udk,fbmomukd,f aeae&muae tjyifudkxGufvm
MuNyD; ajym&J? qdk&J? qufqH&JvmMuw,f/ t&ifwkef;u rawGUcJhbl;wJh
rdrud ,kd u
f kd ,kMH unfru I vkd nf; awGU&awmhw,f/ ud, k tfh m;ud,
k u
f ;kd vdpk w
d f
vnf; wdk;yGm;vmwmyg}}
okawoeawGU&Scd suaf wGt& *DweJY tjcm;aom tEkynmbmom&yf
awGukd avhusicfh iG &fh jcif;[m OD;aESmufzUHG NzdK;rIuae bmom&yf&rSwaf wGtxd?
pmavhvmwJh tavhtxuae ausmif;udk pdwyf g0ifpm;rItxd tjyKoabm
aqmifwJh oufa&mufrI&Sdaewmudk axmufjyxm;ygw,f/ tEk&o
bmom&yfeJYywfoufNyD; tckvdk taxmuftxm;awG &Sdaeayr,hfvnf;
ausmif;awGrSmawmh bmom&yfuRrf;usifwJh q&mawGrxm;Ekdifao;ovdk
oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rSmvnf; owfowfrSwfrSwf xnhfoGif;xm;wmr&Sdao;
ygbl;/ ausmif;awGrSm wpfywfrSm wpfcsdef? ESpfcsdefavmufudk xnhfoGif;
xm;Muayr,hfvdkY ykHrSefzGHUNzdK;rI&Sdvmatmif wduswJhoifMum;a&;tpDtpOf
awGudk rqGJEdkifMuao;yg/
omrefaysmpf &maumif;wJh tm;vyfcsed v f v
kd kd jrifaeMuwmuvnf;
bmom&yfwefzdk;udk arS;rSdefapjyefygw,f/ tjcm;aom ]]ta&;BuD;w,f}}
vdkY rSm;,Gif;pGm? wpfzufapmif;eif;,lqxm;wJh bmom&yfawGtMum;rSm
rsufEmS i,fae&w,fr[kwv f m;/ ]]pmar;yG}J } &,fvYkd vnf;r&Sjd yef? ]]&rSw}f }
eJYvnf; rwdik ;f wmawmh tEk&obmom&yfukd rdbawG? uav;awGwifrubJ
 206 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;eJY ynma&;wm0ef&o dS al wGuyg vspvf sL½Ixm;Mu

ygw,f/ ausmif;rSmu tjcm;aom tcuftcJawGrsm;pGm &Sad ejyefwmvnf;
ygwmayghav/ ]]yif&if;bmom&yf}} awG&,f ]]pmar;yGJ}} tay:rSmom
tm½kHpdkufwwfMuygw,f/
*Dwq&mrwpfOD;jzpfwJh rNrKdifu tckvdk &Sif;jyygw,f/ ]]odyfudk
xl;jcm;vSygw,f/ tEkynmrSm rjrifEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;owådawG &Sdaewm/
ud, k vf yk af ewmeJYywfoufvYkd trSm;? trSe?f taumif;? tqd;k udk wpfNyKdif
wnf;rSm ydik ;f jcm;a0befae&w,f? odjrifcpH m;ae&w,f/ uk, d zf efw;D aewJh
t&mawGuykd g}} rlvwef;t&G,f uav;i,fawGeYJ twl wa,moHprf;&if;
olr&JU tjrifoabmxm;udk qufajymjycJyh gw,f/ ]]0goemygonfjzpfap?
rygonfjzpfap uav;awG[m *Dwwl&, d mwpfcck kudk avhvmcGi&hf &Sdoihf
ygw,f/ &ocHpm;wwfrIudk trsm;BuD; taxmuftuljzpfapw,f/
NyD;awmhvnf; pdwfESvkH;om;awG El;nHhodrfarGUvmMuwm awGU&ygw,f/
pl;pdkufem;axmifwwfwJh pGrf;&nfwdk;wufvmw,f/ vlrIqufqHa&;awG
twGuf trsm;BuD; taxmuftuljyKwmyg}}

ausmif;awGrSm tEk&obmom&yfudk oifMum;a&;

Edik if w
H um ynma&;okawoeawGU&Scd suaf wGuawmhjzihf pdw0f if
pm;p&maumif;vSygw,f/ e,l;a,mufNrKdU? tEk&obmom&yfavhvma&;
Xme&JU trIaqmif'g½du k w
f mjzpfwhJ uufpv
f mtaeeJYawmh tEk&obmom&yf
[m ynma&;eJY vlraI &;rSm atmifjrifraI wG &&Sad pEdik af yr,hf ausmif;awGrmS
tav;xm; rvkyfao;wJhtwGuf pdk;&drfaMumif;udk ajymqdkcJhygw,f/
olwdkYXme&JU avhvmawGU&Sdcsuft& tEk&obmom&yfudk tav;xm;NyD;
avhusihfoifMum;wJh txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm 'DNrKdU&JU atmifcsuf
taumif;qkH;jzpfaewmudkyg/
tjcm;aom tEk&obmom&yf jr§ihfwifa&;ynm&Sifrsm;vdkbJ
 odef;Ekdif 207

uufpfvmu tEk&obmom&yf[m uav;&JUbufpkHzGHUNzdK;a&;rSm tvGef

ta&;BuD;w,fvdkY ,kHMunfxm;ygw,f/ ]]uav;awG[m t&nftaoG;
jynhfrDNyD; bufpkHynma&;udk &&Sdoihfw,fqdkwm trSefwu,f,kHMunf
w,fq&kd ifawmh tEk&oynma&;[m ynma&;nDrQjcif;rSm r&Srd jzpfvt kd yf
vSygw,f}}
jrefrmhausmif;ynma&;rSm rnDrQrIawG&SdaewJhtwGuf tEk&o
bmom&yfeJY *Dwynma&;udk uav;wdkif; vufvSrf;rrDao;wmuawmh
jzihf tHhMop&mr[kwfygbl;/ &efukefeJY tjcm;aom NrKdUBuD;awGrSm&SdwJh
Top Ten ausmif;BuD;awG&,f? tcaMu;aiGrsm;pGmay;&wJh yk*v ¾ ud ausmif;
awGrmS awmh tEk&oynmbmom&yfeYJ *Dwudk owfowfrw S rf wS xf nho
f iG ;f
oifMum;ay;Muayr,hf tpdk;&ausmif;awG? udk,fxludk,fxausmif;awGeJY
aus;vufa'ou ausmif;awGrSmawmh tifrwefrS tvSrf;a0;aeqJyg/
bufpkHr[kwfwJh? tcsKd;rnDwJh? pGrf;&nftaxGaxGtwGuf rjyifqifay;
Edkifao;wJh oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udkom okH;aeMu&w,f/
atmifcsufrjrihwf hJ ausmif;awGrmS tEk&obmom&yfukd i,fpOf
uwnf;u avhusihfoifMum;zdkY ysufuGufwmudkvnf; avhvmawGU&SdEdkif
ygw,f/ ausmif;wdkif;rSm roifrae& xnhfoGif;oifMum;EdkifatmifvdkY
bmom&yfwefzdk;udk jr§ihfwifay;&rSmyg/ ½dk;&meJY acwfay:enf;pepfawG
vnf;yg0ifwJh oifcef;pmawGeJY tEk&obmom&yf oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk
wnfaqmufoihfygw,f/
rlvwef;t&G,rf mS uwnf;u pwifNyD; avhusihaf y;oihw f ,fvYkd
tEk&oynma&; uRrf;usifolawGu qdkygw,f/ uav;wdkif;[m roif
rae& avhvm&rSmjzpfygw,f/ yg0ifvkyfaqmifapoihfw,f/ q&mr
rcifpy,fzl;uawmh ]]yef;csDjzpfjzpf? *Dwjzpfjzpf avhusihfoifMum;ay;zdkY
qdw k muawmh oif½;kd nTe;f wrf; tBuD;BuD;wnfaqmufxm;rS r[kwyf gbl;/
oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rSm xnhfoGif;wJhtcg ½dk;pif;vG,fulpGm vkyfaqmifEdkif
 208 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ygw,f/ oifwq hJ &m q&mrtaeeJYvnf; py,f&, S v

f pfjzpfzYkd rvdyk gbl;/
tajccHoabmavmufukd od&edS m;vnfxm;NyD; tEk&oynma&;&JUwefz;kd udk
oabmaygufxm;zdYku t"dujzpfw,f}} vdYk tusyt f wnf;udk ajz&Si;f Ekid w
f hJ
enf;tcsKdUudk &Sif;jyygw,f/ ]]tywfpOf tEk&otcsdefwdkif;rSm ykHrSef
vkyfaqmifEkdifzdkYu ta&;tBuD;qkH;yg/ udk;um;p&m pmtkyfawGudkvnf;
&SmazGpkaqmif;xm;oihfygw,f}}

tjcm;aom bmom&yfrsm;ESihf qufET,frI

tEkynmykpH H ok;H av;rsK;d qufpyfNyD; oifMum;jcif;[m ydrk x kd ad &muf
w,fvYkdqykd gw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzihf *Dw? tueJY o½kyaf qmifjcif;wdYkaygif;pyf
xm;ovdkrsKd;yg/
tjcm;aom bmom&yfawGudk avhusihfoifMum;&mrSmvnf;
oifcef;pmwdkif;vdkvdkrSm oufqdkif&m taMumif;t&mtvdkuf ½kyfykHawG
a&;qGjJ cif;? oDcsi;f oDqjkd cif;? uAsm&Gwjf cif;eJY ud,k vf ufvyI &f mS ;jcif;awGukd
zefwD;Edkifygao;w,f/ udk,f[efyeftrlt,m? touf½SLykH? pmom;udk
zwf½jI cif;eJY pkaygif;vkyaf qmif&jcif;awG yg&Sad ew,f/ pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;awG
qef;opfvmatmifvnf; tm;ay;&ma&mufygw,f/ &ocHpm;wwfrpI rG ;f &nf
udv
k nf; wpfNyKid ef ufwnf; avhusiafh y;&ma&mufygw,f/ rlvwef;twef;
awGrSm tvGefyJtokH;wnhfvSygw,f/
twef;BuD;vmwJt h cgrSmawmh tEkynmqdik &f m zefw;D csuaf wGukd
a0befydkif;jcm;wJh oifcef;pmawG vdktyfvmygNyD/ &ocHpm;rItjyif ynm
&yfyikd ;f udk avhvmpl;prf;jcif;jzpfw,f/ ud, k wf ikd zf efw;D Edik pf rG ;f udk avhusihf
ay;jcif;yg/
'g[m bmom&yftvdu k f t"dutodynmeJY tEk&oynma&;wdYk
aygif;pnf;rIjzpfw,f/ todynmudk ydrk Nkd rJNrHapNyD; aysmf&iT pf &m pmoifcef;
awGvnf;jzpfvmygr,f/
 odef;Ekdif 209

twdwfESihf rsufarSmufypöKyefwdkY
ta&;BuD;aomfjim;vnf; wdk;wufajymif;vJvdkonhf
ausmif;rsm;rSmrl ]]tem*wfvm;&m}} ESihf jrifuGif;us,f½IjrifrIudk
tm½kHpdkufygonf/
 210 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;qdkonfrSm
tawmfi,f&G,fNyD; topfwnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;wGif
tvkyv f yk af eonhf uReaf wmf ud,k u fh ,
dk u
f kd rMumcPar;jref;avh&o dS nfrmS
]]ausmif;qdkwm bmudkac:wmvJ}} [líjzpfygonf/
rdbrsm;rSm us,f0ef;BuD;rm;NyD; aocsmpGmwnfaqmufxm;onhf
ausmif;BuD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,favh&o dS nf/ olwYkd ,MHk unfonht f wGujf zpf\/
þodkY ,kHMunfudk;pm;onfrSmvnf; tpOftvmt& vufcHxm;&Sdonhf
(ausmif;us,0f ef;BuD;rm;jcif;? ausmif;taqmufttkEH iS fh ypön;f rsm; jynhpf Hk
ukvH jHk cif;? oif,jl cif;-oifMum;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;tay:
tjrifoabmxm;rsm;? oif,lykHrsm;? pmar;yGJatmifcsuf ponfjzihf...)
tcsufrsm;t& ausmif;BuD;rsm;rSm tNrJwrf;vdkvdk jynhfpkHaeavonf[lí
jzpfonf/ uHraumif;taMumif;rvSonfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;\ tjrihf
rm;qk;H ESifh t"dymÜ ,fjynh0f aom oif,jl cif;twGuf r[kwjf cif;yifjzpfygonf/
ESpaf ygif; 30 ausmfumvrsm;twGi;f jyKvkycf o hJ nhf oif,al vhvmjcif;ESifh
odreI ,fy,fqikd &f m odyaÜH wGU&Scd surf sm;t& tpOftvmt& wnf&adS eonhf
 odef;Ekdif 211

ausmif;zGUJ pnf;yk?H wnfaqmufyw Hk Ykrd mS oif,al vhvmjcif;twGuf tqifajyrI

tenf;qkH; jzpfaeawmhonf/ þwGif ]]ausmif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;}}/
tNrJxm0pOfajymif;vJaeonhf urÇmBuD;twGi;f u tjcm;t&mrsm;
enf;wl ]]ausmif;}} qdak om t,ltqrSmvnf; tBuD;tus,af jymif;vJcNhJ yD;
jzpfyg\/ ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mausmif;zGUJ pnf;rI tuefYtowfwYkdukd ausmv f eG cf NhJ yD;
jzpfonfomru vlom;\pdwfESvkH;wGif vkyfudkifvdkonhfqE´tm;vkH;udk
vnf; vufvrS ;f rDEikd Nf yDjzpfavonf/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf ]]ausmif;aejcif;}}
rSm &Sio f efjcif;ESiyfh if xyfwu l saeawmhonf/ uReaf wmft h jrift&qd&k aomf
þajymif;vJaeaomumvrsm;wGif ausmif;udk ]]ausmif;}}[lí c:qdkEdkif
aponfrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;yifjzpfygonf/
1/ ajymif;vJw;kd wufaejcif; - tpOftNrJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:
wdk;wufEdkifpGrf;ESihf vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qef;opfwDxGifvkyf
aqmifEikd jf cif;? ynmoif,jl cif;tay: tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk qef;opf
Edkifjcif;/
2/ tcsut f vufrsm;tay:rlwnfNy;D vufawGUvkyaf qmifjcif;
- ]]xdkodkYajymMujcif;? þodkYcHpm;&jcif; ponfwdkYaMumihf uRefawmfwdkY
'Dvv kd yk Mf uygw,f}} [lí vkyaf qmifjcif;rsm;xuf oufaotaxmuftxm;
rsm;? wdusaom tcsut f vufrsm;cdik rf mrIt& qk;H jzwfcsuw f Ykduckd srwS jf cif;/
3/ q&m q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;? tkycf sKyf
olrsm;? &yf&mG vlYtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? pD;yGm;vkyif ef;rsm;? pufrv I ufrv I yk if ef;rsm;
ponfwYkdtMum;wGif n§Ed iId ;f yl;aygif;aqmif&u G jf cif; - þvlrsm;tm;vk;H rS
ausmif;[lonf oD;oefYwnf&SdaeNyD; zGihfvSpfxm;&Sdonf[k ausmif;udk
rjrifMu&ef? ]]ausmif;}} qdo k nfrmS &Sio f efaeaomb0ESifh qufpyfaeonf
[lí em;vnfxm;Mu&ef? b0&Sifoefjcif;rSm &yf&GmvlYtzGJUtpnf;
tpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;ESihf ,SufET,fqufpyfí aexdkifMu&jcif;/
4/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsrSwf&mwGif tm;vkH;yg0ifjcif;-
 212 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;BuD;rsm;rSm oD;oefY&Sdaewwfjcif;wGif emrnfBuD;wwfonf/

qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk acgif;aqmifydkif; tmPmydkifrsm;rS csrSwfxm;&SdNyD;
tjcm;olrsm;taejzihf þqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;\ oihfwifhavsmufywfrIESihf
xda&mufrIwdkYudk ar;cGef;rxkwfbJ vdkufem&efom arQmfvihfxm;&Sdonf/
ausmif;ynma&;ESihf qufET,faeaom taxmiftaomif; tpdwftydkif;
toD;oD;tMum; qufoG,frIjyKEdkifjcif;rSm ajymif;vJwdk;wufvdkonhf
ynma&;Xmersm;? ausmif;rsm;? wuúov kd rf sm;twGuf atmifjrif&ef t"du
usygonf/
5/ vm;&mtjrifxm;&Sd vkyfaqmifjcif; (jrifuGif;us,fudk
½Ijrifjcif;) - ausmif;BuD;rsm;onf olwdkY&&Sdxm;onf tqihftwdkif;
tajymif;tvJr&Sd xm;vdMk uonf/ ]]tu,fí wpfcck [ k m aumif;aew,f?
tvkyfjzpfaew,fqdk,if uRefawmfwdkYtJ'gudk odrf;qnf;xm;w,f}}/
þonfrmS tajccdik Nf yD;jzpfonhf ausmif;BuD;rsm;\ aqmify'k v f kd
jzpfaeavonf/ tu,fíom ausmif;\vm;&m tem*wfudk ar;jref;
MunhfcJhygrl 0efxrf;trsm;pkESihf Xmeqdkif&mrsm;rS ajzqdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg/
tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf olwdkYonf ]]þae&m? þtcsdef}} wGifom &Sifoef
aeavjcif;aMumihfjzpfyg\/ ]]tem*wf}} onf ypöKyÜefudk a&SUaqmifjcif;
r&Sdygav/ twdwfuom a&SUaqmifaeavonf/ twdwfESihf rsufarSmuf
ypöKyÜewf Ykd ta&;BuD;aomfjim;vnf; wd;k wufajymif;vJvo kd nhf ausmif;rsm;
rSmrl ]]tem*wfvm;&m}} ESihf jrifuGif;us,f½IjrifrIudk tm½kHpdkufygonf/
þonfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf t"dyÜm,fjynhf0aom oif,lrItawGU
tBuHKrsm;udk jznhfqnf;ay;Edkif&efjzpfygaMumif;/
Ref: affectiveteaching.com
tvif;wdkuf*sme,f 2008
 odef;Ekdif 213

jyóemuawmh 'Dpdefac:rIawG ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmwmeJYtrQ

]]ynma&;}} u ulu,fEdkifr,fqdkwJh arQmfvihfcsuf&,f
urÇmBuD;udk acsmufxJruszdkY u,fq,fay;Edkifr,fqdkNyD;
jrifvmMuawmhw,f/ ynma&;orm;rsm;twGuf
tm;wufzG,f&m arQmfvihfcsufygbJ/ odkYayr,hf
ynma&;udk pdefac:cHae&awGuawmhjzihf
tonf;xdwfp&myg/
 214 ynmEkdifiHawmf

aumif;aom pmoifMum;jcif;ESihfywfoufí
pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mrsm; (1)
uReaf wmfyxrqk;H vkycf w
hJ t
hJ vkyf (taumif;qk;H vnf;jzpfygw,f)
uawmh ausmif;q&m wpfa,muf taeeJYyg/ ausmif;NyD;vdkYtouf 22
jynhfw,fqdk&ifyJ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHta&SUydkif; qm&m0uf awmeufBuD;xJrSm
&SdwJh tv,fwef;ausmif;av;wpfausmif;rSm pwifcJhwmaygh/ tvkyf
vkyfudkifcGihf vufrSwfay:rSm a&;xm;wJhtwdkif; uRefawmfhwm0efuawmh
]]rdcifbmompum; ajymqdkol}} taeeJYyg/
ausmif;rSm pmoifcef;av;cef;&Syd gw,f/ ynma&;Xmeu w&m;0if
taMumif;Mum;pmrydYkrD uReaf wmfa&mufomG ;wJt h cg q&mig;OD; &Scd yhJ gw,f/
uRefawmfvmr,f&,fvdkY arQmfvihfrxm;MuwJhtwGuf&,f e,l;ZDvef
Edik if o
H m;q&mi,fwpfO;D raeYuwnf;ua&muf&adS ewmaMumihf odyb HÜ mom
ESihf t*FvdyfpmudkoifzdkY olYudkwm0efay;xm;cJhw,f/ uRefawmfuawmh
b,fwek ;f urSravhvmbl;cJw h hJ tm&Swu kd o
f rdik ;f ESifh awmifurÇmbufyikd ;f
 odef;Ekdif 215

yx0D0ifwYkd ukd oifMum;ay;&rSmwJ/h aemufwpfcu k awmh *Dwjzpfygw,f/

ESpfywftwGif;rSmbJ *Dwudk vufavQmhvdkuf&ygw,f/ (oDcsif;
rqdw k wfb;l qdw k mudk oufaojycJ&h ao;wm/) t*Fvyd pf mudak wmh oifciG fh
&cJw h ,f/ olwYkd q;Hk jzwfwmuawmh ]]'g;Apf}} qdw k hJ q&mav;u em;vnf
EdkifavmufwJh t*Fvdyfpum;udk rajymwwfvdkYwJh/ 'DpmudkzwfaewJh e,l;
ZDvefom;rsm;udk uRefawmfawmif;yefygw,f/
'Dvekd YJ bJ uRefawmf&h UJ pmoifMum;jcif;tvkyf pwifcahJ wmhw,f/
odyfpdwf0ifpm;p&mraumif;ovdk auseyfp&mrjzpfcJhwJh pmoifMum;jcif;
tvkyEf pS rf sK;d avmuf ajymif;tNyD;rSmawmh wu,fvyk o f ihw
f mu ynma&;
bGJUausmif;om; tvkyf[m (ausmif;jyefwufwm) ydktoihfawmfqkH;vdkY
qk;H jzwfcwhJ ,f/ txl;ojzihaf wmh rEkóaA'½Iaxmihu f ae pOf;pm;wmyg/
'g[m ynma&;udk qkyfqkyfudkifudkif wdkuf½dkufyg0ifaqmif&Gufwmxuf
ynma&;qdkwmawGudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm? ydkif;jzwf&wmudk wpfoufwm
pdwf0ifpm;rIeJY pwifygawmhw,f/
tESpaf v;q,favmuf BuK;d pm;vkyu f ikd cf t
hJ Ny;D tckawmh uReaf wmfwYkd
b,fae&mrSm &yfwnfae&ygvJ/ tajctaeodyrf aumif;bl;vdYk ajym&rSm
pdwfraumif;ygbl;/ wpfaeYxufwpfaeY ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmaewJh pdefac:rI
topfawG? tEÅ&m,ftopfawG tjynht f ESu&f adS ewJt h ajctaeeJY urÇmBuD;
r[kwv f m;/ tckawmh 'DNcdr;f acsmufraI wG[m ydNk yD;awmhom BuD;xGm;vmae
w,f/ urÇmBuD;ysufpD;awmhr,fqdkwJh jrifuGif;awGjzpfwJh aiGaMu;pD;yGm;
uyfqu kd af erIawG? &moDOwkazmufjyef ajymif;vJvmaerIawG? tMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;ESifh avsmeh nf;vmaewJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGukd tNyKdit f qdik f
vk,lwJh ppfyGJawG tpkHtvifyg0ifaew,fav/
jyóemu 'Dpdefac:rIawG ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmwmeJYtrQ ]]ynma&;}}
u ulu,fEdkifr,fqdkYwJh arQmfvihfcsuf&,f urÇmBuD;udk acsmufxJruszdkY
u,fq,fay;Edkifr,fqdkNyD; jrifvmMuawmhw,f/ ynma&;orm;rsm;
 216 ynmEkdifiHawmf

twGuf tm;wufzG,f&m arQmfvihfcsufygbJ/ odkYayr,hf ynma&;udk

pdefac:cHae&awGuawmhjzihf tonf;xdwfp&myg/
1/ wpfurÇmvkH;rSm BuHKawGUae&mwmu ynma&;qdkif&m
pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;udk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIuae avQmhcsvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f/
(taumif;a&m? tqd;k yg? vkyyf eHk nf;vrf; rSeu f efreI YJ vrf;rSm;rIawG&adS ew,f/)
2/ ynma&;pepftwGif;rSm t*wdw&m;vdkufpm;rIawG
BuD;xGm;vmaew,f/ yk*v ¾ duESihf tcaMu;aiGay;&wJh usL&SifawGrSmom
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk xdxda&mufa&muf
oifMum;awmhw,f/
3/ ynma&;pepf&UJ tqihq f ihw f ikd ;f rSm vrf;aMumif;vrf;oG,f
awG axGjym;vdYkaeNyD; t&nftaoG;jynh0f wJq h &m q&mrawG? oifMum;a&;
t&if;tjrpfawGudk vrf;aMumif;wdkif;rSm ydkvdktyfaew,f/
4/ ynma&;[m urÇmrIjyKjcif;jzpfpOfESihf pHEIef;awGtwGuf
tusK;d aqmif&rSmvm;? 'grSr[kw&f if a'otvdu k f vdu k af vsmnDaxG&rdS EI iS fh
,Ofaus;rItrSwftom; o½kyfawGESihf rsKd;EG,fpkHaxGjym;rIudk xdef;odrf;
umuG,fay;&rSmvm;qdkwJh tawmrowfEdkifwJh aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHrIawG/
5/ ynma&;udk ud&, d mwpfct k jzpftok;H jyKaewJh (ukex f wk ?f
ÓPfxkwf pGrf;tm;wdk;yGm;apzdkY uRrf;usifvkyfom;xk ysKd;axmifa&;)
tajctaeuae NyD;jynhpf w Hk hJ vlom;wpfO;D jzpfvmapzdYkqw kd hJ vlom;A[djk yK
tawG;tjrifbufudk ajymif;vJvmrI/
6/ tem*wfumv raocsmrwdusrt I ay:rSm zefw;D vdpk wd f
ESihf ajymif;vJjcif;ESihftwl vdkufa&GUEdkifzdkYawGudk avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ef
vdktyfrI? tpOfoif,laewJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;rSm pOfqufrjywf
wpfoufwmavhvmvdkrI? y#dyu©awGydkNyD;wdk;vdkYaewJh urÇmBuD;rSm
jidrf;csrf;rIESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG twlrSDwGJaexdkifEdkifrI/
7/ trSwftom; o½kyftdkif'Drwlwm&,f NyD;awmhvnf;
 odef;Ekdif 217

aemufct H ajctae trsKd;tpkt H vif&adS ewJh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGukd

&ifqdkifEdkifzdkY/ aemufqkH;wpfcsufuawmh-
8/ taumif;qkH;aom arQmfrSef;csufawGxm;&SdNyD;? ausmif;
wufEIef;wdk;vmwmawG? aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; ydkjr§KyfESHxm;wmawG&,f
wpfurÇmvk;H rSm t&nftwGuw f ;kd vmapzdYkqw
kd hJ &nfreS ;f csuu f kd wjznf;jznf;
a&SUwdk; avQmufvSrf;aepOfrSmyJ ynma&;pepfawGeJY pmoifausmif;[m
ausmif;om;rsm;&JU oif,&l ef vdt k yfcsufawGukd jznhq f nf;oifMum;ay;zdYk
ysufuGufaewmudk ydkawGUae&ygNyD/
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m 'Dpdefac:rIawGudk ajz&Sif;&mrSm
t"duuswJah e&mrSm&Sad ew,f/ ynma&;uae urÇmBuD;udk ulu,f&r,f
qdkwmvnf; tygt0ifaygh/ ]]ausmif;q&m q&mr rvdktyfwJh oif½dk;
nTef;wrf;}} qdkwm&,f ]]ausmif;q&m q&mrESihf wlnDaom uGefysLwm}}
qdkwmawGudk xyfNyD;awmh rMum;rdao;ygbl;/ ynmoifMum;ay;ol?
pHjyKEdkifol? vrf;nTefay;olawG&,fvdkY wifpm;ac:xm;wJh ausmif;q&m
q&mrrsm;[m 'DurÇmajrrSm &SdaeygOD;r,f/
aemufwpfywfus&if 'Dped af c:rIawGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd zf Ykd b,fvv kd yk u
f ikd f
EdkifrvJqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;ygOD;r,f/

(befaumuftajcpdkuf ,leufpudk-tm&SESihf ypdzdwfa'o ynma&;AsL½dk

nTefMum;a&;rSL;a[mif; &S,f'efa&S;zm\ pmwrf;udk jyefqdkygonf/
Ref: BKK post 13 Jan 2009)
218 ynmEkdifiHawmf

'gayrJh EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
ausmif;q&mq&mravmif;rsm;[m ESpftawmfMumMum
aumvdyf pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;rSm ysif;&dav;wGJpGmxdkifNyD;
oif,ljcif;? oifMum;jcif;oDtdk&DawGudk
avhvmaeMu&wmawmhjzihf uHqdk;vSygw,f/
tJ'DtwGuf vkyfief;cGiftBudK q&mtwwfynm
oifwef;pepfudk b,fvdkrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifrvJ/
 odef;Ekdif 219

aumif;aom pmoifMum;jcif;ESihfywfoufí
pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mrsm; (2)
oif,lavhvmrIwdk;wufapzdkY
'gumynma&;vkyfief;tnTef;abmif (Dakar Framework for
Action)&JU tm;vk;H twGuf ynma&;tpDtpOf Education For All (EFA)
udk t&ifq;Hk uRefawmfaqG;aEG;yg&ap/ 2000 jynhEf pS w f ek ;f u Edik if w
H ikd ;f &JU
tpd;k &tm;vk;H wpfceJ ufoabmwlnD vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;cJw h hJ 'DpmcsKy[ f m
taotcsm jyifqifxm;wmjzpfw,f/ tJ't D pDtpOfxrJ mS ygwJt h wdik ;f qd&k if
q&m q&mrsm;ESihfywfoufNyD; atmufygtcsufawGudk jyKpkxm;&Sdw,f/
q&mq&mrsm;udk av;pm;orI&&dS r,f/ cHpm;cGiv fh pm xdu k w f efpmG
&&Sdoihfw,f/
oifwef;&&SdoihfNyD; pOfqufrjywf vkyfief;cGift&nftcsif;jr§ihf
oifwef;awG wufa&mufapoihfw,f/
olwdkY&JUvkyfief;ESihfywfoufNyD; oufa&mufrIawG jzpfapr,hf
udpö&yfawGudk qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mrSm yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf&&Sd&r,f/
 220 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;&JU oif,al vhvmrIypHk aH wG? ½kyyf ikd ;f ESifh

todÓPfzUGH NzdK;wdk;wufykH rwljcm;em;csufawGudk oabmaygufem;vnf
xm;&r,f/
tm½kEH ;kd Mum;apNyD; ud,
k w
f ikd yf g0if vkyaf qmifoif,al vhvmEdik w f hJ
pmoifcef;taetxm;? ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;wwf&r,f/
ausmif;q&mtvkyftudkif&JU wm0ef0wå&m;awGudk vufcHNyD;
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;eJY &yf&mG vlYtzGUJ tpnf;tay:rSm wm0efcEH ikd &f r,f/
'gayrJh yxrqk;H taeeJY ausmif;q&m q&mrtopf pkaqmif;yku H kd
MunhfMu&atmif/ q&mtvkyftudkiftwGuf ydkrdkoihfawmfudkufnDwJh
oifwef;ol? oifwef;om;awGudk qGJaqmifEdkif&r,f/ 'DvdkvkyfrSudkjzpfrSm
yg/ 2015 ckESpfrSm tm&SwdkuftwGif; tm;vkH;twGuf ynma&; EFA
&nfrSef;csufawGudk atmifjrifEdkifzdkYtwGufqdk&if q&m q&mrtopf
av;oef;xyfvrkd mS jzpfw,fvYkd ,leufpudt k zGUJ BuD;u cefYreS ;f xm;ygw,f/

q&mtwwfynmoifwef; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
wdkif;jynf&JU OD;aqmifrIuae tqihfqihfwdkif;u EdkifiHa&;t&
taxmuftyHu h kd trsm;BuD;vdt k yfw,f/ ynma&;twGuyf g/ txl;ojzihf
awmh ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;twGufjzpfw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf;
xufjrufwJh bGJU&vli,frsm; ausmif;q&mtvkyfvkyfzdkYtwGuf rufvkH;
awG xm;&Sdoihfw,f/
q&mtvkyftudkif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf b0wpfoufwm
avhvm&mrSm vkyif ef;cGit f BuKdq&m twwfynmoifwef;[m tifrwefrS
ta&;BuD;vSygw,f/
'gayrJh Edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;rSm ausmif;q&m q&mravmif;rsm;[m
ESpt
f awmfMumMum aumvdypf moifcef;rsm;twGi;f rSm ysi;f &dav;wGpJ mG xdik Nf yD;
oif,jl cif;? oifMum;jcif;oDt&kd aD wGukd avhvmaeMu&wmawmhjzihf uHq;kd
 odef;Ekdif 221

vSygw,f/ tJ't D wGuf vkyif ef;cGit f BuKd q&mtwwfynmoifwef;pepfukd

b,fvdkrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifrvJ/
t&ifq;Hk taeeJY q&mtwwfynmoifwef;awG[m ynma&;bGUJ
oifwef;jzpfap? bGJUvGef'D*&DawGjzpfap pmoifcef;twGif; tawGUtBuHK
tawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if&rSmjzpfw,f/
q&mtwwfynm oifwef;awGrSm ta&;BuD;wJhtjcm; pGrf;&nf
3 rsKd;udkvnf;xnhfoGif;oihfygw,f/
q&m q&mrrsm;[m ausmif;awGudk usef;rma&;ESihfnDnGwfNyD;
ab;tEÅ&m,fuif; vkHNcHKaEG;axG;wJh ae&mawGjzpfatmif b,fvdkvkyf&
rvJqdkwmudk od&Sdxm;&r,f/
q&m q&mrrsm;[m ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;? olwdkY&JU
rdom;pk0ifrsm;eJY &yf&GmvlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU yg0ifaqmif&GufrIudk &&Sdatmif
b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdkwmudk avhvmxm;&r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh-
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m pmoifom;rsm;&JU yk*v ¾ vdt
k yfcsuaf wG?
ynma&;txl;tultnD vdktyfrIawGudk jznhfqnf;ay;EdkifzdkYtwGuf
oD;oefYpGrf;&nfrsm;udk ydkifqdkif&&Sdxm;&r,f/
uJtck vkyfief;cGifrSm ae&mcsxm;a&;udk MunhfMu&atmif/
rlvwef;ausmif;av;&JU yxrwef;rSm pmoifzYkd b,fvq kd &m q&mrrsK;d udk
wm0efay;MuygovJ/ uRefawmfwdkYtm;vkH; od&SdMuwJhtwdkif; tawmfqkH;
q&m q&mrawGawmh r[kwfao;ygbl;/ awmfaom? aumif;aom q&m
q&mrrsm;udk olwdkY&JUpGrf;aqmifEdkif&nftvdkuf tvdktyfqkH;ae&mawGrSm
wm0efay;Mu&rSmyg/
ausmif;awGrmS wm0efay;tyfreI YJ ywfoufvYkd 'kw, d tcsuu f awmh
cufcJwJh ae&ma'oawGudk xufjrufxl;cRefwJh q&m q&mrawGoGm;NyD;
pmoifzYkt
d wGuf b,fvv kd yk v
f yk af y;MurvJ/ tydak qmif;qkaMu;aiGtygt0if
rufvkH;awGay;p&m trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f/
 222 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;q&mtvkyftudkif zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI

t"dutm;jzihfawmh xl;cRefxufjrufwJh ausmif;om;awG q&m
twwfynmudk avhvmMu? t&nftaoG;jynhrf w D hJ oifwef;awGrmS wufMu?
tvdt k yfq;Hk ae&mawG? twef;awGrmS pmoifMum;Mu/ ausmif;q&mtvkyrf mS
NrJaezdYkeYJ pmoifMum;jcif; ydrk akd umif;rGev f mapzdYktwGuf bmawGrsm;vkyaf y;
EdkifrvJ/
yxrqkH;taeeJYawmh q&mq&mrtopfawGudk ausmif;vkyfief;
rdwq f uftpDtpOfawG? vkyif ef;cGiv f ufawGU tprf;cefYumvtpDtpOfawGukd
uRefawmfwdkY taotcsmpDpOf vkyfaqmifMu&rSm jzpfw,f/
q&mtwwfynmoifwef;umv tpydik ;f uwnf;u q&m q&mr
avmif;awGudk rdrdwdkY&JUoifMum;rIudk jyefvSefavhvmokH;oyfwwfwJh
olawGjzpfvmzdkY avhusihfoifMum;½kHwifrubJ rdrdtxufu q&mBuD;
q&mrBuD;awG vkyfazmfudkifzufq&m q&mrawGESihfyg pmoifMum;a&;
wdk;wufvmapzdkY twlwuGyl;aygif; aqmif&GufwwfwJholawGjzpfvm
atmifvnf; avhusihfay;&rSmyg/
aemufqkH;wpfcsuftaeeJYawmh ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udk
q&mtvkyftudkif&JU wdk;wufrItwGuf a&SUqufvrf;zGihfay;jcif;ESihf
tqihjf rihw f m0efawG,El ikd zf Ykdukd vrf;aMumif;ESpcf ek YJ xm;&S&d r,f/ ynma&;
qdik &f m pDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;vrf;aMumif;ESifh ynm&Siv f rf;aMumif;awGuwpfqihf
jzpfygw,f/
ed*kH;csKyfajym&&if ausmif;q&mtvkyfzGHUNzdK;rItwGuf ya&mfzuf
&Sife,f ausmif;q&mtpnf;t½kH;awG? or*¾awGzGJUpnf;ay;&r,f/ olwdkY
udk,fwdkif wuf<upGmvkyfaqmifEdkifatmif tm;ay;&r,f/
uav;wdik ;f [m oD;oefYjzpfwnfNyD; &Sio f efaew,fvYku d Reaf wmfwYkd
,kHMunfw,fqdk&if ]]q&m}} &,fvdkY xdkufwefpGm tac:cHEdkifol ya&mfzuf
&Sief ,fawGu pmoifcef;wdik ;f &Sd uav;wdik ;f udk vrf;nTeOf ;D aqmifraI y;NyD;
 odef;Ekdif 223

pmoifMum; jyoay;&vdrrfh ,f/ uav;awG[m pHjyKEdik o f ?l vrf;nTeEf ikd o

f l
&&SdzdkY vdktyfovdk &&Sdoihfw,f/ ydkNyD;awmh ra&&mrwdusvSwJh tem*wf
umvpdefac:rIawGudk &ifqdkifEdkifzdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJhpGrf;&nfawG &&SdEdkifzdkY
jzpfw,f/ 'Dtajctaexuf avsmeh nf;NyD; vkyv f Ykdroihw
f hJ tzd;k xdu
k &f wem
av;awG r[kwfvm;/

(Ref: BKK post 13 &2 1 Jan 2009 Sheldon Shaeffer

&S,f'efa&S;zm[m befaumuftajcpdkuf ,leufpudk tm&SESihf ypdzdwfa'o
ynma&;jAL½dk&JU nTefMum;a&;rSL;a[mif;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; 2008 'DZifbmvrSm
tNidrf;pm;,lcJhw,f/ e,l;a,mufeJY befaumuf,leDquf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;
zdkY'fazmifa';&Sif;? yJ&pftajcpdkuf ynma&;pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;
EdkifiHwumtifpwDusLU? uae'gEdkifiHtajcpdkuf EdkifiHwum
zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufa&; okawoeXmeawGrSm tvkyfvkyfcJhw,f/)
224 ynmEkdifiHawmf

EkysKdwJhrsKd;qufopfrsm;[m 'Dwdkif;jynf&JU
tem*wfeJYuHMur®mudk wpfaeYrSm qkH;jzwfay;r,hf
olawGygbJ/ EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' odkYr[kwf
tpdk;&awmifr[kwfygbl;/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfjzpfvmzdkY
wnfaqmuf&mrSm us½IH;oGm;rSmvm;? atmifjrifrSmvm;qdkwm
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;&JU yckH;xufu av;eufBuD;rm;wJh
wm0efyJjzpfw,f/
 odef;Ekdif 225

,Ofaus;rI a&SUaqmifol&Jaumif;rsm;
NyD;cJw
h t
hJ ywfu csKid ;f ,mzGe;f c½dik rf mS 'DvtwGi;f tNidr;f pm;,lawmh
rSmjzpfwJh tpdk;&ausmif;awGu q&m q&mrrsm;udk *kPfjyKwJhtcrf;tem;
wpf&yf uReaf wmfwufa&mufciG &fh cJyh gw,f/ 'Dxikd ;f Edik if ?H ta&SUajrmufc½dik rf mS
apmapmpD;pD; yifpif,lr,hfolawGtygt0if 'DESpfxJrSm jynfolY0efxrf;
vkyfoufjynhfNyDjzpfwJh q&m q&mrrsm;[m 300 avmuf&Sdaeygw,f/
ude;f *Pef;awGt&uawmh r,kMH unfEikd pf &mygbJ/ tnGe;f ude;f
awGt& xdkif;EdkifiH&JUc½dkif 76 ckpvkH;rSm 'DESpftwGif; tNidrf;pm;awmhr,hf
q&m q&mrOD;a&[m ESpfaomif;xufrenf;bl;vdkY cefYrSef;xm;ygw,f/
ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmwJh vlO;D a&twGuf tpm;xd;k Edik zf Ykd ausmif;q&m q&mrtopf
awG tawmfuav; vdktyfaeygNyD/
ppfbuf odkYr[kwf &Jbufqdkif&m tNidrf;pm;,lr,hf t&m&Sdrsm;
twGuf *kPjf yKyt JG crf;tem;awGukd ESppf Ofusi;f yavh&ydS gw,f/ wm0efxrf;
aqmifaeqJ ppfbuf? &Jbuft&m&Srd sm;rS olwYkdxufpeD , D musNyD; Ekwx f u
G f
awmhr,hf t&m&SBd uD;rsm;&JU ay;qyfpeG Yfvw T cf rhJ aI wG? wm0efausyeG cf rhJ aI wGukd
 226 ynmEkdifiHawmf

wefzdk;xm;av;pm;aMumif; jyoMuwmyg/ tJ'D*kPfjyKyGJawGrSmawmh

trSww f & cs;D rGr;f Mobmpum;awG ajymMu? csw D uftav;jyK tcrf;tem;
awG qif,ifMu? *kPfjyKpm;aomufyGJawG NcdrhfNcdrhfoJ jyifqifusif;yay;
Muygw,f/
'gayrJh ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udkawmh ol&Jaumif;awG&,fvdkY
rowfrw S x
f m;ao;ygbl;/ e,fbufu ausmif;q&m q&mru ydNk yD;awmh
a0;ygao;w,f/ ol&aJ umif;qdw k hJ a0g[m&&JUav;eufwhJ t"dymÜ ,fxrJ mS
ausmif;q&m q&mrawG ryg0ifao;wmuawmh aocsmygw,f/ tJ'D
twGufvnf; *kPfjyKyGJawGusif;yay;avhr&Sdwmyg/ csKdif;,mzGef;c½dkifrSm
tNidrf;pm;,lawmhr,hf tdkrif;rpGrf;Z&m t&G,fa&mufaeNyDjzpfwJh q&m
q&mrBuD;rsm;twGuf 'DESpfrSm usif;yjyKvkyfay;wJh rxifr&Sm;? tnw&
*kPfjyKyGJuawmh olwdkY&JUudk,fydkif ausmif;q&m or0g,rtoif;rSm
jcpfjcpfukwfukwfpkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGaMu;udk t&if;wnfxm;&SmMuwm/
tjcm;aom c½dkifawG? a'oawGrSm&SdMuwJh q&m q&mrrsm;uawmh 'Dvdk
tcrf;tem;awGudk tdyfrufawmif rruf&Jao;ygbl;/
uRefawmfh&JUtjrifrSmawmh &J&ihfwJhppfom;awG? &Jt&m&SdawGvdkyJ
ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;[m ta&;BuD;w,fqdkwmyg/ vufeufawG
rudkifaqmifxm;Muayr,hfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY vlYtzGJtpnf;udk ykHazmf?
xkqpfEdkifzdkY r&yfrem;wdkufyGJ0ifaeMuw,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynf&JU pdwf"mwfudk
ykaH zmfaeMuwJh ,Ofaus;rIo&l aJ umif;rsm;yg/ uav;awG&UJ &nfreS ;f csuaf wG?
qE´awGudk xkqpfay;aewJh Adokumrsm;yg/ EkysKdwJh rsKd;qufopfrsm;[m
'Dwikd ;f jynf&UJ tem*wfeYJ uHMur®mudk wpfaeYrmS qk;H jzwfay;r,ho
f al wGygyJ/
EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' odkYr[kwf tpdk;&awmif r[kwfygbl;/
'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynfjzpfvmzdYk wnfaqmuf&mrSm us½I;H oGm;rSmvm;? atmif
jrifrmS vm;qdw k m ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;&JU yck;H xufu av;eufBuD;rm;wJh
wm0efyJjzpfw,f/
 odef;Ekdif 227

'gaMumihf aemifvmr,hfESpfawGrSm or0g,rtoif;taeeJY ydkrdk

aumif;rGefoihfawmfwJhtajctaeeJY q&m q&mrrsm;udk *kPfjyKyGJ usif;y
jyKvkyfay;zdkY uRefawmf tBuHjyKwifjyyg&ap/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
uav;awG trsm;BuD;yg0ifNyD; q&m q&mrrsm;&JU *kPaf us;Zl;w&m;awGukd
jyocGihf&&SdEdkifr,hf ausmif;0if;tus,fBuD; wpfckckrSmaygh/
ppfom;awG[m wdkif;jynf&JUvGwfvyfa&; ol&Jaumif;awGvdkY
qdMk u&if ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[mvnf; ol&aJ umif;bGUJ xl;udx k u kd w f ef
olawGjzpfMuygw,f/ ,Ofaus;rIa&SUwef; ppfrsuEf mS rSm wdu k yf 0JG ifaeolawG?
'Drdkua&pD&SifoefEdkifzdkYudk umuG,fxdef;odrf; apmihfa&SmufaeolawG[m
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;bJ r[kwfygvm;/
rsufarSmufacwfrmS ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udk tav;rxm;Mu
awmhwm awGUae&ygw,f/ ynma&;0efBuD;qdo k u l kd a&G;cs,cf efYtyfwm0ef
ay;&mrSmawmif ynma&;tawGUtBuHK aemufcHvkH;0r&SdwJh qufoG,fa&;
buf uRr;f usio f w l pfO;D udk cefYtyfcw
hJ m[m txift&Sm;om"uwpfcyk g/
tifrwefta&;BuD;vSwhJ 0efBuD;Xmewpfcu k kd wm0efay;ud, k w f , G cf ikd ;f ykrH sm;/
BuKd;pm;Munhfprf;ygapwJh/
ydkqdk;0g;vSwJh tajctaeuawmh q&m q&mrrsm;udk,fwdkifu
wdik ;f jynfzUHG NzdK;wd;k wufreI YJ 'Dru
kd a&pD&iS o
f efEikd af &;rSm rdrw d Ykd&UJ ta&;BuD;wJh
wm0ef0wå&m;awGeJY tcef;u@udk arhavsmhaeMuw,f/ owdjyKrdMuykH
r&ygbl;/
a&G;aumufyGJawGrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;[m aiGaMu;yrmP
tBuD;tus,t f uket f uscH ok;H pGwJ wfMuygw,f/ tkypf ak wG? *dP k ;f *PawG
zGUJ Muw,f/ trwfae&m? 0efBuD;ae&m? &mxl;ae&mawGukd tirf;r&vdck sif
aeMuw,fav/ tm;vkH;od&SdMuwJhtwdkif; tcsKdUaom yk*¾KdvfawG[m
t*wdw&m;awG jynhfESufaeMuwm/ b,fvdkrsm; jzpfvmwmygvdrhf/
olwdkYudk taotcsmavhusihfysKd;axmifay;&r,hf ynma&;pepf&JU vSywJh
 228 ynmEkdifiHawmf

usqkH;rIvdkYajym&if jiif;qdkEdkifyghrvm;/ rdrdwdkif;jynfeJY vlYtzGJUtpnf;

tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf ay;qyfpeG Yf vw T rf aI wG? wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w
d "f mwfawG?
udk,fusihfw&m;eJY usihf0wfeDwdydkif;qdkif&mawG avhusihfysKd;axmifay;zdkY
ynma&;[m ysufuGufcJhygovm;/
vlwdkif;[m oefY&Sif;pifMu,fpGm arG;zGm;vmcJhwmvdkY uRefawmf
uawmh tcdik t f rm,kMH unfxm;olyg/ tJ'aD emufrmS awmh ud, k uf sio
fh u
d m©
w&m;eJY raumif;rIt"r®[m vlom;&JU pdwfESvkH;om;eJY tusihfpm&dwåudk
tNyKdiftqdkif ykHazmfvmMuw,f/ ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m trsm;BuD;
vkyfEdkifaeygw,f/ vlawG b,fvdkjzpfvmMurvJqdkwmudk olwdkYykHazmf
wnfaqmufEdkifygw,f/ wefzdk;xm;oihfwJh? jrihfjrwfaomolawGudk
av;pm;pGmqufqEH ikd zf Ykd&,f? t*wdw&m;vdu k pf m;olawGukd z,f&mS ;Edik pf rG ;f
&Szd Ykd&,f? wdik ;f jynf&UJ ta&;ygvSwhJ &mxl;wm0efawGukd umuG,Ef ikd zf Ykd&,fpwJh
tajccH,Ofaus;rIudk ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m wnfaqmufEdkifpGrf;
&Sdaew,f/
tjidrf;pm;,lNyD;wJhaemufrSmawmifrS ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;&JU
vkyif ef;wm0efawG NyD;qk;H oGm;NyDvYkd r,lqEdik af o;bl;/ aemifvmaemifom;
awG? tem*wfrsKd;qufawG? usihf0wfeDwdawGudk ykHazmfwnfaqmufwJh
wm0efu tem;r,lcMhJ uygbl;/ b,faomtcgrS tJ'w D m0efawGuawmhjzihf
tjidrf;pm;,lrnhfolawG r[kwfMuygbl;/
tJ'DtwGufaMumihf tNidrf;pm;,lMuawmhr,hf ausmif;q&m
q&mrBuD;rsm;udk tEl;tnGwaf rwåm&yfcv H ykd gw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd&UJ vlYtzGUJ
tpnf;udk qufvufNyD; *½kPma&SUxm;vdYk wm0efqufvuf ,lay;apvdk
ygw,f/ tenf;qk;H tm;jzihf rdrw d Ykdaexdik &f m &yf? &Gm? a'oawGrmS qufvyk f
ay;Muyg/ tcktcsdeftcgrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIu
avQmhcsxm;NyDjzpfvdkY a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUtpnf;awGudk ulnDyHhydk;ay;
Edkifygw,f/ OD;pD;OD;aqmifrIwm0efawGudkvnf; ,lay;apvdkygw,f/
 odef;Ekdif 229

xdkif;EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;ESihftwl ausmif;q&m q&mrBuD;rsm;rSmvnf;

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;t& Oya'awGtwGuf
wifjyydkifcGihfawG&Sdaew,f/ t*wdw&m; vdkufpm;olawGudkvnf; wm0ef
awGu z,f&Sm;ydkifcGihfvnf; &Sdaeygw,f/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ynma&;tawGUtBuHKawG <u,f0aeMuwJh?
rdrEd iS fh tjcm;olawGukd ysK;d axmifay;cJMh uolawG&UJ wefz;kd eJY cH,cl suu
f omvQif
vuf&SdBuHKawGUae&wJh EdkifiHa&;rkefwdkif;'Pfudk uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfu
BuHhBuHhcHEdkifrSmyg/ uRefawmfwdkY 'DvdkvkyfEdkifr,fqdk&ifawmh ydkrdkoefYpifwJh
wdik ;f jynfjzpfvmrSmyg/ urÇmrSm t*wdw&m;tvdu k pf m;qk;H wdik ;f jynfawG
pm&if;xJrSm ygaewmudk y,fzsufvmEdkifr,f/ w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m
r,kHMunf&qkH;pm&if;uvnf; uif;vGwfygvdrhfr,f/
tJ'DwdkufyGJrSmawmh q&m q&mrrsm;[m a&SUaqmifvrf;jy
Mu,fpifawG jzpfygaMumif;/

(2008 ckESpf urÇmYq&mrsm;aeY? 5 &uf atmufwdkbmv

2008 aeYxkwf befaumufydkYpf owif;pmyg
Thongbai Thongpao \ Teachers are our nation’s
cultural warriors aqmif;yg;udk qDavsmfatmif jyefqdkygonf/)

csKd;vif;jym trsKd;orD;r*¾Zif; 2008

230 ynmEkdifiHawmf

cRwfNcHKusNyD; zdESdyfwJhpepfatmufrSm aysmufuG,foGm;&wJh

q&mhpdwf"mwfpGrf;tm;awG? q&mh0efwmawGtwGuf
tvGwfusufrSwfwJh oif,la&;[m ydkrdkvG,fulvSwJh
xGufvrf;ygyJ/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;&JU
wDxGifzefwD;rI Creativity udk avhusihfysKd;axmif
ay;&r,hfwm0ef[m tifrwefrSudk BuD;av;vSw,fav/
aemufwpfcsuf&Sdao;w,f/ ykHpHwlnDrI? trdefYemcHwwfrIeJY
txufatmuf? BuD;oli,folpepfudk wefzdk;xm;wJh
,Ofaus;rIabmiftwGif;rSm rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk
ESdyfuGyfxm;&r,hf tEÅ&m,fvdkY ½Ijrifjcif;ygyJ/
 odef;Ekdif 231

ynma&; uHqdk;rdk;arSmifus&jcif;taMumif;
uRefrwdkY wdkif;jynf&JU b,fjyóemudkrqdk ajymvdkufprf;yg/
Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&; 'grSr[kw&f if vlraI &; .../ b,forl qdk tJ'jD yóemawG&UJ
tajz[m ynma&;jzpfw,fqdkwmudk tcdkiftrmudk,kHMunfNyD; tajzay;
ygvdrhfr,f/
uRefruvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ ,kHMunfvdkufcsifwm/
'gayrJh wu,fjzpfysuaf ewmuawmh tJ'aD vmufxd rvG,u f vl S
ygbl;/ txl;ojzihf tckvkd uRefrwdYk &UJ ynma&;pepf[m ½Iy½f yI af xG;axG;
trIdufykHBuD;wpfckvdk jzpfaecsdefrSmyg/
rSeyf gw,f/ xdik ;f Edik if rH mS *kP,
f pl &matmifjrifraI wG trsm;BuD;udk
&Sad ewmyg/ OyrmtaeeJYajym&&if tm&Swu kd rf mS vli,fpmwwfajrmufEeI ;f
tjrihfqkH;EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHjzpfw,f/ 98 &mcdkifEIef;yg/ wpfEdkifiHvkH; roif
rae& 9 wef;txd ynma&;pepf[mvnf; atmifjrifvyk gNyD/ xdik ;f jzpfap?
tjcm;uav;jzpfap 12 wef;txd tcrJyh nma&;udk cHpm;cGijfh yKzYkd zGUJ pnf;yku H
tcGit fh a&;ay;xm;ygw,f/ qif;&JErG ;f ygwJu h av;awG tqihjf rihyf nmudk
wufvSrf;EdkifzdkYtwGuf ausmif;om;acs;aiGtpDtpOfvnf; &Sdaew,f/
 232 ynmEkdifiHawmf

trsK;d om;0ifaiG&UJ 30 &mcdik Ef eI ;f eD;yg;udk ynma&;0efBu;D XmetwGuf

owfrSwfxm;wJhtwGuf xdkif;EdkifiH&JUynma&;[m trSefwu,fudk vlxk
wpf&yfv;Hk udk ud, k pf m;jyKxm;ygNyD/ t&nftwGut f aeeJYawmh rSeyf gw,f/
'gayrJh t&nftaoG;ydik ;f qdik &f mrSmawmh cg;oD;vSwhJ trSew f &m;udk
uRerf wdYk NyD;cJw
h t
hJ ywfu awGUjrif&ygNyD/ aemufq;Hk Edik if w H umppfwrf;&JU
awGU&Sdcsuft& xdkif;ausmif;om;rsm;[m bmom&yfwdkif;rSm EdkifiHwum
tqihfxuf edrhfusaewmyg/
aemufxyfNyD; uRerf wdYk&UJ uav;xuf0ufe;D yg;[m pmzwfjcif;ESifh
odyrHÜ mS tajccHprG ;f &nfr&SMd uygbl;/ ocsmF rSmusjyefawmh ydv k Ykdawmifq;kd &Gm;
aeygao;w,f/ ausmif;om;xuf0ufausmf[m tajccHocsFmpGrf;&nf
r&SdMubl;vdkY EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;rsm; ppfaq;tuJjzwfrI tpDtpOf
(Pisa) u qdkygw,f/
vGefcJhwJh q,fESpfausmfu 'Dppfwrf;&v'feJY EdIif;,SOfr,fqdk&if
xdkif;ausmif;om;rsm;&JU &rSwfawG[m ododomomudk usqif;oGm;ygNyD/
acwfrDypönf;ud&d,mawG? oifaxmufulawGr&SdvdkYawmh r[kwfygbl;/
tckq&kd if txufwef;ausmif;om;awG[m uGeyf sLwmwmawG? tifwmeuf
awGeYJ ,Ofyg;aeygNyD/ 'gayrJh olwYkd&UJ ynm&nfw;kd wufrw I pfpv Hk ;Hk uawmh
wd;k wufrvmcJyh gbl;/ Pisa tpD&ifcpH m&JU t"duwifjywJh tcsufuawmh
ausmif;q&mrsm;&JU t&nftaoG;jzpfygw,f/ wdwdususqdk&&ifawmh
t&nftaoG;r&Sdjcif;ygyJ/
'DESpftpydkif;rSm tajccHynma&; aumfr&Sif½kH;csKyf txufwef;jy
ausmif;q&mawGudk olwdkYoifMum;wJh bmom&yfudk pmar;yGJjyefajzapcJh
ygw,f/ &v'fawGukd odcsiyf g&JUvm;/ uGeyf sLwmodyrHÜ mS 88 &mcdik Ef eI ;f aom
q&mrsm;[m pmar;yGu J sygw,f/ ZD0aA'bmom&yfrmS awmh 86 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
[m us½IH;jyefygw,f/ ocsFmrSmawmh 84 &mcdkifEIef;[m oifwJhbmomudk
atmifrSwfr&bl;/ ½lyaA'q&m 71 &mcdkifEIef;eJY "mwkaA'q&m 64
 odef;Ekdif 233

&mcdkifEIef;us½IH;w,f/ tmumoodyÜHeJY urÇmajr odyÜHbmom&yfjyq&m

63 &mcdkifEIef; us½IH;ygw,f/
ausmif;'g½dkufwmawG[mvnf; tvm;wlygyJ/ ynma&;½kH;csKyf
Obec pm&if;t& 95 &mcdi k Ef eI ;f aom ausmif;tkyrf sm;? ausmif;'g½du k wf mrsm;[m
t*Fvdyfpm? uGefysLwmenf;ynm bmom&yfawGrSm us½IH;jyefygw,f/
odYkayrJh q&mawGbufuvnf; cg;oD;vSwhJ tawGUtBuHKawG&adS e
ygw,f/ vpm0ifaiGenf;vSNyD; ynm&yfqikd &f mrSm taxmuftuljzpfapr,hf
oifwef;uvnf;r&Sw d thJ jyif q&mtvkyt f udik &f UJ t"dutESpo f m&jzpfwhJ
oifMum;rIprG ;f &nfeYJ ausmif;om;rsm;tay:rSm wm0ef&rdS w I Ykd ukd vlYtodik ;f
t0dkif;twGif;rSm wefzdk;xm;rIuvnf; edrhfyg;vGef;jyefw,f/
trSew f u,fawmhvnf; aus;vufa'oawGu qmavmifaeMuwJh
uav;awGtwGuf q&mrsm;&JU tcsdet f awmfrsm;rsm;[m aeYv,fpmtcrJh
auR;arG;zdkY pDpOf&wmeJYwif ukefqkH;ae&avawmh tJ'Duav;trsm;pkBuD;
pmwwfzdkYudk b,fvdkvkyfNyD; arQmfvihfEdkifrSmvJ/
vlxkusef;rma&;0efBuD; *sL&ifvufpe0Dqpf&JU ajymjycsuft&
xdik ;f ausmif;om;rsm;&JU tdik u f sL IQ [m Edik if w
H umtqihx f uf enf;enf;
edrhfyg;w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/
'gayrJh ausmif;q&mrsm;u tjypfwif? a0zefwmuawmh 'Dtcsuf
r[kwyf gbl;/ pdw"f mwfusqif;&jcif;[m A[dOk ;D pD;csKyu f ikd rf I wif;usyv f eG ;f
vSNyD; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSwJh ynma&;0efBuD;XmeaMumihfom jzpfw,f/
0efBuD;Xme[m ynma&;t&nftaoG;xuf XmewGif tmPmNyKdiq f ikd af erI
udkom ydkpdwf0ifpm;aevdkYygyJ/
odkYayrJh ausmif;ynma&;udk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIavQmhcsNyD; q&m
rsm;taeeJY udk,hfa'oqdkif&m ynma&;tzGJUtpnf;udkom tpD&ifcHpm
ydkYMuzdkY pDpOfwJhtcgusjyefawmhvnf; 0efBuD;Xmeuvlrsm;[m olwdkY&JU
&mxl;awG? *kPt f qihaf wG jyKwfusuek rf mS udk pd;k &drv f eG ;f vdYk taotausukd
 234 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uefYuGuf qefYusifcJhMuw,f/
cRwfNcHKusNyD; zdESdyfwJhpepfatmufrSm aysmufuG,foGm;&wJh q&mh
pdwf"mwfpGrf;tm;awG? q&mh0efwmawGtwGuf tvGwfusufrSwfwJh
oif,la&;[m ydkrdkvG,fulvSwJh xGufvrf;ygyJ/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
ausmif;om;rsm;&JU wDxGifzefwD;rI Creativity udk avhusihfysKd;axmifay;
&r,hf wm0ef[m tifrwefrSudk BuD;av;vSw,fav/ aemufwpfcsuf&Sd
ao;w,f/ ykpH w H nl rD ?I trdeYef mcHwwfreI YJ txufatmuf? Bu;D oli,fopl epfukd
wefzdk;xm;wJh ,Ofaus;rIabmiftwGif;rSm rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk ESdyfuGyf
xm;&r,hftEÅ&m,fvdkY ½Ijrifjcif;ygyJ/
vlrt I odik ;f t0dik ;f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? Xmersm;
jzpf&r,hftpm; ausmif;rsm;[m ½dk;&m"avhxkH;wrf; pHwefzdk;awGvdk
jzpfaewJh rnDrQrI? tmPmrzDqefwufrIawGudkom rsKd;qufwpfckuae
aemufrsKd;qufudk vufqihfurf;ay;&mae&mrsm; jzpfaeMuw,f/
ydrk Nkd yD;jrihrf m;wJh ynma&;tqiht f wef;udk uRerf wdYk vt kd yfwmyg/
enf;ynmpGrf;&nfawG&,f? wDxGifzefwD;rIpGrf;&nfawG&,f vdktyfw,f/
,SOfNyKdifae&wJh urÇmYpD;yGm;a&;rSm &SifoefEdkifzdkYtwGufyg/ 'Drdkua&pDeJY
Nidr;f csr;f a&;t"GeYf&n S w f nfwahH ezdYktwGuf rwlujJG ym; jcm;em;rIawGtay:rSm
onf;cHjcif;w&m;udk uRefrwdkYvdktyfw,f/ 'gayrJh uRefrwdkYudk ausmif;
uae xnhfay;aewJht&mawG[m acwfaemufjyefoGm;aewm jzpfw,f/
[iht f if; ... 'Dynma&; r[kwb f ;l / tck&adS ewJh ynma&;pepf[m
axmifaomif;csaD ewJh jyóemt00&JU tajzr[kwb f ;l / trSew
f u,fwrf;
rSmawmh ]]ynma&;}} udk,fwdkif[m jyóemtBuD;BuD;udk jzpfaeawmhwm/
'Dtcsuu f kd uRerf wdYk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rjrifrcsi;f 'Daxmifacsmufxu J ae
½kef;uefxGufEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
Source: Education Woes by Sanitsuda Ekachai
BKK post
 odef;Ekdif 235

a&SUquf&r,hfc&D;vrf;uvnf; vG,fulrSmawmh
r[kwfao;ygbl;/ 'gayrJh atmufpzdkY'fausmif;awmfBuD;u
ausmif;awmfom;rsm;&JU taumif;qkH;t&mudkom
arQmfvihfw,fqdkwm uRefrodygw,f/
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 236 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 237

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 238 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 239

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 240 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 241

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242 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 243

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ausmfjzihf enf;ynmbGJU& ta&twGufrSmvnf; jrihfrm;vSonf/
ynmt&nftaoG;jynh0f NyD; pGr;f aqmif&nfjrihrf m;vSonhf vlom;
t&if;tjrpfaMumihfomvQif awmifudk&D;,m;rSm csrf;om<u,f0vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ tBu;D pm;pufrv I yk if ef;rsm;jzpfonhf tDvufxa&mepfenf;ynmESifh
armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfrIynmwdkYwGif vGefpGmtqihftwef;jrihfrm;vmcJh
onf/ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;vmonfESihftrQ tajccHtaqmuftODydkif;ESihf
vlom;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmap&ef ydkrdk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMujyefonf/
uRefawmhftjrif&qdk&aomf awmifudk&D;,m;\ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'
rsm;ESihf ynma&;rl0g'wdkYrSm vufcsif;csdwf 'GefwGJcsDwufvsuf&Sdonf[k
qdkcsifygonf/
jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm; pwifvyk af qmifaeonhf jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf
vnf; awmifudk&D;,m;\ tajymif;tvJESihf ynma&;pepf? vlom;t&if;
tjrpf ysKd;axmifarG;xkwyf w Hk YkdrmS twk,pl &mrsm;&Sad Mumif; wifjyvdo k nf/
 246 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;tjrifESihf tem*wf

tvm;tvmudk vspfvsL½Iírxm;oihfyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkif;twGuf
aumif;rGeaf om ynma&;[kq&kd mwGif pmaytod? ynm&yftaMumif;t&m
wdkYudkomvQif tav;xm;írjzpfyg/ ,SOfNyKdifrI ydkrdkjyif;xefvmonhf
urÇmwGif aumif;rGefaomynma&;pepfonf EdkifiHawmf\ vlrIa&;ESihf
pD;yGm;zGUH NzdK;rIwYkd twGuvf nf; tmrcHcsufay;Edik &f ygrnf/ rzGUH NzdK;ao;aom
qif;&JwGif;eufvSqJ EdkifiHrsm;wGif aumif;rGefaom ynma&;pepftwGuf
taxmuftuljyK tajccHtaqmifttkHtjyif pGrf;aqmif&nfjynhfvlom;
t&if;tESD;rSmvkHavmufrI (vkH;0) r&SdonhftwGuf ydkíyif tav;xm;
jyifqif&ygvdrhfrnf/
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufNyD; awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;aumif;vm
jcif;ESihf "e<u,f0vmjcif;rSm ynma&;aMumihf[k rD;armif;xdk;wifjyae
aomfvnf; olwYkdausmjf zwfc&hJ aom? ausmjf zwfae&qJ tjcm;pdeaf c:rIrsm;ESifh
rvdv k m;tyfaom tusLd ;qufrsm;udv k nf; uReaf wmfaphiMk unhrf yd gonf/
rufuifaq; tifpwDusLU\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif qufvufwifjy
xm;ygonf/ awmifudk&D;,m;rdbrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ynma&;
t&nftaoG;twGuf pdwåZjzpfvkeD;yg; pdk;&drfaomua&mufvsuf&SdMu
onfESihftrQ usL&Sifausmif;rsm;rSm ydkrdkta&;ygvsuf&Sdaeonf/ tcsdefydk
oifwef;rsm;pGmtwGuf rdbrsm;u aiGukefaMu;uscHMuonf/ jyif;xef
vGef;vSonhf wuúodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yGJrsm;wGif atmifjrifrI&&Sd&eftwGuf
tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;u vkHvkHavmufavmuf oifMum;ay;jcif;? jyifqif
ay;jcif;r&Sd[k rdbrsm;½IjrifMuonf/
rdom;pk0if om;orD;OD;a& uefYowfxm;jcif;rsm;? vlOD;a&avsmh
enf;vmjcif;rsm;rSm ynma&;p&dwfpu BuD;jrihfvGef;vSonhftwGuf
aMumihf[k qdkygonf/ om;orD;ynma&;twGuf 0ifaiG\ &mcdkifEIef;
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk tok;H jyK&jcif;? rdbrsm;u tvkyt f udik w
f Ykdukd pdwzf pd ;D rI
 odef;Ekdif 247

ESit fh wl yifyifyef;yef;? BuKd;pm;vkyu f ikd í

f 0ifaiG&mS azG&jcif;wdYk &adS eonf/
xdkYtwl om;orD;rsm;bufwGifvnf; ynma&;wGif xl;cRefaygufajrmuf
atmif BuK;d pm;ay;&ef wm0efrmS pdwzf pd ;D rI'Pftqihyf if a&muf&adS eavonf/
upm;csed rf mS r&So d avmufyif/ rdbrsm;ESifh vlYtzGUJ tpnf;\ arQmv f ihcf suf
pHcsed rf aD tmif tvGet f rif;yifyef;cHum (tcsed jf ynh)f pmBuK;d pm;ae&awmhonf/
bGJU&NyD;aomfjim;vnf; tvkyfwGifatmifjrif&efrSm aemufxyf
pdefac:rIwpfckjzpfonf/ rdrdenf;wl tjcm;aom pGrf;aqmif&nfjynhfbGJU&
rsm;rSm woDwwef;BuD; r[kwyf gvm;/ tvkyEf iS fh 0ifaiGpEH eI ;f rjynhrf jD cif;udk
½IH;edrhfjcif;[k rn§mrwmyif ½IjrifokH;oyfMu\/
odkYjzpfav&m ynma&;t&ESihf pD;yGm;a&;t& urÇmYxdyfwef;EdkifiH
tqiho f Ykd cHpm;a&muf&cdS ahJ pumrl awmifu&kd ;D om;wGif vlraI omuylyefrrI sm;
Bu;D xGm;vmaeonf[í l vnf; rufuifaq; ppfwrf;u ok;H oyfjyxm;ygonf/
urÇmYuse;f rma&;tzGUJ BuD; (WHO) \ avhvmcsut f & wpfurÇm
vkH;wGif rdrdudk,fudk,frdrd tqkH;pD&ifrIEIef;xm; tjrihfrsm;qkH;EdkifiH &mxl;
udkvnf; awmifudk&D;,m;u &xm;jyefonf/ xdyfoD;wuúodkvfrsm;odkY
0ifa&mufcGihf&&Sda&; ynma&;ppfyGJwGif ½IH;edrhfoGm;Muaom (tvGeftrif;)
pd;k &dryf al qG;rIrsm;&Sad eonhf ud&k ;D ,m;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm qlqu kd pf m&if;0if
jzpfvmMuonf/
Edik if aH wmfukd ynma&;jzihf acwfrzD UHG NzdK;aom Edik if w
H nfaqmuf&ef
&nf&, G cf sujf zihf BuK;d pm;tm;xkw&f mwGif pmaytod? ynm&yftodjrihrf m;NyD;
pD;yGm;a&;t& tmrcHcsu&f adS om ynma&;pepfukd wef;0ifatmif tm;xkwf
&rnfuu kd m; jiif;csurf &Syd g/ odYk &mwGif wGzJ ufyg0ifaewwfonhf vlraI &;
qdik &f m wefjyefoufa&mufrrI sm;udrk l owdBuD;pGmxm;&S&d ef vdt k yfygrnf/
txl;ojzihf ynma&;qdik &f m wef;wltcGit fh a&;ESifh ynma&;w&m;rQwrI
wdkYudk azmfaqmifoihfygonf/
pmaytodynmESihf ynm&yfqdkif&m t&nftaoG;jrihfrm;NyD;vQif
 248 ynmEkdifiHawmf

pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; tmrcHcsufay;Edkifrnhf ynma&;pepfjzpf½kHomrubJ

tm;vkH;cHpm;cGihf&SdNyD; udk,fusihfw&m;ESihftnD aysmf&TifzG,f&mjzpfaom
jrefrmhvYltzGUJ tpnf;udk wnfaqmufay;Edik rf nhf ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
jzpfoihfygonf/

Ref: McKinsey Global Institute report 2011

 odef;Ekdif 249

þwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;i,fav;jzpfonhf ausmif;?

ausmif;om;xkESihf wnfaxmifolwdkY\ 0da&m"drsm;
pwifvmygawmhonf/ ESpf 100 ausmfvGefNyD;aomf
17 &mpk ausmif;om;u qefYusifbuftjrifwdkYudk
azmfxkwfvmawmhonf/ tjrifwdkYonf wl½lcsuf
vGJcJhMuonfom/ þonfupwifcJhonhf y#dyu©rSm
21 &mpk pmoifcef;rsm;txd *,uf½dkufaeqJ/
xkESihf xnfESihf cdkifNrJaerIudk a&GUapcsifMuolwdkY\ ao;i,faom
tiftm;rsm; pkpnf;cJhrIrSmvnf; ordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm;yif/ 74? 88
ESihf 96 wdkYu
teD;acwf oufaorsm; r[kwfygvm;/
 250 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;ykHjyif (1) ta&GU

ynma&; tvGeftrif;ta&;BuD;aeNyD[lí wdkufwdkufwGef;wGef;
ajymqdkoHrsm;udk cyfpdyfpdyf? cyfus,fus,fjzihf uRefawmfwdkY ydkrdkMum;od
ae&jcif;rSm r*Fvmwpfyg;[k xifjrifryd gonf/ Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;? ynm
&Sifrsm;? tpdk;&tzGJU0ifrsm;? tufwD;Apfrsm;ESihf vlrIpD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyf
udik af eol toD;oD;xHrS Mum;ae&jcif;jzpfyg\/ rdeYf ceG ;f wdik ;f wGif ynma&;
taMumif; rygrjzpfxnhfajymaeMuonf/ yGihfvif;pjyKvmonhf jrefrmh
rD',D mrsm;? *sme,frsm;wGiv f nf; ynma&;ESiyfh wfoufaom owif;rsm;?
aqmif;yg;rsm;? a0zefokH;oyfcsufrsm;? pmwrf;rsm;? EdkifiHwum ynma&;
rdwfqufu@rsm;jzihf a0a0qmqm azmfjyvmMuonf/ ynma&;u@
tcsyfydkjzihfvnf; xnhfoGif;Muygao;onf/
tifrwefrS ta&;wBuD; vdktyfcsufuGufvyfudk wwfpGrf;orQ
jznhfqnf; aeMuonf[k cHpm;rdonf/ pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk Mum;od&jcif;uyif
0rf;omp&m jzpfvYkd aeygonf/ uRefawmfwYkd rsm;pGmaemufusaeygNyDvm;/
odkYwnf;r[kwf uRefawmfwdkY rnfonhfae&mupvdkY jyifMu&ygrnfvJ/
 odef;Ekdif 251

t&nftaoG;ESifh ta&twGuf ynma&;jyóem ESp&f yfpvk;H udk xdyw f u

kd f
&ifqikd &f zJ Ykdawmh vdyk gonf/ ta0;wGif use&f pfawmhrnhf raeYursm;tay:
vGrf;oae½kH? tjypfzdkYae½kHrQESihfawmhvnf; tjzpf&Sdvmrnf r[kwfyg/
tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihftwl reufjzefwdkY oefYpifvwfqwfpGm
&Sdaeygao;onf/ tajymus,fjyefYvSaom ynma&;ESihf ausmif;awmfudk
b,fvdkykHazmfMurSmvJ/ acwfuawmhjzihf a&GUaeygavNyD/
ausmif;ykHjyifrSmrl r½dk;Edkifao;yg/ ausmif;0wfpkH vJ0wfonf/
zwfpmtkyfrsm;tjynhf vG,ftdwf? xrif;bl;udkifcsDvsuf tdrfrS xGufvm
onf/ tpktpkjzihf ausmif;odYk vmMurnf/ eHeufcif; tvHwikd af &SU pk½;Hk Mu
onf/ ausmif;tkyBf uD;u qk;H rpum;ajymrnf/ ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;
oHEiS tfh wl twef;odYk 0ifonf/ pmtH? pm&GwMf uonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh
tciftrifrysuf &efjzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ &Hcg tEdik v f ck siof nf/ q&mr\
rsufapmif;wGif eDwdoabmw&m;udk avhvmjzpfcJhMuygonf/ ausmuf
oifykef;ay:rS ul;a&;Murnf/ tcsdefajymif; acgif;avmif;oHESihftwl
bmom&yfjyq&mwdYk tvSnu fh s0ifvmMurnf/ upm;Muonf/ em;Muonf/
ausmif;qif;NyD/ tdrfjyefMuonf/ tdrfpmvkyfrnf/ pmar;yGJrsm;vnf;
ajzqdkMuonf
tifrwefrS ½d;k pif;vSaom ausmif;ykjH yifwpfy'k [ f k qd&k ygrnfvm;/
jrefrmausmif;om; tm;vkH;ESihfvnf; oufqdkifcJhygonf/ tm;vkH;&? r&
uawmh raocsmcJhyg/ odkYaomf tm;vkH;awmfcJhMuygonf/
odYkEiS fh tcsed ef m&Drsm;? aeY&ufrsm;? vrsm;udk ausmv f mT ;vmMuonf/
oli,fwef; yxrqkH;aeYrSonf txufwef; aemufqkH;aeYtxd þynm
c&D;um; ykpH rH sm;pGm rajymif;vJao;yg/ ausmif;vGeo f ufarG;? aumvdyEf iS fh
wuúodkvfynma&;rSmvnf; rsm;pGmykHpHr,Gif;ao;yg/ pHvGJaeonhf
,SOfNyKdifrIrsm;? atmifvufrSwfESihf &rSwf? *kPfxl;0,f,ljcif; tavhwdkY
jrefrmhynma&;wGif tjrpfwG,faeonfrSm acwfa[mif;\ qdk;arG[kac:
 252 ynmEkdifiHawmf

&rnfjzpfyg\/ tjrpfw, G af eonhtf wGuf cyfeufeufw;l qG? xkwyf ,fypf

zdkawmh vdkygvdrhfrnf/ ynma&;ajymif;vJ&rnf[k a<u;aMumfoHwdkYwGif
pHEIef;topfrsm;udk vdkcsifaeaMumif; cHpm;rdonf/ ta&GUwdkif;wGif wefzdk;
xm;í xrf;ydk;o,f,loGm;&rnhf t&mrsm;tjyif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm
csefxm;ypf&rnhft&mrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf[k ,kHMunfaerdonf/
'pf*spw f ,f ynma&;a<u;aMumforH sm;? [kr;f pul;vif; avhusirfh I
rsm;? tGefvdkif;ynma&; ed'gef;umvrsm;? ausmufoifykef;ESihf ausmufwH
ae&mwGif wufbvufrsm;? wyfcfspc&ifrsm;? tif;pwefY rufaqhcfsrsm;?
todynmacwf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;? todynmpD;yGm;a&;[lí Mum;ae&aomfvnf;
ausmif;rSm ykHpH (vkH;0) rysuf,Gif;ao;yg/ uRefawmfwdkYqDrSmawmh ydkvdkY
awmif wnfNidrfaeygao;onf/ odkYESihf ausmif;\ ed'gef;umvrsm;udk
uRefawmfjyefomG ;aerdonf/ acwfrsm;? vlrsm;? ordik ;f rsm;udk wl;qGMunhf
csifonf/ ta&GUudk aphiak pmaMumMunhcf sifonf/ acwfrsm;? vlrsm;a&GUae
aomfvnf; jrefrmpmoifausmif;\ acgif;avmif;oHrSm e&DrSefaeqJ/
nu rd;k &Gmxm;ojzihf ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv k ;Hk pdr;f vef;vdYkaeygonf/
awmifajcwGiw f nf&o dS nhf pmoifausmif;0ef;usirf mS vnf; a&mifpo Hk ufwefY
wpfck&SdvdkYaeonf/ rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;odkY xdk;0ifaeoa,mif&SdykHu tvGef
Munhv f Ykdaumif;vSonf/ xdraeaomfjim;vnf; 0ef;usit f vSukd tm;jznhf
aeMuonfr[kwfygvm;/ aejcnfEkESihftwl &Gufopfrsm; vef;qef;pGm
wd;k xGuv f Ykdvmaeavonf/ yifysKw d Ykdvnf; 0ih<f um;vsu/f yiftw kd Ykdvnf;
wm0efausvsuf tm;jznhaf eqJ/ rd;k ESifh aejcnfum; olwYkdtwGut f csujf y
acgif;avmif;oHayavm/
rd;k wzGzJ t
JG Mum; pmoifausmif;\ acgif;avmif;xd;k oHwiG f wlnD
0wfpkHrsm;jzihf ysm;i,frsm;yrm tjzLtpdrf;wdkYonf todynmbPfwdkuf
i,frsm;twGi;f odYk wzGzJ 0JG ifa&mufaeMuonf/ acwfrsm;? pepfrsm;? vlrsm;?
aeY&ufrsm; ajymif;vJaernfjzpfaomfvnf; þtpOftvmrSmum;
 odef;Ekdif 253

rajymif;vJEdkifao;yg/ þtcsdeftcgwGif jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif ausmif;

wufacgif;avmif;oHudk NrKdU&GmtESHYMum;Edkifygonf/ e,fNrKdUav;\ wpfck
wnf;aom ausmif;\ tv,fwef;pmoifcef; wHcg;0rSaeNyD; uRefawmfh
twef;odkY 0ifvmaeMuonhf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;udk uRefawmf
BuKdqakd epOf aemufq;Hk ausmif;om;ESit fh wl ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;oH
wdk;vsaysmufuG,foGm;ygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfhem;xJodkY 18 &mpku
*sdrf;pf0yf\ yxrqkH;aom tif*sifpufoH jrnf[def;vmcJhygonf/
a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifpufu tcsufay;vdkufaom ÓPftvif;c&D;
&SnEf iS tfh wl 18 &mpkaESmif;ydik ;f vlom;\BuK;d ukwrf aI Mumihf *sK;H *sK;H *su*f suf
toHaemufwiG f rsuaf rSmufacwf pmoifausmif;rsm; vl;vGeYf½ek ;f xarG;zGm;
vmcJjh cif;yifjzpfyg\/ yxrqk;H aom blwm½krH sm;odYk teufa&mif,EÅ&m;
&Snfwpfpif;\ us,favmifaom a<u;aMumfoHjzihf 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf
twl reD;ra0;wGi&f adS om rD;cd;k wvlvjl zihf yxrqk;H aom puf½BHk uD;rsm;u
aus;vufrS a&GUvsm;vmawmhrnhf yxrqkH;aom nKdnKdnpfnpf puf½kH
vkyfom;xkudk BudKvihfaeMuonf/
rsufarSmufacwftxd wnfwHhaeawmhrnhf þacwfay:ausmif;
wdYk ukd rwnfaxmifru D wnf;uvnf; vlwYkd oif,al vhvmcJMh uzl;yg\/
todÓPfjrihrf m;onht f wGuf t½kypf mvk;H udk wDxiG rf rI sm;? ajcovk;H tdrw
f ikd f
vSnv fh nfaexdik jf cif;rsm;rS tajcwuspkzUJG aewwfvmrIrsm;? rsKd;qufrsm;
&Sifoefa&;twGuf vufqihfurf;ykHjyifrsm;? ½dk;&mrsm;? xdkYaemufwGifrS
yGaJ usmif;rsm; ponfjzihf ynmud&k mS rS;D cJMh uzl;onfom/ rsuaf rSmufacwfay:
ausmif;ordik ;f [kqEkd ikd rf nhf vGecf ahJ om tESpf 400 ausmf 16 &mpkacwfupvdYk
bmoma&;,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESihf ya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&; opöm&SdrIwdkYtwGuf
ykPÖm;awmfrsm;u ausmif;axmifavhusihfcJhonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ þwGif
vlYtzGUJ tpnf;i,fav;jzpfonhf ausmif;? ausmif;om;xkEiS fh wnfaxmifol
wdkY\ 0da&m"drsm; pwifvmygawmhonf/ ESpf 100 ausmf vGefNyD;aomf
 254 ynmEkdifiHawmf

17 &mpk ausmif;om;u qefYusib f uftjrifwYkdukd azmfxw k vf mawmhonf/

tjrifwYkdonf wl½cl suv f cJG MhJ uonfom/ þonfu pwifco hJ nhf y#dyu©
rSm 21 &mpk pmoifcef;rsm;txd *,uf½dkufaeqJ/ xkESihfxnfESihf cdkifNrJ
aerIukd a&GUapcsiMf uolwYkd\ ao;i,faom tiftm;rsm; pkpnf;cJrh rI mS vnf;
ordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm;yif/ 74? 88 ESihf 96 wdkYu teD;acwf oufaorsm;
r[kwfygvm;/
yxrqk;H aom acwfay:ausmif;\ ueOD; &nf&, G cf surf sm;xJwiG f
xdkyxrqkH;aom puf½kHBuD;rsm;twGuf uRrf;usifaom um,? ÓP
vkyfom;xkudk arG;xkwfay;&ef[l\/ yGJausmif;rsm;? bmoma&;tajccH
ausmif;rsm;ESihf *rÇD&qefaom yOövuftwwfynm ausmif;rsm;jzihf
&mpkESpftawmfMum vTrf;rdk;aecJhonhf rIef&D0dk;w0g; tv,facwfynma&;
,Ofaus;rIrS ÓPftvif;vrf;cGrJ ikd w f ikd [
f v
k nf; qdEk ikd yf gonf/ ya'o&mZf
wdkY\ MoZmt&Sdeft0grsm;? blZGmwdkY\ tcGihftmPmrsm;udk pdefac:rIrsm;
ed'gef;vnf; jzpfcJhygonf/ wpfzufwGifvnf; 19&mpk? todÓPfynm
qef;opfaom &Daeqef;acwfay: vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pD vGe;f ys, H mOfrsm;u
þrSww f ikd o
f Ykd 0ifa&mufvmaeavNyD/ ausmif;&nf&, G cf suf ta&GU[kq&kd
ygrnf/
ynma&;ta&GUwGif jrefrmwdYkvnf; BuK;d ukwcf MhJ uygonf/ uReaf wmf
wdkYwGifvnf; pHausmif;q&mawmfESihf rif;wkef;rif;tavmif;tvsm
bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; armifvGifwdkYu jrefrmhynma&;wGif BudrfvkH;udk
(pHvGJpGm) ae&may;cJhjcif;rSm a0zefp&m? apmaMump&mrsm;pGm &Sdaeaomf
jim;vnf; jrefrmhynma&; &Dae;qef;[k ac:&ygrnf/ jrefrmausmif;q&mwdYk
tcGit fh mPm ydrk &kd vmcJyh gvdrrfh nf/ uRefawmfwYkd jrefrmhynma&;ordik ;f \
ta&GUwpfck jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd cf yhJ gvdrrfh nf/ taotcsm ra&GUEdik cf jhJ cif;aMumihf
ig;ajcmufjym;udu k m; cd;k pm;ae&qJyif/ ppfBuD;ESpcf k aemufyikd ;f umvrsm;wGif
tjcm;aom jrefrmhynma&;ta&GUrsm;vnf; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &Sad eEdik yf gao;onf/
 odef;Ekdif 255

emrnfynwf vGJrSm;jcif;aMumihfrsm;avm rajymwwfyg/ 50

jynhfvGefESpfrsm;u ]]jynfawmfom pDrHudef;}} rSm tqkH;owf raumif;cJh/
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cJMh uzl;onf/ wnfaqmufcMhJ uzl;onf/ uReaf wmfwYkd 70? 80 rsK;d qufrsm;
twGuf jyifqifcMhJ uygvdrrfh nf/ tm&SwiG f a&SUajy;aecJMh uzl;aom uReaf wmf
wdYk\ tbd;k tbGm;wdYk tjynht f 0*kPrf ,lEikd cf MhJ uyg/ a&Ta&miftyd rf ufrsm;ESifh
a<u;aMumforH sm; rqk;H cifrmS yif tarSmifwu kd of Ykd usqif;cJjh yefonf/ ,ck
wpfzef tvif;acwfO;D odYk a&mufvNk yD[k qdMk uygonf/ a&mifeyD sKdUysKdUwGif
EdkifiHawmfudk ausmif;wufapoihfygonf/ aemufrsKd;qufwdkYtwGuf
uRefawmfwdkY BuKd;pm;cGihfyif r[kwfygvm;/
ausmif;\ ta&GUrsm;wGif trsK;d om;tqih*f P k , f rl rI sm; &Sad eonf
udk tHtm;oihfpGm? rk'dwmyGm;zG,f&m? twk,lp&m awGUjrif&awmhonf/
rsK;d qufrsm;twGuf cif;cJah om ynmvrf;aMumif;wdYk xif;xif;BuD;ay:vGif
aeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSmawmh ausmif;rSm vSaom,Ofaus;rItarG
tESpftjzpf wnf&Sdaeygavonf/
olwYkad usmif;\ ordik ;f ESifh ausmif;udk zefw;D wnfaxmifEikd cf rhJ t I ay:
tar&duefynma&;u vGefpGm*kPf,lvsuf&Sdonf/ ausmif;ordkif;udk
0daooxl;rsm;jzihf ykHazmfxm;&Sd\/ ]]tar&duef\ jrihfjrwfaom tawGU
tBuHK}} [k wifpm;onf/ ]]EdkifiHom;tm;vkH; ausmif;wufEdkifcJhjcif;}} [k
a<u;aMumfonf/ ]]uREykf w f Ykd 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf\ tajccHtw k jf rpf}} [lívnf;
ausmif;ordkif;udk ae&may;xm;onf/ raeYu vlxkynma&;pepfrSmrl
21 &mpk t0ifrSmyif tBudrfBudrf toGifopfcJhNyDvnf; jzpfonf/ ,aeY
acwf rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfudk ½IjrifMurIESihf tem*wf &yf&GmtwGuf ykHazmf
wnfaqmufrItay:wGif tajccHxm;NyD; ajymif;vJtoGifopfMujcif;
jzpfav&m rsm;pGmtwk,lzG,fjzpfyg\/ olwdkYa&GUEdkifcJhMuygonf/
 256 ynmEkdifiHawmf

jyifopfawG;ac:ynm&Sif *sdef;*suf½l;qdk;uvnf; vpfb&,f

ynma&;udk ykHazmfjycJhonf/ olu ,ckvdkqdkcJhzl;onf/ ]]trfrvD Emile
[m rdrdudk,fudk ,kHMunfatmif? olYb0olausmif;Edkifatmif? trSDo[J
uif;uif;eJY ud, k bfh mom ud, k tfh m;ud,
k uf ;kd vdYk &yfwnfEikd af tmifvyk af y;
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todtjrifwpfc&k vdrrfh ,f}} [k yk*v ¾ qEj́ynh0f rItwGuf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;
EdkifapzdkY &nf&G,fcJhygvdrhfrnf/ jyifopfBuD; ½l;qdk;wGef;a&GUvdkufonhf
vpfb&,fynma&;t&Sed rf mS tESpf 200 ausmfcahJ vNyD/ urÇmBuD;uwkecf g
usef&pfqJ/ uRefawmfwdkYqDodkY a&mufawmhrnf[k xifygonf/
ESpaf ygif; 200 cefYacwfay: pmoifausmif;c&D;&Snw f iG f uReaf wmf
wdYkvnf; yg0ifcsw D ufcMhJ u? csw
D ufaeqJ/ raeYuESifh wpfypHk w H nf;&Sad eqJ/
odkYaomf rD;&xm;rsm;udk a&aEG;aiGUjzihf rarmif;ESifMuawmhyg/ obm0
ysupf ;D rIukd ydrk o
kd ed m;vnfvmMuNyDjzpfonhf enf;ynmacwf puf½w Hk Ykd wiG f
rD;cdk;rsm;vnf; rvlMuawmhyg/ qifwl0wfpkHrsm;jzihf vkyfom;xkvnf;
rnKdnpfMuawmhyg/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmhynma&;rSmrlum; .../

armu© ynma&;r*¾Zif; 2011

 odef;Ekdif 257

odkYtwGuf ]]awmfonf}} ]]nHhonf}} [lí r&SdaMumif;ESihf

]]rwlnDrI}} om jzpfaMumif;qdk\/ ynma&;wGif yk*¾voabm
ydkqefvmcJhygonf/
toufarG; rf;ausmif; tvkyftudkifrsm;txd
ykHazmfxm;aom arG;&mygADZoabmESihf ÓPf&nf
oabmw&m;wdkYtjyif cHpm;rIÓPf&nfudkvnf;
xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;vmMujyefonf/ yk*¾vcHpm;rIÓPf&nfESihf
ADZoabmudk &rSwfESihfwdkif;wmjcif;rSm tvGeftrif;
&ufpuf&ma&mufonf[k odjrifvmMuawmhonf/
 258 ynmEkdifiHawmf

ausmif;ykHjyif (2)
vrif;BuD;&JU yk*¾voabm
þvrf;wpfavQmufukd reufcif;wdik ;f wGif jzwfoef;vm&ygonf/
awmifajc&if;u pmoifausmif; t0ifvrf;ywf0ef;usi\ f ½Icif;jrifuiG ;f rSm
MunfE;l p&m tvGeaf umif;vS\/ om,maom eHeufcif;\ aea&mifjcnf
EkEkESihf avajyn§if;xJwGif ,drf;EGJUuckefaeMuonhf t&G,ftpm;rsKd;pkHESihf
opfyifyef;refrsm;? jzLeD0gnKd ta&miftaoG;rsKd;pkHESihf wdrfwdkufrsm;?
pdr;f vJah om jrufcif;jyifwpfarQmfwpfac:wGif jrL;xl;aqmhupm; uckeaf e
Muonhf rsKd;pdwfrwluGJjym;onhf om;orifwd&pämefrsm;/ prf;acsmif;i,f
av;tem;odYk a&mufwikd ;f a&mifpiHk g;av;rsm;ESifh tay:utkyrf ;kd xm;onhf
ukuúdKyifudkif;ay:rS pmiSufuav;wdkY ae&mrvkMubJ *DwoHjzihf tquf
toG,jf yKy?Hk tnDtnGwaf exdik Ef ikd yf u
Hk v
kd nf; cPwmrQ Munhcf iG &fh onfrmS
pdwcf sr;f omp&m jzpfvYkdaeygonf/ þvSyaom rwlnrD o I nfvnf;aumif;?
þem;0ifcsKv d aS om *Dwonfvnf;aumif; urÇmOD;uwnf;u wnf&cdS o hJ nf
om/ tvGefvdktyfaeaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;zwfpmrSm ta0;wGif&Sdraeyg/
 odef;Ekdif 259

obm0w&m;xJrS ouf&t dS m;vk;H wdYk\ &Sio

f efrw I iG v f nf;aumif;?
½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;rIwGifvnf;aumif;? Nidrf;at;rIoabmwGifvnf;aumif;
yk*v ¾ oabmaqmifrEI iS fh rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;rIwYkd ukd txift&Sm;jrifawGU&
ygrnf/ wlno D nf[x k if&onhf tajctaeudk tEkpw d af phiMk unho f nht f cg
uReaf wmfwYkdtm;vk;H \ uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rItzkzH rHk mS ay:vGiv f Ykdvmjyefygonf/
rwlnrD uI kd wckww f & pOf;pm;wwfjcif;rSm vlom;\obm0yifjzpfygvdrrfh nf/
rwlnDjcif;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;? rwlnDjcif;onf tiftm;? rwlnDrIrsm;
Mum;u pnf;vk;H jcif;? rwlnrD rI sm;Mum;u wlnrD u I kd &SmazGEikd jf cif;? rwlwm
awGcGJvkyf wlwmawGwGJvkyf? rwlnDrIwGif vdkufavsmnDaxG &Sifoefjcif;?
rwlnrD rI sm;aMumihf a0qmjcif; ... ponfjzihf rwlnjD cif;tay:taumif;jrif
ok;H oyfrwI Ykduvnf; &Sad eyg\/ pd;k &drpf w d w
f Ykd tenf;i,fawmh oufom&m&
ovdkyif/
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twif;tusyf wlnDaponhftwGufjzpfap uRefawmfwdkY urÇmrSmawmh
wif;ykwfBuD;rsm;? ausmufql;cRefrsm; udkifaqmifumajz&Sif;cJhzl;onhf
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owådudk vlom;onf ydkifqdkifcJhzl;aMumif; *la[mif; eH&Hay:u rD;aoG;cJ?
ajreDrIefYwdkYjzihf a&;jc,fxm;cJhonhf ausmufacwfyef;csDvuf&mrsm;u
oufaojyvdkYaeygonf/ wif;ykwfydkif&SifwdkY\ tawG;tjrifrsm; rnfodkY
ajymif;vJcJhMuygavoenf;/ acwfudk a&GUapcJhonfrSm xdk*leH&Hrsm;ay:u
trnfrhJ yef;csDum;rsm;aMumihyf J jzpfygvdrrfh nf/ rsKd;qufwYkd wif;ykwrf sm;
qufrudik af patmif pGr;f aqmifEikd cf zhJ ;l avNyD/ odYktwGuf yk*v ¾ pGr;f &nfrsm;ESifh
rwlaom tawG;wdkY a0qmcGihf&cJh[efwlygonf/
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a&mufapvdak om apwemjzihf uReaf wmf ausmif;odYk vmcJyh gonf/ ausmif;
NcHpnf;½dk;0if;twGif;odkY pwif0ifa&mufvQifyif tjcm;urÇmwpfckodkY
 260 ynmEkdifiHawmf

a&muf&SdoGm;ovdk uRefawmf cHpm;rdvdkufavonf/

tjzLtpdr;f qifw0l wfprHk sm;jzihf ½d;k om;rIEiS fh tMunfa&miftwåi,f
wdYkukd vG,t f w d x f xJ nhvf suf tod? tawG;? tjrifwYkd &,l&efvmaeMuaom
uReaf wmfh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm qifwal eovdk xifjrif&ygvdrrfh nf/
xdk vG,t f w d rf sm;xJu pd;k &drrf rI sm;uawmh uReaf wmfEiS fh wdu k ½f ukd o
f ufqikd f
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wdkYrSm olwdkYurÇmyifjzpfonf/
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vnf; ,aeYESihf reufjzef urÇmtaMumif;udkrl olwdkYESihftwl avhvm&ef
uRefawmfvnf; vufusef½dk;om;rIwdkYxnhfxm;onhf vG,ftdwfuav;
wpfv;Hk ESiyfh if/ q&mtwwfynm vufrw S w f pfctk jyif pmoifcef;0if&ef
twGuf vdt k yfvo S nhtf &mtcsKdUudk uRefawmf BuKd;pm;yrf;pm;csefxm;Edik f
cJhojzihf 0rf;omrdygonf/ ausmif;q&mwpfOD;taejzihf olwdkYav;awG\
½d;k om;rI? jzLpifrrI sm;twGuaf wmh xyfwrl usonhw f ikd f uReaf wmfrmS vnf;
ay;p&mtcsKdU usef&Sd&rnfr[kwfygvm;/
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&onhftwGuf tqifrajyrIwdkY&Sdonhftcgrsm;wGif uRefawmfwdkYtm;
ajyvnfaponhf wpfcw k nf;aomt&mrSm ½d;k om;rIyifjzpfaMumif; uReaf wmf
avhusufxm;rdcJhonf/ wu,fawmhvnf; uRefawmfESihf twef;xJ&Sd
reufjzefurÇm\ wu,hfzefwD;&Sifrsm;ESifh uRefawmf\ tawG;tjrifrsm;
rwlnDwwfyg/ ausmif;q&mwpfOD;\ touft&G,f? t&Sdeft0gESihf
vkyyf ikd cf iG wfh Ykduokd m rok;H cJv
h Qif 30 rJ? 1 rJjzihf uReaf wmfwYkd rnfonht f cgrQ
Edik rf nfr[kwyf g/ odYkaomfvnf; tawG;uGi;f i,fxw J iG f uReaf wmf'ikd v f Bl uD;
vky&f ygvdrOfh ;D rnf/ tEdik t f ½I;H twGuf 'dik v f Bl uD;awmhvnf; r[kwjf yefyg/
twef;wlorl sm;rSm touft&G,rf sm; rwdr;f r,dr;f ? t&yftarmif;
rsm;vnf; qifwlMuygonf/ odkYaomf wpfykHpHxJ[k ,lqEdkifonhf
 odef;Ekdif 261

þtkyfpkav;xJwGifyif jcm;em;csufrsm;pGm? rwlnDrIrsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/

olwYk\ d rdbrsm;rSmtaMumif; trsK;d rsK;d aMumihf e,ftpkrH S a&muf&v
dS mMuonhf
rwljcm;em;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;pGmwdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf/ rwluGJjym;
aom rdcifbmompum; ajcmufrsK;d cefYukd ajymqdMk uonf/ qif;&J? csr;f om
uGm[csuu f vnf; &Sad ejyefygonf/ ausmif;abmf'gaqmifwiG f oli,fwef;
uwnf;u aexdik o f nhf rdbrJu
h av;rsm;? vufvyk v f ufpm; tvkyo f rm;
rsm;\ uav;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;rS t&m&Sdrsm;\ om;orD;rsm;?
ponfjzihf vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH rwlMuyg/ bmomw&m; av;rsKd;tjyif
½d;k &mud;k uG,rf rI sm;vnf; &Syd gao;onf/ þonfrmS xifomjrifom&Sad om
rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;jzpfygonf/ xifomjrifomr&Sdaom rwluGJjym;
jcm;em;jcif;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf/
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taxGaxG? ÓPf&nftrsKd;rsKd;oDtdk&D ay:xGufvmcJhNyD;onhf aemufydkif;
ynma&;wpfacwfqef;cJhonf[k qdk&ygvdrhfrnf/ ÓPf&nf &SpfrsKd;pvkH;
yg&Sdaom vlom;wdkYwGif wpfOD;ESihf wpfOD; ÓPf&nfrwlnDMujcif;udk
azmfxw k cf jhJ cif;yif/ odYk twGuf ]]awmfonf}} ]]nHo
h nf}} [lí r&Sad Mumif;ESifh
]]rwlnDrI}} om jzpfaMumif;qdk\/ ynma&;wGif yk*¾voabmydkqefvm
cJhygonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyftudkifrsm;txd ykHazmfxm;aom
arG;&myg ADZoabmESifh ÓPf&nfoabmw&m;wdYk tjyif cHpm;rIÓPf&nf
udkvnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;vmMujyefonf/ yk*¾vcHpm;rIÓPf&nfESihf
ADZoabmudk &rSwfESihfwdkif;wmjcif;rSm tvGeftrif;&ufpuf&ma&muf
onf[k odjrifvmMuawmhonf/
tawG;rwlMu/ cHpm;rI uGm[onf/ tjrif rwdkufqdkif/ vkyfykH
wjcm;pD/ enf;em vGJaeNyD/ þonfwdkY\ tajz[kvnf; qdkEdkifrnfxif
ygonf/ yk*v ¾ jzpfwnfrI\oabmu þodkY&Sdonf[kqdk\/ tcsKdUonf
vuform;q&mtvkyfjzihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufEdkifrnf/ tcsKdUum;
 262 ynmEkdifiHawmf

uacsonfjzpfrnf/ tcsKdUum; q&m0ef/ tcsKdUrSm v,form;? pdu k yf sK;d a&;

orm;? ausmif;q&m? Edik if aH &;orm;? ukeo f nf? pufro I rm;? pma&;q&m?
tEkynm&Sif ponfjzihf rwlaom ÓPf&nfrsm;aMumihf b0rsm;vnf;
rwlEdkifyg/ rnfonhftvkyftudkifrqdk wefzdk;udk,fpDjzihf &SifoefEdkifpGrf;
&Sdaeavonf/ ydkifqdkifaom ÓPf&nfESihf a&G;cs,fcH&aom tvkyftudkif?
wm0efvrJG mS ;ygu rdrw d pfO;D wnf;yifr[kw?f tzGUJ tpnf;ESifh trsm;jynfoyl g
'kuj© zpfEikd o f nf[k qd&k ygvdrrfh nf/ rdrwd YkdavhvmrIrsm;? tvkyt f udik rf sm;udk
cHpm;rIESihf ADZÓPf&nft& wnfaqmuf&ef tBuHjyKxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
vpfb&,fynma&;udk xyfrq H ef;opfco hJ nhf tawG;tjrifta&GUjzpfonf/
yk*¾voabmESihf rwljcm;em;rIudk w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKEdkifcJhjcif;yif/
rsm;rMumrD Ed;k opfp eHeufcif;ESit fh wl jrefrmhvpfb&,fynma&;
tdyrf ufonfvnf; wjznf;jznf; ½kyv f ;Hk ay:vmygawmhrnf/ prf;w0g;0g;
jzpfMuaomfjim;vnf; vrf;opf&Sm BudK;pm;aerIrsm;udk ynma&;\tqihf
wdkif;wGif awGUjrif&onfrSm tem*wftwGuf tm;&p&m/ Knowledge
Economy todynm pD;yGm;a&;[lí jrnf[nf;a<u;aMumfaeNyD jzpfonhf
zGUH NzdK;NyD; tjcm;vlYabmifwYkdEiS fh &ifabmifrwef;Edik af pumrl jrefrmhajray:wGif
vif;yGihfaom todynm tnGefYtwufuav; vl;vGefYvmawmhrnf/
xdkrS todynmtzl;tyGihf? todynm tcuftvuf? todynm tudkif;?
todynm&if;jrpfwYkdjzihf ynmO,smOfrsm; jrefrmhajrwGif a0pnfvmawmhrnf
[lí rk'dwmyGm;rdygonf/ xdkYtwl O,smOfrSL;rsm;[lí wifpm;xm;aom
jrefrmausmif;q&mwdYk vnf; rlvwefz;kd rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sv d mygvdrrfh nf/
ydkrdkta&;BuD;onfrSm ynma&;wefzdk;rsm; jrihfwufvmEdkifapjcif;yifjzpf
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yk*v ¾ ynma&;udk pmoifcef;rStpjyKNyD; rl0g'rsm;txd xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;&yg
vdrhfrnf/
rdrdwdkYi,fpOftcgu wpfoD;yk*¾vjzpfjcif;udk tm;ray;cJhyg/
 odef;Ekdif 263

wefzdk;&Sdaom qdk&S,fvpfvlYabmifodkY c&D;vrf;rSm tpuwnf;uyif

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c&D;wGif vpfb&,ftdyfrufudkyif rufcGihfr&cJhyg/ topfudk rodcJhyg/
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rwlaom ywf0ef;usiftopfrSm ½kwfcsnf;a&mufvmawmhrnfavm/
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vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf jyifqifp&mrsm; &Sdaeygonf/
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 264 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 265

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 266 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 267

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taumif;qkH; yEéufcsvdkufjcif;yif/
 268 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 269

pepftpm; wef;wltcGihfta&;ESihf w&m;rQwrIudk tav;xm;cJhonf/

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 270 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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tajccHynmudk oifMum;Mu&onf/ 9 wef; 10 wef;tqihaf tmifNyD;aomf
txufwef;tqihjf rihw f ef; (upper secondary school) udq k ufwufcsiv f Qif
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arG;rI oifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif okH;ESpfwm oGm;wufEdkifMuonf/

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 odef;Ekdif 271

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rsm;udk pdwfBuKdufa&G;cs,fMuavonf/ ynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwGif
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 272 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 273

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 274 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 275

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276 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 277

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 278 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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 odef;Ekdif 279

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 280 ynmEkdifiHawmf

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