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INTRODUCTION and CHAPTER ONE

Read the Introduction and Chapter 1. Chemistry is NOT a spectator sport. Work out complete solutions for all the bold numbered problems.

Welcome to the World of Chemistry

Beginning Chemistry 2008

Read the book before class!

Study the examples and do the practice exercises. Be prepared for each class session, lecture and laboratory. Dont get behind.

Outline for Chapter 1

Definitions Homogenous and Heterogeneous Matter ? 3 states of matter Chemical vs.- Physical Change Calculations Density Temperature Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Significant Figures (Sig Figs)

Matter

Mixtures
(a)Heterogeneous
Cookie

(b)Suspension

Blood

(c)Homogenous

Salt water

The Language of Chemistry

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
- pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances. Aluminum Bromine Sodium

The Language of Chemistry

The elements, their names, and their symbols are given on the

PERIODIC TABLE
How many elements are there?

The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

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Sodium
Find sodium, Na, on the chart.

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An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.

Copper atoms on silica surface.

Find copper on the chart.

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The Atom
An atom consists of a nucleus (of protons and neutrons) and electrons in space about the nucleus.

Electron cloud
Nucleus

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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
are composed of atoms and so can be decomposed to those atoms.
The red compound is composed of Ni- Nickel C- Carbon O- Oxygen N- Nitrogen Fixed composition

MOLECULE
The smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound.

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MOLECULAR FORMULA
Composition of molecules H2O C8H10N4O2 - Caffeine

The Nature of Matter

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Gold Au

Mercury Hg

Chemists are interested in the nature of matter and how this is related to its atoms and molecules.

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Graphite layer structure of carbon atoms reflects physical properties.

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Chemistry & Matter

We can explore the MACROSCOPIC world what we can see Understand the PARTICULATE world we cannot see We can write SYMBOLS to describe these worlds.

A Chemists View
Macroscopic

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Particulate Symbolic- 2 H2(g) + O2 (g) --> 2 H2O(g)

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STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS have rigid shape, fixed
volume. External shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement. Reasonably well understood.

LIQUIDS have no fixed shape and

may not fill a container completely. Not well understood.

GASES expand to fill their

container. Good theoretical understanding.

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THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

Bromine (gas) Aluminum (solid) Water or H2O (liquid)

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KINETIC NATURE OF MATTER

Matter consists of atoms and molecules in motion.

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Physical Properties
What are some physical properties?
Color Melting and boiling point Odor Conductivity Density

Physical Changes
Some physical changes would be
boiling of a liquid
melting of a solid dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture

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DENSITY
- an important and useful physical property

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mass ( g ) Density = volume (cm3)

Mercury Gold

13.6 g/cm3

19.3 g/cm3

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Which is more dense?

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Relative Densities of the Elements

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Sig Figs

Sig Fig PPT

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mass ( g ) Density = volume (cm3)

Problem: A piece of
copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).

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SOLUTION 1. Get dimensions in common units.

1cm . mm = 0.095 cm3 0 95 10 mm

2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters.

(9.36 cm)(7.23 cm)(0.095 cm) = 6.4 cm3

3. Calculate the density.

6.4 cm3 = 9.0g/cm3 57.54g

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PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg? In grams? In pounds?

Solve the problem using

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS.

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PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg?
First, note that 1

cm3 = 1 mL

Then, use dimensional analysis to calculate mass.

95 cm

13.6 g cm3

= 1.3 x 10 g
See next slide

What is the mass in pounds?

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The milliliter and the cubic centimeter are equivalent. Notice the units of 10s.

back

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PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg? What is the mass in pounds? (1 lb = 454 g)

1.3 x 103 g

1 lb = 2.8 lb 454 g

Density
PROBLEM: An object weighing 15.67 g is placed in water starting at 6.8 mL, then displaces water to 20.2 mL. What is the density of the object?

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20.2

6.8

20.2mL - 6.8mL = 13.4mL

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PROBLEM: An object weighing 15.67 g is placed in water starting at 6.8 mL, then displaces water to 20.2 mL. What is the density of the object?
1 3 15.67g = 1.17g/cm (20.2 - 6.8)ml

Chemical Properties and Chemical Change

Burning hydrogen (H2) in oxygen (O2) gives H2O.

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Chemical Properties
Similar to Physical Properties only with reference to a Chemical reactions Heat and or light produced Color Oder

Chemical Properties and Chemical Change

Burning hydrogen (H2) in oxygen (O2) gives H2O. Chemical change or chemical reaction involves the transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules.

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Chemical Change

2 Al + 3 Br2

Al2Br6

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Electrolyzing water

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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions changes in color and physical state. We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers.

Use SI units based on the metric system

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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Use SI units based on the metric system
length mass time (meter, m) (kilogram, kg, and gram, g) (second)

Units of Length
1 kilometer (km) = ? meters (m) 1 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm)

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1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm)

1 nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10-9 meter OH distance = 9.4 x 10-11 m 9.4 x 10-9 cm 0.094 nm 94 pm

Measurement
Learn the prefixes in Table 1.4 Other Relationships
1 cm3 = 1 mL = 0.001 L
1.00 lb = 454 g 1.00 in = 2.54 cm

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1.06 qt = 1.00 L

Significant figures Page 47

Precision and accuracy Page 43

Examples

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Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Anders Celsius 1701-1744

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1824-1907

Temperature Scales

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Notice that 1 Kelvin degree = 1 degree Celsius

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Calculations Using Temperature

Generally require temps in Kelvin

T (K) = t (C) + 273

Body temp = 37 oC + 273 = 310. K Liquid nitrogen = -196 oC + 273 = 77 K

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In Class Problems
A rectangular box has dimensions of 20.0 cm 15.0 cm 8.00 mm. Calculate the volume of the box in liters. A standard sheet of paper has dimensions of 8.5 inch by 11 inch. A sheet of paper weighs on the average 0.150 g and has a density of 0.710 g/cm3. Calculate the thickness of the paper in cm. A gallon (3.78 L) of latex paint can cover 385 ft2 of the surface of a wall. What is the average thickness of one coat of paint (in micrometers)?

Sample problems
Calculate the volume of 525 g of mercury, d=13.534g/cm3. The melting point of tin is 505.5 K. Calculate the Celsius temperature. Find the symbol for gold and the element name for K. An iron sheet is 3.50 cm square and has a mass of 15.396 g. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. Calculate the thickness of the iron sheet in mm. The End!

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Dimensional Analysis
English-English 1) 6 in = ? ft (one conversion)

6 in

1 ft = 0.5 ft 12 in

2) 3.5 gal = ? qt 3.5 gal 4 qt = 14 qt 1 gal

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Dimensional Analysis
Metric-Metric 1) 5.0 cm = ? mm 5.0 cm 10 mm = 50. mm 1 cm 2) 4.0 dg = ? kg 4.0 dg 1 kg -4 kg = 4.0 x 10 4 10 dg (one conversion)

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Dimensional Analysis
Metric-English 1) 200.0 cm = ? in 200.0 cm 1.00 in = 2.54 cm 2) 34 qt = ? L 34 qt 1.00 L = 1.06 qt 32 L (one conversion)

78.74 in

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Dimensional Analysis
English-English (two or more conversions)

1) 6 in = ? mile
6 in 1 mile 1 ft 12 in 5280 ft

9 x 10-5 mile

2) 3.5 gal = ? oz 3.5 gal 4 qt 32 oz 1 gal 1 qt = 450 oz

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Dimensional Analysis
Metric-Metric (two or more conversions) 1) 5.0 cm = ? km 5.0 cm 1 m 1 km 100cm 1000 m 2) 4 kg = ? pg 4 kg 103 g 1 kg 1012 pg 1g = 4 x 1015 pg

= 5.0 x 10-5 km

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Dimensional Analysis
Metric-English (two or more conversions) 1) 200 m = ? in 200 m 100 cm 1.00 in 1 m 2.54 cm 2) 34 qt = ? mL 34 qt
3 mL 10 1.00 L 1.06 qt 1 L

8000 in

3.2 x 104 mL

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Dimensional Analysis
Derived Unit Conversions 1) 8.0 ft2 = ? cm2 8.0 ft2
2 2 144 in2 (2.54) cm = 2 2 1.00 in 1 ft

Area

7400 cm2

2) 2.3 cm2 = ? nm2 2.3 cm2 1014 nm2 1 cm2 = 2.3 x 1014 nm2

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Dimensional Analysis
Derived Unit Conversions 1) 445 dm3 = ? mL 445 dm3 103 cm3 1 mL 1 dm3 1 cm3 2) 5 cm3 = ? mm3 5 cm3 103 mm3 1 cm3 = 5 x 103 mm3 Volume

= 4.45 x 105mL

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Dimensional Analysis
Other Conversions Problems 1) 100. km/hr = ? mile/hr 1 mile 100. km 105 cm 1.00 in 1 ft 1 km 5280 ft hr 2.54 cm 12 in = 62.1 mile/hr 2) 25 m/gal = ? nm/qt 25 m gal 109 nm 1m 1 gal 4 qt

6.2 x 109 nm/qt

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Dimensional Analysis
Other Conversions Problems (continue)

3) Calculate the density of a material if 45 mL of it has a mass of 128 g.

128 g = 2.8 g/mL 45 mL 4) Calculate the volume in mL of 2.5 g of a material that has a density of 3.65 g/mL. 2.5 g mL 3.65 g = 0.68 mL

Dimensional Analysis
Other Conversions Problems (continue) 5) Calculate the mass of 20 L of a material that has a density of 8.54 g/mL. 20 L 103 ml 1L 8.54 g ml

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2 x 105 g

6) How many grams of gold are in 48 g of an alloy that is 22.1% gold? 48 g alloy 22.1 g gold = 100.0 g alloy 11 g gold

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Practice Problems
1) 6.45 m = ? cm 2) 12.4 kg = ? mg 3) 184 oz = ? g 4) 24 oz/hr = ? L/day 5) Determine the volume (in L) of 2 kg of sodium chloride. (density = 2.17 g/mL) 6) How many grams of brass contain 50.0 g of zinc? (This brass contains 15% Zn) 1) 645 cm 2) 1.24 x 107 mg 3) 5220 g 4) 17 L/day 5) 0.9 L 6) 330 g Return