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Cell Organelles and their Functions

5 Comments / Cell Organelles & Biology / By Rachael

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This article covers 

1. What is cell organelle?
2. Cell organelles can be divided into three types
3. 1. General cell organelles in every cell
3.1. Cell membrane
3.2. Cytosol
3.3. Cytoplasm
3.4. Cytoskeleton
3.5. Nucleus
3.6. Nucleolus
3.7. Mitochondrion
3.8. Endoplasmic reticulum
3.9. Ribosome
3.10. Golgi apparatus
3.11. Peroxisome
3.12. Lysosomes Be a
4. 2. Temporary cell organelles for specific tasks
Microscope
4.1. Autophagosome
4.2. Endosome Master!
4.3. Chromosome
4.4. Sister chromatids
4.5. Centrosomes
5. 3. Unique cell organelles in the plant cells
5.1. Cell wall
5.2. Vacuole
5.3. Chloroplast

What is cell organelle?

A cell organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions
within a cell. You can think of cell organelles as a cell’s internal organs.
For example, the nucleus is the cell’s brain, and the mitochondria are
never
the cell’s hearts. Cell organelles are often enclosed by their own
membranes, which divide the cell into many small compartments for
miss an
different biochemical reactions. update

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[In this figure] The anatomy of an animal cell with organelles labeled.

Cell organelles have a wide range of responsibilities, from generating

energy for a cell to controlling its growth and reproduction. From this
point of view, you can also think of cell organelles as different teams
within the factory. Each team carries out its specific task and coordinates
to make sure the entire factory works smoothly.

Below is a list of the cell organelles found in animal and plant cells,
which we’ll use as our guide for this discussion. Ad Pour cultures
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Cell Biological Function Factory Part
Organelle
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Nucleus DNA Storage Files and blueprints
management

Mitochondrion Energy production Powerplant

Ribosome Protein synthesis Machine to product toys Ad Pour cultures

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Rough ER Protein production and Coordination of toy
modification production line and
decoration
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Smooth ER Lipid production and Accessory production
Detoxification

Golgi Protein transportation Packaging and shipping

apparatus and export department

Peroxisome Lipid breakdown; redox Hazard chemical handling

reactions

Lysosome Protein destruction Recycling

Cytoskeleton Cell movement; Conveyor system

intracellular
transportation

Cell Define the inside and Factory building

membrane outside of a cell

Cell wall Structural support and Reinforced factory building

protection (plant cell)
Got A
Cytosol Cellular fluid Internal space and floor Question?
plan
Search Site For
Chloroplast Photosynthesis (plant Solar panels
Answers
cell)

Vacuole Storage and water Storage spaces

Search … !S
regulation (plant cell)
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Cell organelles can be divided r

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into three types Recent Posts h

In this article, we are going to divide these cell organelles/structures into Agatized fossil coral
three types:
What is Transcription?

1. General cell organelles: they are present in both animal and plant – From DNA to RNA
cells all the time – cell membrane, cytosol, cytoplasm, nucleus, USB Digital
mitochondrion, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
Microscope Review
apparatus, peroxisome, lysosome, and the cytoskeleton.
Kingdom Animalia –
2. Temporal cell organelles: they are only found at specific stages of
Different Phylum and
the cell’s life cycle – chromosome, centrosome, autophagosome, and
endosome. their examples

Kingdom Animalia –
3. Cell type specific cell organelles: they only exist in the plant cells
Classification,
– chloroplast, central vacuole, and cell wall.
Characteristics, and
Many unique cell organelles/structures only exist in specific cell types. Evolution
For example, the food vacuoles in amoeba and the trichocysts in
paramecia, which cannot be found in human cells. On the other hand,
some human cells also have unique organelles that can’t be found
anywhere else, like the Weibel–Palade bodies in blood vessel cells.

MS disease characterization - Human and Mouse

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1. General cell organelles in

every cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the
interior of the cell from the outside space and protects the cell
from its environment.
Cell membrane is made by two layers of lipid films (oil molecules)
with many kinds of membrane proteins.
Cell membrane controls the movement of molecules such as
water, ions, nutrients, and oxygen in and out of the cell.
Proteins on the cell membrane also involved in cell movement
and the communication between cells. For example, cells
received signals from the outside world through different kinds of
receptor proteins inserted on the cell membrane like tiny
antennas.

[In this figure] The cell membrane defines the inside and outside spaces of
a cell. There are many proteins on or inserted in the cell membrane. They
function as channels (controlling the in and out of molecules) or receptors
(receiving signals from the outside world).
The image was created with BioRender.com.

Cytosol
Cytosol is the cellular fluid inside the cell. It fills up the entire
intracellular space.
Water is the most abundant molecule inside the cells, accounting
for 70% or more of total cell mass.
Cytosol is a complex mixture of all kinds of substances dissolved
in water, including small molecules like ions (sodium, potassium,
or calcium), amino acids, nucleotides (the basic DNA units),
lipids, sugars, and large macromolecules such as proteins and
RNA.

Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm refers to all material within a cell, enclosed by the cell
membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytoplasm includes the cytosol and all the organelles.

Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is the cells’ skeleton system. Its network reaches
every inch inside the cells.
Cytoskeleton is a dynamic network built by interlinking protein
filaments. It is composed of three main components, actin
filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Once a portion of the cytoskeleton contracts or extends, it
deforms the cells and allows cells to change their shapes and
movement.
Cytoskeleton also serves as a highway system inside the cytosol.
Motor proteins can carry cargos while walking along the
cytoskeleton. A variety of intracellular cargoes, including proteins,
RNAs, vesicles, and even entire organelles, can move around
inside a cell by this intracellular transportation system.

[In this figure] Cytoskeleton consists of three types of filament proteins:

microtubules, actins, and intermediate filaments.
The image was created with BioRender.com.

[In this figure] Fluorescent image of vimentin, an intermediate filament protein

(green), in human cells. The nuclei were stained in blue color.

[In this figure] Fluorescence image of microtubule (orange), and the

nucleus (cyan) inside a cell.
Microtubule is one type of cytoskeleton inside the cells, and it shapes cell’s
morphology. Magnification, 63x.
Photo credit: Jason Kirk, 2020 photomicrograph competition.

[In this figure] Fluorescence image of microtubule (yellow) and the nucleus
(cyan) inside a cell.
Microtubules radiated from a tissue cell culture. Notice that the microtubules
extend to the very end of the cell membrane. Magnification, 63x.
Photo credit: Jason Kirk, 2020 photomicrograph competition.

Nucleus
The nucleus (plural: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle that
stores most of our genetic information (genome).
The key feature that separates eukaryotic cells (animals, plants,
and fungi) from prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) is the
presence of a nucleus.
The membrane of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.
There are nuclear pores to control transportation across the
envelope.
During cell division, the nuclear envelope will temporally
disappear to allow the separation of chromosomes.
Both DNA replication and RNA transcription happen inside the
nucleus. Messager RNA (mRNA) that carries the genetic
information will be exported through nuclear pores into the cytosol
for protein synthesis (translation).

[In this figure] Cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores DNA.
The image was created with BioRender.com.

Nucleolus
Nucleolus (plural: nucleoli) is a structure inside the nucleus.
Nucleolus is known as the site of ribosome biogenesis.

Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) is a rod-shaped organelle
that is considered the power generators of the cell.
Mitochondrion performs cellular respiration, which converts
glucose and oxygen to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the
biochemical energy “currency” of the cell for all activities.
Mitochondrion has double layers of the membrane: outer
mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and inner mitochondrial
membrane (IMM). Between the OMM and IMM is the
intermembrane space. The region inside the inner membrane is
called the matrix.
Mitochondrion generates ATP like a hydraulic dam. It happens via
the electron transport chain across the IMM.
Mitochondria (in plant cells, chloroplasts, too) are the only
organelles that have their own DNA other than the nucleus.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is circular and encoded only 13
genes.
Scientists believe mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from
the bacteria that were engulfed by the early ancestors of today’s
eukaryotic cells. This theory is called the endosymbiotic theory.

[In this figure] Left: the structure of mitochondrion showing many folds of
membranes and mtDNA. Right: a mitochondrion surrounded by rough ER under a
transmission electron microscope.

Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an internal membrane that forms
branching networks of many interconnected sacs and tubes.
There are two types of ER: rough ER and smooth ER.
The outer side (facing the cytosol) of the rough ER is studded
with ribosomes. Under the electron microscope, the dense
granular ribosomes gave the name of “rough” ER.
Rough ER stays closer to the nucleus and coordinates protein
synthesis.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. It specializes in lipid synthesis,
steroid hormone production, and detoxification.

[In this figure] The anatomy of ER.

Left: The relationship between the nucleus, rough, and smooth ER. Right: A 3D
view of rough ER.
The image was created with BioRender.com.

Ribosome
Ribosomes are the places where proteins are synthesized in our
cells.
Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large
ribosomal subunits. They are assembled by proteins and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains, which fold
and assemble into proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the corresponding amino acid. Only
the right tRNA can enter the ribosome and pair with the code on
mRNA. Once the tRNA and mRNA match, the ribosome will add
this amino acid onto a growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosomes can be found on the rough ER or free-floating in the
cytosol.

[In this figure] The ribosome works like a machine to translate the code
sequence of mRNA into a protein.

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