Tour of the Cell 1

AP Biology 2007-2008
 Prokaryote
Types of cells bacteria cells
- no organelles

- organelles

Eukaryote Eukaryote
animal cells
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plant cells
 Why organelles?
 Specialized structures mitochondria
 specialized functions
 cilia or flagella for locomotion
 Containers
 partition cell into compartments
 create different local environments chloroplast
 separate pH, or concentration of materials
 distinct & incompatible functions
 lysosome & its digestive enzymes
 Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
Golgi
 unique combinations of lipids & proteins
 embedded enzymes & reaction centers
 chloroplasts & mitochondria

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ER
 Cells gotta work to live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?
 make proteins
 proteins control every
cell function
 make energy
 for daily life
 for growth
 make more cells
 growth
 repair
 renewal
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 Building Proteins

AP Biology 2007-2008
 Proteins do all the work!

proteins

cells
DNA
Repeat after me…
organism Proteins do all the work!
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 Cells functions
 Building proteins
 read DNA instructions
 build proteins

 process proteins

 folding
 modifying
 removing amino acids
 adding other molecules
 e.g, making glycoproteins
for cell membrane
 address & transport proteins
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 Building Proteins
 Organelles involved
 nucleus
 ribosomes

 endoplasmic reticulum

(ER)
 Golgi apparatus

 vesicles

The Protein Assembly Line

Golgi
nucleus ribosome ER vesicles
apparatus
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 DNA
Nucleus
 Function chromosome

protects DNA histone protein

 Structure
 nuclear envelope
 double membrane
 membrane fused in spots to create pores
 allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
nuclear
pore
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through? nucleolus
AP Biology nuclear envelope
1 nuclear
membrane

production of mRNA
DNA
from DNA in nucleus

mRNA
Nucleus

2 small
nuclear pore ribosomal
subunit
mRNA travels from
mRNA
nucleus to ribosome
in cytoplasm through
large
nuclear pore ribosomal
subunit

AP Biology cytoplasm
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 Nucleolus
 Function
 ribosome production
 build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
 exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
large subunit

rRNA &
small proteins
subunit

AP Biology ribosome nucleolus

 large
Ribosomes subunit

 Function small
 protein production subunit
 Structure
 rRNA & protein
 2 subunits combine 0.08m
Ribosomes
Rough
ER

Smooth
ER
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 Types of Ribosomes
 Free ribosomes
 suspended in cytosol
 synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol
 Bound ribosomes
 attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
 synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes

AP Biology membrane proteins

 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function
 processes proteins
 manufactures membranes
 synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
 Structure
 membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell

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 Types of ER

rough smooth

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 Smooth ER function
 Membrane production
 Many metabolic processes
 synthesis
 synthesize lipids
 oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
 hydrolysis
 hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
 in liver
 detoxify drugs & poisons
 in liver
 ex. alcohol & barbiturates
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 Membrane Factory
 Build new
membrane
 synthesize
phospholipids
 builds membranes
 ER membrane
expands
 bud off & transfer
to other parts of
cell that need
membranes

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 Rough ER function
 Produce proteins for export out of cell
 protein secreting cells
 packaged into transport vesicles for export

Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?

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 Synthesizing proteins
cisternal
space

polypeptide

signal
sequence

ribosome
ribosome

membrane of
mRNA endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
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 Golgi Apparatus
 Function
 finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
 like “UPS shipping department”
 ships products in vesicles
 membrane sacs secretory
vesicles
Which cells  “UPS trucks”
have lots
of Golgi?

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 Golgi Apparatus

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 Vesicle transport

protein

vesicle migrating fusion

budding transport of vesicle
from rough vesicle with Golgi
ER apparatus

ribosome

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 nucleus endoplasmic
reticulum
protein
DNA on its way! TO:

RNA vesicle TO:

TO:

vesicle
ribosomes

TO:

protein finished
protein

Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
Regents Biology
 Putting it together… Making proteins
nucleus cell
nuclear pore membrane protein secreted

rough ER

ribosome
vesicle

proteins

smooth ER transport Golgi

vesicle apparatus
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 Any Questions!!

AP Biology 2007-2008