CELL

Two cell types

 Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic Cells) Nucleolus
 Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic Cells) • Most cells have 2 or more
Prokaryotes - Bacteria • Directs synthesis of RNA
 No Nucleus • Forms ribosomes
 No Membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotes Ribosome
 Have a nucleus Smallest organelle
 Have membrane bound organelles NOT surrounded by a membrane
Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells Makes proteins according to DNA instructions.
1. Cell Two Types:
2. Plant Cell  Free ribosomes: float free in cytosol
Cell Organelles  Bound ribosomes: attached to rough ER
Organelle = “little organs” Factory Part:
 Specialized structures that perform specific  Machines
jobs in the cell Found in:
Found only in eukaryotic cells  Plant cells
Many are “membrane-bound” (a membrane  Animal cells
surrounds the organelle)  Prokaryotic cells
Cytosol: watery matrix that organelles float in
Cytoplasm: Everything in a cell except the nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Membrane The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive

Surrounds the cell and decides what comes in and out network of membranes that connects the nuclear
Semi-permeable: allows nutrients in and waste envelope to the cell membrane.
products out There are two kinds of ER – rough ER and smooth
Made of a phospholipid bilayer ER
Also called Plasma Membrane Rough ER(RER) has ribosomes attached on its
Factory Part: surface.
 Gates or Doors RIBOSOMES consist of RNA and proteins. These are
Found in: sites for protein synthesis inside the cell. They are
 Plant cells referred to as the protein factories of the cell
 Animal cells Smooth ER(SER) is continuous with RER but lacks
 Prokaryotic cells ribosomes. Its main function is to synthesized lipids
Nucleus Factory Part:
Control center of the cell  Conveyor Belts
Stores DNA (chromosomes) Found in:
Surrounded by the nuclear membrane  Plant cells
Pores let material in and out  Animal cells
Also contains the Nucleolus, which makes ribosomes
The nucleus has two main functions Golgi Apparatus
1.) It directs chemical reactions in cell. Delivery system of the cell
2.) It acts as storage of genetic information and transfer such Collects, modifies, and packages molecules in the
information during cell division to the resulting daughter cells cell
Factory Part: Distributes and transports molecules in vesicles
 Manager’s Office This structure was first describing by an Italian
Found in: biologist and physician, Camillo Golgi.
 Plant cells The Golgi Apparatus packages and secretes products
 Animal cells of the ER
Factory Part:
Nuclear Envelope  Post office or Mail Room
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell Found in:
• Double membrane  Plant cells
• Has pores  Animal cells

DNA Lysosomes
• Hereditary material Trash Disposal of the cell
• Chromosomes The word lysosome was derived from Greek words
– DNA meaning “breaking body”
– Proteins These organelles contain macromolecule-digesting
– Form for cell division enzymes enclosed in its membranous sac
• Chromatin Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste
 Factory Part:  Framework of the cell
 Janitors  Contains small microfilaments and larger
Found in: microtubules.
 Plant cells  They support the cell, giving it its shape and help
 Animal cells with the movement of its organelles.
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell Cilia & Flagella
Site of cellular respiration • Provide motility
Converts energy stored in food into energy the cell • Cilia
needs – ATP
– Short
Factory Part:
– Used to move substances outside human
 Power Plant / Electrical Room
Found in: cells
 Plant cells • Flagella
 Animal cells – Whip-like extensions
Chloroplast – Found on sperm cells
Found only in plant cells and algae • Basal bodies like centrioles
Contains green pigment, chlorophyll
Changes sunlight (solar energy) into food like Cytoplasm
glucose (chemical energy) The cytoplasm includes everything between the cell
Factory Part: membrane and the nucleus.
 Solar Powered Energy Panels • It consists of two main parts: the cytosol and the
Found in: organelles
 Plant cells • Cytosol refers to the viscous colloidal substance of
Cell Wall the cytoplasm where the organelles are suspended
Rigid, protective barrier (maintains cell shape) • Organelles are specialized cellular parts suspended
Found in plant and bacterial cells in the cytosol
Located outside of the cell membrane
Made of cellulose (Carbohydrate fiber)
Factory Part: Peroxisomes
 Factory Gates  Are organelles about the size of lysosomes and are
Found in: bounded by a single membrane
 Plant cells  Contains enzymes, specifically the enzyme catalase
 Some Prokaryote cells which catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide, a very toxic product of cellular
metabolism.
Vacuoles  Peroxisomes may also act as other toxic molecules
Large central vacuole usually in plant cells that enter the cell, such as alcohol and drugs
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes,
etc PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Supports cell shape in plants
Factory Part:  PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 Storage room
Cells are the basic units of life and have many
Found in:
characteristics in common.
 Plant cells
 Animal cells (smaller) They can be divided into different groups based on
major characteristics. One such:
 Prokaryotic
Centrosome and Centrioles  Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells (less than 1mm in
 Centrioles produce and organize microtubules diameter) are smaller and simpler than
 Centrosome is called as the microtubules organizing
eukaryotic
center
They are thought to have appeared on Earth first.
Centrioles Bacteria are prokaryotic cells which play a huge role
 Found only in animal cells in our world today.
 Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at  Features of Prokaryotic cells:
right angles to each other.  The cell walls
 Role in building cilia and flagella  The plasma membrane
 Play a role in cellular reproduction  Flagella
 Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
  The nucleoid (a region containing free
DNA)
 Others: plasmid, capsule and pili
Cell wall
 Protects and maintains the shape of the
cell
 Some have an additional layer of a type
of polysaccharide outside the cell wall to
adhere to structures such as teeth, skin
and food.
 There are two types of bacterial
cell wall, which are identified by
the Gram Stain technique (pink
and purple when observed under
the microscope)
 Plasma membrane
 Inside the cell wall (composition similar
than eukaryotic cells)
 It controls the movement of materials in
and out.
 It plays a role in binary fission
 Cytoplasm occupies the complete interior
of the cell
 No compartments. All cellular processes
occur in the cytoplasm.
 Pili
 Some bacterial cells contain hair-like
growths (pili) on the outside of the cell
wall.
 They are used for attachment
 Main function is in joining bacterial cells
in preparation for the transfer of DNA
from one cell to another (sexual
reproduction)
 Flagella (pl) or Flagellum (s)
 Longer than pili
 They allow cell motility
 Ribosomes
 Sites of protein synthesis in all
prokaryotic cells
 They occur in very large numbers in cells
with high protein production. When
numerous, granular appearance to an EM
of the prokaryotic cell
 The nucleoid region
 Non compartmental and contains a
single, long, continuous, circular thread
of DNA.
 Region involved in cell control and
reproduction.
 Bacteria may also contain plasmids
(small, circular DNA molecules).
 They are not connected to the
main bacterial chromosome.
 Replicate independently of the
chromosomal DNA
 Not required by the cell under
normal conditions, but it may help
the cell to adapt to unusual
circumstances.
 Binary fission
 Prokaryotic cells divide by a very simple process.
1. DNA is copied
2. The two daughter chromosomes become attached to
different regions on the plasma membrane
3. Cell divides into two genetically identical daughter
cells
 This process includes an elongation of the cell and a
partitioning of the newly produced DNA
SUMMARY
 Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is
one circular chromosome
 Their DNA is free; it is not attached to proteins
 They lack membrane-bound organelles. Ribosomes
are complex structures within the plasma
membrane, but they have no exterior membrane
 Their cell wall is made up of a unique compound
called peptidoglycan
 They usually divide by binary fission, a simple form
of cell division.
 They are characteristically small in size, usually 1-10
mm
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 Whereas prokaryotic cells occur in the bacteria,
eukaryotic cells occur in organisms such as algae,
protozoa, fungi, plants and animals.
 Eukaryotic cells range in diameter from 5 to 100mm.
 They contain nucleus and organelles (non-cellular
structures that carry out specific functions)
 Organelles bring about compartmentalization which
allows chemical reactions to be separated (especially
important when the adjacent chemical reaction is
incompatible). As a result, there is an increase in
efficiency.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS ORGANELLES
 CYTOPLASM
 It occurs inside the plasma membrane or
the outer boundary of the cell. The
organelles occur here.
 The fluid portion of the cytoplasm between
the organelles is referred to the cytosol.
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
 Extensive network of tubules or channels
that extends almost everywhere in the cell
from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
 Its structure enables its function which is
the transportation of materials throughout
the internal region of the cell.
 Two general types:
1. Smooth (does not have Ribosomes)
2. Rough (does have Ribosomes)
1. Smooth ER
 Unique enzymes embedded on its surface
 Functions:
 Production of membrane
phospholipids and cellular lipids
 Production of sex hormones such
as testosterone and oestrogen
 Detoxification of drugs in the liver
 Storage of Calcium ions needed for
contraction in muscle cells
 Transportation of lipid-based
compounds
 Aid the liver in releasing glucose
into the bloodstream when needed
2. Rough ER
 It has Ribosomes on the exterior of the
channels
 They are involved in protein synthesis
 This ER is involved in protein development
and transport
 These proteins may become part of
membranes, enzymes or even messengers
between cells
 Most cells contain both types of ER with the rough
ER being closer to the nuclear membrane.
 RIBOSOMES
 Unique structures that do not have an
exterior membrane.
 They carry out protein synthesis in the cell
 Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER
 Composed of a type of RNA and protein
 Ribosomes of eukaryotic cells are larger and
denser than those of prokaryotic cells
 Eukaryotic composed of two subunits: 80S
 Prokaryotic composed of two subunits:70S
 LYSOSOMES
 Intracellular digestive centers that arise
from the Golgi apparatus.
 They lack any internal structure
 Sacs bounded by a single membrane that
contain as many as 40 different enzymes
 The enzymes are hydrolytic and catalyze the
breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
and carbohydrates.
 Lysosomes fuse with old or damaged
organelles to “recycle” them.
 Also involved in the breakdown of materials
brought by phagocytosis.
 The interior of Lysosomes is acidic, to
hydrolyze large molecules.
 GOLGI APPARATUS
 Flattened sacs (cisternae) which are stacked
on top of one another
 Function is the collection, packaging,
modification and distribution of material
synthesized in the cell.
 One side of the apparatus is near the rough
ER (cis side). It receives products from the
ER which move into the sacs. Movement
continues to the discharging or opposite
side (trans side). Small sacs called vesicles
come off from the trans side to wherever
they are needed (inside or outside the cell)
 MITOCHONDRIA
 Rod-shaped organelles that appear
throughout the cytoplasm.
 Size is close to a bacterial cell.
 They have their own DNA, circular
chromosome like that in bacterial cells,
allowing them some autonomy within the
cell.
 They have a double membrane.
 Outer membrane is smooth, but the inner is
folded (more surface area)
 Most mitochondrial reactions involve the
production of ATP (energy)
 Because of this, it is called the “cell
powerhouse”
 It produces and contains its own ribosomes
(70S type)
 Cells that have high energy requirements,
such as muscle cells, have large numbers of
mitochondria.
 NUCLEUS
 Isolated region where the DNA resides.
 Bordered by a double membrane referred
as the nuclear envelope.
 This membrane allows
compartmentalization of the eukaryotic
DNA.
 Pores in the nuclear membrane allow
communication with the cell’s cytoplasm.
 DNA of eukaryotic cells occur in the form of
chromosomes
 Chromosomes:
 Vary in number depending on
species
 Carry all the information necessary
for the cell to exist
 DNA is the genetic material of the cell. It
enables certain traits to be passed to the
next generation.
 When the cell is not in the dividing process,
chromosomes are not visible.
 During this phase, the cell’s DNA is in the
form of chromatin.
 Chromatin is formed as strands of DNA and
proteins called histones.
 This combination often results in structures
called nucleosomes (8 histones + strand of
DNA wrapped around + 1 histone to secure)
 Nucleus is located centrally in the cell’s
cytoplasm (in some cells pushed to one
side. I.e.: plant cells)
 Without a nucleus cell cannot reproduce, it
means, more specialization.
 I.e.: Red blood cells do not have
nuclei
  Most nuclei also include one or more dark  Plants: cell wall of cellulose
areas called nucleoli (singular: nucleolus)  Animals: no cell wall, plasma membrane
 Molecules of the cell Ribosomes are secretes glycoproteins (sugars and proteins)
manufactured in the nucleolus. The that forms the extracellular matrix
molecules pass through the nuclear  Cell wall:
envelope before assembly as Ribosomes.  Involved in maintaining cell shape
 CHLOROPLAST  Regulates water uptake
 Occur only in algae and plant cells  Extracellular matrix (ECM):
 Contains a double membrane  Collagen fibers plus glycoproteins
 Same size as a bacterial cell  Strength plasma membrane and allows
 It contains its own DNA and 70S Ribosomes attachment between adjacent cells.
 DNA is the form of a ring  Allows cell to cell interaction (… “Stem cells
 Besides DNA and Ribosomes, they contain differentiation”)
other structures (thylakoids, stroma and
grana)
 Grana are piles of thylakoids
 Thylakoids are flattened
membrane sacs with components
for the absorption of light
 Stroma is the fluid outside the
grana (similar to cytosol of the cell)
 Capable of reproducing independently of
the cell.
 CENTROSOME
 In all eukaryotic cells
 Pair of centrioles at right angles to one
another.
 These centrioles are involved in assembling
microtubules, which are important to the
cell in providing structure and allowing
movement.
 Microtubules are important to cell division
 The centrosome is located at one end of the
cell close to the nucleus.

 VACUOLES
 Storage organelles that usually form from
the Golgi apparatus.
 Membrane-bound and have lot of
functions.
 Occupy a very large space inside the cells of
most plants.
 Store different substances (food, wastes,
toxins and water)
 It enables cells to have higher SA:V even at
larger sizes.
 In plants, they allow an uptake of water
that provides rigidity for the organism.
 Similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
 Both types of cells have some sort of outside
boundary that always involves a plasma membrane
 Both types of cells carry out all the functions of life
 DNA is present in both cell types
 Most cellular organelles are present in both plant
and animal cells. If so, they have the same structure
and functions
 The outermost region of various cell types is often
unique:
 Bacteria: cell wall of peptidoglycan
 Fungi: cell wall of chitin