STRUCKTURE OF PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS.

 
 
CELLS
 
 
 
 
prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells
 
lack of contain
has has
 
membrane - bounded organelles
DNA in nucleoid DNA in nucleus
 

1. Unicellular

2. Structure of bacteria:
 small in size (0.5 – 10 µm diameter).
 simple (unicellular or filamentous).
 lack of true nucleus.
 lack of membrane-enclosed organelles.

 Example : bacteria & archaea

 
3. Genetic material is DNA :
 Circular double stranded DNA ( not linear )
 Not enclosed by nuclear envelope.
 Lies freely in cytoplasm.
 Not associated with histone protein. ( naked DNA )
 Located in a region called nucleoid.
 Plasma membrane : controls the exchange of waste materials & nutrients.
 Cell wall : made of peptidoglycan / murein. To maintain its cell shape, prevent rupture of the
cell.
 Ribosomes : site for protein synthesis.
 Plasmid : ( double stranded DNA ). Carries accessory genes.
 Pili : for attachment to host cell / other bacteria.
 Flagellum : for movement
 
 
 Mesosomes : site for cellular respiration to generate energy.
 
plasma membrane

 
 
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 
 Multicellular
 Large cells ( 10-100 )
 Structures :
contain a true nucleus, have internal membranes, provide different local environment to
facilitate specific metabolic functions.
 Example : animal cell, plant cell & fungi cell.
 Genetic material is DNA : linear double stranded DNA, DNA associates with histone protein,
enclosed in nuclear envelope.
 
histone protein
 

 
 Contain membrane-enclosed organelles : nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi body, endoplasmic
reticulum, chloroplast, lysosome.
 Have complex flagella / cilia : constructed from a system of 9 + 2 microtubules
 
  Cell wall : made up of cellulose & chitin ( in fungi ).
 

 
 Example : animal cell
 

 
 
 
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 SIMILARITIES :
 Both surrounded by a plasma membrane
 Both contain chromosome/DNA
 Both have ribosomes

 
 
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

 Have no true nucleus  Have true nucleus

 DNA not enclosed by  Have DNA
 nuclear envelope//
DNA lies freely in the
cytoplasm
 Have no membrane-
bounded organelles
 Genetic materials/
DNA molecule is
circular & not
associated with
histone protein
 Cell wall consists of
peptidoglycan/murein
 Generally smaller in
size
 Ribosomes are
smaller
 Mitosis/ meiosis does
not occur// cell
division is by binary
fission
 Have simple flagella
without 9+2
 Some have the ability
to fix nitrogen
 Respiration occurs at
mesosomes in
bacteria
 Examples are bacteria
& archaea
 
CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO TISSUES & ORGAN
ORGANISMS
unicellular organisms
Made up of
1 cells
enclosed by
nuclear envelope
 Have membrane-
bounded
organelles
 DNA is linear &
associated with
histone protein
 Cell wall consists
of cellulose as in
plant cells
 Generally bigger
in size
 Ribosomes are
larger
 Mitosis / meiosis
occurs// cell
division is by
mitosis & meiosis
 Have flagella with
9+2 microtubule
 None have the
ability to fix
nitrogen
 Respiration
occurs at
mitochondria
 Examples are
plants, animals &
fungi
multicellular organisms
consists of
more than 1 cells
tissues
 organ
 

organ systems
 
 Multicellular organisms consists of more than 1 cell. Begins with a single which is a zygote.
 Tissue develop by division & differentiation of cells.
 Division of cells is by mitosis & cytokinesis
 Differentiation of cells produces specialized cells to perform specific functions efficiently.
 Cell organization shows different levels from atoms to molecules to cells
 
CELL DIFFERENTIATION

 
CELL ORGANISATION
 
 Cell level : basic unit of an organisms. Example, epithelial cell
 Tissue level: consists of a group of cells have similar appearance & carry out common
function. Example, epithelial tissue
 Organ level: consists of a number of different tissues working together as a functional unit.
Example, stomach
 Organ system level : Consists of different organs working together. Example, digestive
system
 Organisms level : consists of different organ systems working together. Example, human.