4.

1 The prokaryotic cells

A. What’s the prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or other
membrane-bounded compartments. They have
a relatively simple internal organization.
The prokaryotes include :

 Bacteria
 Cyanophytes.
yanophytes
Figure 1- The anatomy illustration and the electron micrograph.
Prokaryotic cells lack much of the internal compartmentalization
and complexity especially a distinct nucleus.
4.1 The prokaryotic cells

B. Common features
A typical bacterium usually consists of:

Plasma lipid bilayer and embedded proteins for small mol

membrane ecule exchange
Cytoplasm the plasma membrane-enclosed region, and the liq
uid portion called the cytosol
Genetic nucleiod (single and circular chromosome), plasmi
materials d
Ribosmes protein synthesis machinery
 Nucleoid:
The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is a
single circular DNA strand ( without protein )
and is located within the cytoplasm .
4.2 The eukaryotic cells

What’s the Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bounded nucleus
and usually have other membrane-bounded
compartments or organelles as well.

Animals, plants, fungi, and protis

ts have a membrane-bounded nucl
eus in each of their cells and are cl
assified as eukaryotes.
eukaryotes

Figure 1- The structure of a

eukaryotic cell
4.2 The eukaryotic cells

Four Parts in Eukaryotic Cells

 Biomembrane system
Plasma membrane
Membrane-bound organelles
 Genetic system
 Cytoskeleton—framework system
 Cytosol and Ribososme
The Compartmentalization

The Importance of Compartmentalization

The thousands upon thousands different chemical reactions
can carry on efficiently in different organelles isolated and
organized which cooperate with each other.

Control the raw materials transport in and

out ;
Keep away inappropriate molecules
avoiding disturb their perform functions;
All have their own characteristic
enzymes;
Improve their efficiency of metabolism.
 Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Procaryoties Eucaryoties
organisms Bacteria and cyanobacteria Protists,fungi,plants,animals

Cell size 1 ~10 (micrometer) 10~100 ( in linear dimension)

metabolism Anaerobic or aerobic aerobic

Few or none Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, lys
organelles osome,Golgi apparatus, etc.
Circular DNA in cytoplasm (n Very long linear DNA molecules containing
DNA ucleoid) many noncoding regions; bounded by nucle
ar envelope (nucleus)
RNA and Synthesized in same RNA synthesized and processe in nucleus
compartment Pro.synthesized in cytoplasm
pro.
No cytoskeleton; cytoplasmic Cytoskeleton composed of pro.filaments; cyt
cytoplasm streaming, endocytosis and ex oplasmic streaming, endocytosis and exocyt
ocytosis all absent osis
Chromosomes pulled apart by Chromosomes pulled apart by cytoskeletal s
Cell division attachments to plasma pindle apparatus
membrane
Cellular Mainly unicellular Mainly multicellular, with differentiation of
many cell types
organization
Table 1: Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Typical bacteria, archaea Protists, fungi, plants, animals
organisms
~ 10-100 µm (sperm cells, apart from the tail, are
Typical size ~ 1-10 µm smaller)
nucleoid region; no real
Type of nucleus nucleus real nucleus with double membrane
linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone pro
DNA circular (usually) teins
RNA-/protein- coupled in cytoplasm RNA-synthesis inside the nucleus
synthesis protein synthesis in cytoplasm
Ribosomes 50S+30S 60S+40S
Cytoplasmatic st very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytos
ructure keleton
flagella and cilia containing microtubules; lamelli
Cell movement flagella made of flagellin podia and filopodia containing actin
one to several thousand (though some lack
Mitochondria none mitochondria)
Chloroplasts none in algae and plants
single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organis
Organization usually single cells ms with specialized cells
Binary fission Mitosis (fission or budding)
Cell division (simple division) Meiosis