Prokaryotic vs.

Eukaryotic
Cells
Distinguishing their features
G.1 ViBaPro Warriors

• It is a complex type of cell and
multicellular
• Eukaryotic cells have cell
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
and DNA
• Eukaryotes are organisms whose
cells are organized into complete
structures by internal membrane
and cytoskeleton
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Contain membrane-bound structures
( cell organelles) that perform specific
functions:
-Nucleus
-Mitochondria
-Golgi Apparatus
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Chloroplast
• DNA tends to be in multiple strands
• Multi-cellular organisms: animals,
fungi, plants
• Unicellular eukaryotes: Protists
NUCLEUS to house or protects the DNA CYTOSKELETON for structure and transporting
NUCLEOLUS where ribosomes are made information
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) for protein assembly VESICLES to protein around the cell
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) for making lipids LYSOSOMES (PEROXISOME) to digest waste
GOLGI APPARATUS for sorting and exporting proteins VACUOLES for storing water or food
MITOCHONDRIA for creating energy CENTRIOLES for splitting the cell during mitosis
• The simplest type of cells were
most likely the first type of cells that
formed on Earth
• Prokaryotic cells have a rigid cell
wall that is used for protection
• Prokaryotes are organisms that
unicellular meaning entire organism is
only one cell
PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Lack of membrane-bound nucleus
• Lack of nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells are placed in two
(2) taxonomic domains:
-Bacteria
-Achaea
• DNA tends to be circular
CELL MEMBRANE surrounding the cell
CYTOPLASM it is a gel-like substance within a
cell; where all the metabolic processes happen
RIBOSOMES that make proteins
NUCLEOID (DNA) where the genetic information
is held
PLASMID that can replicate independently of the
chromosomes
PILI is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many
bacteria; adhering to other bacterial cell
FLAGELLA a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move
CAPSULE is a polysaccharide layer; a virulence factor
because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease
 Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus Present Absent
Number of chromosomes More than one One--but not true chromosome: Plasmids
Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be
multicellular)
True Membrane bound Nucleus Present Absent
Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea
Genetic Recombination Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial, undirectional transfers DNA
Lysosomes and peroxisomes Present Absent
Microtubules Present Absent or rare
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Present May be absent
DNA wrapping on proteins. Eukaryotes wrap their DNA around proteins Multiple proteins act together to fold and
called histones. condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded DNA is
then organized into a variety of conformations
that are supercoiled and wound around
tetramers of the HU protein.
Ribosomes larger smaller
Vesicles Present Present
Golgi apparatus Present Absent
Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm

Flagella Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one
arranged as nine doublets surrounding two fiber
singlets
Permeability of Nuclear Membrane Selective not present
Plasma membrane with steroid Yes Usually no
Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically Usually chemically complexed
simpler)
Vacuoles Present Present
Cell size 10-100um 1-10um
 CELL
TYPES
Plant Tissues and
Animal Tissues
STRUCTURE OF PLANT TISSUE
TWO (2) TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE
1. Maristematic Tissues- consists of actively
dividing cells, and leads to increase in length and
thickness of the plant.
• Apical Meristem - It is present at the growing tips
of stems and roots and increases the length of the
stem and root.
• Lateral Meristem - This meristem consist of cells
which mainly divide in one plane and cause the
organ to increase in diameter and growth.
• Intercalary Meristem - This meristem is located
in
between permanent tissues. They are responsible for
growth in length of the plant and increasing the size
of the internode, They result in branch formation and
growth.
2. Permanent Tissue- This process of taking up a
permanent shape, size and a function is
called cellular differentiation. Cells of meristematic
tissue differentiate to form different types of
permanent tissue.
2 types of permanent tissues:
1. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES-A group of
cells which are similar in origin; similar in structure
and similar in function
• Parenchyma-is the bulk of a substance. In plants,
it consists of relatively unspecialized living cells
with thin cell walls that are usually loosely
packed so that intercellular spaces are found
between cells of this tissue.

THREE (3) SYSTEMS OF PLANT TISSUE

1. Epidermis- Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body.
2. Vascular tissue- The primary components of vascular tissue are the  xylem and phloem. These
transport fluid and nutrients internally.
3. Ground tissue- Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues. Ground tissue manufactures
nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients.
• Collenchyma-It is a living tissue of primary
body like Parenchyma.
This tissue gives a tensile strength to the plant
and the cells are compactly arranged and have
very little inter-cellular spaces.
• Sclerenchyma- This tissue consists of thick-
walled, dead cells.
These cells have hard and extremely thick
secondary walls due to uniform distribution
of lignin. Lignin deposition is so thick that the
cell walls become strong, rigid and impermeable
to water.
• Epidermis-It provides a barrier to infection
from environmental pathogens and regulates
the amount of water released from the body.
2. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE-
help in the transportation of organic
material, water and minerals up and down
the plants. That is why it is also known as
conducting and vascular tissue.
• Xylem- serves as a chief conducting
tissue of vascular plants. It is responsible
for the conduction of water and mineral
ions/salt.
• Phloem- is an equally important plant
tissue as it also is part of the 'plumbing
system' of a plant. Primarily, phloem
carries dissolved food substances
throughout the plant.
STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL
TISSUES
1. Epithelial tissue covers the body
surface and forms the lining for most
internal cavities.  The major function of
epithelial tissue includes protection,
secretion, absorption, and filtration.
2. Connective tissue is the most
abundant and the most widely distributed
of the tissues.  Connective tissues
perform a variety of functions including
support and protection.    conduct impulses to and from all parts of
Four (4) Types of Animal
Tissue
3. Muscle tissue:
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.  Skeletal
muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue
that is used in the contraction of skeletal
parts.  Smooth muscle is found in the walls
of internal organs and blood vessels.  It is an
involuntary type.  The cardiac muscle is
found only in the walls of the heart and is
involuntary in nature. 
4. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized
cells which not only receive stimuli but also
the body.  Nerve cells or neurons are long
and string-like.
 CELL
MODIFICATIONS
1. Microvili- Cells may have slender extensions of the cell membrane to form cilia or the smaller extensions.
 Effectively increase the surface area of the cell and are useful for absorption and secretion functions.
2. Root-hair cell-is to collect water and mineral nutrients present in the soil and take this solution up through
the roots to the rest of the plant. As root hair cells do not carry out photosynthesis they do not contain
chloroplasts.
3. Cilia- are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell. The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust and
bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed. These structures are important in the cell cycle
and replication.
4. Stereocilia- are the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types
of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance. They are about 10–50 micrometers in length
and share some similar features of microvilli.
5. Flagella (singular: flagellum)- are long, thin, whip-like appendages attached to a bacterial cell that allow
for bacterial movement. 
6. Muscle cells-bring parts of the body closer together. They contain protein fibres that can contract when energy
is available, making the cells shorter.
7. Red blood cells -The main function of the red blood cell is transport oxygen around the body to other cells. It
contains haemaglobin which allows the binding of oxygen. also remove carbon dioxide from your body,
transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.

CELL MODIFICATIONS
are specialization or modifications re acquired by a cell after cell division. These
modifications help the cell in different beneficial ways that will allow efficient function
promoting survival of the organism.