Cells + Organisation 26/07/23

LO: To learn the different organelles in plant and animal cells and bacterial cells

DO NOW:
1. Draw an animal cell fully labelled onto
your whiteboards
2. Now draw a plant cell fully labelled
3. What is the difference between a plant
and animal cell?
4. Challenge: draw a bacterial cell fully
labelled
 Cells
LO: To learn the different organelles in plant and animal cells and bacterial cells

• know the seven shared

characteristics of living things
• understand how living organisms
share the following characteristics
• describe the levels of organisation in organisms: organelles, cells,
tissues, organs and systems
• describe cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and
vacuole
• describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole
• know the similarities and differences in the structure of plant
and animal cells

• describe the common features shown

by prokaryotic organisms such as
bacteria
 Levels of organization
• Complex living organisms are organized into different levels.

• This is so they can carry out many different jobs at the same
time.
• All living organisms have some characteristics in common that
make them living.
• Can you guess what are the 7 characteristics of life?

• Think – 1 minute
• Pair – 1 minute
• Share – 2 minutes
 I can state the seven shared characteristics of living things.

The 7 shared characteristics of living things

Movement Nutrition
Body life
processes
Respiration Excretion

Sensitivity Growth Reproduction

 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
All living things are made of cells, they are the basic unit of all life.
Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells
 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
All living things are made of cells, they are the basic unit of all life.
Eukaryotic cells

Lets look at the parts of a cell

TASK: Label the diagrams of animal, plant and bacterial cells
Hint for bacterial cell labeling: Stretch (exam question):
Bacterial DNA - Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus
Plasmid (DNA) - Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification
The genetic material is
arranged differently in the
cells of bacteria
compared with animal
and plant cells.
Describe two differences
(2 marks)

Bacterial cells are much

smaller than plant and
animal cells.
 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Nucleus

• Contains the genetic information of

the cell.
• This is in the form of chromosomes
which are made of DNA. Nucleus

• Parts of these chromosomes called

genes determine what substances
the cell makes.
• Therefore the nucleus controls the
activities of the cell.

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 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Cell membrane

• Forms a boundary between

the cytoplasm and the
outside of the cell.
• Some chemicals can pass Cell membrane

through this barrier and the

cell can control what comes
in and out.
• It is partially permeable.

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9
 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Cytoplasm

• Watery jelly like liquid which contains all of the organelles

and enzymes.
• Many of the cell’s chemical reactions take place in the
cytoplasm.
• These are called metabolic reactions.

Cytoplasm

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10
 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Mitochondria

• Carry out the reactions of aerobic

respiration.
• Therefore releasing energy for the cell.
• Cells that have a high demand for Mitochondria

energy usually have many mitochondria,

such as muscle cells.

Diagram of a highly magnified mitochondria

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 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Ribosomes

• Very very small particles

found in the cytoplasm.
• They make proteins (protein
Ribosomes
synthesis).
• These are determined by the
genes in the nucleus.

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 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Chloroplasts

• Contains chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll is a green
pigment.
• It absorbs light energy to
make food in the process of
photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

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13
 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Cell Wall

• It is made of a non-living
material called cellulose.
• Helps protects the cell and
keeps its shape.
• It is freely permeable.
Bacteria and fungi also have cell walls but they
are made from different substances. Fungi cell
walls are made of chitin and bacteria made of
Cell wall
sugars and amino acids.

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 2b – Cell structure
Functions – Vacuole

• Filled with cell sap.

• Cell sap is a store of
dissolved sugars, mineral
ions, and water.
• Helps keep the cell’s shape.

Vacuole

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 2b – Cell structure
Comparing cell structure

Cell membrane

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Chloroplast
Vacuole Cell wall
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 1b – Variety of living things
Kingdoms – Bacteria

• Small single celled organisms.

• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan. Come in different sizes
(helps classify later on)
• Some have a capsule or slime layer.
• Has no nucleus.
• Some species have flagella for movement.
• Some contain plasmids (small loops of DNA).
• Have one circular chromosome.
• Some can do photosynthesis.

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17
TASK: Complete the table and tick the correct column for each one.

Cell part Function Animal Plant Bacteria

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of

N
the cell

Cytoplasm

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the

cell

Most energy is released by respiration here

Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here

Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose

Chloroplasts

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus

Plasmid (DNA)
 Cell part Function Animal Plant Bacteria

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the

Nucleus cell ✔ ✔
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by
Cytoplasm enzymes ✔ ✔ ✔

Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell ✔ ✔ ✔
Mitochondria Most energy is released by respiration here ✔ ✔
Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here ✔ ✔
Cell wall Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose ✔ ✔

Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis ✔

Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid ✔

Bacterial DNA Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus ✔

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic
Plasmid (DNA) modification ✔
 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
All living things are made of cells, they are the basic unit of all life.
Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

These are smaller than eukaryotic

Have a cell membrane,
cytoplasm and genetic material (DNA)
enclosed in a nucleus.
Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells
cells. The genetic material is not
enclosed in a nucleus. The DNA is a
single loop and there may be one or
more rings of DNA called plasmids.
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells
 Organelles and cells

• Cells are the building

blocks of life.
• Each cell is made up of
organelles which do
various jobs that give
the cell its function.

For example this is an autumnal leaf as seen down

a microscope. Each little circular area is a cell.
Inside the cell are organelles that make it work
such as the nucleus and chloroplasts.

There is more on cells in section 2b

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 Tissues
2a – Levels of organisation

• Cells with a similar function

are then grouped together
into tissues.
• Muscle is an example of a
tissue. It is made up of
many muscle cells all
working together to carry
out a particular function.

A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to

carry out a specific function.
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 Organs
2a – Levels of organisation

• Tissues then group together to

form an organ.
• Some of the most well known

By DrJanaOfficial - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50477765

human organs include, the brain,
the heart, the liver, the kidney and
the skin.
• Organs in plants include, the leaf
and the stem.
An organ is a group of tissues working together to
carry out a specific function.
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 Organ systems
2a – Levels of organisation
• In animals, jobs are usually carried out by several different
organs working together. This is called an organ system.

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 Organism
2a – Levels of organisation

Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs

Organ Systems
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 MWB Quiz
1. What is the function of the nucleus?
2. What organelle absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?
3. What is the function of ribosomes?
4. What organelle is the site of respiration?