CELL ORGANELLES
1. Inner membrane
Nucleus
 The organelle that is found in most of the
eukaryotic cells.
 Brain of cell
 Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein
called the CHROMATIN; rod shaped
chromosomes; contains small round
nucleolus
 Produces ribosomal RNA which makes
ribosomes.
 Largest organelle and contain most of the
cells genetic material which contains the
information of the structure and function
of the organisms and these are found
encoded in the DNA in the form of the
genes (a short segment of a DNA that
contains the information).
 Organizes in a long linear strand that are
attached to the different proteins (these
proteins helps DNA to coil up for a better
storage, this protein is called the
HISTOLD).
 Long strands of a coiled up DNA and
proteins are referred to as
CHROMOSOMES.
 Brain of cell- maintains the integrity of
genes and control the activities of the cell
by regulating gene expression (a process
by which the formation in a gene is
decoded by a various cell molecules to
produce a functional gene products e.g.
RNA.
Nuclear Envelope
 A doubled membrane of the nucleus that
encloses the genetic material and it
separates the content of nucleus from the
cytoplasm.
Two lipid layers:
2. Outer membrane- continuous
with the rER and it contains
nuclear pores (helps regulate
the exchange of materials from
nucleus and cytoplasm e.g.
RNA and protein)
NUCLEOLUS
 involved in assembling of the ribosomes
 Inside nucleus, disappear when cell
divides; makes ribosomes that make
proteins
 made of protein and ribosomal and this
build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm
 functions of the rRNA is to provide a way
over decoding genetic messages w/in
another type of RNA which are called
mRNA into an amino acids.
 The ribosomes are being transported to
the cytoplasm where they direct the
protein synthesis.
RIBOSOMES
 Undergo
in the process
of translation
(the process of ordering amino acids in
the formation of proteins) and
transcription
 Small non-membrane bound organelles;
site for protein synthesis (manufacturing
the unit or principal factories)
 either free floating or attached to the ER
 Two parts: small and large sub-units.
These sub-units are attached to each other
 RIBOZYMES are RNA molecules that
catalyzes the chemical reactions e.g.
translation and transcription
 Interact w/ other RNA molecules to make
a chain of amino acids, the
POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS.
 Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
 Protein factories for the cell
 joins amino acids to make proteins
through protein synthesis
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
  network of phospholipid membrane  look like a stack of pancakes
that forms a hollow tube and a  modify, sort, and package molecules
flattened and round sacs from ER for storage or transport of the
(CISTERNAE) cell
 A membrane that is covered w/ cisternae
Function: (look like a stack of deflated balloons
 Under packages of different substances
a) Transport- proteins move from one from a secretion out of the cell or for the
place to another inside the ER use w/in the cell.
b) Synthesis- ribosomes that are attached  Found close to the nucleus of the cell
to the ER, also make proteins the lipids where it modifies proteins that have
are also produced in the ER. been delivered in a transport vesicle
 Also transport lipids around the cell
Two types of ER:

1. Smooth ER:
LYSOSOME

 Doesn’t have
ribosomes attached to it.
 Function: Lipid synthesis, calcium
iron storage, and drug
detoxification.
 Found both in animal and plant
cells.
 Made up of tubules and vesicles
that branch out to form a network
2. Rough ER:
 contains
ribosomes and
releases newly
made protein from the cell,
 the ribosomes made are being
transported from the ER into a
small sacs called the transport
vesicle,
 rER will work with Golgi
apparatus to move new proteins to
their proper destination.
 Membrane is continuous w/ the
outer layer of nuclear envelope
BOTH SMOOTH AND ROUGH FORMS AN
INTERCONNECTED NETWORK
 Engulfs the foreign bodies
 A vesicle that contains powerful
digestive enzymes, wherein the enzymes
will breakdown, even bacteria, and worn
out parts of the cells.
 Pre-formed membrane-bound, dense
appearing structure or packages of
HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
collectively known as ACID
HYDROLASES.
 Enzymes w/in the lysosomes can be
digest and therefore destroy all
components of the cell, hence are called
as “SUICIDE BAGS”
 Lysosomes are spherical, single-
membrane bags made of lipids and
proteins that hold digestive enzymes
inside.
Function:

GOLGI APPARATUS 1. The cellular digestion, the breakdown of

large molecules into small ones.
 largest organelle 2. Relate to aging and degenerative
that is usually made processes.
up of 4 to 8 cup of shape
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
  Are external structure
 Are long thin structure that stick out
from the membrane both eukaryotic and
eukaryotic cell have flagella.
FLAGELLA
 will help a single cell organism to move
or to swim towards the food
 flagella of the eukaryotic cell is used for
movement
 Eukaryotic flagella are made up of
microtubules and it can bend or flex.
CILIA
 Cilium (single)
 made up of extensions of the cell
membranes and contains microtubules
 Much shorter than flagella
 Cover some surface of the cell surface
 In multicellular organisms, cilia are
found in a large number on a single
surface of the cells
 animal cilia usually moves materials
inside the body
CENTRIOLES
 they arrange the mitotic spindles that
have pull the chromosomes apart during
mitosis
 granular structure located outside the
nucleus and found in all animal cell and
primitive plants of self-duplicating
organelles
 w/in centrosomes is a pair of small rod-
like structure called the CENTRIOLES
 They are two cylindrical bodies in
animal cells (not in plants)
perpendicular to each other.
 Each centrioles contains 9 triplets of
microtubules arrange to form a hollow
cylinder.
 TUBULIN is the protein that makes the
microtubules.
Function:
1. centrioles participates in the cell
reproduction and in producing basal
bodies of cilia and flagella (cell division-
mitosis)
CYTOSKELETON
 Helps maintain cell shape
 Moves organelles around
 made of proteins microfilament which
are threadlike structure and made up of
ACTIN
 Microtubules are tube-like and made up
of TUBULIN.
MITOCHONDRIA
 double membranous enclosed organelles
that is found in most eukaryotic cells, size
of a bacterium, contains its own DNA
and mDNA
 More active cells like muscle cells have
MORE mitochondria
 site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(burning of glucose)
 called the powerhouse or the power plant
of the cell, as they use energy for organic
compounds to make ATP (cells energy
source)
 ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
 The inner membrane makes infolding
called CRISTAE, where chemical
reactions occur
 Chemically, the mitochondria is made up
of CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS,
PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACID.
 Function is cellular respiration of the
aerobic type (requires oxygen)
PLASTIDS
 Are plant seeds that are group of closely
related membrane bound organelles;
responsible for photosynthesis, storage:
starch, synthesis of molecules as a
cellular building blocks
 Have the ability to change their forms;
contains their own DNA and some
ribosomes
 Descended form photosynthetic bacteria
or allow the first eukaryotic cells to make
the oxygen
Types of Plastids:
a) Chloroplast (GREEN PIGMENT)
 Green colored bodies containing
CHLOROPHYLL
 A green pigment visible in the
cytoplasm of green plants
 Site of photosynthesis,
powerhouse unit of the plant
cells
b) Leucoplastids or Leucplast
 Colorless plastids present in non-
photosynthesizing plant tissue
 Serve as storage depots for starch,
synthesis starch from sugar
c) Chromoplast or Chromoplastids
(variously colored plastids)
 Colored bodies plant cells
containing various pigments
 Gives brown, red, blue, orange,
yellow color
 Responsible for varies colors of
petals, fruits, and vegetables.