CHAPTER 4

A Tour of the Cell

Figures 4.1 – 4.3

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides for

Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology

Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon

Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • WHAT IS A CELL?
• Cells are the building Human height

blocks of all life Length of some

eye
nerve and

eye
muscle cells

Unaided
Unaided
Chicken

-Two major types of

egg

cell Frog
eggs

microscope
Light microscope
Plant and
animal
cells
Nucleus

Light

microscope
cope
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion

onnmicros
Smallest bacteria
Viruses

Electro
Electr
Ribosomes
Proteins
Lipids
Small
molecules
Atoms Figure 4.3

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THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD OF CELLS
• Cells are the building blocks of all life
• Cells must be tiny for materials to move in and out
of them fast enough to meet the cell’s metabolic
needs
• Organisms are either
– Single-celled, such as most bacteria and protists

– Multicelled, such as plants, animals, and most fungi

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Microscopes as Windows to Cells
• The light microscope is used by many scientists

– Light passes
through the
specimen
– Lenses enlarge,
or magnify, the
image

(a) Light micrograph (LM) of a white blood cell

(stained purple) surrounded by red blood cells

Figure 4.2A
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 Two important factors about microscope

• Magnification
– An increase in the specimen’s apparent size

• Resolving power
– The ability of an optical instrument to show two
objects as separate

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• Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke

• The accumulation of scientific evidence led to the

cell theory
– All living things are composed of cells

– All cells form from previously existing cells

– The cell is the basic living unit of organization.

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 TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
2 Major types of microscopes
Human height

-Light Length of some

nerve and

Unaided eye
muscle cells

Chicken
-Electron egg

Frog
What is the difference between eggs

the two?

Light microscope
Plant and

• Light microscope is good for animal

cells
Nucleus
living organism Most bacteria
Mitochondrion

Electron microscope
• The electron microscope can Smallest bacteria

magnify up to 100,000X
Viruses

Ribosomes
Proteins
– Such power reveals the Lipids

diverse parts within a cell

Small
molecules
Atoms Figure 4.3

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 Types of electron microscope
• Types of electron
microscope
- scanning electron (SEM)
- transmission electron
microscope (TEM)

• The scanning electron

microscope (SEM) is
used to study the
detailed architecture of
the surface of a cell
(b) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a white
blood cell

Figure 4.2B

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• The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is
useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell

(c) Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a white blood cell Figure 4.2C
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 The Two Major Categories of Cells
• The countless cells on
earth fall into two
categories
Prokaryotic cell
– Prokaryotic cells Nucleoid region

– Eukaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells differ in
several respects

Nucleus Figure 4.4

Eukaryotic cell Organelles
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• Prokaryotic cells
– Are smaller than eukaryotic cells

– Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes

– Lack a nucleus

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 Prokaryotic
flagella

Nucleoid region (DNA)

Plasma Ribosomes
membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Pili

Figure 4.5
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A Panoramic View of Eukaryotic Cells
• An idealized animal cell
Centriole
Ribosomes Lysosome Not in most
plant cells
Flagellum
Cytoskeleton

Plasma
membrane

Mitochondrion Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Smooth
endoplasmic
Golgi reticulum (ER)
apparatus
Figure 4.6A

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• An idealized plant cell
Not in animal cells
Cytoskeleton

Mitochondrion Central
vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Rough endoplamsic
reticulum (ER) Chloroplast

Ribosomes

Plasma
membrane
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) Plasmodesmata

Golgi apparatus Figure 4.6B

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 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• There are three things that is common to all cell 1.

Plasma membrane 2.
Cytosol-jelly like structure inside of the cell 3.
DNA- genetic material
• The plasma membrane functions in
– separating the living cell from its nonliving surroundings

– Regulates movement of molecules across

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 Fluid Mosaic of Lipids and Proteins

• The membranes
of cells are
composed of
– Lipids

– Proteins

– Carbohydrate

• Which one is
most abundant?

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• The lipids belong to a special category called
phospholipids
• Phospholipids form a two-layered membrane, the
phospholipid bilayer
Outside cell
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail

Cytoplasm
(inside cell)

(a) Phospholipid bilayer of membrane

Figure 4.7A

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• Most membranes have specific proteins embedded
in the phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic
region of
protein

Phospholipid
bilayer

Hydrophobic
region of protein

(b) Fluid mosaic model of membrane Figure 4.7B

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• Some functions of membrane proteins
Cytoplasm
Fibers of c Enzymatic activity
extracellular
matrix

b Cell signaling

a Attachment to
cytoskeleton and
extracellular
matrix

e Intercellular
joining f Cell-cell
d Transport recognition

Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm

Figure 4.8

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• Membrane phospholipids and proteins can drift
about in the plane of the membrane
• This behavior leads to the description of a
membrane as a fluid mosaic
– Molecules can move freely within the membrane

– A diversity of proteins exists within the membrane

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Selective Permeability
• Membranes of the cell are selectively permeable
– They allow some substances to cross more easily
than others
– They block passage of some substances altogether
• The traffic of some substances can only occur
through transport proteins
– Glucose, for example, requires a transport protein to
move it into the cell

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THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES:
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE CELL
• The nucleus is the manager of the cell
– Genes in the nucleus store information necessary to
produce proteins
Structure and Function of the Nucleus
• The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane
called the nuclear envelope
– It contains chromatin

– It contains a nucleolus

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 Ribosomes Chromatic Nucleolus Pore
Nuclear
envelope

Figure 4.9
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 How DNA Controls the Cell
• DNA controls the cell DNA

by transferring its
1 Synthesis of
coded information mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA
into RNA
– The information in Nucleus
the RNA is used to
Cytoplasm
make proteins 2 Movement of mRNA
mRNA into
cytoplasm via Ribosome
Ribosomes nuclear pore

•Ribosomes build all the cell’s

proteins 3 Synthesis of
protein in the
cytoplasm
Protein
Figure 4.10

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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:
MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTING
CELLULAR PRODUCTS
• Many of the membranous organelles in the cell
belong to the endomembrane system

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Nuclear
envelope

– Produces an
enormous variety
of molecules
Ribosomes

– Is composed of
Rough ER
smooth and rough Smooth ER

ER

Figure 4.11
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What are the functions of Rough ER and Smooth ER?
Rough ER
• The “roughness” of the rough ER is due to ribosomes that stud
the outside of the ER membrane
• The functions of the rough ER include

– Producing proteins

– Producing new membrane

Smooth ER
• The smooth ER lacks the surface ribosomes of ER

• The functions of the Smooth ER include

-produces lipids, including steroids

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• After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it
packages the molecule into transport vesicles
4
Transport vesicle
buds off

Ribosome Secretory
protein inside
transport
3 vesicle

Protein
1
2
Rough ER

Polypeptide
Figure 4.12

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What are the functions Golgi Apparatus?
• The Golgi apparatus
– Works in partnership with the ER

– Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells

– packaging center and a traffic director is the

Transport
vesicle “Receiving” side of
from ER Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus

New vesicle forming

Transport vesicle
from the Golgi

“Shipping” side of
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane

Figure 4.13

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Lysosomes-break down large, complex molecules
• A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac
– It contains digestive enzymes

– The enzymes break down macromolecules

• Lysosomes have several types of digestive functions
– They fuse with food vacuoles to digest the food
Lysosome Digestive enzymes

Plasma
membrane

Digestion
Food Food vacuole

(a) Lysosome digesting food

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 – They break down damaged organelles
• A mutation interfering with the function of a cell's lysosomes
would lead most directly to problems in digestion

Lysosome

Digestion

Damaged
organelle

(b) Lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

Figure 4.14b

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Vacuoles
• Vacuoles are membranous sacs
– Two types are the contractile vacuoles of protists and
the central vacuoles of plants

Central
vacuole

Contractile
vacuoles

(a) Contractile vacuoles in a protist (b) Central vacuole in a plant cell

Figure 4.15

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• A review of the
Rough ER
endomembrane system
Transport
vesicle from ER
Golgi
apparatus

• the most common route Secretory

for membrane flow in vesicle from Golgi

the endomembrane
system is from
– rough ER → vesicles
→ Golgi → plasma
membrane
Secretory Vacuole Lysosome
protein

Plasma membrane
Figure 4.16
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CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA: ENERGY
CONVERSION
Inner and outer
membranes of
envelope

• Cells require a
constant energy
supply to do all
the work of life Space between Granum
membranes
Stroma (fluid in
CHLOROPLASTS chloroplast)

• Chloroplasts are the sites

of photosynthesis, the
conversion of light
energy to chemical
energy Figure 4.17
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Mitochondria:The cell organelle that produces ATP
by a process called cellular respiration
• Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration,
which involves the production of ATP from food
molecules Outer
membrane

Inner
membrane

Cristae

Matrix

Space between
membranes
Figure 4.18
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 THE CYTOSKELETON:
CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT
• The cytoskeleton is an infrastructure of the cell
consisting of a network of fibers
Maintaining Cell Shape

• One function of the

cytoskeleton
– Provide mechanical
support to the cell
and maintain its
shape

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• The cytoskeleton can
change the shape of a cell
– This allows cells like
amoebae to move

Figure 4.19B

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Cilia and Flagella

• Cilia and flagella are motile

appendages

• Flagella propel the cell

in a whiplike motion

• Cilia move in a
coordinated back-and-
forth motion Figure 4.20A, B
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• Some cilia or flagella
extend from nonmoving
cells
– The human windpipe is
lined with cilia

Figure 4.20C
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 CELL SURFACES:
PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND CELL-CELL
INTERACTIONS
• Most cells secrete materials that are external to the
plasma membrane
Walls of two adjacent
Plant Cell Walls and plant cells

Cell Junctions
• Plant cells are
encased by cell
walls
Vacuole

– These provide
support for the
Plasmodesmata
plant cells (channels between cells)
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 Animal Cell Surfaces and Cell Junctions
• Animal cells lack cell walls
– They secrete a sticky covering called the extracellular
matrix
– This layer helps hold cells together
• Animal cells connect by various types of junctions
– Tight junctions-form leak proof sheet

– Adhering junctions (anchoring)- attach cells to fiber

– Communicating junctions- allow water and other

materials to flow between neighboring cells

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 Extracellular matrix

(a) Tight junctions

(b) Anchoring
junctions

(c) Communicating
junctions

Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells

Extracellular matrix

Figure 4.22
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EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
THE ORIGIN OF MEMBRANES
• Phospholipids were probably among the organic
molecules on the early Earth

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• When mixed
with water,
phospholipids
spontaneously
form
membranes

Figure 4.23
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