BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

Module “Ulangkaji & Teknik Menjawab

Soalan-Soalan Struktur”

BIO122
HISTOLOGY OF CELL AND TISSUE

SEMESTER OCT 2022-FEB 2023

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

REVISION OF BIO122 CHAPTER 5, 6 & 7

(Concept Maps)

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

CHAPTER 5: PROKARYOTIC &

EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONCEPT MAPS

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 The cell is the
1. Independent structural unit of
Cell Theory
existence life for all
Unicellular organism
Cell organisms
- Capable of:
(Basic unit of life) 2. Performing essential
functions of life
- First live cell was seen
+ described by Anton Multicellular All organisms are Cells can arise only
Van Leeuwenhoek organism composed of one by division from a
or more cells. preexisting cell

Type of microscopes: CHAPTER 5 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Compound Light Microscope

• Different magnification of objective lenses range from
4x, 10x, 40x and 100x
• Total magnification = magnification of the eyepiece x
magnification of the objective lens
• Field of view = Field number / Objective magnification

• Microscope inventors
1. Robert Hooke
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

PRINCIPLES OF MICROSCOPY
Magnification - the ratio of an object’s image to its real size
Resolving power – measure of image clarity
Electron Dissecting Compound light
microscope microscope microscope
 • Ribosomes –Protein synthesis
• Smooth ER – Builds lipids, steroids, cholesterol and carbohydrates
• Rough ER – associated with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins
• Mitochondria – produce energy
• Golgi apparatus - Important site for the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
CHAPTER 5 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Plasma membrane – Separates the cell from the outside environment

• Cell wall – Provides rigid shape to the cell
• Cytoskeleton - consist of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments and fibers to provide perfect shape to the
cell

Eukaryote • Nucleus – Contains the DNA

• Lysosomes – They possess hydrolytic enzymes to digest protein, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
• Chloroplast – Contains chlorophyll and involved in photosynthesis
• Vacuole – stores food, water and waste
• Cytoplasm - Jelly-like material; supports and protects cell organelles
• Centrioles – Play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system
• Cilia – to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell
• Flagella – for locomotion of a cell
• Peroxisomes – contain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell and oxidative enzymes for metabolic
activity.

• Cell wall of most bacteria contains peptidoglycan that help to gives shape to the cell
• Cell membrane - Regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cells.
• Flagella – to move cells through watery environments

Prokaryote • Capsule – Outer protection of the cell

• Pili – Facilitate DNA uptake and conjugation
• Ribosomes – protein synthesis
• Plasmid – cloning short segments of DNA
• Nucleoid region – it is the region in the cytoplasm where the genetic material is present
 BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

CHAPTER 6: PLASMA MEMBRANE &

TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES CONCEPT MAPS

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 OVERVIEW: PLASMA MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/284149057713232866/
 TRANSPORT OF SMALL MOLECULES

Solute
Phospholipid Bilayer
Passive Transport Active Transport

Against
Down

No Energy ATP Energy

Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Protein Pump

Simple Diffusion
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Protein Channel Na+/K+ pump
Equilibrium
Amoeba Eating Hormone Export

Adapted from source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ZV9tjEyv1jvZXPD29

 TRANSPORT OF LARGE MOLECULES

Cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new Cell secretes materials/molecules that packaged in vesicles from a cell by
vesicles/membrane-bounded vesicle that is pinched off from the plasma fusion of vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane.
membrane.

ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS

Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-Mediated

 Cellular-Drinking.  Cellular-Eating.  The secretion of many different substances,

 Specialized type of pinocytosis that
 Cell gulps droplets of  Cell engulfs a particle by including digestive enzymes from the pancreas,
enables the cell to import bulk
extracellular fluid and extending pseudopodia neurotransmitters from nerve cell and other
quantities of specific substances
creates a vesicle by around it and packaging it materials
which not be very concentrated in
infoldings of the plasma in a food vacuole.
the extracellular fluid.
membrane.  Fuse with lysosome for
 Specific triggered by molecular
 Non-specific process. digestion.
signal.
 BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

CHAPTER 7: TISSUES CONCEPT MAPS

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 Animal Tissues

Epithelial Tissues Muscle Tissues Connective Tissues Nervous Tissues

• Elongated cells • Consist of cells and the • Made up of nerve cells or
• Protective tissue
called muscle extracellular matrix neurons and neuroglial cells
covering the
fibers made up they secrete • Present in brain, spinal cord
body outer
of contractile • Connect body parts and nerves
surface and lines
proteins • Provide structural and • Specialized for being
its internal ducts
• Movement and functional support to stimulated and transmitting
and cavities
locomotion other body tissues stimulus rapidly

Types Types Soft Specialized Types of

• Skeletal neurons
• Simple Squamous • Cardiac Loose Dense • Composed of
specialized cells • Sensory
• Simple Cuboidal • Smooth • More cells than
and unique • Interneuron
• Simple Columnar fibers • Fibers more
ground • Motor
• Pseudostratified • Fibers are than cells and
columnar thinner, sparse ground substances
• Stratified Squamous and loosely substances
• Stratified Cuboidal arranged Examples:
• Stratified Columnar Examples: Types: • Cartilage
• Transitional • Areolar • Dense regular • Adipose tissue
• Grandular • Adipose • Dense • Blood
• Reticular irregular • Bone
 Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissues Permanent Tissues

Lateral Derma Ground Vascular

Apical
l

Occur in shoot Occur in mature 1. Epidermis

and root tips regions of shoots 1. Parenchyma • Xylem
• Epidermal cells •
and roots • Photosynthesis, water and Phloem
• Guard cells
• food storage, secretion
Types: Trichomes
2. Collenchyma
1. Protoderm Types: • Support for plant organs,
2. Procambium 1. Cork transport nutrients
2. Periderm
3. Ground cambium • Cork cells 3. Sclerenchyma
meristem 2. Vascular • Cork cambium cells • Support, protection,
cambium transport water
• Cork Parenchyma
cells

Primary growth Secondary

growth Notes: Dermal, ground and vascular are the primary plant tissue system
 BIO122/OCT 2022-FEB 2023

TECHNIQUES TO ANSWER THE BIO122

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM

 Bloom’s Taxonomy
State List the items, naming the structure without explanation.
• Usually ½ marks/point or 1 mark/point
List

Find

Give

Identify

Name
Give proper definition with proper & complete sentence.
Define Provide any equation if any.

Differentiate Give differences in table form or in paragraph.

• Provide example if any
• Compare apple with apple
• Explain in complete sentence or state the criteria to be
Distinguish compared
• Usually 1 mark/difference stated
• If total mark = 3 marks (provide 3 differences - 6 points)

Give similarities & differences in table form or in paragraph.

• Provide example if any
Compare • Compare apple with apple
• Usually 1 mark/difference stated
• If total mark = 3 marks (provide 3 differences - 6 points)

Draw structure with proper label.

Draw & Label
• Usually 1 mark/structure & label
Draw structure with proper label with explanation on the
drawing.
Illustrate
• Usually 1 mark/structure & label
• Usually ½ marks/point explained
Describe Naming the item if any, explain the item briefly and giving proper
example if any.
Explain • Usually ½ marks/point explained
• If total mark = 3 marks (provide 6 points)
Discuss

Elaborate
 DISCUSSION ON BIO122 PAST YEAR STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
(FINAL EXAMINATION JULY 2021)

QUESTION 1

Discuss the differences between the bacterial cell and animal cell.

(6 marks)

QUESTION 2

Write the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

(4 marks)

QUESTION 3

Define the following terms of isotonic solution, active transport, exocytosis and endocytosis.

(4 marks)

QUESTION 4

Predict the results of a cheek cell placed in a hypertonic solution.

(4 marks)

QUESTION 5

State the characteristics of three (3) types of ground tissues.

(6 marks)

QUESTION 6

Identify the different characteristics between three (3) types of muscle tissues.

(6 marks)