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HOUR EXAM 1 July 18 6-7:30PM Chapter 3

--Want me to do recitation again?

--Skip Combustion Analysis & Isomers (p.82-83 in

Principles of Chemistry Text)
Mass Relationships,
Stoichiometry and Chemical
See me if you donʼt understand! Formulas
Chapter 3: 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 43,
45, 49, 51, 65, 66, 69, 71, 73, 75, 83, 85, 89, 93, 95, 3.119 (Principles of
Chemistry)
Chapter 3: 3.7, 3.11, 3.13, 3.15, 3.17, 3.19, 3.26, 3.29, 3.34,3.36, 3.38,
3.42, 3.45, 3.52, 3.56, 3.62, 3.64, 3.66, 3.72, 3.74, 3.82, 3.88, 3.93, 3.95,
3.97, 3.99, 3.101,3.114, 3.118, 3.119 (4th Chemistry Molecular Nature of
Matter)

Learning Objectives Another stoichiometry example from Silberberg

Copper metal is obtained from copper(I) sulfide
1. Understand relative atomic masses, average isotopic containing ores in multistep-extractive process. After
mass.
grinding the ore into fine rocks, the first step is to
2. Connect the dots between amu & grams & the periodic heat it strongly with oxygen gas to form powdered
table via the mole. cuprous oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
3. Compute a molecular & molar mass of a substance
from a formula. (0) Write a balanced chemical equation for this process

4. Using factor label method to convert between (a) How many moles of molecular oxygen are required to fully
grams<=>moles<=>molecules roast 10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide?
5. % Mass To Empirical Formula and Vis-versa (b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0
mol of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
6. Balancing equations and mastering stoichiometry
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86
7. Limiting Reagent, Yields, Solution Stoichiometry
kg of copper(I) oxide?

(0) Write a balanced chemical equation for this process

2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
Cu2S(s) + O2(g) Cu2O(s) + SO2(g) unbalanced
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g) (c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg
of copper(I) oxide?

103g Cu2O 1 mol Cu2O

(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of kg O2 = 2.86 kg Cu2O x x x 3mol O2 x
kg Cu2O 143.10g Cu2O 2mol Cu2O
copper(I) sulfide?
3 mol O2 = 15.0 mol O
mol O2 = ? = 10.0 mol Cu2S x 2
2 mol Cu2S
1 kg O2 32.00g O2
kg O2 = 0.959 = x
1000 g O2 1 mol O2
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol
of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
2mol SO2 x 64.07g SO2
g SO2 = 10.0 mol Cu2S x = 641g SO2
2mol Cu2S 1 mol SO2
Suppose two reactants---neither in excess. Which
reactant limits how much can be produced? (chemists
call it the limiting reagent....a must know for Chem 7
students).
Is H2 or O2 the limiting reagent?
Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?
Phosphorus trichloride is a commercially important
compound used in the manufacture of pesticides. It
is made by the direct combination of phosphorus P4
and gaseous chlorine. Suppose 323 g of chlorine is
combined with 125 g P4. Determine the amount of
phosphorous trichloride that can be produced when
these reactants are combined.

NOTE YOU HAVE TWO REACTANTS AND YOU

HAVE TO DETERMINE WHICH ONE LIMITS THE
REACTION!

P4 (s) + Cl2 (g) ! PCl3 (l) Step 1. Convert words to formulas

Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?
124.0 g of solid Al metal is reacted with 601.0 g of
P4 (s) + 6Cl2 (g) ! 4PCl3 (l) Step 2. Balance
iron(III) oxide to produce iron metal and aluminum
Step 3. Determine reactant that oxide. Calculate the mass of aluminum oxide
produces the least product. formed.
1 mol Cl2 4 mol PCl3
mol PCl3 = 323 g Cl2 × × = 3.04mol PCl3 1. Write a balanced equation for all problems
70.91 g Cl2 6 mol Cl2
1 mol P4 4 mol PCl3 2. Two reactant masses and “no excess” = limiting reagent.
mol PCl3 = 125 g P4 × × = 4.04mol PCl3
123.88 g P4 1 mol P4
3. Work in moles (grams => moles => equation stoichiometry)
Step 4. Cl2 is the limiting reagent and
determines the amount of PCl3 4. Determine maximum theoretical amount of product for both
reactants. The limiting reagent is the one that produces the
1 mol P4 4 mol PCl3 137.32 g PCl3 least.
g PCl3 = 125 g P4 × × × = 417.5 g PCl3
123.88 g P4 6 molCl2 1 mol PCl3

124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3 Try it At Home:Answer is in your book!
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Hydrazine(N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide(N2O4),
ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water
vapor. How many grams of nitrogen gas form when
g Al mol Al mol Al2SO3 produced 1.00 x 102 g of N2H4 and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are
124 g Al x
1 mol Al
x
1 mol Al2O3
x
101.96 g Al2O3
= 234 g Al2O3
mixed?
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al2SO3 produced

1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

601 g Fe2O3 x x x = 383 g Al2O3
160. g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3

Al make the least and is the limiting reagent!

234 g Al2O3 can be produced
 Try it At Home: When we do chemical reactions calculations in the
Hydrazine(N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide(N2O4), class, they are “ideal and yield 100% product. This is
ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. the theoretical value”.
How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00 x 102
g of N2H4 and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are mixed? Real reactions have side-reactions and reduce the
amount of product obtained vs the “theoretical
BALANCE! 2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) 3 N2(g) + 4 H2O(l) amount”.
mol N2H4
1.00 x 102g N2H4 = 3.12mol N2H4
32.05g N2H4
3 mol N2
mol N2 = ? = 3.12 mol N2H4 X = 4.68 mol N2
2 mol N2H4 A + B C
N2H4 is the limiting reactant (reactants) (main product)
1 mol N2O4 because it produces less
2.00 x 102 g N2O4 X = 2.17 mol N2O4
product, N2, than does N2O4.
92.02 g N2O4
D
mol N2 = 2.17 mol N2O4 X 3 mol N2 = 6.51 mol N2 (side products)
1 mol N2O4 28.02g N2
4.68mol N2 = 131g N2
mol N2

The % Yield of a chemical reaction is the ratio of Learning Check: Calculating Percent Yield
product mass obtained in the lab over the Silicon carbide (SiC) is made by allowing silicon
theoretical (i.e. calculated) X 100. dioxide to react with powdered carbon (C) under high
temperatures. Carbon monoxide is formed as a by-
from lab data product. Suppose 100.0 kg of silicon dioxide is
processed in the lab and 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered
Actual Amount What is the percent yield of SiC from this process?
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Amount from limiting
reagent calculation
Notice how the word excess is missing
Actual Amount amount of product obtained and the amount of the other reactant.
from a actual reaction in the laboratory. It’s given in a word
problem. Must assume other reactant is excess!
Theoretical Amount is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Learning Check: Calculating Percent Yield

SiO2(s) + C(s) SiC(s) + CO(g) 1. Converts words to formulas
SiO2(s) + 3C(s) SiC(s) + 2CO(g) 2. Balance

3. We are given one reactant, we must assume excess of the other (C)

103 g SiO2 1 mol SiO2 1 mol SiC

mol SiO2 = 102 kg SiO2 × × × = 1664 mol SiC
1 kg SiO2 60.09 g SiO2 1 mol SiO2

40.10 g SiC 1 kg SiC

kg SiC = 1664 mol SiCl × = 66.73 kg SiC
1000 g SiC = 66.73 kg SiC
×
1 mol SiC

4. We get the actual from experiment and theoretical from calculation and
plug them into the yield equation (units of mass should be the same)

kg Actual 51.4 kg
% Yield = × 100 = × 100 =
= 77.0%
77.0%
kg Theoretical 66.73 kg