Pre-AP Chemistry Student:

_______________________________
PS 0 – Mole to Mole Stoichiometry Date: ___________________ Period:
_______

Use KURSE to show all work.

1) Write the balanced molecular equation for the formation of ammonia from its elements. How many
moles of hydrogen are needed to completely react with 2 moles of nitrogen?

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)

K – 2 mol N2
U – mol H2
R – 1 mol N2: 3 mol H2
S – 2 mol N2 x 3 mol H2
1 mol N2
E – 6 mol H2

2) Write the balanced molecular equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate. How many moles
of oxygen are produced by the decomposition of 6 moles of potassium chlorate?

2KClO3 (s)  2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

K – 6 mol KClO3
U – mol O2
R – 1 mol KClO3: 3 mol O2
S – 6 mol KClO3 x 3 mol O2
2 mol KClO3
E – 9 mol O2

3) Write the balanced molecular equation for the reaction of zinc metal with hydrochloric acid. How many
moles of hydrogen are produced from the reaction of three moles of zinc with an excess of hydrochloric
acid?

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)  ZnCl2 (s) + H2 (g)

K – 3 mol Zn
U – mol H2
R – 1 mol Zn: 1 mol H2
S – 3 mol Zn x 1 mol H2
1 mol Zn
E – 3 mol H2

4) Write the balanced molecular equation for the combustion of propane (also called tricarbon
octahydride). How many moles of oxygen are necessary to react completely with 4 moles of propane?

C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g)  3CO2 (g) +4 H2O (l)

 K – 4 mol C3H8
U – mol O2
R – 1 mol C3H8: 5 mol O2
S – 4 mol C3H8 x 5 mol O2
1 mol C3H8
E – 20 mol O2

5) Write the balanced molecular equation for the reaction between solutions of potassium phosphate and
aluminum nitrate. How many moles of potassium phosphate react with 2 moles of aluminum nitrate?

K3PO4 (aq) + Al(NO3)3 (aq)  3KNO3 (aq) + AlPO4 (s)

K – 2 mol Al(NO3)3
U – mol K3PO4
R – 1 mol Al(NO3)3: 1 mol K3PO4
S – 2 mol Al(NO3)3 x 1 mol K3PO4
1 mol Al(NO3)3
E – 2 mol K3PO4
Pre-AP Chemistry Name: ______________________
PS 1 – Limiting Reactant Practice Date: __________ Per.: _______

Support your answers by showing all work. Start with a balanced chemical equation.

1. When 28.0 grams of nitrogen and 25.0 grams of hydrogen react, ammonia gas is produced.

a) Write the balanced chemical equation.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)

28.0 g 25.0 g ? mol

b) Determine the limiting reactant.

28.0 g N2 x 1 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3 = 2.00 mol NH3 – Theoretical Yield

28.02 g N2 1 mol N2

25.0 g H2 x 1 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3 = 8.27 mol NH3 – NOT POSSIBLE

2.016 g H2 3 mol H2

LR – 28.0 g N2 ER – 25.0 g H2

c) What mass of ammonia is produced (theoretical yield)?

2.00 mol NH3 x 17.034 g NH3 = 34.1 g NH3

1 mol NH3

d) What mass of excess reactant was used?

2.00 mol NH3 x 3 mol H2 x 2.016 g H2 = 6.05 g H2 used

2 mol NH3 1 mol H2

2. An alkaline battery produces electrical energy in the presence of excess water according to the
equation: Zn (s) + 2 MnO2 (s) + H2O (l)  Zn(OH)2 (s) + Mn2O3 (s)
25.0 g 30.0 g ? mol
a) Determine the limiting reactant if 25.0 grams of zinc and 30.0 grams of manganese dioxide
are used.

25.0 g Zn x 1 mol Zn x 1 mol Zn(OH)2 = 0.382 mol Zn(OH)2 – NOT POSSIBLE

65.38 g Zn 1 mol Zn

30.0 g MnO2 x 1 mol MnO2 x 1 mol Zn(OH)2 = 0.173 mol Zn(OH)2 – Theoretical Yield
86.94 g MnO2 2 mol MnO2
 LR – 25.0 g Zn ER – 30.0 g MnO2

b) What is the theoretical yield of zinc hydroxide produced?

0.173 mol Zn(OH)2

c) What mass of excess reactant was used?

0.173 mol Zn(OH)2 x 1 mol Zn x 65.88 g Zn = 11.3 g Zn used

1 mol Zn(OH)2 1 mol Zn

3. Iron metal is produced commercially by the reaction of hematite (Fe2O3) with carbon monoxide. The
other product is carbon dioxide.

Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g)  2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)

a) What is the theoretical mass of iron produced if 25.0 moles of hematite reacts with 30.0 moles of
carbon monoxide?

25.0 mol Fe2O3 x 2 mol Fe x 55.85 g Fe = 2.78 E 3 g Fe – NOT POSSIBLE

1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Fe

30.0 mol CO x 2 mol Fe x 55.85 g Fe = 2.78 E 3 g Fe – 1.12 E 3 g Fe – Theoretical Yield

3 mol CO 1 mol Fe

LR – 30.0 mol CO
ER – 25.0 mol Fe2O3

b) What mass of excess reactant remains after the reactions stops?

1.12 E 3 g Fe x 1 mol Fe x 1 mol Fe2O3 x 159.7 g Fe2O3 = 1.60 E 3 g Fe2O3

55.85 g Fe 2 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3

25.0 mol Fe2O3 x 159.7 g Fe2O3 = 3.99 E 3 g Fe2O3

1 mol Fe2O3

3.99 E 3 g Fe2O3 - 1.60 E 3 g Fe2O3 = 2.39 E 3 g Fe2O3

4.Magnesium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid are combined. Write the balanced chemical equation.

Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

a) Determine the limiting reactant if 50.6 grams magnesium hydroxide and 45.0 grams hydrochloric acid.

50.6 g Mg(OH)2 x 1 mol Mg(OH)2 x 1 mol MgCl2 = 0.868 mol MgCl2 – NOT POSSIBLE
58.316 g Mg(OH)2 1 mol Mg(OH)2

45.0 g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol MgCl2 = 0.617 mol MgCl2 – Theoretical Yield
36.458 g HCl 2 mol HCl
 LR – 45.0 g HCl
ER – 50.6 g Mg(OH)2

b) What is the theoretical yield of magnesium chloride?

0.617 mol MgCl2

c) How much of excess reactant is consumed if the reaction goes to completion?

0.617 mol MgCl2 x 1 mol Mg(OH)2 x 58.316 g Mg(OH)2 = 36.0 g Mg(OH)2 used
1 mol MgCl2 1 mol Mg(OH)2

d) Determine the amount of excess reactant that will remain once the reaction stops.

50.6 g – 36.0 g = 14.6 g Mg(OH)2

PS 2 – Limiting Reactant, % Yield Name: ________________________
Pre-AP Chemistry Date: ___________ Period: ______

Show all work fully labeled:

1) Huge quantities of sulfur dioxide are produced from zinc sulfide by reacting it with oxygen.

ZnS (s) + O2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Zn (s)

(a) If the typical yield is 86.78%, what mass of sulfur dioxide should be expected if 4,897 g of zinc sulfide
are used?

4897 g ZnS x 1 mol ZnS x 1 mol SO2 x 64.06 g SO2 = 3219 g SO2
97.44 g ZnS 1 mol ZnS 1 mol SO2

3219 g SO2 x 0.8678 = 2793 g SO2

2) Dichlorine monoxide is sometimes used as a powerful chlorinating agent in research. It can be produced
by passing chlorine gas over heated mercury (II) oxide forming oxygen and mercury (II) chloride.

2Cl2 (g) + 2 HgO (s)  O2 (g) + 2HgCl2 (s)

(a) What is the percent yield, if the quantity of the reactants is sufficient to produce 0.86 g of dichlorine
monoxide but only 0.71 g is obtained?

0.71 g x 100% = 83%

0.86 g

3) In the commercial production of the element arsenic, arsenic (III) oxide is heated with carbon, which
reduces the arsenic (III) oxide and carbon dioxide.

2As2O3 (s) + 3C  4As (s) + 3CO2 (g)

(a) If 8.87 g of arsenic (III) oxide is used in the reaction and 5.33 g of arsenic is produced, what is the
percent yield?

8.87 g As2O3 x 1 mol As2O3 x 4 mol As x 74.92 g As = 6.72 g As

197.84 g As2O3 2 mol As2O3 1 mol As

Percent Yield = 5.33 g x 100% = 79.3%

 6.33 g

4) Calcium chloride is produced in the reaction between calcium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid.

a) Write the balanced chemical equation and the net ionic equation.

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

b) How many grams of calcium chloride can be theoretically yielded from 15.5 g of hydrochloric acid?

15.5 g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol CaCl2 x 110.98 g CaCl2 = 23.6 g CaCl2
36.46 g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol CaCl2

c) For this reaction, if the amount of calcium chloride obtained in the lab was 2.00 grams, what is the percent
yield?

2.00 g x 100% = 8.47 % CaCl2

23.6 g

5) The reaction between sodium and iron (III) oxide is one in a series of reactions that inflates an automobile
airbag. Write the balanced chemical reaction and the net ionic equation:

6Na (s) + Fe2O3 (s)  3Na2O (aq) + 2Fe (s)

a) If 100.0 g of sodium and 100.0 g of iron (III) oxide are used in this reaction, which is the limiting
reactant?

100.0 g Na x 1 mol Na x 3 mol Na2O x 61.98 g Na2O = 134.8 g Na2O – NOT POSSIBLE
22.99 g Na 6 mol Na 1 mol Na2O

100.0 g Fe2O3 x 1 mol Fe2O3 x 3 mol Na2O x 61.98 g Na2O = 116.4 g Na2O – Theoretical Yield
159.7 g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Na2O

100.0 g Na – Excess Reactant

100.0 g Fe2O3 – Limiting Reactant

b) What is the theoretical yield of sodium oxide produced?

116.4 g Na2O

c) How many moles of excess reactant must be used?

116.4 g Na2O x 1 mol Na2O x 6 mol Na = 3.756 mol Na

61.98 g Na2O 3 mol Na2O

d) How many grams of excess reactant remains?

3.756 mol Na x 22.99 g Na = 86.35 g used

1 mol Na
 100.0 g – 86.35 g = 13.6 g remaining

6) Methane gas reacts with chlorine gas to form dichloromethane and hydrogen chloride, as represented by the
equation. _____ CH4(g) + __2___ Cl2(g)  _____ CH2Cl2(g) + __2___ HCl(g)
A 25.0 gram sample of methane is placed in a reaction vessel containing 57.79 grams of chlorine.
a) Identify the limiting reactant. Justify your answer with calculation(s).

25.0 g CH4 x 1 mol CH4 x 1 mol CH2Cl2 x 84.93 g CH2Cl2 = 132 g CH2Cl2 – NOT POSSIBLE
16.05 g CH4 1 mol CH4 1 mol CH2Cl2

57.79 g Cl2 x 1 mol Cl2 x 1 mol CH2Cl2 x 84.93 g CH2Cl2 = 34.6 g CH2Cl2 – Theoretical Yield
70.9 g Cl2 2 mol Cl2 1 mol CH2Cl2

b) Calculate the mass of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) in the container after the limiting reactant has been
totally consumed.

34.6 g CH2Cl2

c) If 10.0 g dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) was obtained in the lab, what is the percent yield?

10.0 g CH2Cl2 x 100% = 28.9 %

34.6 g CH2Cl2
Pre-AP Chemistry Name: _______________________
PS 3 - Simple Stoichiometric Calculations Date: ____________ Per.: ______

Use dimensional analysis format in performing the calculations; round to the correct number of sig.figs.:

1. How many moles of calcium chloride can be theoretically yielded from 42.55 grams of hydrochloric acid solution
reacting with excess calcium hydroxide solution?

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

42.55 g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol CaCl2 = 0.5835 mol CaCl2

36.46 g HCl 2 mol HCl

2. How many grams of iron (III) bromide will be theoretically yielded from the reaction of 2.50 moles of iron with
excess hydrobromic acid solution?

2Fe (s) + 6HBr (aq)  2FeBr3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

2.50 mol Fe x 2 mol FeBr3 x 295.55 g FeBr3 = 739 g FeBr3

2 mol Fe 1 mol FeBr3

3. In the reaction of sodium with chlorine, 8.243 grams of chlorine are consumed. How many moles of product can be
produced? (Hint: Write the balanced chemical reaction).

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl (aq)

8.243 g Cl2 x 1 mol Cl2 x 2 mol NaCl = 0.2325 mol NaCl

70.9 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2

4. Write the decomposition reaction of potassium carbonate. What mass of reactant are needed to theoretically yield
3.05 grams of potassium oxide?

K2CO3 (s)  K2O (s) + CO2 (g)

3.05 g K2O x 1 mol K2O x 1 mol K2CO3 x 138.21 g K2CO3 = 4.47 g K2CO3
94.2 g K2O 1 mol K2O 1 mol K2CO3

5. How many moles of carbon dioxide can be theoretically produced from the combustion of 1.56 moles of butane,
C4H10?
 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g)  8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (l)

1.56 mol C4H10 x 8 mol CO2 = 6.24 mol CO2

2 mol C4H10

6. For a reaction in which sodium carbonate and tin (IV) acetate solutions are mixed, determine the mass of precipitate if
22.5 grams of sodium carbonate is used.

2Na2CO3 (aq) + Sn(C2H3O2)4 (aq)  4NaC2H3O2 (aq) + Sn(CO3)2 (s)

22.5 g Na2CO3 x 1 mol Na2CO3 x 1 mol Sn(CO3)2 x 238.73 g Sn(CO3)2 = 25.3 g Sn(CO3)2
105.99 g Na2CO3 2 mol Na2CO3 1 mol Sn(CO3)2

PS 4 - Solution Stoichiometry

Solve the following solutions Stoichiometry problems:

 
1. How many grams of silver chromate will precipitate when 150. mL of 0.500 M silver nitrate are added
to 100. mL of 0.400 M potassium chromate?

2 AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

0.150 L AgNO3 0.500 moles AgNO3 1 moles Ag2CrO4 331.74 g Ag2CrO4 = 12.4 g Ag2CrO4
1L 2 moles AgNO3 1 moles Ag2CrO4

0.100 L K2CrO4 0.400 moles K2CrO4 1 moles Ag2CrO4 331.74 g Ag2CrO4 = 13.3 g Ag2CrO4
1L 1 moles K2CrO4 1 moles Ag2CrO4

2. 25.0 mL of 0.350 M NaOH are added to 45.0 mL of 0.125 M copper (II) sulfate.  How many grams of
copper (II) hydroxide will precipitate?

2 NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

0.0250 L NaOH 0.350 moles NaOH 1 moles Cu(OH)2 97.57 g Cu(OH)2 = 0.427 g Cu(OH)2
1 L NaOH 2 moles NaOH 1 mole Cu(OH)2

0.0450 L CuSO4 0.125 moles CuSO4 1 moles Cu(OH)2 97.57 g Cu(OH)2 = 0.549 g Cu(OH)2
1 L NaOH 1 moles CuSO4 1 mole Cu(OH)2

3. How many grams of magnesium hydroxide will precipitate if 25.0 mL of 0.235 M magnesium nitrate
are combined with 30.0 mL of 0.260 M potassium hydroxide?

Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KOH  2 KNO3(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

0.0250 L Mg(NO3)2 0.235 mole Mg(NO3)2 1 mole Mg(OH)2 58.33 g Mg(OH)2 = 0.343 Mg(OH)2
1 L Mg(NO3)2 1 mole Mg(NO3)2 1 mole Mg(OH)2
 0.0300 L KOH 0.260 mole KOH 1 mole Mg(OH)2 58.33 g Mg(OH)2 = 0.227 g Mg(OH)2
1 L KOH 2 mole KOH 1 mole Mg(OH)2

4. 60.0 mL of 0.322 M potassium iodide are combined with 20.0 mL of 0.530 M lead (II) nitrate. 
How many grams of lead (II) iodide will precipitate?

2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

0.0600 L KI 0.322 mole KI 1 mole PbI2 461.00 g PbI2 = 4.45 g PbI2

1 L KI 2 mole KI 1 mole PbI2

0.0200 L Pb(NO3)2 0.530 mole Pb(NO3)2 1 mole PbI2 461.00 g PbI2 = 4.89 g PbI2
1 L Pb(NO3)2 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 1 mole PbI2

Pre-AP Chemistry Student: _____________________________

PS 5 – Extra Practice Date: ________________ Period: ________

On a separate sheet of paper, show all work:

1) If 1.120 moles of zinc and 35.0 grams of nitrogen are mixed,

a) Write a complete balanced chemical equation for the reaction include states of matter.
b) Identify the limiting and excess reactants.
c) What is the theoretical yield in grams?
d) Determine the moles of excess reactant used.
e) What mass of excess reactant remains once the reaction is complete?

2) If 4.95 g of ethylene (C2H4) are combusted with 3.25 g of oxygen,

a) What is the limiting reagent?
b) How many moles of excess reactant are consumed in the reaction?
c) What mass of excess reactant remains after the reaction is complete?
d) What mass of the product containing carbon is formed?
e) How many moles of the other product will be formed?

3) When 98.00 grams of carbon dioxide is bubbled through 4000. mL of water (hint: the density of water is 1.00 g/mL),
a) What is the name of the compound produced?
b) What is the theoretical yield of product in moles?
c) What is the limiting reactant?
d) What is the mass of excess reactant remaining after the reaction ceases?

4) An aluminum chlorate solution reacts with potassium hydroxide solution. If 4.6 moles of aluminum chlorate reacts with 10.3
moles of potassium hydroxide,
a) What is the theoretical yield of the precipitate formed?
b) What mass of limiting reactant was used in the reaction?
c) How many moles of excess reactant was used in the reaction?
d) What mass of excess reactant remains after the reaction is completed?

5) How many moles of lead (II) hydroxide can be formed when 0.0225 L of 0.135 M lead (II) nitrate solution reacts with excess
sodium hydroxide solution?

6) If 20.00 mL of 0.500 M barium nitrate solution is reacted with 0.225 M sodium sulfate solution, what volume of this sodium
sulfate must she add so no excess reactant left over?

7) Calcium chloride solution reacts with sodium carbonate solution. Determine the volume of a 2.00 M calcium chloride solution
needed to exactly react with 0.0650 L of 1.50 M sodium carbonate.
For each of the following, (a) identify the type of reaction (including redox), (b) write the balanced chemical equation (including states
of matter), (c) the complete ionic equation, and (d) the net ionic equation.

1) Sodium perchlorate is heated in an open test tube.

2) Rubidium chlorate is decomposed.
3) Lithium sulfite is heated.
4) Nitrogen is piped into the presence of hot strontium metal.
5) Sulfur dioxide is mixed with water.
6) Water and carbon dioxide are mixed.
7) Barium is dropped into a silver acetate solution.
8) Chlorine gas is blown through a solution of copper (II) iodide.
9) Sulfuric acid is added to a dilute calcium hydroxide solution.
10) Nickel (II) carbonate is heated gently.
11) Manganese dioxide is used as a catalyst to decompose hydrogen peroxide.
12) Iron (III) nitrate solution is mixed with an sodium sulfide solution.
Pre-AP Chemistry Name: _______________________
PS 6 – When Your Life Depends on Stoichiometry Date: ___________ Period: _____

Apollo 13 and Stoichiometry

If you saw the movie “Apollo 13” you saw an example of
stoichiometry and problem solving in action. Due to an
accident, the Apollo 13 crew never got to land on the moon.
In addition, part of their oxygen supply was lost in the
accident.

As a result, the crew was forced to “re-breathe” the cabin air.

The problem you are asked to consider is the fact that air
breathed over and over again in a confined space becomes
lower in oxygen and higher in carbon dioxide. Increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide can have a physiological
effect by interfering with the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen.
The carbon dioxide levels can become toxic very quickly, and
the crew can asphyxiate.

Excess carbon dioxide can be absorbed or “scrubbed” from the air by a strong, solid base like lithium
hydroxide. Like all other alkali-metal hydroxides, lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air by
forming a carbonate compound. Water is also a product.

Here are some questions for you to answer regarding Apollo 13’s lunar mission.

1. What are the formulas for carbon dioxide and lithium hydroxide?
CO2 and LiOH

2. What type of reaction takes place between these two compounds?

3. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between these two compounds?
Human tidal volume, the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs
during normal quiet respiration is about 500 mL for an adult. Total
respiratory volume for an adult male is about 6000 mL. Under the
respiratory distress of increasing carbon dioxide, tidal volume may
increase to as much as 3000 mL. For the sake of argument, let’s use
an average of 1400 mL for the tidal volume of each of the three
Apollo 13 astronauts.

Resting respiratory rate for adults is 12-18 breaths per minute

(bpm). Under stressful conditions, we would expect to be at the high end of that, so let’s use 18 bpm for our
problem.

For a human adult breathing normal air, inhaled air is about 0.04% or 0.3 mm Hg partial pressure carbon
dioxide. Exhaled air is approximately 5.2% or 40 mm Hg partial pressure carbon dioxide. The density of
normal air is about 1.2 g/L.

4. Using the information given so far, calculate the number of grams of carbon dioxide exhaled in each breath
(not counting what was inhaled.)

5. What mass of carbon dioxide did all 3 astronauts exhale over a 5-day period?

6. What mass of lithium hydroxide would be required to react with all the carbon dioxide exhaled by the
astronauts over 5 days?
7. If the toxic level of carbon dioxide were 15 mm Hg, what would have been the minimum mass of lithium
hydroxide necessary to keep the astronauts alive?