GCSE Science Revision Booklet

Unit 10 – Quantitative chemistry

Revision Guide pages – 123-128

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Contents
Key Terms/equations......................................................................................................................................................3
Formula mass.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Amount of substance......................................................................................................................................................5
Calculating moles..........................................................................................................................................................10
Molar ratios................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Calculating the moles in a reaction...............................................................................................................................12
Reacting mass calculations............................................................................................................................................16
Percentage yield............................................................................................................................................................17
Atom economy..............................................................................................................................................................19
Concentration questions...............................................................................................................................................21
Concentration follow up questions...............................................................................................................................23
Concentration calculations – non-calculator.................................................................................................................24
Concentration PPQ........................................................................................................................................................26
Gas volumes.................................................................................................................................................................. 27

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Key Terms/equations
Mole

Ar

Mr

Formula mass

Avogadro’s constant

Yield

Atom economy

Mole ratio

Concentration

Moles of reactant =

Concentration =

Volume of gas =

3
Formula mass

4
Amount of substance
Task
Answer the questions on relative atomic masses, relative formula masses, and
moles, using the relative atomic masses given to you as reference.

Relative atomic masses:

H 1, C 12, O 16, N 14, Na 23, S 32, Mg 24, Cl 35.5, Fe 56
Questions
1 Use your Periodic Table to find the symbol and relative atomic mass of:
a the element at the top of Group 1

(1 mark)

b the second element in Group 6

(1 mark)

c the Group 3 element in Period 3

(1 mark)

d the Group 0 element in Period 1.

(1 mark)

2 a Explain why relative atomic masses are used rather than actual masses of
atoms.

(1 mark)

b Which element is used as the standard when comparing masses of atoms?

(1 mark)

3 The relative formula mass (Mr) of a compound is the sum of the relative atomic
masses of the atoms in the numbers shown in the formula. Use the Ar values
given at the start of this activity to calculate the Mr of the following substances:
a H2

(1 mark)

b CO2

(1 mark)

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 c H2O

(1 mark)

d NH3

(1 mark)

e CH4

(1 mark)

f NaOH

(1 mark)

g H2SO4

(1 mark)

h Na2CO3

(1 mark)

i Mg(NO3)2.

(1 mark)

4 The number of moles present in a given mass of a substance can be found by

dividing the mass in grams by the Ar or Mr.

Calculate the number of moles in:

a 6 g of C

(1 mark)

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 b 48 g of Mg

(1 mark)

c 8 g of O2

(1 mark)

d 170 g of NH3

(1 mark)

e 45 g of H2O

(1 mark)

f 176 g CO2.

(1 mark)

5 Calculate the mass of:

a 20 moles of Fe

(1 mark)

b 2 moles of H2SO4

(1 mark)

c 0.5 moles of CO2

(1 mark)

d 5 moles of H2O

(1 mark)

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 e 0.1 mole of Na2CO3.

(1 mark)

6 How many atoms are there in:

a 23 g of Na?

(1 mark)

b 12 g of Mg?

(1 mark)

Student follow up
1 One mole of a substance contains the same number of atoms or molecules as
one mole of any other substance.
a Which contains more atoms: 56 g of Fe or 16 g of S? Show your working.

(2 marks)

b Which contains more molecules: 340 g of NH3 or 90 g of H2O? Show your
working.

(2 marks)

c How many more atoms are there in 48 g of C compared to 48 g of Mg?
Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

d Explain why 2 g of H2 contains more molecules than 2 g of O2.

(2 marks)

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2 Calculate which substance is heavier:
1 mole of NaCl or 1 mole of Na2CO3

(2 marks)

9
Calculating moles

10
Molar ratios

11
Calculating the moles in a reaction
1 When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This
reaction is represented by the following equation:
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s)  CO2(g)
a Calculate the Mr of CaCO3 and CaO.

(1 mark)

b If 25 g of calcium carbonate is heated:

i calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate used

(1 mark)

ii from the balanced equation, state the number of moles of calcium oxide
produced

(1 mark)

iii calculate the mass of calcium oxide produced.

(1 mark)

c Calculate the Mr of CO2 and use it to calculate the mass of CO2 produced
when 1 kg (1000 g) of CaCO3 is heated.

(1 mark)

(Ar values: Ca  40, O  16, C  12)

2 When lead dioxide is heated with hydrogen, the following reaction occurs:
PbO2(s)  2H2(g)  Pb(s)  2H2O(g)
a Work out the Mr of PbO2. (1 mark)
b If 478 g of lead dioxide is heated calculate:
i the number of moles of lead dioxide used

(1 mark)

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 ii the number of moles of lead produced

(1 mark)

iii the mass of lead produced.

(1 mark)

c Calculate the mass of hydrogen needed to make 20.7 g Pb.

(3 marks)

(Ar values: Pb  207, O  16, H  1)

3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating:
2 NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s)  H2O(g)  CO2(g)
a If 3.36 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated calculate:
i the number of moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate used

(1 mark)

ii the number of moles of sodium carbonate produced

(1 mark)

iii the mass of sodium carbonate produced.

(1 mark)

b If 2.1 kg (2100 g) of sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated, calculate the mass of CO2 produced.

(3 marks)

c Sodium hydrogen carbonate is commonly known as bicarbonate of soda. It is

used in cake making to make the dough rise. Explain how it does this.

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 (2 marks)

4 Potassium nitrate (KNO3) decomposes on heating to give potassium nitrite (KNO2)

and oxygen (O2).
When 4.04 g of KNO3 is heated, 3.40 g of KNO2 is produced.
a Use the law of conservation of mass to work out the mass of O2 produced.

(1 mark)

b Calculate the Mr values of KNO3, KNO2, and O2.

(2 marks)

c Calculate the number of moles of

i KNO3

(1 mark)

ii KNO2

(1 mark)

iii O2.

(1 mark)

d Work out the simplest whole number ratio of these values and use this ratio to
write a balanced equation for the reaction.

(2 marks)

e Explain why potassium nitrate is an important component in fireworks.

(2 marks)

(Ar values K  39, N  14, O  16)

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5 Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) is reduced by carbon on heating to give iron metal (Fe) and
carbon dioxide (CO2).
When 480 g of Fe2O3 is heated with carbon, 336 g of Fe and 198 g of CO2 are
produced.
a Use the law of conservation of mass to work out the mass of carbon that
reacted.

(1 mark)

b Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of moles of Fe2O3, C, Fe, and CO2.

(4 marks)

c Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

(1 mark)

d Explain why this is an important industrial process.

(1 mark)

(Ar values Fe  56, C  12, O  16)

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Reacting mass calculations

16
Percentage yield

17
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Atom economy
1 When calcium carbonate is heated it decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This
reaction can be represented by the following equation:
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s)  CO2(g)
This reaction is used in industry to produce calcium oxide, which is used in the
building trade to make cement.
a Calculate the Mr of CaCO3 and CaO.

(1 mark)

b Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of calcium oxide.

(1 mark)

c Explain why the atom economy is less than 100%.

(1 mark)

(Ar values: Ca  40, O  16, C  12)

2 When lead dioxide is heated with hydrogen, the following reaction occurs:
PbO2(s)  2H2(g)  Pb(s)  2H2O(g)
This reaction can be used to extract lead from its oxide.
a Work out the Mr of PbO2 and H2

(1 mark)

b Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of lead.

(2 marks)

c Lead can also be extracted from lead dioxide using carbon instead of hydrogen:
PbO2(s)  C(s)  Pb(s)  CO2(g)
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of lead using this
method.

(2 marks)

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d Which method is better in terms of atom economy?

(1 mark)

e State two other factors that are important in deciding which process is best.

(2 marks)

(Ar values: Pb  207, C  12, O  16, H  1)

3 The manufacture of ethanol (C2H5OH) is a very important industrial process. It can be made in several
ways.
One way is by fermentation of glucose (obtained from crops) using yeast. This process occurs at 37 °C
and has a low percentage yield.
Another way is by hydration, which involves reacting ethene (obtained from crude oil) with steam. This
process occurs at high temperature and pressure and has a high percentage yield.
a The equation for fermentation is:
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH  2CO2
Glucose Ethanol
Calculate the atom economy for the production of ethanol by this process. (2
marks)
b The equation for the reaction of ethene with steam is:
C2H4  H2O  C2H5OH
Ethene Ethanol
Calculate the atom economy for the production of ethanol by this process. (2
marks)
c In terms of atom economy, state which reaction is preferable.

(1 mark)

d State two advantages of using the fermentation method for the manufacture
of ethanol.

(2 marks)

e State two disadvantages of using the hydration of ethene method for the
manufacture of ethanol.

(2 marks)

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Concentration questions
1 Calculate the concentrations of each of the following solutions in units of g/dm3:
a 10.0 g of sodium chloride dissolved in 2.00 dm3 of water (1 mark)

b 2.5 g of glucose dissolved in 0.5 dm3 of water (1 mark)

c 3.8 g of copper sulfate dissolved in 250 cm3 of water (2 marks)

d 25.6 g of potassium chloride dissolved in 1500 cm3 of water. (2 marks)

2 Calculate the concentrations of each of the following solutions in units of mol/dm3:

(Relative atomic masses, Ar, values: H  1, C  12, O  16, Na  23, Cl  35.5, S
 32, K  39, Cu  63.5)
a 10.0 g of sodium chloride, NaCl, dissolved in 2.00 dm3 of water (3 marks)

b 2.5 g of glucose, C6H12O6, dissolved in 0.5 dm3 of water (3 marks)

c 3.8 g of copper sulfate, CuSO4, dissolved in 250 cm3 of water (3 marks)

d 25.6 g of potassium chloride, KCl, dissolved in 1500 cm3 of water (3 marks)

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 e 2.5 g of hydrated copper sulfate, CuSO4•5H2O, dissolved in 0.025 dm3 of
water. (3 marks)

3 Calculate the amount of solute in each of the following solutions.

a in units of moles (6 marks)
b in units of grams (8 marks)
Relative atomic masses, Ar, values: H  1, Cl  35.5, Na  23, O  16,
N  14, Ca  40
i 0.20 dm3 of a solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl, with a concentration of
1.5 mol/dm3

ii 4.5 dm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, with a concentration of

0.40 mol/dm3

iii 80 cm3 of a solution of nitric acid, HNO3, with a concentration of 1.25

mol/dm3

iv 1250 cm3 of a solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, with a

concentration of 0.87 mol/dm3.

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Concentration follow up questions
1 A student is investigating the effect of concentration on the colour of a solution of
copper sulfate. She wishes to make up 250 cm3 of a solution of copper sulfate,
CuSO4, with a concentration of 0.50 mol/dm3, that she can dilute.
a State the colour of a solution of copper sulfate. (1 mark)

b A solution with a concentration of 0.50 mol/dm3 contains 0.50 mol of copper

sulfate, CuSO4, per decimetre cubed, dm3, of solution.
Calculate the concentration of this solution in g/dm3. (3 marks)

c Describe how the student could make up 250 cm3 of a solution of copper
sulfate with the desired concentration.
Include the mass of copper sulfate that must be dissolved and details of the
practical steps needed. (4 marks)

d How much water must be added to 10 cm3 of the 0.50 mol/dm3 solution to
produce a solution with a concentration of 0.25 mol/dm3? (1 mark)

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Concentration calculations – non-calculator

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25
Concentration PPQ
Q1.          A student carried out a titration to find the concentration of a solution of sulphuric acid. 25.0
cm of the sulphuric acid solution was neutralised exactly by 34.0 cm of a potassium hydroxide
3 3

solution of concentration 2.0 mol/dm . The equation for the reaction is:
3

2KOH(aq)  +  H SO (aq)  →  K SO (aq) + 2H O(l)

2 4 2 4 2

(a)     Describe the experimental procedure for the titration carried out by the student.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)     Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used.

.....................................................................................................................................

Number of moles = .......................................

(2)

(c)     Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid in mol/dm . 3

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Concentration = .................................. mol/dm 3

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

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Gas volumes
1 Calculate the number of moles of gas present in each of the following volumes:
a 96 dm3 of helium, He (1 mark)

b 0.06 dm3 of argon, Ar (1 mark)

c 48 000 cm3 of hydrogen, H2 (1 mark)

d 1920 cm3 of chlorine. (1 mark)

2 Calculate the following:

(relative atomic masses, Ar, values: C  12, H  1, O  16)
a Mg  2HCl  MgCl2  H2 (2 marks)
the volume of H2 produced in cm3 when 0.5 mol of Mg reacts with excess acid

b CuCO3  CuO  CO2 (2 marks)

the volume of CO2 produced in dm3 when 2.5 mol of CuCO3 undergoes
thermal decomposition

c H2(g)  Cl2(g)  2HCl(g) (3 marks)

the volume of HCl produced in dm3 from the reaction of 36 dm3 of H2 with an
excess of Cl2

d N2(g)  3H2(g)  2NH3(g) (3 marks)

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 the volume of NH3 produced in cm3 from the reaction of 6000 cm3 of H2 with
an excess of H2

e 2H2O2  2H2O  O2 (3 marks)

the volume of O2 produced in dm3 when 119 g of H2O2 decomposes

f CH4  2O2  2H2O  CO2 (3 marks)

the volume of oxygen needed in dm3 for the complete combustion of 272
g of CH4.

3 A camping gas stove containing the gas propane, C3H8, is lit and used for 2
hours.
The mass of the camping gas stove before and after use is given in the table
below.

Mass of camping gas stove initially in g 364.2

Mass of camping gas stove after 2 hours in g 285.0

Relative atomic masses, Ar, values: H  1, C  12, O  16

a Calculate the mass of propane burnt over the 2 hour period. (1 mark)

b Write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of propane.

(2 marks)

c For the 2 hour period during which the propane is burnt, calculate
i the amount in moles of propane that is burnt (1 mark)

ii the amount in moles of oxygen that is needed for complete combustion

(1 mark)

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iii the volume of oxygen, in dm3, that is needed for complete combustion.
(1 mark)

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