Chem 105

Winter 2019
Lecture 23
Sections 7.1-7.3
• A combustion reaction is

• A) by definition what happened when I ticked

my dad off when I was a teenager
• B) the reaction of CO2 with H2O to form CO
and H2
• C) the reaction between a fuel and O2
• D) by definition a reaction in which two
reactants combine to form one product
 Chemical reactions

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2
Al2O3(s)
Reactants Products

• Reactants & Products

• Physical state of the substance = solid (s), liquid (l), or gas (g)
• Stoichiometric coefficients = mole ratios of reactants & products

Why do we need coefficients?

 Conservation
of atoms
And moles!
• All matter is made of atoms
• If the amount of matter does not change in a rxn, the
same atoms must be present before & after the rxn
• Only their chemical arrangement changes
• Need coefficients to make the # of atoms on each side
equal
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2
Al2O3(s)
• This equation means:
4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules = 2 formula units of Al2O3

• But it also means:

4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 = 2 moles of Al2O3

4
 STOICHIOMETRY
Quantitative relation
between reactants
and products in a
chemical equation

Stoichiometric
Coefficients
1 C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
 Stoichiometry
Convert moles to moles!

Two moles of aluminum react with one

mole of iron (III) oxide to produce two
moles of iron and one mole of aluminum
oxide.
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 🡪 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
Stoichiometric Coefficients = Mole Ratios

6
 New Conversion Factor
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 🡪 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
The mole ratio between substances in a
balanced reaction can be used as a conversion
factor

X x =Y

7
 Balancing Chemical Equations

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2
Al O (s)
• To follow the Law of Conservation of
2 3
Mass, all chemical equations must be
BALANCED
– Contain the same #’s of atoms on both sides
of the arrow

Al 4(1)=4 2(2)=4

O 3(2)=6 2(3)=6

8
 Balancing Chemical Equations
Three Step Approach:
1) Write correct formulas for reactants & products, including physical states.
2) Balance one element that appears in only one reactant and product first.
3) Choose coefficients to balance other elements as needed.

9
 Balancing Chemical Equations
Balance one element that appears in only one reactant and product first.

Fe(s) + O2(g) 🡪 Fe2O3(s)

NaCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)🡪 NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)

KO2(s) + CO2(g) 🡪 K2CO3(s) + O2(g)

10
What is the coefficient of boric acid, H3BO3,
when the following chemical reaction is
balanced? (think-pair-share)
__Na2B4O7·10H2O + __HCl → __H3BO3 + __NaCl + __H2O
Borax: soap & laundry Boric acid: antiseptic, insecticide,
detergent, insecticide flame retardant, neutron absorber

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
12

Cotton

Boric Cotton Regular Cotton Gun Cotton

Cotton treated with boric acid
Flame resistant
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n Cellulose treated with nitric acid
Burns
Incomplete combustion 3HNO3+ C6H10O5 →
C6H7(NO2)3O5 + 3H2O
Nitrocellulose (C6H7N3O11)n
Complete combustion!
 Combustion
What’s the big deal?
• How do we heat our homes?
– Combust natural gas (methane/ethane)
• How do we cook our food (on a gas stove)?
– Combust natural gas (methane/ethane)
• How do we grill food?
– Combust propane
• How do we get around?
– Combust iso-octane/n-heptane
• How do we launch rockets?
– Combust hydrogen

Combustion is what makes our

current lives possible!
14

Combustion Reactions

Combustion = rapid rxn between fuel & oxygen (O2)

to form CO2 and H2O
HYDROGEN GAS
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)

METHANE
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

BUTANE
2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)

Complete combustion = all C goes to CO2

Incomplete combustion = some CO or soot is produced
Happens when O2 is limited or when pyrolysis (decomposition due to heat) is faster than combustion rxn
 What is the coefficient of O2 when
the combustion reaction below is
balanced?

__C3H8(g) + __O2(g) → __CO2(g) + __H2O(l)

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 7
E. 10 Your gas grill needs 5 moles of O2 per
mole of propane to cook your steak.
 Stoichiometry
How much reactant given the product

•
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 🡪 2 NH3(g)
Fritz Haber, 1918

• Food grown from fertilizer containing NH3 from this process sustains 1/3 of Earth's human population.
• About ½ the protein in your body is likely made of N atoms originally “fixed” by this process (the remainder
came from nitrogen fixing bacteria and archaea). 16
 Stoichiometry
How much reactant given a different reactant

Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore, and the

30 g of gold that can be extracted from it using the
MacArthur-Forrest process, invented in 1887. (Worth
~ $1,300 today)

Gold extraction

4Au(s) + 8NaCN(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 🡪 4NaAu(CN)2(aq) +

4NaOH(aq)

How many grams of sodium cyanide are needed to extract

100.g of gold?
17
 Stoichiometry
How much product given the reactant

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 🡪 2 Fe2O3(s)

18
 Think-Pair-Share
How many moles of Fe can be formed by the rxn of 0.432
moles of Fe2O3 with excess Al in the “Thermite” rxn?
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 🡪2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

A. 0.864 mol Fe
B. 0.432 mol Fe
C. 0.216 mol Fe
D. 0.108 mol Fe
E. 0.054 mol Fe

Thermite rxn = how iron is refined & how 19

railroad tracks were welded on-site
 Think-Pair-Share
This is the balanced rxn for the complete combustion of
gun cotton. Assuming our gun cotton ball weighed 0.66
g, how much CO2 did we produce by combusting it?
4 C6H7N3O11 + 21 O2 → 24 CO2 + 14 H2O + 12 NO2
MW = 297g/mol MW = 44g/mol
A. 0.016 g CO2
The average human exhales roughly
B. 0.59 g CO2 900 g of CO2 each day
C. 1400 g CO2 (0.59 g ≈ maybe 15 breaths)
D. 52 kg CO2

20
 Limiting reactant

• The limiting reactant

– Is limiting!
– Limits how much product can be made
– Is completely consumed or used up in the
reaction
• The excess reactant
– Is in excess
– Does NOT limit how much product can be
made
– Is NOT completely consumed in the reaction

21
 Limiting Reactant
Hydrogen combusts with oxygen forming water:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

H2 (g) = white; O2(g) = red. Which is the limiting

reagent? (a) H2 (b) O2 22
 Finding the Limiting Reactant
3 ways to figure out the Limiting Reactant:
1. Calculate the grams of product possible from each reactant.
Reactant that makes the smallest amount of product is limiting.

2. Calculate the MOLES of product possible from each reactant.

Reactant that makes the fewest moles of product is limiting.

3. Calculate moles of each reactant

#1
– Divide both #’s by the smallest # of moles to get whole #
ratio
– Compare their ratio to the mole ratio in the balanced
equation

23
 Practice
Limiting reactants Used to synthesize
cubic boron nitride,
3 Mg(s) + N2(g) 🡪Mg3N2(s) a high T abrasive –
better than diamond
24.3 g/mol 28 g/mol 100.9 g/mol
• How many grams of Mg3N2 can you make if you have 35 g of Mg and 15 g
N2?
How do you know which reactant is limiting?
– Calculate amount of product possible from each reactant. The
reactant that makes the smallest amount of product is limiting.

– Limiting reactant is Mg, and 48 g of Mg3N2 can be made.

24
 Practice
Limiting reactants
3 Mg(s) + N2(g) 🡪Mg3N2(s)
24.3 g/mol 28 g/mol 100.9 g/mol
• How many grams of Mg3N2 can you make if you have 35 g of Mg and 15 g N2?
Is there a shorter process for finding the limiting
reactant?
– Stop at MOLES of product possible from each reactant. The reactant
that makes the fewest moles of product is limiting.

– Limiting reactant is Mg, and 48 g of Mg3N2 can be made.

25
 Practice
Limiting reactants
3 Mg(s) + N2(g) 🡪Mg3N2(s)
24.3 g/mol 28 g/mol 100.9 g/mol
• How many grams of Mg3N2 can you make if you have 35 g of Mg and 15 g N2?
Even shorter process?
– Compare moles of reactants using the mole ratio in the balanced eq.

– Stoichiometric Ratio of N2:Mg is 1:3. We have 0.54:1.44, or

1:2.7
– Limiting reactant is Mg, and 48 g of Mg3N2 can be made.

26
 Finding the Limiting Reactant

SO3(g) + H2O(g) 🡪 H2SO4(l)

80 g/mol 18 g/mol 98 g/mol

How much sulfuric acid can you make if you have 5.00
g SO3 and 10.0 g H2O?

Stoichiometry: need 1 mol SO3: 1 mol H2O

have 1 mol SO3: 8.89 mol H2O
SO3 is limiting
27
 iClicker Quiz
SO3(g) + H2O(g) 🡪 H2SO4(l)
80 g/mol 18 g/mol 98 g/mol

How much sulfuric acid can you make if you have

20.00 g SO3 and 10.00 g H2O?

A. 12.24 g H2SO4
B. 24.48 g H2SO4
C. 54.44 g H2SO4
D. Help!

28
 Limiting reactant
Reactants, Products, & Leftovers – A Simulation

It’s also useful to know how many ‘leftovers’ you’re going to have…
 Finding the Leftovers

1. Calculate moles of each reactant

2. Find the limiting reactant
3. Calculate moles USED
Assume all of the limiting reagent is used
Calculate how much of the other is needed

4. Subtract moles of excess reagent

USED from the original moles of
excess reactant
8 slices originally – 6 slices USED
= 2 slices left over
30
 Finding the Leftovers
SO3(g) + H2O(g) 🡪 H2SO4(l)
80 g/mol 18 g/mol 98 g/mol

How much sulfuric acid can you make if you have 5.00 g
SO3 and 10.0 g H2O, & what will be left over?

Stoichiometry: need 1 mol SO3: 1 mol H2O

have 1 mol SO3: 8.89 mol H2O
SO3 is limiting – all will be used
How much H2O is left over? 31
 Practice
With Leftovers
3 MnO2(s) + 4 Al(s) 🡪2 Al2O3(s) + 3 Mn(s) Used to make
87 g/mol 27 g/mol 102 g/mol 55 g/mol steel

If 17.5 g of MnO2 are allowed to react with 9.8 g of Al, how much
Al2O3 will be produced & what will be left over?

32
 iClicker Quiz
2 Al + 3 Cl2 🡪 Al2Cl6
If you start with 1.0 mol of Al and 1.0 mol of Cl2,
what will be left over?

A. 0.66 mole Al
B. 0.66 mole Cl2
C. 0.33 mole Al
D. 0.33 mole Cl2
E. Nothing; everything will be used up.

33