Fundamentals of Chemistry

Week Six: Stoichiometry and Percent Yield

LAST WEEK

TIME!
 Agenda for Week Six
Concepts

• Stoichiometric Relationships
• Limiting Reagents
• % Yield in Reactions

Learning Outcomes:

• Calculate products (or reactants) in chemical equations given moles or mass

• Assess for limiting reagents in chemical equations given moles or mass
• Calculate the percent yield given actual mass produced
 Stoichiometry
What happens to matter when it undergoes chemical changes?
The Law of conservation of mass says that "Atoms are neither created, nor
destroyed, during any chemical reaction.”
so, it means that the same collection of atoms is present after a reaction as before the
reaction
Chemical reactions are represented on paper by chemical equations.
Stoichiometry
In a balanced chemical equation, both the numbers of each type of atom and the total
charge are the same on both sides.
In a balanced chemical equations. What is different on each side of the equation is how
the atoms are arranged to make molecules or ions.
Unbalanced and Balanced Equations

Cl Cl H H
Cl H
H
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
H
H

H2 + Cl2 → HCl (unbalanced) H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl (balanced)

reactants products reactants products

H 2 1 H 2 2
Cl 2 1 Cl 2 2
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom
4 H atoms 4 H atoms
4 O atoms 4 O atoms
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 167
Stoichiometry
• Identify the most complex substance.
• Beginning with that substance, choose an element that appears in only one reactant
and one product, if possible. Adjust the coefficients to obtain the same number of
atoms of this element on both sides.
• Balance polyatomic ions (if present) as a unit.
• Balance the remaining atoms, usually ending with the least complex substance and
using fractional coefficients if necessary. If a fractional coefficient has been used,
multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator to obtain whole numbers for
the coefficients.
• Check your work by counting the numbers of atoms of each kind on both sides of the
equation to be sure that the chemical equation is balanced.
Stoichiometry
Lets look at heptane as an example:
C7H16 + O2 ------→ CO2 + H2O
 Converting grams to moles.

Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.

Given units match Goal

5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol = 0.0278 moles Fe(C5H5)2

185.97 g

Use the molar mass

to convert grams to Fe(C5H5)2
moles.
2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.01
2 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11
1 x 55.85 = 55.85
185.97 g
mol
10
 Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

2HCl + 1Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + BaCl

1 2

coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O

and 1 mole of BaCl2

11
 Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5
b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol

4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2O 5
12
 gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions

When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? moles 210g Units match

210 g NO2 mol NO2 2mol N 2O 5

= 2.28 moles N2O5
46.0g NO 2 4mol NO2
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? grams 75.0 g

75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2O 5

13
STOICHIOMETRY: Problem #1
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to produce nitric acid (HNO3) and
nitrogen monoxide. How many grams of nitrogen dioxide are required to
produce 5.00 g nitric acid?

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical reaction

 STOICHIOMETRY: Problem #1 (continued)
Step 2: Set up a solution table

3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

m 5.52 gr 5 gr

M 46 gr/mol 18 gr/mol 63 gr/mol 30 gr/mol

n 0.12 mol 0.08 mol

0.08 mol HNO3 X 3molNO2 / 2 mol HNO3 = 0.12 mol NO2

0.12 mol X 46 gr/mol = 5.52 gr

STOICHIOMETRY: Problem #2
Dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes to produce nitrogen dioxide and molecular
oxygen. If a sample of dinitrogen pentaoxide produces 1.618 g of oxygen, how
many grams of nitrogen dioxide are formed?

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical reaction

STOICHIOMETRY: Problem #2 (continued)
Step 2: Set up a solution table

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

m 18.58 gr 1.618 gr

M 108 gr/mol 46 gr/mol 32 gr/mol

n 0.404 mol 0.101 mol

1.618 gr O2 X 1 mol O2 / 16 gr O2 = 0.101 mol O2

0.101 mol O2 X 4 mol NO2 / 1 mol O2 = 0.404 mol NO2
0.404 mol NO2 46 gr NO2 / 1mol NO2 = 18.58 gr NO2
LIMITING REAGENTS
• So far we have seen reactions where reactants are supplied in
sufficient/exact amounts for complete reactions…is this the case in nature?
• No
• Usually one reactant is in excess, which means the other is limiting

Limiting Reactant = reactant that is completed converted to products during a

reaction

• Once it is used up, there is no more product formation. The limiting reactant
must be used as the basis for calculating the maximum possible amount of
products.
 Limiting Reactants

+ plus 16 tires
excess

8 car bodies 48 tires

8 cars

CB + 4T CT4
 Limiting Reactants
Methane, CH4

+ plus 8
hydrogen
molecules
excess

24 hydrogen
8 carbon 8 methane
molecules
atoms molecules

C + 2 H2 CH4
Limiting reagent
How do we find which one of the reactants is the limiting reagent?
The simplest rule is to follow the three steps below

1- Convert the amount of reactants to mol

2- Divide the number of mols by the coefficient of each reactant
3- The smallest number is the limiting reagent
Example:
A 43.9 grams sample of NH3 is reacted with 258 grams O2 according to this
reaction, what is the limiting reagent?
Limiting reagent
4NH3 + 7O2 ---→ 4 NO3 + 6H2O
Step1- Calculate the mole for each reactant
43.9 gr NH3 / 17 gr/mol = 2.58 mole NH3
258 gr O2 / 32 gr/mol = 8.06 mole O2
Step 2- Divide each mole value by its respective coefficient
2.58/ 4 = 0.645
8.06/ 7 = 1.15
Step 3: the smallest value is the limiting reagent
NH3 is the limiting reagent.
We could also look at the problem this way too, for every ammonia molecule, we
need 7/4 or 1.75 more oxygen moles. Since we have 2.58 moles of ammonia, then
2.58 X 1.75 = 4.52 moles are oxygen is needed, but we have 8.06 available, we
have more oxygen than we need, so ammonia is the limiting reagent.
LIMITING REAGENT EXAMPLE
If 0.60 mol N2 and 2.0 mol H2 are mixed (along with a lot of energy!), how many
moles of NH3 can be produced?

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical reaction

Step 2: Find the limiting reagent

LIMITING REAGENT EXAMPLE (continued)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Step 3: Find number of moles of NH3 produced

LIMITING REAGENT EXAMPLE (continued)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

If 0.6 mol N2 and 1.7 mol H2 are mixed, how many moles NH3 will be produced?
LIMITING REAGENTS: Problem #1
If the following reaction has 0.15 mol of KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O, how many
moles of oxygen can be produced?

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

 LIMITING REAGENTS: Problem #2
If the following reaction has 35.4 g of CO and 10.2 g H2, how many grams of CH3OH will
be produced?
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(l)

m 35.4 gr 10.2 gr 40.32 gr

M 28 g/mol 2 g/mol 32 g/mol

n 1.26 mol 1.26 mol

Mol CO = 35.4 gr/ 28 (gr/mol) =1.26 mol

Mol CH3OH = 1.26 (mol CO)X 1 (mol CH3OH)/ 1 (mol CO) = 1.26 mol
Gram CH3OH = n = m/M = m = nX M= 1.26 mol X 32 gr/mol = 40.32 gr
 LIMITING REAGENTS: Problem #3
Using the following equation (balance it), how many grams of sodium sulfate will be
formed if you start with 200 g of sodium hydroxide and you have an excess of sulfuric
acid?

NaOH(s) + H2SO4(aq) → H2O(l) + Na2SO4(s)

n
 LIMITING REAGENTS: Problem #4
Using the following equation (balance it), how many grams of lithium nitrate will be
needed to make 250 g of lithium sulfate, assuming that you have an adequate amount of
lead (IV) sulfate to do the reaction?

Pb(SO4)2(aq) + LiNO3(aq) → Pb(NO3)4(aq) + Li2SO4(aq)

n
% YIELD
• Although on ‘paper’ chemical reactions react to completion, this is actually rare in the
real world

• In addition to experimental error (spills, insufficient amts of reagents, etc…), there are
usually losses due to an incomplete reaction or undesirable side reactions

• We need a measure that indicates how successful a reaction has been

• This measurement is called the PERCENT YIELD

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% YIELD: Problem #1
What is the percent yield if 60 grams of calcium carbonate is heated to give 15
grams of calcium oxide? (Carbon dioxide is another product of this
decomposition reaction)

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical reaction

CaCO3 ----→ CaO + CO2

Step 2: Find the theoretical yield of calcium oxide

So, 15 gram is the actual yield of CaO
60 gr CaCO3 X 1(mol CaCO3)/ 100 (gr CaCO3) X 1(mol CaO)/1 (molCaCO3) X 56 (g CaO)/ 1 (mol CaO)
= 33.60 grams CaO
% YIELD: Problem #1 (continued)
Step 3: Find the % yield of calcium oxide

%yield = Actual/ theoretical X 100

= 15/33.60 X 100
= 44.64%
 % YIELD: Problem #2
For the unbalanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 40.8 grams of C6H6O3 produces a
39.0% yield, how many grams of H2O would be produced?

C6H6O3 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O

Step 1: Find the theoretical yield of C6H6O3 using stoichiometry

So, what do we have here?
%yield = actual/ theoretical X 100
39% = actual ( we don’t know)/ (we can find)
 % YIELD: Problem #2 (continued)
C6H6O3 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O

m 40.8 gr 17.28 gr

M 126 gr/mol 18 gr/mol

n 0.32 mol 0.96 mol

Mole of C6H6O3 = 40.8 gr/126 (gr/mol C6H6O3) = 0.32 mol

Mole of water = 0.32 (mol C6H6O3)X 3 (mol H2O)/1 (mol C6H6O3) = 0.96 mol

Theoretical mass of water produced:

Gram of water = n=m/M --→ m =nX M = 0.96 mol X 18 gr/mol= 17.28 grams water
% YIELD: Problem #2 (continued)
Step 2: Find the actual yield

39 = (actual/ 17.28) X 100

39 = 100 actual/ 17.28
39 X 17.28 = 100 actual
673.92 = 100 actual
Actual = 673.92/100
Actual = 6.74 grams water
NEXT STEPS
• Next steps….
• Review the slides/Collaborate recording
• Read Sections 4.3 and 4.4 from the openstax textbook: Chemistry (the
link is under Course Documents)
• Complete the Self Assessment in Week Six Course Documents

• Next week…TEST #1 (10%) held during our lecture time!