PHYSICS Physics (from Greek (), i.e. "knowledge, science of nature", from , physis, i.e.

. "nature"[1][2][3][4][5]) is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter[6] and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.[7] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.[8][9][10] Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[11] Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.[12] Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus. FORCE In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change, either concerning its movement, direction, or geometrical construction. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, or a flexible object to deform, or both. Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. KINDS OF FORCES Gravitational Force Gravitation is the agent which gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall on the ground when dropped. Generally speaking, gravitation causes the dispersed matter in the universe to come together. It is the gravitational force that helps the earth and other planets to stay in their respective orbits around the sun. Gravitational force is also responsible for keeping the moon revolving around the earth, for tidal formations, for natural form of convection and innumerable other minor and major phenomena observed in our day-to-day living. While Isaac Newton defined gravity as a force that attracts all objects to each other, Albert Einstein used the general theory of relativity to explain the concept of gravity. He described that gravitational force was the consequence of the curvature of space-time, which, in turn, governs the motion of inertial objects.

Electromagnetic Force An electromagnetic force is a particular force or influence that affects charged particles. The photons are messenger particles of an electromagnetic force and are responsible for holding the electrons and protons together in an atom as well as holding the atoms together in a molecule. These particles may be positively or negatively charged. The photons have no individual mass and possess the ability to travel at the speed of light. So, they are easily able to carry the force and attract the electrons and protons together. Electromagnetic force forms the core of the theory of electromagnetism, which explains the relationship between electricity and magnetism. The electromagnetic force plays a role in friction and is a central tenet in Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Although this force is present practically everywhere, its presence can be proved by the presence of electrically charged bodies, which are either positive or negative. Neutron particles which are neutrally charged are completely immune to it. The electromagnetic force follows the inverse square law, which signifies that the strength of the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of the force. Weak Nuclear Force The weak nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and is also known as weak interaction. This force underlies few forms of radioactivity, governs the decay of unstable subatomic particles such as mesons, and initiates the nuclear fusion reaction that fuels the sun. The weak nuclear force acts upon fermions, which are elementary particles with half-integer values of intrinsic angular momentum or spin. These particles interact with the help of weak nuclear force by exchanging the force-carrier particles known as W and Z particles. The particles are heavy, with a mass content of 100 times the mass of a proton. It is this heaviness, which defines the extremely short range nature of this particular force. Strong Nuclear Force It is one of the four basic forces in nature and as the name implies, it is the strongest of all. Since it has the shortest range, the particles should be extremely close to each other for the effect to be felt. What it actually does is holds the subatomic particles of the nucleus together. We all know that opposites attract. So, two positively charged protons present in an atom should repel each other. This is where the working principle of nuclear force comes in. The strong nuclear force is created between nucleons (protons and neutrons) with the help of exchange of particles called mesons. The nucleons should be closely placed for this exchange to take place.