Drying

Presented by : Mohamed Maher ID: 308279 Presented To : Prof.Dr.M.Gamal Wasel

Introduction
Drying is defined as the removal of water from process materials.

Difference between Drying & Evaporation

Drying Evaporation

Removal of small amounts of water from material

Water is removed as a vapour by air

Removal of large amounts of water from material

Water is removed as vapour as its boiling point

Methods of Drying
Drying processes can be categorized according to the physical conditions used to add heat and remove water vapour:
1. Head Addition: Heat is added by direct contact with heated air at atmospheric pressure , and the water vapour formed is removed by air
2. In vacuum drying, evaporation of water proceeds more rapidly at low pressure, and heat is added indirectly by contact with a metal wall or by radiation. 3. Freeze drying, water is sublimed from the frozen material.

Types of dryers
Direct Heat

Dryers

Indirect Heat

Batch

Continuous

Batch

Continuous

Tray Dryer

Belt Dryer

Agitated Pan Dryer

Steam Tube Rotary Dryer

Truck Dryer

Flash Dryer

Vacuum Tray Dryer

Drum Dryer

Through Circulation Dryer

Rotary Dryer

Freeze Dryer

Screw Conveyer Dryer

Batch Fluidized Bed Dryer

Tunnel Dryer

Jacketed Shelf

Trough Dryer

Tray Dryers
Material is spread uniformly on a metal tray. steam heated air is recirculated by a fan over & parallel to trays surface. Electrical heater is used for low heating loads. Percentage of fresh air is 10-20. After drying , trays are removed & replaced by a new batch.

Vacuum-Shelf
Similar to tray dryer where trays operate below atmospheric pressure. Heat is conducted through metal walls & added by radiation from the shelf above. For low temp. operation , circulating warm water is used instead of steam for furnishing heat to vaporize moisture. Used to dry expensive ,temperature sensitive , easily oxidizable materials. Useful for handling materials with toxic or valuable solvents.

Continuous Tunnel Dryers

In this type , solids are placed on trays which move continuously through a tunnel with hot gases passing over the surface of each tray. Hot air flow can be countercurrent , concurrent ,or a combination. When a granular particles of solids are to be dried , a screen-belt continuous conveyors are used.

Continuous Tunnel Dryers Continued

Rotary Dryers
This type consists of a hollow cylinder which is rotated & usually slightly inclined toward the outlet. particles move forward slowly a short distance before theyre showered downward through the hot gases.

Drum Dryers
It consist of a heated metal roll, on the outside of which a thin layer is evaporated to dryness. The final solid is scraped off the roll, which is revolving slowly. Its suitable for handling slurries or pastes of solids in fine suspension & for solution. The drum functions as an evaporator & also as a dryer.

Spray Dryers
In this type, a liquid solution is sprayed into a hot gas stream in the form of a mist of fine droplets. Water is rapidly vaporized from the droplets, leaving particles of dry solid which are separated from the gas stream.

Vapour pressure of water

Humidification : the transfer of water from liquid phase into gaseous mixture of air & water vapour.
Dehumidification : the transfer of water vapour from vapour state to liquid state. Vapour pressure of water : pure water can exist in three different physical states : solid ice, liquid,and vapour. The physical state depends on pressure & Temperature.

Humidity

Adiabatic Saturation Temperature & Wet Bulb Temperature

Adiabatic saturation temperature: it's the temperature than an air-water vapour mixture attains if it is adiabatically humidified until it becomes saturated(RH=100%) at constant pressure. Wet Bulb Temperature : its the temperature of an air-Water Vapour Mixture that is measured with a thermometer that has a wetted measurement point.(psychrometer)

Thank You