Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TH
CLASS
PHYSICS NOTES
1) PHYSICAL
KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
MEDIUM
NOTES OF PHYSICS 9TH CLASS COMPLETE FIRST THREE CHAPTER PROBLEMS,SHORT AND LONG
Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 78 46 394 0344
Page
QUESTIONS
0344
ASIF RASHEED BS
(5) Electromagnetism (6) Atomic and Molecular Physics (7) Nuclear Physics (8) Plasma Physics (9) Solid Physics Why do we study physics? We study physics to under stand the laws of nature and how nature effects the human action.
(3) Define Plasma? Ans: The state of matter at a very high temperature comprising the ions and
electrons is called plasma. (4) Name the branches of physics overlapping the other branches of science? Ans: (1) Astrophysics (2) Geophysics (3) Biophysics
0344
Page
Nuclear physics:
0344
Page
0344
MEASUREMENTS Why a standard unit is need to measure a quantity correctly. Ans: Various units have been in use in different times in different parts of the world. The fast means of communication systems have changed the world into a global village. Due to this reason an international system of units for mutual business became essential. The eleventh general conference of weights and measures recommended that all the countries of world should adopted a system of same kind of standard units, consisting of seven base units known as international system of units (SI) and derived units. Q: What is meant by base and derived units? Give three examples of derived units and explain how they are derived from base units. Ans: Base Units:
Page
0344
0344
0344
Page
0344
Page
10
0344
Page
11
BOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Q: 1.5 Estimate your age in seconds?
Page
0344
12
0344
Page
13
0344
Page
14
0344
Page
15
P1.3) Your hair grow at the rate of 1mm per day find their growth rate in nms-1. As milli = 10-3 Nano = 10-9 1m = 10-6 n OR 1m = 1000000n By multiplying m on both sides 1mm = 106 nm OR 1mm = 1000000nm As we know that One day = 24 hours One hour = 60 minutes One minutes = 60s So One day = 24 x60 x6 = 86400 s So the growth rate in nms-1 is = 1000000nm/86400s = 11.57nms-1 Ans P1.4) Rewrite the followings in standard form: Solution:
0344
Page
16
x
3-27
ANS
32 x x
1+5
Solution:
x x
2-2
g x 10
-5+3
0344
17
2 x 10-10 ANS
0344
Page
18
0344
Page
19
Unit # 2
Kinematics
Define Mechanics and its types. The branch of physics, which deals with the study of motion of bodies, is called Mechanics. It has two types: I) Kinematics ii) Dynamics Define Types of Mechanics. Kinematics:
Page
0344
20
f. Vibratory Motion
0344
Page
21
e. Rotatory Motion
0344
22
The distance covered by a body in a unit time in a particular direction is called velocity. OR The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is denoted by v. It is a vector quantity. 1. Positive Acceleration
If the velocity continuously increases then the acceleration will be positive. 2. Negative acceleration
If the velocity continuously decreases then the acceleration will be negative. Define Uniform Speed If a body covers an equal distance in equal interval of time in a particular direction, the body is said to be uniform Velocity.
0344
Page
23
0344
Page
24
Yes, if the velocity of the body decreases, then it will have acceleration in
0344
Page
25
A body is thrown vertically upward. What is gravitational acceleration? Ans : It is 10 meter per second per second (-10 ms-2) What is acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity? Ans : The acceleration will be 0. What consideration should be kept in mind while using equation of motion for free falling bodies? Initial velocity should be taken as zero. Acceleration will be taken as (g) instead of (a) Part of 2.4 Define Speed
3.
4.
The distance covered in unit time is called speed. Speed = Distance/Time v = S/t The unit of speed is meter per second (ms-1) or m/s
Page
5.
0344
26
A body is moving with uniform velocity, what will be its acceleration? Its acceleration will be zero. A body is moving with a uniform speed. Will its velocity be uniform? Yes, if it moves in straight line and does not change its direction.
7.
8.
Can a body moving with a certain velocity in have Acceleration in the direction of West?
direction of East,
Yes, if its velocity will decrease, it has acceleration in the direction of west.
9.
Does speedometer
Why a stone and a piece of paper when dropped from the same height, reach the ground at the same time. Because both have same gravitational acceleration. What type of change will occur in three equations of motion under the action of gravity? Acceleration (a) will be replaced with gravitational acceleration (g) in all
11.
equations. And distance (s) will be changed in to height (h) Describe the different types of motion in detail? Motions of bodies are of three types: Q2.3 (v) What is the difference between linear and random Motion?
0344
Page
27
0344
Page
28
tuning fork, A ruler. Place one inch of it on a desk, desk. Flick the end off the desk and watch it vibrate.
Q2.10 How can a vector quantity be represented graphically? Ans: When a vector is represented graphically, its magnitude is represented by the length of straight line and its direction is represented by the direction of the arrow
0344
Page
29
Vi
2gh = Vf
Vi
Q2.14 : Sketch the velocity time graph for the motion of the body? Motion Graphs
Page
0344
30
0344
Page
31
Vf Vi = at
0344
Page
32
Second Equation of Motion Let Vi be the initial velocity of an object and 'a' the acceleration produced in the body. The distance travelled s in time t is given by the area enclosed by the velocity-time graph for the time interval 0 to t. Distance travelled ABDO Total aera of OABD= area of rectangle ACDO + area of ABC (BC x AC) AC=t, BD=Vf, CD=Vi (Vf - Vi ) x t S = area of the trapezium
= OD x OA + Where,
(Vf - Vi ) x t
0344
Page
33
Third Equation of Motion Let 'vi' be the initial velocity of an object and a be the acceleration produced in the body. The distance travelleds in timet is given by the area enclosed by the speed (v) - t graph. S= area of the trapezium OABD. = = (OA + BD) x AC (Vi + Vf)t ....(1) where OA=Vi, BD= Vf, AC=OD=t
But we know that a =( Vf - Vi )t Or t = (Vf - Vi )a Substituting the value of t in eq. (1) we get, s= (Vi + Vf)( Vf Vi)a = (Vf + Vi)( Vf Vi)a
0344
Page
34
Acceleration Due To Gravity Or Free Falling Objects Galileo was the first scientist to observe that, neglecting the effect of air resistance, all bodies in free-fall close to the Earths surface accelerate vertically downwards with the same acceleration: namely 9.8 m/s2 Example If a ball is thrown vertically upward, it rises to a particular height and then falls back to the ground. However this is due to the attraction of the earth which pulls the object towards the ground Characteristic Of Free Falling Bodies 1. When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocity continuously decreases and become zero at a particular height During this motion the value of acceleration is
0344
Page
35
gt2 Vi
2
CHAPTER: 2
KINEMATICS
P2.1) A train moves with a uniform Velocity of 36 distance travelled by it. Solution: (Velocity) V= 36 = 36x1000/60x60= 36000/3600= 10 (Time) t= 10
0344
Page
Formula: S= Vavx t
36
(Distance) S= ?
(Velocity)Vi= 0 m/s
2x1000/10000=a Now by using first equation of motion: Vf= v ;+at Vf= 0=(0.2)(100) Vf= 20 ANS for half minute.
0344
Page
Find the distance travelled during this time and the final Velocity of the car.
37
0.4 S= 256-100
0344
Page
38
0344
Page
39
P2.8) A cricket ball is hit vertically upward and returns to the ground 6s later. Calculate: (i) (ii) Maximum height reached by the ball Initial Velocity of the ball Solution:
Page
Time t= 6s
0344
40
Acceleration g = -10m/
0344
Page
41
0344
Page
42
0344
Page
43
0344
Page
44
Chapter # 3
Dynamics
It is a vector quantity.
0344
Page
45
The force with which earth attracts other bodies towards its centre is called weight.
0344
Page
46
0344
Page
47
motion.
0344
Page
48
acted upon by an external or unbalance force to change its state of rest or uniform
which is in contract with the floor of the bus is carried forward by the motion of
0344
Page
49
backward direction. It is due to the reason that the lower part of the passengers
becomes twice then its velocity will also increase two times. In this way if we go on
0344
50
0344
Page
51
or F = ma THIRD LAW OF MOTION Statement: To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction EXPLANATION According to Newtons Law of Motion, we have: F(action) = F(reaction) The negative (-) sign indicates that the two forces are parallel but in the opposite direction. If we consider one of the interacting objects as A and the other as B, then according to the third law of motion:
F(AB) represents the force exerted on A and F(BA) is the force exerted on B.
0344
Page
52
F(AB) = F(BA)
increase it, we observe that the block does not move until the applied force has
0344
53
CausesofFriction If we see the surface of material bodies through microscope, we observe that they are not smooth. Even the most polished surfaces are uneven. When one surface is placed over another, the elevations of one get interlocked with the depression of the other. Thus they oppose relative motion. The opposition is known as friction.
Factors on which Friction Depends The force of friction depends upon the following factors: 1. Normal Reaction (R) Force of friction is directly proportional to normal reaction (R), which act upon the
0344
Page
54
body in upward direction against the weight of the body sliding on the surface.
0344
Page
55
0344
Page
56
really turned to heat energy. The friction of parts rubbing together creates heat.
0344
Page
57
R = W = mg
0344
Page
58
that the of any centre of mass system of objects will always continue with the same
According to Law of conservation of momentum Total Momentum before collision m1u1 + m2u2 = = Total Momentum after collision
m1v1 + m2v2
Rockets and jet engines also work on the same principle. In these machines, hot gases produced by burning of fuel rush out with large momentum. The machines gain an equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to velocities. move with very high
Question: Define friction and describe the types of friction? Question: What is force of friction? How friction can be reduced? The force, which resists the motion of one surface on another surface, is known as
0344
Page
59
Friction: -
0344
Page
60
Banking of the roads Factors on which Fc Depends: Fc depends upon the following factors: Increase in the mass will increases Fc.
0344
Page
61
Centrifugal Force Definition A force supposed to act outward on a body moving in a curve is known as centrifugal force. Explanation
Page
0344
62
0344
Page
63
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively, let m1 is greater than m2. the bodies are attached to the opposite ends of an inextensible string. The string passes over a frictionless pulley. the body A being heavier must be moving downward with some acceleration. Let this acceleration be a. At the same time, the body B attached to the other end of the string moves up with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless, hence tension will be the same
throughout the string. Let the tension in the string be T. Since the body A moves downwards, hence its weight m1g is greater than the tension T in the string. Net force acting on body A=m1g-T
0344
Page
64
The above arrangement is also known as Atwood machine. It can be used to find the acceleration g due to gravity using , OR g= a
0344
Page
65
Motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over a frictionless pulley such that one body moves vertically and the other moves on A smooth horizontal surface
Page
0344
66
Consider two bodies A and B masses m1 and m2 respectively attached to the ends of an inextensible string as shown in the figure above.Let the body A moves downwards with an acceleration a. Since the string is inextensible, therefore, body B also moves over the horizontal surface with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless hence tension T will be the same throughout the string. Since body A moves downwards, therefore, its weight m1g is greater than the tension in T in the string. Net force acting on the body A = m1g T According to the Newtons second law of motion: m1g T = m1a ... ... ... (1) The forces acting on the body are:
0344
Page
67
I.
T + T =m1a+ m2a
0344
Page
68
T=
FORCE AND THE MOMENTUM: Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity Vi. Let a force F acts on the body which produces an acceleration a in it. This changes the velocity of the body. Let its final velocity after time t becomes Vf. if Pi and Pf be the initial momentum and the final momentum related to the body related to the initial and the final velocity respectively then: Pi = mvi Or Pf Pi = mvf - mvi Thus the rate of change in momentum given by: = =m Since is the rate of change of velocity equal to the acceleration a produced =ma According to Newtons second law of motion: F = ma Or =F Equation also defines the force and states Newtons second aw of motion as: by the force F. and Pf = mvf Changes in momentum = Final momentum initial momentum
0344
Page
69
0344
Page
70
0344
Page
71
3.12. Why is the law of conservation of momentum important? Ans : by using law of conservation of momentum it is possible to calculate, force , velocity, acceleration of a body. Most of elementary particles were discovered by this law. 3.13. When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why? Ans : according law of conservation of momentum the momentum gained by fired bullet is neutralized by equal and opposite momentum given to the gun recoils back. 3.14. Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed. Ans: The friction between walking person and surface of earth is necessary for walking. To stop a moving vehicle force of friction between tyre and road is required if this is reduced by putting oil on the road then it would be impossible to stop a vehicles. 3.15. How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lower the friction? Ans : by oiling the various parts of a matching of friction is reduced which increase its efficiency 3.16. Describe ways to reduce friction. Ans: Methods to reduce friction: i) Sliding parts should be highly polished to reduce friction.
Page
0344
72
3.17. Why rolling friction is lower than sliding friction? Ans: the interlocking between ups and down of two surface need not be ruptured in case of rolling while in case of sliding these are to be ruptured and result to increase in friction . 3.18. What do you know about the following? (i) Tension in a string Ans: Tension in string is to neutralize applied force on the string this prevents it from moving. (iii) Limiting force of friction Ans: The force of friction on the body at rest lying in a rough surface is called force of static friction its value increases with the increase of applied force .The maximum moving is called limiting force of static friction possible value of static friction if applied force made grater then it body starts
0344
Page
73
0344
Page
74
20/2 = 10 kg
Ans
P 3.2) Weight is 147 N what is its mass? Solution: Weight w=147 N Acceleration g = 10ms-2
Page
Mass m=?
0344
75
P3.3) How much force is needed to prevent a body of mass 10kg from falling? Solution: Mass m=10kg Force F=a The force needed to prevent the body from falling is equal to the weight of the body F=W W=mg F=mg F= 10 x 10= 100 N Ans
0344
Page
76
a=100/50 = 2ms-2 P3.5) A body has weight 20N how much force is required to move it vertically upward with an acceleration of 20ms-2? Solution: Weight W = 20N Acceleration a = 20ms-2 Force F=? To find out force we have to first calculate the Mass of the body
0344
Page
77
m = w/g
m= 20/10
m = 2kg
Solution:
0344
Page
78
T = 2(52) (48) (10)/ 52+48 T = 499.2N T = 500N approximately Ans Now we will find the acceleration Formula: a= ( )g
a= 40/100
0344
Page
79
a= 4x10/100
P3.7) Two masses 26kg and 24kg are attached to the end of a string which passes over a frictionless pulley. 26kg is lying over a smooth horigalal table
.24kg mass is moving vertically downward. Find the tension in string and acceleration in bodies. Solution: m1 = 24kg Formula: T= g m2 = 26kg T =? a =?
T = (24) (26) (10)/24+26 T = 124.8N T = 125N Formula: a = ( = 24x10 / 24+ 26 a = 408ms-2 Ans )g
0344
Page
80
0344
Page
81
Chapter: 4
Turning effect of force
Q.2 Define followings: (i Resultant vector The vector whose effect is same as combined effect of a number of vector, is called resultant vector. (ii) Torque:
0344
Page
82
0344
83
From the head of F, a perpendicular is drawn on x-axis. This is denoted by line AB. It is used to represent y-component of vector, F, because its direction is parallel to y-axis. The line OB is used to represent the other component of, F, called x-component. Figure shows that we can write: OA = OB + BA Here! OB = x-component of F = Fx BA = y-component of F =Fy Q.6 When a body is said to be equilibrium? Ans: A body is said to be equilibrium when it does not has linear and angular acceleration. Q.7 Explain the first condition for equilibrium. Ans: According to the first condition of equilibrium, the resultant force (or sum of all force) must be zero. Q.8 Why there is a need of second condition for equilibrium of a body satisfies first condition for equilibrium? Page
0344
84
0344
85
Chapter #4
Turning effects of forces
P4.1) Find the resultant of the following forces: 10N along x-axis 6N along y-axis 4N along negative x-axis Let us first represent the above given forces vectors on a graph.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
To find the resultant of these vectors, we have to sum up these vectors. For finding resultant we use head to tail rule. As the two vectors along x-axisare in opposite direction so the resultant vector of these two vectors will be: Fx = F 1 + F3
0344
Page
= 6N
86
= 10N + (-4N)
4.2) Find the perpendicular components of a force of 50N making an angle of 30 with x-axis. Solution: By perpendicular components we mean the x and y components of a vector. Fx = ? Fy = ? Formula: Fx = F cos = 50 cos 30 = 50 (0.866) Fx = 43.3N Formula: Fy = F sin = 50 sin 30
Fx = 25N
0344
Page
87
= 50 (0.5)
= tan-1 (0.417) = 22.6 4.4) A force of 100N is applied perpendicularly an a spanner at a distance of 10cn from a nut. Find the torque produced by the force:
0344
88
(0.16)(2(50)) = 16Nm
P 4.7) A picture frame is hanging by two vertical strings. The tension in the strings are 3.8N and 4.4N. Find the weight of the picture frame.
0344
Page
89
P 4.8) Two blocks of masses 5Kg and 3Kg are suspended by the two strings as shown. Find the tension in each string. Solution: The tension in the strings will be equal to the respective weights of the blocks. Tension in string B = weight of m = m1 g = (3)(10) Tb = 30N Tension in string A = Weight of m1 + weight of m2 = 30N + m2g = 30N + (5)(10) = 30N + 50N Ta = 80N Page
0344
90
m = 0.1m
=? = rF
0344
91
0344
Page
92