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Some blatant facts Only 15% of the strategic alliances are successful. Rules of SAs a) Both firms must remain independent entities with their own objectives. b) Each individual parties preserve their own identity and come together for their own objective
No firm can access all the information individually in marketplace making collaborations essential in the form of alliances with firms,government research laboratories and universities(Arora and Gambardella 1990;Powel et al1996;Ahuja 2000)
Synergies Generated in Alliance: Modular Synergies: Companies manage resources independently and pool results for greater profits e.g HP and Microsoft non equity alliance that pools systems integration and enterprise software skills to create technology solutions for small and big customers e.g Airline companies. Sequential Synergies: This happens when one company completes its task and passes on the partner to do its bit. As for e.g the Biotech firm that specializes in discovering new drugs like Albgenix wishes to work with a pharmaceutical giant that is more familiar with the FDA process like Astra Zeneca as both companies are pursuing sequential synergies.
Synergies Generated in Alliance: Modular Synergies: Companies manage resources independently and pool results for greater profits e.g HP and Microsoft non equity alliance that pools systems integration and enterprise software skills to create technology solutions for small and big customers e.g Airline companies. Sequential Synergies: This happens when one company completes its task and passes on the partner to do its bit. As for eg the Biotech firm that specializes in discovering new drugs like Albgenix wishes to work with a pharmaceutical giant that is more familiar with the FDA process like Astra Zeneca as both companies are pursuing sequential synergies.
Diversification
Concentric Conglomerate
Some examples:Godrej and Procter Gamble Alliance. Birla AT &T and Tata Sony Ericsson Reckitt and Colman and Nicholas Piramal. Some examples in SAs: a)Two firms in Related but non competing Industries:(Telemetric Guidance Systems)Hitachi + GM =GPS (Sat Navigation Sys) (O.E.M of electronic supplier to G.M.)
Mercedes Aromatic Suspension + Johnson Controls. SGL + Porsche = Carbon Brakes(life 3,00,000 miles) B) Relation between two firms in same industry but not in direct competition: G.M + Isuzu = Trucks ($16000 mid sized trucks) (Diesel Tech/$10000). Porsche + BMW = SUVs(XYZ series designed by Porsche)
C)Relationship of a Firm to a Direct Competitor G.M.+ Toyota= NUMMI(National United Motor Mfg Incorp) D) Alliance between totally unrelated folks:Du Pont + Sony = Optic Fibre. Ericsson + Nokia + Motorola = Symbian System
Risk Reduction
Threat from one product line
Profitability
Through forward & backward linkage
MODEL OF DIVERSIFICATION
INDUSTRY Existing New
C O M P E T E N C E
New
Premier Plus 10
Mega Opportunities
Existing
White Spaces
Transferring competencies
Philip Morris distinct competency in Product Development, Consumer Marketing & Brand Positioning. Acquired Miller Brewing. Both are mass market product & advertising, brand positioning & product development skills are important If Brand Positioning improvesdiversification successful
ITC Corporate
FMCG
PSPD
Agribusiness
Hotels
Subsidiaries
ITD Packaged Foods Lifestyle GGSB Safety Matches & Incense Sticks Soaps & Shampoos IBD ILTD
Info tech BFIL Fin. Surya Nepal Land base Inc. Russel Credit
Leaf Tobacco
Spices Organic Input
Limitations of Diversifications
High bureaucratic cost Difficulty in coordination among business
When the companys core competency are applicable to a wide variety of industrial & commercial situation
The bureaucratic costs of implementation dont exceed the value that can be created through resource sharing & transferring competency