4.

Understanding heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Misconception faced by the teachers 1. Cannot distinguish between heat capacity and specific heat capacity. 2. Quantity of heat, Q = mc is derived from defination of specific heat capacity Construction of concept through effective questioning Topic: Approach: Method: Implementing strategy: Specific Heat Capacity Constructivism Effective Questioning Sequence. Perform a simple activity followed by effective questioning technique to build the concept of heat capacity and specific heat capacity. Simple activity to show the concept of heat capacity and specific heat capacity. Activity 1: Heat capacity. (To conceptualize the heat capacity) Prepare the simple activity. 1. 2. 3. Two beakers X and Y are filled with 100g and 300g of tap water respectively. The apparatus is set up as shown below. Record the time taken for temperature to increase by 15 o C.

Beaker X = 100g

Beaker Y = 300g

Students present result of activity Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4. Which beaker has bigger mass of water ? Which beaker takes more time to increase the temperature by 15 oC. Which beaker has absorbed more heat ? What is your conclusion? (Relate mass with heat absorbed)

Answer: Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4. Beaker Y Beaker Y Beaker Y Teachers explaination :- the heat absorbed is the heat capacity of the water. Tthe bigger the mass of water the higher the heat capacity.

Activity 2: Specific heat capacity (To conceptualize the specific heat capacity) 1. Record the power of heater. 2. Pour 1000 ml (1 kg) of water into the beaker. 3. Record the initial temperature of water 4. Heat up the water until the temperature increase by 1oC and record the time taken. Q 1: Calculate the heat supplied by the heater (Q = P t) (A1: Teacher explains that the quantity of heat is specific heat capacity) Q 2: Define specific heat capacity. (A2: The heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg mass by 1oC ) If Q joule of heat is supplied to rise the temperature of m kg of a material by oC, What is the amaunt of heat energy required to rises 1 kg of the material by oC. Q ( A3: ) m Q3 : What is the amaunt of heat energy required to rises 1 kg by 1oC. Q (A4: ) m Q4 : Teacher gives examples of problem solving using Q = mc Activity 3: Application of specific heat capacity.

Teacher shows two different types of cooking pot made of steel and glass Q1 If both cooking pots are heated with the same amount heat energy, which pot heats up faster ? ( A1: steel cooking pot) Q2 Why is steel commmonly used to make cooking pot ? ( A2: hot faster) Q3 The handle of the steel cooking pot is made up of wood.Why is wood chosen ? (A3: because specific heat capacity of wood is high, therefore the handle get hot slower; Q = mc)

Activity 5 : Discussion

Teacher shows the diagram above on the screen(sea breeze) Q1 Name the energy that is obsorbed by the sea and land during day time. ( A1: heat energy) Q2 Compare the rise in temperature between the sea and the land.Give reasons to your answer. ( A2: land temprature rises faster because it has lower specific heat capacity; Q = mc) Q3 Describe how the air moves from the sea to the land ( A3: Teacher explains that the hot air on land rise up and replaced by cooler air from sea which blows from the sea to the land as the sea breeze) Teacher shows the diagram below on the screen (land breeze)

Teacher asks students to describe the occurance of land breeze. Activity 5: Outdoor activity (car garage) Teacher opens the car bonnet to show the components of the cooling system. Teacher removes the radiator cap to show the water used in the radiator and asks the students to touch the water in the radiator.

DIAGRAM 6.1 Q1 . Can you describe the design of the radiator? ( A1: Refer to diagram 6.1) Teacher starts the engine and asks the students what they feel when the engine is running

Q2 . Can you feel the hot air blowing towards you? ( A2: Yes ) Q3. Where does the hot air come from? ( A3: From the engine) Teacher explains how the heat is removed from the engine The water absorbs heat from the engine.The hot water flows to radiator is cooled by air produced by rotating fan. Q 4. What is the function of the water ? ( A4: As cooling agent ) Q 5. Why water is used as a cooling agent ( A5: Water has higher specific heat capacity it absorb more heat and its cheaper) Questions 1 Which of the following is true? Yang manakah berikut ini benar A The unit of heat is oC. Unit SI haba ialah oC. B Heat is a form of energy. Haba adalah satu bentuk tenaga C Heat flows from a cold substance to a hot substance. Haba mengalir daripada bahan sejuk ke bahan panas. Heat and temperature are Haba dan suhu adalah A B forms of energy satu bentuk tenaga scalar quantities kuantiti skala

C D

measured in the S.I.units ukuran dalam unit S.I. measured by the same instrument. diukur dengan alat yang sama.

If there is no net flow of heat energy between two objects that are in thermal contact, then the two objects must have the same . Jika tiada pemindahan bersih tenaga haba antara dua objek yang bersentuhan secara termal, maka kedua-dua objek itu mempunyai .................. yang sama. A B C D mass / jisim temperature / suhu specific heat capacity / muatan haba tentu specific latent heat of fusion / haba pendam tentu pelakuran

What is the concept used in the measurement of human body temperature using a thermometer? Apakah konsep yang digunakan dalam pengukuran suhu badan manusia menggunakan termometer? A B C D Thermal convection Perolakan terma Thermal equilibrium Keseimbangan terma Specific heat capacity Muatan haba tentu Specific latent heat Haba pendam tentu

The diagram shows two copper blocks, L and M, touching each other. The initial temperatures of L and M are 50 oC and 30 oC respectively. Rajah menunjukkan dua bongkah tembaga, L dan M, yang bersentuhan. Suhu awal bongkah L dan M masing-masing ialah 50 oC dan 30 oC.

Which statement is correct when L and M are at thermal equilibrium? Kenyataan manakah yang betul apabila L dan M berada pada keseimbangan terma. A B C D Temperature of L is higher than M Suhu L lebih tinggi daripada M The quantity of heat in L is the same as in M Kuantiti haba dalam L dan M adalah sama. Rate of change in temperature of L is bigger than that of M Kadar perubahan suhu pada L lebih besar daripada M. Net rate of heat flow between L and M is zero Kadar pengaliran haba bersih antara L dan M adalah sifar.

The diagram shows object A and object B are of temperatures T1 and T2. The heat flows from A to B until the thermal equilibrium is reached at a temperature T. Rajah berikut menunjukkan objek A dan objek B masing- masing mempunyai suhu T1 dan T2. Haba mengalir dari A ke B sehingga terbentuk keseimbangan terma pada suhu T.

Which relationship between T1, T2 and T is true? Kenyataan yang mana benar antara T1, T2 dan T? A C 7 T1 > T2 > T T1 > T > T2 B D T2 > T1 > T T2 > T > T1

Water takes a shorter time to boil when heated at high regions than at low regions, although the same amount of energy is used because Air lebih cepat mendidih apabila dipanaskan di kawasan tanah tinggi berbanding di kawasan rendah walaupun menggunakan jumlah tenaga yang sama kerana. A B C D the temperature is lower at high regions Suhu lebih rendah di kawasan tanah tinggi. the atmospheric pressure is lower at high regions tekanan atmosfera lebih rendah di kawasan tanah tinggi. the air is less damp at high regions kelembapan udara lebih rendah di kawasan tanah tinggi the rate of heat lost is faster at high regions kadar pembebasan haba lebih cepat di kawasan tanah tinggi.

The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1 oC Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg bahan sebanyak 1oC The statement above is a definition of a physical quantity. What is that physical quantity? Pernyataan di atas adalah definisi bagi suatu kuantiti fizik. Apakah kuantiti fizik tersebut? A B C Heat capacity Muatan haba Latent heat of fusion Haba pendam tentu perlakuran Specific heat capacity

Muatan haba tentu Latent heat of vaporization Haba pendam tentu pengewapan. Temperature / oC 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t / minute

The graph shows the heating curve of a 500 g liquid P by a 60 W immersion heater. The specific heat capacity of the liquid Q is Graf menunjukkan pemanasan 500 g cecair P oleh pemanas rendam 60 W. Muatan haba tentu cecair P ialah A C 10 220 J kg-1 oC-1 1260 J kg-1 oC-1 B D 720 J kg-1 oC-1 1680 J kg-1 oC-1

Fatimah pours some 95 oC of hot water into a cup of instant noodles. The final temperature gained of the mixture is lower than 95oC. Which of the statements is not the possible explanation? Fatimah telah menuangkan air panas yang bersuhu 95 0C ke dalam secawan mee segera. Suhu akhir campuran tersebut didapati kurang daripada 95 oC. Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah bukan penerangan yang terbaik untuk situasi di atas ? A Some energy is lost to the surroundings Tenaga hilang ke persekitaran B The mass of the mixture larger than the total mass of hot water and the instant noodles. Jisim campuran lebih besar daripada jumlah jisim air panas dan mee segera C Hot water and noodles have attained thermal equilibrium at a temperature lower than 95oC. Air dan mee segera tersebut telah mencapai keseimbangan terma D The energy is absorbed by the noodles because the temperature of the noodles is lower than the hot water. Tenaga telah diserap oleh mee segera tersebut kerana suhunya lebih rendah daripada air panas

11

Diagram 11 shows three blocks, P, Q and R, at temperatures T1, T2, and T3, are in contact with each other. Rajah 11 menunjukkan tiga buah bongkah P, Q dan R, pada suhu T1, T2, and T3, diletakkan bersentuhan antara satu sama lain. Bongkah P Block P T1 Bongkah Q Block Q T2 Bongkah R Block R T3

DIAGRAM 11 RAJAH 11 Which combination of temperature show the three blocks above are in thermal equilibrium? Pasangan suhu manakah menunjukkan tiga bongkah di atas berada dalam keseimbangan terma? A B C D 12 T1 / C 25 25 25 35 T2 / C 25 15 35 25 T3 / C 25 25 25 15

Water is used as coolant in car engines because Air digunakan sebagai penyejuk dalam enjin kereta kerana A water has a low viscosity. air mempunyai kelikatan yang rendah. B water helps to clean the engine. air menolong membersihkan enjin C water has a high specific heat capacity. air mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang tinggi D water has a high specific latent heat of fusion. air mempunyai haba pendam pelakuran yang tinggi.

13

Which of the materials listed is most suitable as material for the handle of cooking utensil? Bahan berikut yang manakah paling sesuai digunakan sebagai pemegang pekakas memasak? Material A B C D Specific heat capacity/ J kg-1 oC-1 300 900 1200 3500

14

When 0.5 kg water of 80oC is mixed with 0.4 kg water of 20oC, what is the final temperature of the mixture? Apabila 0.5 kg air yang bersuhu 80oC dicampurkan dengan air yang bersuhu 20 oC , berapakah suhu akhir campuran tersebut? A B C D 40.0 45.0 53.3 60.0
0 0

C C 0 C 0 C

15

Diagram 33 shows two objects, X and Y which are connected by a heat conductor. Rajah 33 menunjukkan dua objek X dan Y yang disambungkan oleh satu pengalir haba.

Heat conductor DIAGRAM 33 Thermal equilibrium X and Y is only achieved when Keseimbangan terma bagi X dan Y akan tercapai apabila A mass of X and Y are same. jisim X dan Y adalah sama B X and Y are the same type of material. X dan Y adalah dari jenis bahan yang sama. C specific heat capacity of X and Y are the same. muatan haba tentu X dan Y adalah sama. D rate of heat transfer between X and Y are the same kadar pemindahan haba antara X dan Y adalah sama.

SECTION B 1 Figure 1.1 shows a food container used for keeping the food warm. The container is able to maintain the temperature of food for long time. The container can be moved from one place to another.

FIGURE 1.1 (a) Name one suitable material to be used for the container ........................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) The container has a mass of 0.8 kg and the volume is 0.25 m3 .Calculate the density of the container

[2 marks] (c) A warm food at 80oC is put inside the container for 5 minutes. The temperature goes down to 70oC. If the specific heat capacity of the food is 3600 J kg-1oC-1 and it mass 3 kg.

(i)

Calculate the amount of heat lost to its surrounding.

[2 marks] (ii) Calculate the rate of heat lost by the food.

[2 marks]

(d) A student conduct an experiment to compare the rate of heat lost of container P, Q and R. The student also calculated the density of each container. Table 1.2 shows the result of the experiment. Container Density/ kg m-3 Rate of heat lost/Js-1 P Q R 1.25 2.50 0.96 450 660 260

TABLE 1.2 Using Table 8.2, suggest which container is the most suitable to keep the food warm. Give reasons for your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 2 When a boy jogs along the beach in a hot evening, he realizes that the cool wind is blowing from the sea. Diagram 2.1 shows the air cycle and how sea breeze is obtained. Sea breeze is formed as a result of different value of specific heat capacity for both land and sea water.

DIAGRAM 2.1 (a) (i) What is meant by specific heat capacity? [ 1 mark] (ii) Explain briefly how the sea breeze is formed? (b) [ 4 marks] Diagram below shows the cooking pot sold in the supermarket. Table 2.1 shows four different types of cooking pot displayed in the supermarket.

Type of cooking pot

Material of the pot

P Q R S

glass glass Iron steel

Specific heat capacity of the pot (Jkg-1 oC-1) 700 700 500 460 Table 2.1

Material of the handle

mass of the cooking pot (kg) 3.0 0.8 1.0 0.8

plastic iron wood plastic

Choose the most suitable cooking pot that you will buy for your mother on Mothers Day. Explain why the characteristics are suitable and give reasons for your choice. [10 marks] (c) A 100 W electric heater is used to heat a 2 kg aluminum block for 15 minutes. It is observed that the thermometer reading rises from 25 oC to 75 oC. Calculate (i) the total heat energy supplied by the heater. (ii) The specific heat capacity of the aluminum block (iii) What assumption that you make in (ii)? [5 marks]