CSEC Chemistry

Teacher: Ms. Kristi Mohammed

Miss Shazara Kristi Mohammed
Thermal Measurements
SECTION B – THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal Measurements
Students should be able to:

1) Distinguish between Specific Heat Capacity and Heat Capacity.

2) Calculate the Specific Heat Capacity of Metals and Liquids.

3) Apply the relationships: 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇 and E = ml.

4) Determine the Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization, lv, of water.

5) Determine the Specific Latent Heat of Fusion, lf, of water.

 Internal energy
When a material is heated or cooled, two changes may happen to the particles within the material:

I. Chemical bonds between the particles may form, break or stretch. There is a change in the chemical potential store of

energy in the material.

II. The material will heat up or cool down as the particles within it gain or lose speed. There is a change in the thermal

store of energy within the material.

 Energy and Temperature
Changes in a material's temperature or state of matter are caused by changes to the internal energy. The energy required

by different materials depends on their 'heat capacity' and 'latent heat'.

Internal energy is linked to the temperature of matter but the two are very different things:

 Internal energy is a measure of the total energy of all the particles in the object or substance. This includes the

kinetic energy of the particles and chemical potential energy of the bonds between them.

 Temperature is a measure of the average speed of the particles. This is based on the kinetic energy of individual

particles.

Heating water causes the water molecules to gain kinetic energy and speed up. It takes more energy to raise the

temperature of a large amount of water because more molecules need to have their speed changed.
 Energy and Temperature

In the diagrams above the two beakers have been heated by the same Bunsen burner for the same amount of time, so

both have been given the same amount of energy. However, the smaller beaker has had a bigger temperature rise

because the same energy has been given to a smaller number of particles so each particle is moving faster than those

in the other beaker.

 Specific Heat Capacity
If heat is absorbed by a 1 kg block of lead, the particles gain energy. Since lead is a solid and the particles are only

vibrating, they vibrate faster after being heated. As the particles are closer together in a solid, they are more likely to

hit each other and pass the energy around. This means that the energy spreads through the block quickly and the

temperature of the block goes up quickly.

It takes less energy to raise the temperature of a one kg block of lead by 1°C than it does to raise the temperature of

one kg of water by 1°C.

From this it can be deduced that a change in temperature of a system depends on:

 the mass of the material

 the substance of the material

 the amount of energy put into the system

 Specific Heat Capacity & Heat Capacity
 The Specific Heat Capacity (c) of a substance is the is the energy required to raise one kilogram (kg) of the material by

one degree Celsius (°C).

 The Heat Capacity (C) of a body is the heat needed to change the body by one degree Celsius (°C).

The Specific Heat Capacity, c, of water is 4,200 J/kg°C. This means that it takes 4,200 J to raise the temperature of one kg

of water by 1 °C.

Some other examples of specific heat capacities are:

Because it has a low specific heat capacity, lead will warm up and cool down quickly as it doesn't take much energy to

change its temperature. Brick will take much longer to heat up and cool down, its specific heat capacity is higher than that

of lead so more energy is needed for the same mass to change the same temperature.
Thermal Calculations
 Calculating Heat Energy
When heat energy is supplied to a body its temperature may rise. The increase in temperature is the result of an increase

in the KINETIC ENERGY of the particles of the substance. The following relationship then applies:
 Tackling Problems involving Heat & Temperature Changes
 Always draw a temperature diagram before you formulate your equation. This is illustrated in Figures 15.1 to 15.3, in

the three Examples below.

 Place hotter bodies on the right and cooler bodies on the left.

 Temperature change, ΔT, is calculated as ‘warmer subtract cooler’.

 For situations where heat gain and heat loss are equated, your diagram should show each chain of arrows having all

bodies meeting at a common temperature.

Tackling Problems involving Heat & Temperature Changes
 Latent Heat
 Energy is required to change the state of substance.

 When a substance changes state, there is no temperature change.

 The energy supplied to change the state is called the latent heat and is defined as:

The thermal energy required to change the state of 1 kg of mass of a substance without any change of temperature
 Latent Heat
There are two types of latent heat: I. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion (Melting

II. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization (Boiling)

 The Specific Latent Heat of Fusion, lf, is defined as:

The thermal energy required to convert 1 kg of solid to liquid with no change in temperature.

This is used when melting a solid or freezing a liquid

 The Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization, lv, is defined as:

The thermal energy required to convert 1 kg of liquid to gas with no change in temperature.

This is used when vaporising a liquid or condensing a gas

 Calculating Latent Heat
The amount of energy. E, required to melt or vaporize a mass, m, with latent heat, L is:
 Tackling Problems involving Latent Heat
 Always draw a temperature diagram (like that in Figure 16.5) before you formulate your equation.

 Place hotter bodies on the right and cooler bodies on the left. Temperature change, ΔT, is calculated as ‘warmer

subtract cooler’.

 A change of state and a change in temperature cannot occur at the same time. They must be represented as

separate changes in the diagram.

 For situations where heat gain and heat loss are equated, your diagram should show each chain of arrows having

all bodies meeting at a common temperatur

Tackling Problems involving Latent Heat
Tackling Problems involving Latent Heat
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Practice
5) Use of salt or Questions
sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 Example 1: Heat Energy

A 12 W electric heater, working at the stated power, is found to heat 0.02 kg of water from 15 °C to 30 °C in two

minutes. [Assume that the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1K-1]

(a) Calculate the: I. The heat energy produced by the heater in two minutes.

II. The heat energy absorbed by the water in two minutes.

(b) Account for the difference in answers to (i) and (ii).

Data: P = 12 W

m = 0.02 kg Equation for Power:

Equation for Energy Change:
c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1 𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
𝑡𝑡
∆T = (30 °C – 15 °C) = 15

t = 2 mins = 120 s
 Example 1: Heat Energy

Equation for Power: Solution: (a) Calculate The heat energy produced by the heater in two minutes.

𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 = 1440 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 = (12)(120)𝐸𝐸 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑃𝑃 =
𝑡𝑡
= 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

Equation for Energy Change:

𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

ii. The heat energy absorbed by the water in two minutes.

Data: P = 12 W

m = 0.02 kg 𝐸𝐸 = 1260 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 = (0.02)(4200)(15)𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1

∆T = (30 °C – 15 °C) = 15

t = 2 mins = 120 s
 Example 1: Heat Energy

Equation for Power: Solution: (b) Account for the difference in answers to (i) and (ii).

𝐸𝐸 Heat energy was lost due to the surroundings. This heat loss can be prevented by using
𝑃𝑃 =
𝑡𝑡
a calorimeter.

Equation for Energy Change:

𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

Data: P = 12 W

m = 0.02 kg

c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1

∆T = (30 °C – 15 °C) = 15

t = 2 mins = 120 s
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Exam-Style Question
5) Use of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Past5) Use
Paper Questions
of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Answers for5) UseExam-

of salt or sugar Style Questions
to control garden pests and as a preservative.
CSEC Physics
End of Lecture