Heat & Temperature

A. Heat
In science, matter contains thermal energy,
not heat.
It is termed heat when the thermal energy
is transferred from one system to another
as a results of a difference in temperature.
 B. Temperature
Kinetic molecular theory is used to
explain heat and temperature.
Temperature is the degree of hotness.
When we heat a substances, the kinetic
energy and temperature of the particles of
the substances increases.
 C. Thermal Equilibrium

Draw figure 4.1 page 31

1. When 2 bodies A and B, which are different

temperatures, are placed in contact with
each other, heat is transferred from the
hotter body, A to the colder body, B.
2.The temperature of the body A decreases
as a result of the loss of heat from its
particles, while the temperature of the
body B increases when its particles
receive heat.
3. When the temperatures of both bodies, A
and B are equal, thermal equilibrium has
been reached.
 Temperatures
Temperaturesofof
the
thetwo
twobodied
bodiedare
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equal

THERMAL
THERMALEQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM

Rates of
Rates of heat
heat transfer
transfer between
between
the two
the two bodied
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 D. Working principles of thermometer

Thermometer used the principles of thermal

equilibrium
The volume of the mercury or alcohol will
expand when the temperature increases
when it is placed in contact with object and
allowed to come to thermal equilibrium with
that object.
The mercury and alcohol thermometer use
the expansion of a liquid to measure
temperature.
The liquid is contained in a thin-walled
glass bulb which conduct heat fast.
A small volume of liquid takes less time to
warm up enables quick response to the
temperature change.
Electrical Resistance Thermometer
Used to measure high temperatures.
It is not to measure temperature but this
highly accurate instrument is used to
measures the resistance of a platinum or
nickel wire.
The resistance thermometer is connected
to an ammeter and a power supply.
A small current indicates a higher
temperatures.
A. Heat Capacity and Specific
Heat Capacity
 A. Heat Capacity
Different masses have different capacities
to absorb heat.
500 g of water requires less heat than
1000 g of water.
But, 500 g of water requires more heat
than 500 g of copper.
Heat capacity is the capacity of the object
to absorb heat.
 The specific heat capacity of an object is
the amount of heat that required to raise the
temperature of the object by 1K or 1°C.

C=Q


C = heat capacity
Q = the heat absorbed or released in joules
 = the change in temperature in unit K or °C
 B. Specific Heat Capacity
Specific heat capacity of a substance is
the quantity of heat energy required to
increase the temperature of 1kg of the
substance by 1K or 1 °C.
The unit for specific heat capacity is Jkg-1
or Jkg-1K-1.
 The formula for specific heat energy is :

Q = mc

c = the spesific heat capacity

Q = the amount of heat
 = the change in temperature
m = the mass of the substance

The unit for specific heat capacity is Jkg-1 or

Jkg-1K-1.
Table 1: Values of specific heat capacities some
common substances
Substance Specific heat capacity,c
(Jkg-1C°-1)
Solids
Aluminium 900
Copper 400
Liquid
Water 4200
Alcohol 2500
a) Liquids generally have higher specific heat
capacity than metal except mercury.
b) When a solid and a liquid of equal mass
are heated separately to achieve the same
temperatures rises, the liquid need more
heat energy compared to the solid.
Exercise 1

A liquid X of mass 1 kg requires 3800 J of

heat energy to raise its temperature by
1°C. State the value of the specific heat
capacity of liquid X. Calculate the total
heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of liquid X by 3 °C.
Solution

Specific heat capacity of liquid X, c = 3800

Jkg-1°C-1

Heat required to raise the temperature of

1 kg of liquid X by 3 °C = mc
= 1 x 3800 x 3
= 11400 J
Exercise 2

The power of a heater is 3.0 kW. It takes

4.8 minutes to heat up 2.3 kg of water
from 31°C to 91 °C. Calculate:
a) the heat capacity of the water
b) the specific heat capacity of water
 Solution

a) The heat energy supplied by the heater is :

Energy = power x time
Q = 3000 W x 288 s (4.8 minute x 60 s)
= 864000 J
Heat capacity is :
C=Q

= 864000 = 14400J°C-1
60
b) Specific capacity of heat, c = Q ,

where m = mass of water in the kettle.
= 864000
60 x 2.3
= 6260 J kg-1 °C-1
 Latent Heat
Matter can exist in three phase, it is :
 solid, liquid and gas
A change in the phase of matter from one
phase to another occurs at a specific
temperature.
A change in phase occurs with the
absorption or the release of heat.
Latent heat is the thermal energy required to
overcome the attraction of the molecular
forces.
 Melting & Solidification

Matter consists atoms or molecules.

If a solid is heated, the molecules gain energy &
vibrates more vigorously.
Therefore, the temperature rises.
If the liquid changes back to a solid, energy is
released. The molecules lose their potential
energy and the molecules are again arranged back
in the solid state.
 Specific Latent Heat
( A ) Specific latent heat of fusion ( If)
 The amount of heat needed to change a
unit mass of the substance from solid
state to liquid state without change in
temperature.
 It is measured in Jkg-1
If = Q
m
Example 1

The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is

336 000 Jkg-1. what is the quantity of heat
required to melt 2.5 kg of ice at 0 °C?
Solution
Heat required, Q = ml
= 2.5 x 336 000
= 840 000 J
= 840 kJ
 Temperature

liquid

liquid  solid

freezing Solid
point

Time of cooling

Graph 1 : A cooling curve of a liquid to solid

From the cooling graph.
a) At the freezing point, the liquid will
give out the same amount of heat to the
surrounding as it absorbed during
melting before the liquid solidifies to
become a solid.
 Temperature

liquid
Solid → liquid

Melting point
solid

Time of heating

Graph 2 :A heating curve of a solid

to liquid
At the melting point, the solid begins to melt.
Latent heat of fusion is absorbed by the solid to
provide the energy to overcome the forces of
attraction between the molecules.
The energy absorbed does not increase the
kinetic of the molecules, so the temperature
remains constant during melting.
( B ) Specific Latent heat of Vaporization
( Iv)
The quantity of heat needed to change a
unit mass of the substance from liquid
to gaseous state without a temperature
change.
It is measured in Jkg-1
Iv = Q
m
Example 1
The specific latent heat of vaporisation of
water is 2 260 000 Jkg-1. What is the
quantity of heat released when 5 kg of
steam condenses to water?
 Solution :
Heat energy released, Q = ml
= 5 x 2 260 000 Jkg-1
= 11300000J
= 1.13 x 107 kJ
 Application of Specific Heat
Capacity
Cooking Utensils
Used layer copper below which has
low specific heat capacity to absorb
heat faster.
Plastic handle has high specific
capacity, so the absorption of heat is
slower.
Car radiator
Water as a coolant has high specific
capacity to absorb more heat. Car
radiator made from low specific heat
capacity.

Refrigerator