Fuel Field Manual

Index
Index terms Links
A
Acid carryover Acid formation, and fuel sulfur Acid initiated corrosion Acid producing bacteria Active sulfur Additive induced combustion chamber deposits Additives, in gasoline Adherent gum Admiralty brass Adsorption, in fuel demulsification Aged gasoline Air driven pump Air entrainment Air sparging, of fuel containing hydrogen sulfide Alkanolamine Alkoxylated compounds Alkyl aromatics Alkyl carbamate compounds Alkyl hydroperoxide Alkyl lead compounds Alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid Alkyl phenol-formaldehyde compounds Alkylate: in acid carryover problems in aviation gasoline in fuel corrosion 73 47 183 73 116 210 106 119 162 44 123 226 145 95 235 152 119 11 146 20 149 101 120 146 146 143 185 210
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361
362 Index terms

Alkylate (Continued) in gasoline influence on induction time isobutane as feedstock octane number production vapor pressure Alkylate gasoline Alloying elements in steel Alternative fuels Aluminum: brass cladding engine parts containing properties Ammonia as a bacterial decomposition product oxidation to nitrate by bacteria Amoco pumpability test for distillate fuel Amsterdam pour point test Amyl nitrate Anaerobic species Analysis of distillate fuel by mass spectroscopy Anode Antiknock index Antiknock performance, of gasoline Antiknock properties, of aviation gasoline Antioxidant: compounds and use effect on existent gum effect on induction time in fuel detergents 137 267 267 163 224 228 109 226 22 107 107 192 195 160 146 62 153 41 39 48 39 267 19 43 22 43 40 222 271
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295
26
223
46
142
363 Index terms

Antioxidant (Continued) in jet fuel problems in use of testing Anti-static additive, in jet fuel API volume reduction tables Applying corrosion inhibitors Architectural bronze Arctic grade diesel fuel oil Aromatic compounds: in crude oil effect of high concentration effect on burner fuel properties effect on cetane number effect on gasoline engine knock effect on gasoline sensitivity effect on specific gravity formed during FCC processing formed during reforming in fuel stability in gasoline in JFTOT KB value of Aromatic content: effect on fuel BTU value effect on fuel solvency Aromatic fuel components, swelling of elastomeric seals Aromatic hydrocarbons, cetane engine performance Ash content: of marine fuels of residual oils 63 63 123 121 122 124 34 120 65 195 128 43 256 11 20 207 39 215 124 125 254 53 168 175 53 327 158 224 58
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364 Index terms

Ash from petroleum products Asphaltenes: description incompatibility problems influence on pour point influence on sediment in marine fuels in visbreaking Assessing fuel stability, oxygen overpressure ASTM D-86: to detect contamination of fuel by lubricating oil to detect high molecular weight components to detect high viscosity components to detect low viscosity components to help resolve combustion quality problems to identify gasoline T-90 limits to predict deposit forming tendency to predict diesel low temperature problems to predict fuel sediment problems to predict kerosene flame height problems ASTM D-97 ASTM D-130 ASTM D-381 ASTM D-396 ASTM D-482 ASTM D-525 ASTM D-613 ASTM D-664 ASTM D-665 ASTM D-873 ASTM D-910 ASTM D-975 205 208 205 206 265 135 207 191 208 208 188 181 176 57 199 175 99 199 183 199 49 57 35 124 204 207 63 10 180 199
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124
208
265 193 216 201
195
365 Index terms

ASTM D-1094 ASTM D-1319 ASTMD-1401 ASTM D-1500 ASTM D-2274 ASTM D-2276 ASTM D-2500 ASTM D-2624 ASTM D-2699 ASTM D-2700 ASTM D-3120 ASTM D-3227 ASTM D-3703 ASTM D-3948 ASTM D-4176 ASTM D-4539 ASTM D-4625 ASTM D-4814 ASTM D-5304 ASTM D-5500 ASTM D-5598 ASTM D-6468 Atmospheric distillation Autoignition: in cetane engine of diesel fuel early ignition effect of cetane improver important factors Auxochromic groups Aviation fuel additives 195 96 130 99 260 104 52 50 197 185 177 142 74 189 200 39 39 197 197 199 186 187 87 179 175 142 47 47 178 6 181 180 191 48 179 215
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184 207 215
366 Index terms

Aviation fuel grades Aviation gasoline, properties Aviation turbine fuel (see Jet fuel) 50 48
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B
Ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator Basic forms, of corrosion -oxidation -scission Biobor JF Biodiesel: blends cetane number demulsibility lubricity performance properties raw materials Biogas Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Biomass: anaerobic digestion ethanol from fermentation oil extraction from products raw materials thermal conversion use Black smoke Blue smoke Blue water gas BMW 281 279 279 285 278 278 283 278 125 108 271 47 163 304 305 304 304 304 304 282 72 118 156 146 16 53 125 165
367 Index terms

BOCLE (see Ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator) Boron, as a fuel contaminant Boundary lubrication Brass, types of Breakpoint, of gasoline British admiralty pour point test Bronze, types of BTU ratings per pound Bunker fuel Burner fuel, properties Butylene oxide 110 165 224 175 194 225 321 58 65 146 62 67
Links
C
C factor Calcium: chloride in crude oil in engine oil salt formation with corrosion inhibitor salts in unwashed and washed gums in sea water in tank bottom water Calculated carbon aromaticity index (CCAI), of marine fuels Calculated ignition index (CII), of marine fuels Carbazoles effect on fuel color Carbon-carbon reactions, formation of soot Carbon deposits Carbon dioxide, from fuel refining Carbon residue Carbon steel Carburetor and fuel injector detergents 63 63 104 128 15 26 60 219 163 259 131 29 39 108 74 177 110 143 159
368 Index terms

Carburetor icing Catalyst fines: description effect on fuel quality and performance Catalyst poisons Catalysts: alkylation combustion deactivation by metals fines in marine fuel in fuel degradation hydrocracking hydrotreating reforming sweetening Catalytic hydrocracking Catalytic polymerization Catalytic reforming Caustic: in acid removal carryover effect on acidic corrosion inhibitor effect on copper in emulsification in fuel sweetening processing of light straight run gasoline role in filter plugging to improve induction time to remove existent gum to remove sulfuric acid treatment of FCC propane-butane use in ASTM D-1094 testing 74 74 231 223 144 160 40 169 268 267 216 11 184 22 161 32 63 141 18 17 20 27 18 19 20 108 108 18 82
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22 74 38 69 179 209
258 185 210 215
216
369 Index terms

Caustic (Continued) use in naphthenic acid removal washing, as a refining process Centrifuge sludge, due to asphaltene incompatibility n-Cetane (see Cetane number) Cetane engine reference fuels Cetane improver: compatibility with elastomers concentration in federal diesel fuel oil description effect on carbon number effect on stability test results realistic performance Cetane index Cetane number determination high sulfur/low sulfur difference low reproducibility CFPP (see Cold filter plugging point) Chemical oxygen demand Chemical storage tanks Chemistry of demulsifiers and dehazers Chromium: in crude oil engine parts containing in steel Chromophoric groups Cladosporium resinae Clarified oil Clay filtration: of jet fuel 52 214 39 109 221 104 105 11 72 230 146 172 98 160 132 172 97 59 58 96 57 269 99 96 123 101 215 25 124 27
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370 Index terms

Clay filtration (Continued) to remove color bodies to remove copper to remove existent gum Clostridia Cloud point improver Cloud point of petroleum products, test method Cloud point reduction Cloudy or hazy due to low temperature Coal: direct liquefaction process: Exxon donor solvent Fischer-Tropsch H-coal Solvent refined coal gasification process: above ground BASF process methanol from product yield reactions schematic Texaco/Koppers-Totzek underground indirect liquefaction process: Mobil M properties Coal gas Coal gasification: above ground process process diagram products 272 273 272 276 271 271 272 273 273 272 274 273 273 272 277 274 276 277 207 215 267 106 87 189 87 80
Links
269
171
213
371 Index terms

Coal gasification (Continued) underground process reactions Coal liquefaction: catalysts development during World War II processes products Sasol process Coalescence: electrostatic in fuel demulsification Cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) COD (see Chemical oxygen demand) Coefficient of expansion Coker gas oil: effect on carbon number production role in fuel stability specific gravity influence Coking, in refining Cold filter plugging point antagonism by cloud point improver as a filter plugging test method to identify wax related problems reduction by kerosene test method Cold flow improvers (see Wax crystal modifiers) Cold weather engine starting Cold weather engine warm-up Colloidal ferric hydroxide 133 133 73 154 131 23 208 257 23 89 171 87 201 89 189 93 189 75 29 145 17 275 274 274 274 275 275 272 274
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372 Index terms

Colonial pipeline haze rating Color bodies Color change, effect of distillate fuel stabilizer Combustion chamber: deposits: effect of alkyl antiknock compounds on effect of fuel sulfur on effect of low speed on effect on octane number requirement in gasoline engines influence on cylinder temperature and pressure effect of cold temperature on fuel vaporization in injection of fuel into oil leakage into poor mixing of fuel in pressure on piston ring sources of Components used to prepare gasoline blends Condensed aromatics, and combustion chamber deposits Condensed water Contaminants from refining processes Copper, engine parts containing Copper alloys Copper chloride sweetening Copper corrosion Copper mercaptide 47 81 26 109 223 27 17 268 268 130 82 94 240 108 260 130 134 162 40 120 60 118 42 47 187 26 117 143
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28 207 83 103
118
265
160
181
216
373 Index terms

Copper strip tarnish test Copper sulfide Corrosion chemistry Corrosion inhibiting properties of fuel stabilizers Corrosion inhibitor in jet fuel salts use in system containing rust Corrosion of aluminum Corrosion rate of steel Cracked gasoline Cracking: by catalytic hydrocracking by coking by fluid catalytic cracking fuel contaminants from of metal under hotspots prevention by vacuum distillation stress cracking corrosion of steel by thermal cracking by visbreaking Cresols, effect of exposure to light Crevice corrosion Crude oil: asphaltenes assay composition compounds affecting fuel color hydrocarbons nitrogen in metals in oxygen in 35 31 33 207 33 38 38 38 18 24 10 26 60 7 157 9 10 84 156 222 181 116 153 140 152 53 74 158 227 154 40 216 159 216
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374 Index terms

Crude oil (Continued) pour point reversion pour point testing refining residual fuel components shipping information sulfur wax Crystallization of antioxidants Cummins L-10 Cupronickel alloys Cyclohexyl nitrate Cyclone Cycloparaffins 93 193 5 66 244 37 85 168 165 224 160 11 20
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204
254
33
D
Daimler-Benz 2.3L M 102E Darkening of refined fuels Debutanizer Dehazing Dehydrocyclization Dehydrogenation Delayed coking Demulsification Demulsifiers and dehazers Deposit analysis Deposits in combustion chamber Deposits in fuel systems Desalting Desulfomonas Desulfotomaculum Desulfovibrio 163 207 21 144 20 9 23 144 144 261 265 162 5 106 106 106 146 146 20
375 Index terms

Desulfurization Detergent: additive use interaction with demulsifiers testing in engines Diaphragm pump Diaromatic and polyaromatic compounds, lubricity effect Dibrominated proprionamide Diesel fuel: additive related problems appearance testing aromatics carbon number cetane: engine testing improver index number cloud point cold filter plugging point cold temperature problems color degradation combustion compared to biodiesel fuel components: from catalytic hydrocracking from distillation from fluid catalytic cracking copper corrosion testing density: and effect on BTU rating and fuel consumption 206 122 18 7 11 181 96 97 96 96 87 89 79 207 259 304 263 195 160 123 121 189 189 172 169 187 120 131 124 125 148 45 75 47 235 161 144 264 170 6
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18
376 Index terms

Diesel fuel (Continued) deposits detergents emissions compared to other fuels, from oil sand processing emulsification problems filter plugging point testing filters in fuel water emulsions grades hot restart problems ignition delay injection pump sticking injection pumps low temperature flow test LTFT reduction lubricity lubricity improver and testing marine naphthenes paraffins and cetane number pour point testing power loss pour point reduction properties pumpability testing pumping problems sediment formation smoke stabilizer: composition federal naval distillate 140 142 142 294 73 189 237 306 56 115 99 169 238 191 90 117 165 61 33 126 188 205 88 58 192 201 264 108 79 161
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158
145
125
125
128
377 Index terms

Diesel fuel (Continued) startability sulfur combustion sulfur related problems tests to determine filter plugging tendency from vegetable oil viscosity related problems volumetric fuel consumption warmup water reaction testing wax wax crystal modifiers wax crystal modifier problems Diester-alphaolefin copolymers Diethyleneglycol monomethylether (DEGME) Dimersol process Dimethyl ether: as alternative fuel as ignition improver from Mobil M process Diolefins N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine Dispersant, property of distillate fuel stabilizer Disperse wax Distillate fuel degradation Distillate fuel stability, testing for Distillate fuel stabilizers Distillation: atmospheric fractional fuel properties determined by 5 31 133 305 306 276 26 141 137 140 202 140 177 140 172 207 141 162 214 134 116 254 87 285 111 122 133 184 87 91 149 149 187 20 127 171 253 257
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378 Index terms

Distillation (Continued) profile to predict performance of residual fuel vacuum Distributor pump or rotary fuel pump Disulfides Disulfovibrio DuPont F21 stability test Dyes 59 70 6 238 119 105 178 45
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199 259
E
EGME (see Ethyleneglycol monomethylether) Elastomer compatibility, with cetane improver Elastomer degradation Elastomers Electrical conductivity Electrical service Elemental sulfur Emissions Emulsification: of additives in jet fuel, testing for due to cloud point improver due to naphthenic acid salts of polar organic compounds problem sources testing Emulsions: created by caustic carryover in crude oil due to lubricating oil due to microorganisms due to polar organic compounds 74 5 213 212 212 213 213 144 212 143 183 208 172 117 46 52 237 119 47 159 60 181 64 216 133 123 54 229 257
379 Index terms

Emulsions (Continued) prevention by demulsifiers resolving and preventing stabilized by organic acids Engine efficiency, effect of intake air temperature Engine oil contamination, of fuel Engine tests Enjay fluidity EPA registration, of biocides in U.S. Epoxide Ethanol: compatibility with materials electrical conductivity fuel: autoignition compared to methanol exhaust emissions fuel grades octane number piston ring wear vapor pressure history as a fuel motor octane number production from biomass production from ethylene research octane number Ethylene oxide Ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) Ethyleneglycol monomethylether (EGME) 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate physical properties 301 302 300 300 298 301 301 301 298 301 279 298 301 146 91 51 160 161 149 53 187 299 299 145 266 258 76 108 47 87 147 146 191
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380 Index terms

EVA (see Ethylene vinylacetate) Exhaust emissions Exhaust odor Exhaust valve seat wear Existent gum Existent gum in fuels by jet evaporation Exxon donor solvent process 47 116 120 44 176 277
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297 303 307
46
176
267
F
Fatty acid type corrosion inhibitor, structure Fatty acids, from fuel refining Fatty amines FCC (see Fluid catalytic cracking) Federal diesel fuel oil Fermentation: bacteria by anaerobic digestion cellulose hydrolysis diagram enzymes of cellulose of corn of starch process diagram products to produce ethanol yeast Ferric hydroxide Ferric oxide Ferrous hydroxide Ferrous ions 28 281 280 290 279 280 280 279 281 279 279 279 73 154 154 153 281 106 154 142 158 26 165
381 Index terms

Ferrous metal corrosion FeS 15:5 Distillation Film forming Filming inhibitors Filter plugging: by corrosion inhibitor salts by detergent emulsions by fuel wax by jet fuel particulates by microorganisms by organic salts and emulsion by pipeline rouge (rust) by sediment in marine fuel Filters, diesel fuel Filtration, in fuel refining Finishing processes Fischer-Tropsch: catalysts diesel fuel fuel process reactions Flexicoking Flowmeters Fluid catalytic cracking Fluid coking Fluorenes effect on fuel color Forging brass Free radical: inhibition by antioxidants 137 275 276 275 273 275 25 235 10 25 105 224 277 158 144 90 215 106 73 169 64 237 29 25 149 189 201 169 73 266 106 31 157 157 169 119 156
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153 182 210
382 Index terms

Free radical (Continued) light activated reactions oxidation in thermal cracking reactions Fuel efficiency: effect of cetane number effect of viscosity Fuel filterability Fuel gas Fuel induced deposits Fuel injection timing, possible effect on smoke and hydrocarbon emissions Fuel odor Fuel oil: biocides burner applications federal stabilizer for grades heating value loss properties marine residual viscosity limits Fuel storage and transportation system corrosion Fuel sulfur: effect on catalytic converter effect on combustion chamber deposits effect on combustion system corrosion effect on diesel fuel lubricity effect on exhaust odor effect on lead antiknock compounds Fuel sweetening additives 120 118 116 117 116 120 160 146 64 142 56 133 58 61 66 112 73 100 118 100 64 189 7 162 83 101 9
Links
117
111
253
197
383 Index terms

Fuel system icing inhibitor, in jet fuel Fuel viscosity: effect of cold temperature on effect of high viscosity effect of low viscosity effect on atomization effect on burner, fuel performance effect on filling of fuel pump effect on fuel combustion effect on kerosene flame height effects problem solutions and preventions relationship to diesel fuel IBP and EP Fuel volatility, effect of low temperature Fuel-water emulsions Fugitive emissions 81 111 114 113 65 111 205 113 253 263 202 82 305 47 257 53
Links
G
Gallionella Galvanic corrosion Galvanic series of metals and alloys Gas oil: coker as FCC feedstock marine in residual fuel vacuum Gas shift reaction Gasohol Gasoline: additives alkyl lead antiknock compounds 44 120 23 10 62 66 7 273 46 193 106 156 333
384 Index terms

Gasoline (Continued) antiknock performance antioxidants API gravity range aviation biocide registration blending components carburetor deposits catalytic converter efficiency combustion chamber deposits combustion summary components: from alkylation from atmospheric distillation from catalytic hydrocracking from catalytic polymerization from catalytic reforming from fluid catalytic cracking from isomerization from thermal cracking from visbreaking contamination copper corrosion testing crankcase dilution demulsibility testing demulsification detergent additive emulsification detergents effect of: acid carryover aging caustic washing on ethanol blending 73 94 25 46 22 6 18 19 20 11 19 9 10 131 181 134 184 143 75 161 39 137 123 47 147 40 162 120 47 260
Links
41
134
265
27
385 Index terms

Gasoline (Continued) low temperature on olefins percent distilled at 158F on engine warmup effect on distillate fuel wax engine tests exhaust emissions existent gum testing FCC from Fischer-Tropsch process gum and sediment hydrocarbon type testing induction time failure intake valve deposits knock from Mobil M process octane number requirement oxidation stability testing oxygenates power loss properties sweetening T-90 limits vapor locking vapor pressure volatility Gear pump Glutaraldehyde Good housekeeping practices Green coke Gum formation: from cracking processes from FCC gasoline 26 40 82 102 95 202 47 47 176 40 273 264 197 267 162 128 276 42 175 45 263 39 27 134 131 94 43 233 148 29 24 131 94 131 130 135
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386 Index terms

Gum formation (Continued) in fuel systems in gasoline or diesel fuel mechanism by oxygenated organics in jet fuel prediction of, in gasoline prevention by antioxidants prevention in jet fuel 161 264 101 51 175 45 53
Links
137
H
H-Coal process Hard starting Hastelloy Hazard information for common fuels Heat: effect on corrosion rate effect on fuel volume effect on reaction rate Heat exchanger Heat of combustion Heat tracing Heating oil Heavy straight ran (HSR) gasoline Heptamethylnonane, cetane number Heptane, as a reference fuel Heterocycles: in crude oil in distillate fuel in fuel darkening Hexahydro-l,3,5-triethyl-S-triazine Hexyl nitrate HFRR (see High frequency reciprocating rig)
276 261 229 241 77 75 77 224 51 236 56 6 101 41 36 117 207 148 160 39 228 59 206
387 Index terms

High acid number High aromatic content High BTU High carbon values High Conradson carbon number High electrical conductivity High existent gum, sediment High frequency reciprocating rig High molecular weight aromatics High octane, gasoline High paraffin content High pressure atomizing gun burner High specific gravity High speed engines High sulfur content High sulfur diesel High viscosity Hindered phenol Homolytic cleavage Hot restart problems in diesel engines HUM (see Hydrocarbon utilizing microbes) Hydrocarbon types, ASTM test method Hydrocarbon utilizing microbes Hydrocarbons in crude oil Hydrocracked gasoline Hydrocracking Hydrodesulfurization Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen abstraction Hydrogen fuel cell Hydrogen gas 197 105 33 18 18 16 21 102 307 18 154 159 40 22 27 209 85 70 210 258 254 65 259 131 257 264 165 162 19 255 66 256 61 254 54 253 137 92 115 117 254 267 172 259 122
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388 Index terms

Hydrogen ions Hydrogen sulfide (H2S): from anaerobic digestion of biomass in catalytic reforming corrosion of copper, brass, bronze corrosion of iron in crude oil formation during hydroprocessing glutaraldehyde degradation by in hydrocracking product of flexicoking product of microbial metabolism production in fluid catalytic cracking reaction with an olefin from refining removal by additives removal by molecular sieves removal by sweetening removal from diesel fuel Hydrogen transfer Hydroperoxide decomposition Hydroperoxides Hydroprocessing Hydrotreating Hypalon 283 22 116 155 32 17 148 19 25 105 11 105 17 160 30 27 54 9 101 101 17 17 230 154
Links
159
216
147
22
25
16 138 138 268 85 141
I
Ice Ignition delay Ignition quality, test method Imadazolines Indane 202 99 195 36 34
158
389 Index terms

Indole Induction Period Injection pump sticking Inline injection pumps Intake valve deposit detergent formation Invar IP 15 IP 40 IP 41 IP 79 IP 94 IP 95 IP 123 IP 131 IP 135 IP 138 IP 154 IP 219 IP 289 IP 309 IP 342 IP 378 IP 388 Iron, engine parts containing Iron sulfide, as a product of microbial metabolism Isomerate Isomerization Isooctane, reference fuel Isooctylnitrate 36 175 169 239 47 163 162 228 188 175 195 185 199 198 199 176 183 199 181 189 184 87 198 179 179 109 106 39 19 40 97 160 189 162
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38 104 207
390 Index terms

Iso-paraffins Isopropyl nitrate Isothiazoline IVD (see Intake valve deposit) 10 160 148
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20 39
J
Jet A Jet A-1 Jet fuel: additives antioxidants from catalytic hydrocracking color degradation by PDA as a diesel fuel blendstock grades JFTOT lubricity molecular sieve processing particulate contamination properties water reaction test water separation index, modified JFTOT (Jet fuel thermal oxidation test) [see Jet fuel] JP-8 50 52 137 18 168 54 50 52 165 30 74 51 184 169 186 215 139 214 87 50 50 54 54
K
Kati-condensed asphaltenes Kauri-butanol value (KB Value) KB value of selected petroleum products Kepner - Tregoe problem analysis technique Kerosene: in CFPP reduction 89 36 124 126 2
391 Index terms

Kerosene (Continued) in cloud point reduction as a diesel fuel blendstock effect on cetane number effect on diesel lubricity flame height reduction illuminating and burning quality JetA-1 type KB value in LTFT reduction mercaptan sulfur test method in pour point reduction viscosity limits Knock: in aviation gasoline due to deposits in diesel engine in gasoline engine octane number requirement prevention by lead compounds test methods 48 50 100 128 42 120 39 41 130 135 118 88 54 99 115 113 96 50 126 90 198 88 112 87 99
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L
LCO (see Light cycle oil) Lead, in engine parts Lead scavengers Leptothrix species Light, effect on fuel color Light cycle oil Light straight run (LSR) gasoline Low aromatic low sulfur diesel Low BTU 109 120 106 83 11 6 117 133 140 40 207
392 Index terms

Low calorific value Low flash point Low fuel viscosity, effect on lubricity Low induction time in gasoline Low octane number Low power Low pressure air atomizing burner Low specific gravity fuel Low sulfur diesel Low temperature flow test: as a filter plugging test reduction test method Low viscosity LTFT (see Low temperature flow test) Lubricating oil: and combustion chamber deposits dilution by fuel Lubricity Lubricity additive, in jet fuel Lubricity improver Lupolen 47 82 115 53 165 230 87 90 191 257 206 255 115 267 135 205 66 206 17 132
Links
54
112
117
162 117 125 165
M
Macrocrystalline wax Magnesium Maintaining demulsifier solubility within the package Mai-shaped wax Maltenes, in crude oil 170 86 35 86 39 143 46 69 110
393 Index terms

Manganese bronze Marine diesel oil (MDO) Marine fuel, properties Marine fuel pumping problems Marine gas oil (MGO) Marine intermediate fuels Measuring rapid degradation by oxidation Medium speed engines Mercaptan sulfur, test method Mercaptans: aluminum corrosion resistance to copper mercaptide formation in crude oil in FCC products as a fuel contaminant in hydroprocessing odor oxidation reaction with olefin removal Merox process Metal chelation, as a fuel stabilizer property Metal deactivator Metal depositing bacteria Metal loss Metals, in crude oil Methane: from biomass digestion from coal gasification from Fischer-Tropsch reaction 282 272 275 226 268 37 11 26 17 37 118 105 25 27 140 45 176 106 156 32 38 53 267 141 163 27 160 224 62 61 114 62 62 179 61 198
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394 Index terms

Methanol: compatibility engine performance from coal from synthesis gas fuel grades motor octane number processing catalysts research octane number Methyl ester Methyl tertiary butyl ether Methylene-bis-thiocyanate Microbial growth Microbial plaques Microbiocides Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) Macrocrystalline wax Microorganisms Microseparometer Military jet fuel MIL-S-53021 Mixed polycyclic hydrocarbons, in crude oil Molecular sieves MON (see Motor octane number) Monel Motor octane number MSEP (see Microseparometer) MTBE (see Methyl tertiary butyl ether) Muntz metal 224 228 22 302 302 273 287 289 301 288 301 286 40 148 105 106 53 106 86 72 212 186 50 142 34 18
Links
302
304 46 146 146 147 105 143 209 184
29
214
39
48
135
395 Index terms N

NACE corrosion NACE spindle rating scale Naphtha: in aviation gasoline from coking from distillation from hydrocracking hydroprocessing in jet fuel nitrogen in oxygen in reforming sulfur in Naphthenic acids: description in distillate fuel as emulsifying agents from fuel refining in jet fuel reaction with caustic removal Naphthenic-aromatic compounds, in crude oil Natural gas: composition compressed (CNG): storage vehicle exhaust emissions liquefied (LNG) subclasses Naval bronze Naval distillate fuel 295 297 295 295 224 62 307 295 38 140 144 25 51 210 25 34 214 27 48 23 6 18 17 50 38 38 20 37 182 182
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396 Index terms

Naval distillate stabilizer Needle wax Nickel: alloys in brass in bronze in crude oil as a fuel refining catalyst in marine fuel in steel Nickel-molybdenum (NiMo) Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas Non-Positive Displacement Pumps Normal butane, in gasoline Nucleation 228 224 225 31 17 69 157 17 107 107 231 39 87 142 86
Links
38
223
149
171
O
Octane number: of automotive gasoline of aviation gasoline of FCC products refining processes affecting requirement (ONR) values of blendstocks Octane requirement increase Octyl nitrate Odor (see also Mercaptans) Oil and grease, in water analysis Oil sand: composition 291 73 39 48 11 18 42 43 42 160 51 116 133 163
397 Index terms

Oil sand (Continued) direct coking hot water processing recovery reserves steam flooding upgrading Olefins: additives to treat effects of as alkylation feedstock as catalytic polymerization feedstock as chromophores cetane number in crude oil in deposit formation in diesel fuel effect on fuel quality effect on sludge formation effect on varnish formation as FCC unit products in gasoline in jet fuel reaction with hydrogen sulfide removal by acid treatment removal by hydroprocessing ONR (see Octane number) Opel Kadettl.2L 12S Operability additives Organonitrogen compounds, in crude oil Organosulfur compounds: as antioxidants in crude oil 138 37 163 90 38 137 22 19 104 127 33 47 54 102 103 103 15 38 50 105 28 17 40 214 264 162 102 264 161 293 293 292 291 293 294
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398 Index terms

ORI (see Octane requirement increase) Oxidation: copper catalyzed of olefins Oxidation stability: of aviation fuels of distillate fuel oil of gasoline Oxygen, and deposit formation Oxygen containing compounds, in crude oil Oxygenate Oxygenated organics, in jet fuel 180 179 175 78 38 40 51 141 102
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46
184
P
Packing group Paint Paraffmic hydrocarbons, effect on cetane number Paraffins: in crude oil hydrogen content and fuel combustion as solvents wax related problems n-Paraffins Passive films PDA (See Phenylenediamine) Percent gasoline distilled at 158F. engine warmup Perforated sleeve vaporizing burner Performance number, of aviation gasoline Peri-condensed asphaltenes Permalloy Peroxide number of aviation turbine fuel Peroxy radical 95 66 48 35 228 108 102 33 128 126 127 10 156 126 203 242 46 127 168
399 Index terms

Peugeot XUD-9 PFI (see Port fuel injection) Phenolic antioxidants Phenols: effect of exposure to light effect on fuel color Phenylenediamine Phosphorus content, of gasoline Piston pump Pitting Plaques Plate wax Platinum Polycyclic aromatic compounds Polynuclear aromatics Polytetrafluoroethylene Poor flame quality, kerosene Poor startability Poor starting, warm-up and initial acceleration Porphyrin ring Port fuel injection Positive displacement pumps Potential heat, effect of aromatic content Pour point: of petroleum products reduction of diesel fuel of residual oils reversion Predicting storage stability of distillate fuel Preventing detergent-water emulsions Products of microbial metabolism 188 88 68 150 179 145 147 194 204 84 104 28 45 234 157 105 85 18 120 10 229 206 82 161 38 47 232 122 259 208 34 147 209 138 143 137 168 165
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400 Index terms

Products produced from catalytic cracking Propane Propylene oxide Pseudomonas species PTFE (see Polytetrafluoroethylene) Pumpability problems Pumps Pyridine Pyrrole 150 231 38 38 11 11 146 106
Links
201 238
Q
QPL (Qualified Product List)-24682 Quaternary ammonium salts Quinoline 142 146 38 84 207
R
Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) Reactions which can liberate sulfur Red brass Reduced power Reducing cloud point Reducing pour point Reformate Reforming (see Catalytic reforming) Reformulated gasolines Regular grade diesel fuel oil Reid vapor pressure Removal of inhibitor film Research octane number and motor octane number Residual fuel: asphaltene incompatibility 124 47 58 43 211 41 46 94 131 304 119 224 263 187 88 39 91 171 188
401 Index terms

Residual fuel (Continued) coking as marine fuel pour point pour point increase properties in visbreaking wax Resins, in crude oil Reversion of pour point Riser RON (see Research octane number) Rotor or lobe pump Rouge removal, by corrosion inhibitors Rust: formation process in fuel on metal prevention reaction with hydrogen sulfide removal by corrosion inhibitor test methods to predict Ryton 154 84 209 157 119 157 182 229 169 233 169 23 62 94 203 66 10 85 35 171 10 193 203 149 193
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S
Sacchromyces cerevisiae Salt drying, in fuel refining Sasol Saybolt color degradation, due to PDA antioxidants Sea water contamination Seal swelling Sediment, determination in marine fuels 279 29 275 168 110 123 64
402 Index terms

Sensitivity, in gasoline octane number determination SFPP (see Simulated filter plugging point) Shale oil: extraction processing history properties retorting Shell - Amsterdam pour point test Silver, engine parts containing Simulated filter plugging point Slime forming bacteria Slow speed engines Sludge: definition formation in fuel inhibition prevention tests to predict formation of Slurry oil Smoke: black blue causes and prevention from diesel fuel combustion formation by burner fuels reduction white Smoke point Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate/disodium ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate Solvent refined coal process 148 277 125 108 265 100 65 260 82 19 108 101 123 140 137 177 11 289 289 291 290 195 109 87 106 61 42
Links
190
207
133 265 52 255
403 Index terms

Solving a problem Southwest Research scuffing ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator Soybean: characteristics fatty acid composition methyl ester (SME) oil processing Specific gravity, of fuel SRB (see Sulfate reducing bacteria) Stabilizer packages, composition Stainless steel Startability Steam: in coking in distillation in fluid catalytic cracking tracing of lines Steel Straight run naphtha Stress corrosion cracking Styrene-ester copolymers Succinimides Sulfate reducing bacteria Sulfides, in crude oil Sulfonates Sulfonic acids Sulfur: acids analysis in aviation gasoline 70 198 51 118 25 7 10 236 219 7 157 149 75 105 37 116 119 158 144 164 146 20 140 222 58 134 285 286 304 285 285 123 165 1
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404 Index terms

Sulfur (Continued) in copper corrosion in crude oil in diesel fuel effect in fuel effect on copper corrosion effect on fuel lubricity effect on fuel stability formation reactions in gasoline in jet fuel in lubricating oil in marine fuel in residual fuel reaction with steel reduction by hydroprocessing Sulfur and nitrogen, in asphaltenes Sulfur and SOx Sulfuric acid: as an alkylation catalyst carryover initiated corrosion role in deposit formation stainless steel resistance to from sulfur trioxide from Thiobacillus treating of fuel Sweetening processes, in fuel refining Synergistic effect, of antioxidants Synthesis gas Synthetic fuels 23 73 209 117 222 70 106 28 27 137 273 271 159 32 57 116 116 117 117 119 44 51 109 64 70 222 17 35 70
Links
216 37 60 64
216
287 295
405 Index terms T

T Fuel, cetane number T Fuel and U Fuel, low temperature storage Tensile stress Terne Tertiary-alkyl primary amines Tetraethyl lead Tetralin Thermal conversion of biomass Thermal cracking Thiobacillus thiooxidans Thiols or mercaptans, in crude oil Thiophenes, in crude oil Tin, engine parts containing TM-01-72-93 Total organic carbon (TOC) Total organic halide (TOX) Town gas Transesterification Transfer lines and hoses Types of SAE and AISI steel 101 101 157 237 142 49 34 283 9 106 37 37 109 182 72 72 272 286 236 220 26 53 120
Links
U
U Fuel, cetane number Ultra-low sulfur diesel UN number Uniform corrosion Unwashed gum Uses for steel 101 54 242 156 162 219 176
406 Index terms V

Vacuum distillation Vacuum gas oils Vanadium: in crude oil enhanced corrosion in residual fuel Vane pump Vapor pressure, of gasoline components Vaporizing pot burner Varnish Vehicle fuel tanks Vinyl acetate-fumarate copolymers Visbreaking Viscosity: effect on diesel fuel combustion of residual fuel oils Viscosity limits for fuel oils Viton Volatility: of aviation gasoline effect of low volatility fuel effect on knock in gasoline engine of gasoline Volumetric fuel consumption, effect of fuel density VV-F-800 48 94 135 43 122 58 59 67 112 230 31 69 69 232 43 66 103 237 149 10 6 7
Links
54 38
94
140
108
160
W
Waring blender test Washed gum Water: contamination, as a cause of rusting 209 186 176
407 Index terms

Water (Continued) electrical conductivity emulsification of detergents haze removal as a source of fuel problems solvent properties Water and contaminants, sources Water and particulate removal, in fuel refining Water and sediment, in residual fuel Water in fuel systems, typical problems Water reaction: of aviation fuels of aviation gasoline Water separability of petroleum oils and synthetic fluids Water separation index, modified Water soluble and fuel soluble biocides Water washing Wax: classifications in crude oil crystal modifiers crystal lattice deposition description of petroleum wax filtration problems in fuel precipitation problems in residual fuel test methods measuring the effect of 85 33 91 91 263 85 90 87 82 127 68 188 201 94 121 149 203 171 185 169 147 26 152 209 216 186 214 184 50 72 74 28 73 71 143 28 70 73 144
Links
408 Index terms

Wax crystal modifiers: description detection in fuel minimized performance problems in using proper application in residual fuel Wear metals and other contaminants from lubricant systems Welding Wet gas White smoke Wick vaporizing burner Williams Brothers pipeline stability test for distillate fuel Winter grade diesel fuel oil WSIM (see Water separation index, modified) Wobbe index Wood alcohol Wood pyrolysis 296 284 284 180 58 109 157 7 82 66 91 93 204 171 92 194
Links
149
287 288
Y
Yield stress 150
Z
Zytel 230

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