Professional Documents
Culture Documents
100 Inequality Problems
100 Inequality Problems
net
Most of these problems were collected from the Mathematics and Youth Magazine in Vietnam.
Translation from Vietnamese into English may have many errors. I am looking forward to hearing
from your ideas.
• Address: Cao Minh Quang, Mathematics teacher, Nguyen Binh Khiem specialized High School,
Vinh Long town, Vinh Long, Vietnam.
• Email: kt13quang@yahoo.com
Upload by wWw.chuyenhungvuong.net
Upload by wWw.chuyenhungvuong.net
1. ( a, b > 0, a + b = 1) ,
a b 4
+ 2 ≤ .
a +1 b +1 5
2
First solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 3 1 3 4a + 3 a 4a
a2 + 1 = a2 + + ≥ 2 a2 . + = ⇒ 2 ≤ .
4 4 4 4 4 a + 1 4a + 3
Similarly,
b 4b
≤ .
b 2 + 1 4b + 3
Adding these two inequalities,
a b ⎛ 4a 4b ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
+ 2 ≤⎜ + ⎟= ⎢ 2 − 3 ⎜ 4a + 3 + 4b + 3 ⎟ ⎥ .
a + 1 b + 1 ⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠
2
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
On the orther hand,
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4 2
⎡⎣( 4a + 3) + ( 4b + 3) ⎤⎦ ⎢⎜ + ⎟⎥ ≥ 4 ⇒ ⎜ + ⎟≥ = .
⎣⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠ 4 ( a + b ) + 6 5
Thus,
a b 2 4
+ 2 ≤ 2 − 3. = .
a +1 b +1
2
5 5
Second solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
4
1 1 1 1 ⎛1⎞ 5
a + 1 = a + + + + ≥ 5 5 a 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 5 4a 2 .
2 2
4 4 4 4 ⎝4⎠ 4
Similarly,
55 2
b2 + 1 ≥ 4b .
4
Adding these two inequalities,
a b a b 4⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 2 ≤ + = ⎜⎜ 5 a 3 . . + 5 b3. . ⎟⎟ ≤
a + 1 b + 1 5 5 4a 2 5 5 4b 2 5 ⎝
2
2 2 2 2 ⎠
4 4
⎡⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
a + a + a + + ⎟ ⎜ b + b + b + + ⎟⎥
4 ⎢
≤ ⎢⎜
⎜ 2 2 + 2 2 = 4 ⎡ 3(a + b) + 2 ⎤ = 4 .
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎥ 5⎣ 5 ⎦ 5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Third solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1
a + b ≥ 2 ab ⇒ ab ≤ .
4
Therefore,
a b ab 2 + a 2 b + a + b ab + 1
+ 2 = 2 2 = =
a + 1 b + 1 a b + a + b + 1 ( a + b ) − 2ab + a 2 b 2 + 1
2 2 2 2
1
+1
ab + 1 ab + 1 4 4
= 2 2 = ≤ = .
a b − 2ab + 2 ⎛ 2
1⎞ 3 31 − 3 . 1 + 31 5
⎜ ab − ⎟ − ab + 2 4 16
⎝ 4⎠ 2 16
2. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,
a b c 3
+ + ≤ .
a +1 b +1 c +1 4
First solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a a 1⎛ a a ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟,
a + 1 (a + b) + (a + c) 4 ⎝ a + b a + c ⎠
b b 1⎛ b b ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟,
b + 1 ( b + a ) + ( b + c) 4⎝ b + a b+ c⎠
c c 1⎛ c c ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
c + 1 (c + b) + (c + a ) 4 ⎝ c + b c + a ⎠
a b c 3⎛ 1 1 1⎞
+ + ≤ ⎜⎜ 4 a.a.a. + 4 b.b.b. + 4 c.c.c. ⎟⎟ ≤
a +1 b +1 c +1 4 ⎝ 3 3 3⎠
⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ a + a + a + ⎟ ⎜ b + b + b + ⎟ ⎜ c + c + c + ⎟⎥
3 3 + 3 + 3 =3.
≤ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥
4 ⎢⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟⎥ 4
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Third solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎡⎣( a + 1) + ( b + 1) + ( c + 1) ⎤⎦ ⎜ + + ⎟≥9
⎝ a +1 b +1 c +1⎠
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 9
⇒⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 ⎠ ( a + 1) + ( b + 1) + ( c + 1) 4
Therefore,
a b c ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 3
+ + = 3−⎜ + + ⎟ ≤ 3− = .
a +1 b +1 c +1 ⎝ a +1 b +1 c +1⎠ 4 4
Forth solution
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 2 a 2 a 3a 1 1 1
a +1 = a + + ≥ 2 + ⇒ ≤ + − . .
3 3 3 3 a +1 2 2 3 a 2
2 +
3 3
Similarly,
b 3b 1 1 1 c 3c 1 1 1
≤ + − . , ≤ + − . .
b +1 2 2 3 b 2 c +1 2 2 3 c 2
2 + 2 +
3 3 3 3
Adding these three inequalities,
⎛ ⎞
a b c ⎛
3 a b c ⎞ 3 1 ⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟
+ + ≤ ⎜⎜ + + ⎟ + − ⎜ + + ⎟≤
a +1 b +1 c +1 2 ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎟⎠ 2 3 ⎜ a 2 b 2 b 2⎟
⎜2 + 2 + 2 + ⎟
⎝ 3 3 3 3 3 3⎠
⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ a + ⎟ ⎜ b + ⎟ ⎜ c + ⎟⎥
3 3 + 3 + 3 +3− 9 9 3
≤ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤3− = .
2 ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ 2 ⎛ a b c⎞ 2 4 4
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎥
⎠⎦ 2 ⎜ + + ⎟ + 3.
⎝ 3 3 3⎠ 3
3. ( a, b, c ≥ 1) ,
1 1 1⎞
( 2 + abc ) ⎛⎜+ + ⎟≥9
⎝a b c⎠
Solution.
We have,
( a − 1)( b − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ ab + 1 ≥ a + b ,
( ab − 1)( c − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ abc + 1 ≥ ab + c .
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
abc + 2 ≥ a + b + c .
Thus,
1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞
( 2 + abc ) ⎛⎜+ + ⎟ ≥ ( a + b + c) ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝a b c⎠ ⎝a b c⎠
(
4. x, y, z > 0, xy xy + yz yz + zx zx = 1 , )
x6 y6 z6 1
+ + ≥ .
x +y y +z z +x
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
Solution.
We set a = x 3 , b = y3 , c = z 3 and observe that ab + bc + ca = 1 .
The inequality is equivalent to
a2 b2 c2 1
+ + ≥ .
a+ b b+c c+a 2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
⎡ a2 b2 c2 ⎤
⎢ a + b + b + c + c + a ⎥ ⎡⎣( a + b) + ( b + c) + ( c + a) ⎤⎦ ≥ ( a + b + c)
2
⎣ ⎦
a2 b2 c2 1 1 1
⇒ + +
a+ b b+c c+a 2
≥ ( a + b + c) ≥
2
( ab + bc + ca = ) 2
.
5. ( x, y > 0, xy = 1) ,
9
x 2 + 3x + y 2 + 3y + ≥ 11 .
x + y2 + 1
2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
9 9
(x 2
+ y 2 + 1) +
x + y +1
2 2
+ 3x + 3y − 1 ≥ 4 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + 1) . 2
x + y2 + 1
.3x.3y − 1 = 11 .
6. ( m, n ∈ \ {0} , m ≤ a, b, c ≤ n ) ,
3 ( n − m)
2
a b c
+ + ≤ + .
b + c a + c a + b 2 2m ( n + m)
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that a ≥ b ≥ c , we set x = b + c, y = c + a, z = a + b .
We observe that x ≤ y ≤ z , therefore,
⎛ y ⎞⎛ z⎞ ⎛ x ⎞⎛ y⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ ≥ 0
⎝ x ⎠⎝ y⎠ ⎝ y ⎠⎝ z⎠
(z − x) + 6 1 .
2
⎛ a b c ⎞
⇔ 2⎜ + + ⎟+3≤ 2 ()
⎝ b+c c+a a+ b ⎠ xy
On the other hand,
z−x a−c n−m z−x a−c a−c n−c n−m
0≤ = ≤ and 0 ≤ = ≤ ≤ ≤ .
x b+c 2m z a+ b a+c n+c n+m
Thus,
(z − x) (n − m) 2 .
2 2
≤ ( )
xz 2m ( n + m )
3 ( n − m)
2
a b c
+ + ≤ + .
b + c a + c a + b 2 2m ( n + m)
7. ( 0 < x1 , x 2 , ..., x n ≤ 1, n ≥ 2 ) ,
x1 + x 2 + ... + x n 1
≤ .
n 1 + n (1 − x1 )(1 − x 2 ) ... (1 − x n )
Solution.
We set 1 − x i = ai , ( i = 1, 2, ..., n ) and observe that 0 ≤ ai < 1 , ( i = 1, 2, ..., n ) .
a1 + a2 + ... + an ≥ n n a1a2 ...an and 1 + na1a2 ...an ≥ 1 + ( n − 1) a1a2 ...an ≥ n n ( a1a2 ...an )
n −1
.
Therefore,
( a1 + a2 + ... + an )(1 + a1a2 ...an ) ≥ n2 n ( a1a2 ...an ) = n2 ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )(1 + a1a2 ...an ) ≥ n2a1a2 ...an .
n
10
3x 2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ≤ .
3
Solution.
We have 3x + 2y + z ≤ 4 , thus, 3x 2 + 2xy + xz ≤ 4x .
⎝3 ⎠ 3
9. ( 0 ≤ x ≤ y ≤ z ≤ 1) ,
108
x 2 ( y − z ) + y 2 ( z − y ) + z 2 (1 − z ) ≤ .
529
Solution.
We set T = x 2 ( y − z ) + y 2 ( z − y ) + z 2 (1 − z ) .
2 2⎝ 3 ⎠
2
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 54 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞
= z2 ⎜ z + 1 − z ⎟ = z2 ⎜ 1 − z ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 1 − z ⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 23 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠
⎡ 23 23 23 ⎤
2 z + z +1− z ⎥
⎛ 54 ⎞ ⎢ 54 54 27 = 108 .
≤⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎝ 23 ⎠ ⎢ 3 ⎥ 529
⎣ ⎦
(
10. a, b, c ∈ , a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≤ 8 , )
ab + bc + 2bc ≥ −8 .
Solution.
2
⎛ b ⎞ 3b
2
We have 8 + ( ab + bc + 2bc ) ≥ a + b + c + ab + bc + 2bc = ⎜ a + + c ⎟ +
2 2 2
≥ 0.
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
Therefore, ab + bc + ca ≥ −8 .
11. ( a, b > 0 ) ,
( a − b ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b ) .
2
a+ b
≥ ab +
2 8 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 )
Solution.
If a = b , the inequality is true.
If a ≠ b , the inequality is equivalent to
( a − b ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b )
2
a+ b
− ab ≥
2 8 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 )
( ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b ) ⎤⎥ ≥ 0
2
⎡ a+ b
( )
2
⇔ a− b ⎢1 −
⎢ 4 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( )
⇔ 4 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b2 ) − a + b + 2 ab ( 3a2 + 3b 2 + 10ab ) ≥ 0 .
4x ( x 2 + 4y 2 ) − ( x + 2y ) ( 3x 2 + 4y 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( x − 2y ) ≥ 0 ⇔ x ≥ 2y ⇔ a + b ≥ 2 ab .
3
12. ( x ∈ ),
3 3
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x < .
2
Solution.
We have,
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x = sin 2x + 4 sin x cos2 x ≤
cos2 x cos2 x
≤ 1 + 4 sin x cos x ≤ 1 + 4 sin x cos x = 1 + 8 sin x.
2 2 4
. 2
2 2
3
⎛ cos 2 x cos 2 x ⎞
⎜ sin 2
x + + ⎟
2 2 8 3 3 3
≤ 1+ 8 ⎜ ⎟ = 1+ < .
⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ 9 2
⎝ ⎠
13. ( x1 , x 2 , ..., x n > 0, n ≥ 3) ,
Solution.
We set,
x12 + x 2 x 3 x2 + x3x 4 x 2 + x n x1 x 2 + x1x 2
A= + 2 + ... + n −1 + n .
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )
=
( x1 + x 2 )( x1 + x3 ) + ( x 2 + x3 )( x 2 + x 4 ) + ... + ( x n −1 + x n )( x n −1 + x1 ) + ( x n + x1 )( x n + x 2 )
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x2 ( x3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )
≥ nn
( x1 + x3 )( x 2 + x 4 ) ... ( x n −1 + x1 )( x n + x 2 ) ≥ n n 2n x1x 3 x 2 x 4 ... x n −1x1 x n x 2
= 2n .
x1x 2 ...x n −1x n x1x 2 ...x n −1x n
Therefore,
x12 + x 2 x 3 x 22 + x 3 x 4 x 2n −1 + x n x1 x 2n + x1x 2
+ + ... + + ≥n.
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )
14. (1 ≤ a, b, c ≤ 2 ) ,
1 1 1⎞
( a + b + c) ⎜⎛+ + ⎟ ≤ 10 .
⎝a b c⎠
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ 2 , we obtain,
⎛ a ⎞⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞⎛ c ⎞ a b b c a c
⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ ≥ 0 ⇔ + + + ≤ 2 + + .
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠ b c a b c a
Therefore,
1 1 1⎞ ⎛a b b c⎞ a c ⎛a c⎞
( a + b + c) ⎛⎜ + + ⎟ = 3 + ⎜ + + + ⎟ + + ≤ 5 + 2⎜ + ⎟ .
⎝a b c⎠ ⎝b c a b⎠ c a ⎝ c a⎠
On the other hand,
2
1 a ⎛ a ⎞⎛ 1 a ⎞ ⎛a⎞ 5 a a c 5
≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ ⎜ 2 − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ ≤ 0 ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + 1 ≤ . ⇒ + ≤ .
2 c ⎝ c ⎠⎝ 2 c ⎠ ⎝c⎠ 2 c c a 2
Thus,
1 1 1⎞
( a + b + c) ⎜⎛ + + ⎟ ≤ 10 .
⎝a b c⎠
15. ( a, b, c, d > 0 ) ,
a2 b 2 c2 d 2 a + b + c + d
+ + + ≥ 4 .
b 2 c2 d 2 a2 abcd
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a2 b 2 c2 a6 8a
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
b c d bcd abcd
b2 c2 d 2 b6 8b
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
c d a cda abcd
c2 d 2 a2 c6 8c
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
d a b dab abcd
d2 a2 b 2 d6 8d
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 .
a b c abc abcd
Adding these four inequalities, we obtain
⎛ a2 b 2 c2 d 2 ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞
6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ + 8 ≥ 8⎜ 4 ⎟ = 6⎜ 4 ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟
⎝b c d a ⎠ ⎝ abcd ⎠ ⎝ abcd ⎠ ⎝ 4 abcd ⎠
4x − x 3 + x + x 3 ≤ 3 4 3 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
( 4x − x 3 + x + x 3 = ) 1⎡
2⎣
2 8x − 2x 3 + 2 x + x 3 ⎤ ≤
⎦ 2
1
( 2 + 4 ) ( 8x − 2x3 + x + x3 ) =
6 ⎛ 2x + ( 9 − x ) + ( 9 − x ) ⎞
3
2 2 2
1 6 4 2
= . 2x ( 9 − x )
2 2
= 4 4⎜ ⎟ = 34 3 .
242 ⎜
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎟
⎠
17. ( x ∈ ),
2 sin x + 15 − 10 2 cos x ≤ 6 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
(1 + 5) ( 2sin2 x + 3 − 2 ) ( )
2
2 sin x + 15 − 10 2 cosx ≤ 2 cosx = 6 ⎡6 − 2 cosx + 1 ⎤ ≤ 6 .
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
(
18. x, y, z > 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, n ∈ +
),
x
+
y
+
z
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
.
1 − x 2n 1 − y 2n 1 − z 2n 2n
Solution.
We set f ( t ) = t (1 − t 2n ) , t ∈ ( 0,1) . It is easy to show that
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2n
f ' ( t ) = 1 − ( 2n + 1) t 2n+1 , f ' ( t ) = 0 ⇔ t = 2n ⇒ f ( t ) ≤ f ⎜ 2n ⎟ ⇒ t (1 − t ) ≤
2n
2n + 1 ⎝ 2n + 1 ⎠ ( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
Since 0 < x, y,z < 1 , thus
1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
,
1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
,
1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
x (1 − x 2n ) 2n y (1 − y 2n ) 2n z (1 − z 2n ) 2n
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
⎛ x y z ⎞ ⎛ x2 y2 z2 ⎞
⎜ + + ⎟ = ⎜ + + ⎟≥
⎝1− x ⎠ ⎝⎜ x (1 − x ) y (1 − y ) z (1 − z ) ⎠⎟
2n
1− y 2n
1 − z2n 2n 2n 2n
≥
(x 2
+ y 2 + z 2 ) ( 2n + 1 ) 2 n 2n + 1
=
( 2n + 1 ) 2 n 2n + 1
.
2n 2n
19. ( a, b > 0, a + b < 1) ,
a2 b2 1 9
+ + +a+ b ≥ .
1− a 1− b a + b 2
Solution.
We have,
⎛ a2 b2 1 ⎞ ⎛ a2 b2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎜ + + + a + b =
⎟ ⎜ + 1 + a + + 1+ b + − 2⎟ = ⎜ + + − 2⎟
⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠ ⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠ ⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠
(1 + 1 + 1)
2
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9
⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ 1 − a 1 − b a + b ⎠ 1(1 − a) + 1(1 − b) + 1. ( a + b ) 2
1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 ≤ .
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2
2 2 2 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab and b 2 + 1 ≥ 2b .
Therefore,
1 1
a2 + 2b2 + 3 ≥ 2 ( ab + b +1) ⇒ ≤ .
a + 2b + 3 2 ( ab + b +1)
2 2
Similarly,
1 1 1 1
≤ and 2 ≤ .
b + 2c + 3 2 ( bc + c +1)
2 2
c + 2a + 3 2 ( ac + a + 1)
2
1⎛ 1 ab b ⎞ 1 ab + b + 1 1
= ⎜ + + ⎟= = .
2 ⎝ ab + b + 1 b + 1 + ab 1 + ab + b ⎠ 2 ab + b + 1 2
(
21. x, y > 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1 , )
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(1 + x ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + (1 + y ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ≥ 4 + 3 2 .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠
Solution.
We have,
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛x y⎞ 1⎛1 1⎞
(1 + x ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + (1 + y ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = ⎜ x + ⎟ + ⎜ y + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ + 2 .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ 2x ⎠ ⎝ 2y ⎠ ⎝ y x ⎠ 2 ⎝ x y ⎠
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1⎛1 1⎞ 1 1 2 x y
x+ ≥ 2, y + ≥ 2, ⎜ + ⎟≥ = ≥ = 2, + ≥2.
2x 2y 2⎝x y⎠ xy 4 x 2 y 2 x +y
2 2
y x
1 1
≥ + (1 − a)(1 − b )(1 − c) .
a+ b+c 3
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
(1 − b ) + (1 − c ) + (1 + b + c ) ≥ 3
1= (1 − b )(1 − c )(1 + b + c ) ⇔ (1 − b )(1 − c )(1 + b + c ) ≤ 1 .
3
Therefore,
1− a 1− a 1 1 1 1
(1 − a )(1 − b )(1 − c ) ≤ ≤ ≤ − ⇒ ≥ + (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) .
1+ b + c a + b + c a + b + c 3 a+ b+c 3
(
23. x ≥ y ≥ z > 0,32 − 3x 2 = z 2 = 16 − 4y 2 , )
32 3 + 16
xy + yz + zx ≤ .
5
Solution.
16 − z 2 2 32 − z 2 16 − z 2 4
We have y 2 = ,x = , y≥z⇒ ≥ z2 ⇒ z ≤ .
4 3 4 5
On the other hand,
32 − z 2 48 − 3z 2 5z 2 − 16
x − 3y =
2 2
− = ≤ 0 ⇒ x ≤ y 3 ⇒ xy ≤ 3y 2 .
3 4 12
⎛ x ⎞ 3 ⎛ x2 2⎞ 3 2 2 1
We have xz ≤ 3 ⎜ .z ⎟ ≤ ⎜ +z ⎟≤ ( y + z ) and yz ≤ ( y 2 + z 2 ) .
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ π ⎞
24. ⎜ 0 < x < , n ∈ +
⎟,
⎝ 2 ⎠
sin n + 2 x cosn + 2 x
+ ≥ 1.
cosn x sin n x
Solution.
We have,
( sin 2n
x − cos2n x )( sin 2 x − cos2 x ) ≥ 0
(
26. x, y ≥ 0, x 3 + y3 = 1 , )
(1 + 2 2 )
5
x +2 y ≤ 6 5
.
Solution.
1
We set α = , β = 2 5 2α .
1+ 2 2
5
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
x 3 + 5α
x 3 + 5α ≥ 6 6 x 3α 5 ⇒ x ≤ ,
6 6 α5
y3 + 5β
x 3 + 5β ≥ 6 6 y3β5 ⇒ 2 y ≤ .
3 6 β5
x x y y y y z z x2 y4z2
= + + + + + + + ≥ 88 .
( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
2 4 2
x +1 x +1 y +1 y +1 y +1 y +1 z +1 z +1
Similarly,
1 y3 x 3z 2 1 x3y4z
≥ 88 and ≥ 88 .
( y + 1) ( x + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
3 3 2 3 4 2
1+ y 1+ z
Thus,
3 4 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ x 24 y32 z16 x3 y 4z2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 89
8 = 89
( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
24 32 16 3 4 2
⎝ 1+ x ⎠ ⎝1+ y ⎠ ⎝ 1+ z ⎠
1
or x 3 y 4 z 2 ≤ .
89
28. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3⎛ b+c c+a a+ b⎞
(a 3
+ b3 + c3 ) ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ ≥ ⎜
⎝a b c ⎠ 2⎝ a
+
b
+ ⎟.
c ⎠
Solution.
We have,
1 1 1 3
2 ( a3 + b3 + c3 ) ≥ ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) and + 3+ 3≥ .
a b c
3
abc
Therefore,
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3⎛ b+c c+a a+ b⎞
(a 3
+ b3 + c3 ) ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ ≥ ⎜
⎝a b c ⎠ 2⎝ a
+
b
+ ⎟
c ⎠
29. ( x ∈ ),
(16 cos x + 3 ) + 768 ≥ 2048 cos x .
4 4
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
( )
4
(16cos x + 3) = (16cos4 x + 1 + 1 + 1) + 768 ≥ 4 4 16cos4 x + 768 =
4 4 4
= 4096 cos4 x + 256 + 256 + 256 ≥ 4 4 4096 cos4 x.2563 = 2048 cos x ≥ 2048 cos x .
30. ( x ∈ ),
1 (1 + x ) + 16x
4 8
≤ ≤ 17 .
8 ( )
1 + x 2 4
Solution.
If a, b are two real numbers, then
(a + b2 )
2
(a + b)
2 4
a +b4 4
≥ ≥ .
2 8
Thus,
4
⎡(1 + x )2 ⎤ + ( −2x )4 (1 + x2 )
4
(1 + x ) + 16x 4
8
⎣ ⎦ 1
= ≥ = .
(1 + x ) 2 4
(1 + x )
2 4
8 (1 + x )
2 4 8
Therefore,
(1 + x )
8
+ 16x 4
≤ 16 + 1 = 17
(1 + x ) 2 4
31. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,
a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c2 c 2 + a 2 a2 + b 2 + c2
+ + ≤3 .
a+ b b+c c+a a+ b+c
Solution.
a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c2 c2 + a 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
+ + ≤3
a+ b b+c c+a a+ b+c
⎡ a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c2 + a 2 ⎤
⇔ ( a + b + c) ⎢ ⎥ ≤ 3(a + b + c )
2 2 2
+ +
⎣ a+ b b+c c+a ⎦
c ( a2 + b 2 ) b ( c2 + a2 ) a ( b 2 + c2 )
⇔ + + ≤ a 2 + b 2 + c2
a+ b c+a b+c
c ( a2 + b 2 ) b ( c2 + a2 ) a ( b 2 + c2 )
⇔c − 2
+b − 2
+a − 2
≥0
a+ b c+a b+c
ac ( c − a ) bc ( c − b ) ab ( b − a ) bc ( b − c ) ab ( a − b ) ac ( a − c )
⇔ + + + + + ≥0
a+ b a+ b c+a c+a b+c b+c
ac ( c − a ) bc ( c − b ) ab ( b − a )
2 2 2
⇔ + + ≥ 0.
( a + b )( b + c ) ( a + b )( a + c ) ( a + c )( b + c )
32. ( a, b, c > 0, n ∈ , n ≥ 2 ) ,
a b c n n
n +n +n > n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ a+ b ⎞
⎜ ( n − 1) ⎟ + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 n − 1 a + b + c
n
( a + b)( n − 1) ≤ ⎝ c ⎠ n −1
=
( )( ) ⇒ n c ≥ n n n −1 c .
c n nc a + b n −1 a+ b+c
Similarly,
b n n b a n n a
n ≥ n −1 and n ≥ n −1 .
c + a n −1 a+ b+c b + c n −1 a+ b+c
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
a b c n n
n +n +n ≥ n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
Equality holds if and only if
⎧( n −1)( a + b) = c
⎪ 3
⎨( n −1)( c + a) = b ⇒ 2 ( n −1)( a + b + c) = a + b + c ⇒ n = (!) .
⎪( n −1)( b + c) = a 2
⎩
Therefore,
a b c n n
n +n +n > n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
33. ( x, y, z ≥ 0, x + y + z = 1, n ∈ , n ≥ 2 ) ,
nn
xn y + ynz + zn x ≤ .
( n + 1)
n +1
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that x = max{x,y,z} .
≤ nn ⎢ n n n ⎥ =n n
. =
nn
⎥ .
( n + 1) ( n + 1)
n +1 n +1
⎢ n +1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
34. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,
16xyz ( x + y + z ) ≤ 3 3 ( x + y) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) .
4 4 4
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) = ( x + y + z ) xy + ( x + y + z ) xy + ( x + y + z ) xy +
3 3 3
1 1 1
+ yz ( x + y + z ) + yz ( x + y + z ) + yz ( x + y + z ) + xz 2 + zx 2 ≥
3 3 3
( xyz ) ( x + y + z ) ( xyz ) ( x + y + z )
6 6 3 3
≥8 8
=8 4
.
36 27
Thus,
16xyz ( x + y + z ) ≤ 3 3 ( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) .
4 4 4
⎛ ⎡π π⎤⎞
35. ⎜ x, y, z ∈ ⎢ , ⎥ ⎟ ,
⎝ ⎣6 2⎦⎠
2
sinx − siny siny − sinz sinz − sinx ⎛ 1 ⎞
+ + ≤ ⎜1− ⎟ .
sinz sinx siny ⎝ 2⎠
Solution.
⎡1 ⎤
We set a = sin x, b = sin y, c = sin z and observe that a, b, c ∈ ⎢ ,1⎥ .
⎣2 ⎦
The inequality is equivalent to
c a b ⎟ abc ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1
Without loss of generality, we can assume that ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ 1.
2
a b 1
We set u = , v = and observe that ≤ u ≤ v ≤ 1 .
c c 2
We will prove that
( v − u )(1 − u )(1 − v ) ≤ ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞
2
uv ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
We have
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ v − ⎟⎜1 − ⎟ (1 − v )
( v − u)(1 − u )(1 − v ) ≤ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 1 1 1 ⎛
= 1 + − v − ≤ 1 + − 2 v. = ⎜1 −
1 ⎞
2
uv 1 2 2v 2 2v ⎟ .
v ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
36. ( x, y, z, t ∈ , ( x + y )( z + t ) + xy + 88 = 0 ) ,
x 2 + 9y 2 + 6z 2 + 24t 2 ≥ 352 .
Solution.
Since ( x + y )( z + t ) + xy + 88 = 0 , thus 4 ( x + y )( z + t ) + 4xy + 352 = 0 .
We have
x2 + 9y2 + 6z2 + 24t 2 + 4 ( x + y )( z + t ) + 4xy = x2 + 9y2 + 6z2 + 24t 2 + 4xz + 4xt + 4yz + 4yt + 4xy =
= ⎡ x + 2 ( z + y + t ) ⎤ + ( 2y − z ) + ( z − 4t ) + ( y − 2t ) ≥ 0 .
2 2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
Therefore,
x 2 + 9y 2 + 6z 2 + 24t 2 ≥ 352 .
x2 y2 z2
+ + ≥ 3.
x + y + y3z y + z + z3 x z + x + x 3 y
Solution.
We set
x2 y2 z2
A= + + .
x + y + y3z y + z + z3 x z + x + x 3 y
We have
x3 y3 z3 x3 y3 z3
A= + + = + + .
x2 + yz + y3zx y2 + zy + z3xy z2 + xz + x3yz x2 + yx + y2 y2 + zy + z2 z2 + xz + x2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
A. ⎡⎣ x ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) + y ( y 2 + yz + z 2 ) + z ( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) ⎤⎦ ≥ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
2
⇔ A ( x + y + z ) ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) ≥ ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) .
2
Thus,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x + y + z 3 3 xyz
A≥ ≥ ≥ = 3.
x+y+z 3 3
x2y2 y2z2 z2 x2
+ + ≤1.
x2 y2 + x 7 + y7 y2z2 + y7 + z 7 z2 x2 + z 7 + x 7
Solution.
If x, y are positive real numbers, then x 7 + y 7 ≥ x 3 y3 ( x + y ) .
Thus,
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 1 1 z z
≤ 2 2 3 3 = = = = .
x y +x +y
2 2 7 7
x y + x y ( x + y ) 1 + xy ( x + y ) xyz + xy ( x + y ) xyz ( x + y + z ) x + y + z
Similarly,
y2z2 x z2 x2 y
2 2 7 7
≤ and 2 2 7 7
≤ .
y z +y +z x+y+z z x +z +x x+y+z
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x2 y2 y2z2 z2 x2 x+y+z
2 2 7 7
+ 2 2 7 7
+ 2 2 7 7
≤ = 1.
x y +x +y y z +y +z z x +z +x x+y+z
39. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,
a b abc 3 3
+ + ≤ 1+ .
a + bc b + ca c + ab 4
Solution.
We set
a b abc
T= + + .
a + bc b + ca c + ab
We have
ab
a b abc 1 1
T= + + = + + c .
a + bc b + ca c + ab 1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
a b c
bc A ca B
We set = tan2 , = tan2 , 0 < A, B < π . Since
a 2 b 2
ab ca bc ab ca bc
1= a+ b+c = . + . + .
c b a c b a
thus,
A B
1 − tan
tan
ab 2 2 = cot g ⎛ A + B ⎞ .
= ⎜ ⎟
c A B ⎝ 2 ⎠
tan + tan
2 2
Therefore,
A+B π ab C
< and = tg , ( C = π − ( A + B) ∈ ( 0, π ) ) .
2 2 c 2
We obtain
C
tan
1 1 2 A B sin C 1
T= + + = cos2 + cos2 + = 1 + ( cos A + cos B + sin C) .
A B C 2 2 2 2
1 + tan2 1 + tan2 1 + tan2
2 2 2
On the other hand,
π π
C+ C−
π A+B A−B 3 .cos 3
cos A + cos B + sin C + sin = 2 cos .cos + 2 sin
3 2 2 2 2
π π
C− A + B+ C−
A+B 3 ≤ 4 cos 3 = 4 cos π = 2 3 .
≤ 2 cos + 2.cos
2 2 4 6
Thus,
1⎛ 3⎞ 3 3
T ≤ 1 + ⎜⎜ 2. 3 − ⎟⎟ = 1 + .
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
x 20 y 20 z 20
+ 11 + 11 ≥ 3.669 9 .
y 11
z x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
41. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,
⇒ 5b3 − a3 ≤ ( ab + 3b2 ) ( 2b − a )
5b3 − a3
⇒ ≤ 2b − a .
ab + 3b 2
Similarly,
5c3 − b3 5a3 − c3
≤ 2c − b and ≤ 2a − c .
bc + 3c2 ca + 3a2
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
5b3 − a3 5c3 − b3 5a3 − c3
+ + ≤ a+ b + c.
ab + 3b 2 bc + 3c2 ca + 3a2
( )
42. a, b > 0, x, y,z, t ∈ ,a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + b ( z 2 + t 2 ) = 1 ,
a+ b
( x + z )( y + t ) ≤ .
2ab
Solution.
We have
x2 z2 y2 t 2 1
a ( x2 + y2 ) + b ( z2 + t 2 ) = 1 ⇔ + + + = .
b a b a ab
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
⎛ x2 z2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 t 2 ⎞
( b + a) ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ ( x + z) and ( b + a ) ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ ( y + t ) .
2 2
⎝b a⎠ ⎝ b a⎠
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
⎛ x2 z2 y2 t2 ⎞ b + a
( x + z) + ( y + t ) ≤ ( b + a) ⎜
2 2
+ + + ⎟=
⎝ b a b a ⎠ ab
(x + z) + (y + t)
2 2
a+ b
⇒ ( x + z )( y + t ) ≤ ≤
2 2ab
(
43. x, y, z > −1, x 3 + y3 + z3 ≥ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , )
x 5 + y5 + z5 ≥ x2 + y2 + z2 .
Solution.
Since x > −1 , thus
( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇔ x3 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0 ⇔ x 5 ≥ 3x 3 − 2x 2 .
2
Similarly,
y 5 ≥ 3y3 − 2y 2 and z 5 ≥ 3z3 − 2z 2 .
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x5 + y5 + z5 ≥ 3( x3 + y3 + z3 ) − 2( x2 + y2 + z2 ) = ( x3 + y3 + z3 ) + 2 ⎡⎣( x3 + y3 + z3 ) − ( x2 + y2 + z2 )⎤⎦ ≥ x3 + y3 + z3 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
1 1 1 3 17
a2 + + b2 + + c2 + ≥ .
b+c c+a a+ b 2
Solution.
First solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2
⎛ ⎞ 2
1 16a 1 2
a a a 12
1 ⎜a a
2
a 2
1 ⎟ 1⎛ 1 ⎞
2
a + = + = + + ... + + ≥ + + ... + + = ⎜ 4a + ⎟ .
b + c 16 b + c 16 16 16 b + c 17 ⎜⎜ 4 4 4 b + c ⎟⎟ 17 ⎝ b+c ⎠
16 ⎝ 16 ⎠
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ a2 + ≥ ⎜ 4a + ⎟.
b+c 17 ⎝ b+c ⎠
Similarly,
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ b2 + ≥ ⎜ 4b + ⎟ and c2 + ≥ ⎜ 4c + ⎟.
c+a 17 ⎝ c+a ⎠ a+b 17 ⎝ a+b ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
1 1 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎤
a2 + + b2 + + c2 + ≥ ⎢4( a + b + c) + ⎜ + + ⎟⎥ ≥
b+c c+a a + b 17 ⎣ ⎝ a + b b + c c + a ⎠⎦
⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜ 3 ⎟ ≥ 1 ⎜ 24 + 3 ⎟ = 3 17 .
≥ 24 +
17 ⎜⎜ (
3 a+ b
)( b + c)( c + a ) ⎟⎟⎠ 17 ⎜⎜ ( a + b ) + ( b + c) + ( c + a ) ⎟⎟ 2
⎝
⎝ 3 ⎠
Second solution.
Applying the Minkowski Inequality and the AM – GM Inequality we get
2
1 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
( a + b + c) + ⎜
2
a +
2
+ b2 + + c2 + ≥ + + ⎟ ≥
b+c c+a a+ b ⎝ a+ b b+c c+a ⎠
2
2 ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 ⎟ = 3 17 .
≥ 36 + ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 36 + ⎜
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a) ⎟⎟ 2
⎝ (
3 a+ b
)( b + c)( c + a ) ⎠⎟ ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
(
46. x, y, z ∈ , x 2 + 2y 2 + 2x 2 z 2 + y 2 z 2 + 3x 2 y 2 z 2 = 9 , )
xyz ≥ −1 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 4
+ 3 + 3 + 3 ≥ .
x ( yz + zt + ty ) y ( xz + zt + tx ) z ( xt + ty + yx ) t ( xy + yz + zx ) 3
3
Solution.
1 1 1 1
We set a = , b = , c = , d = and observe that abcd = 1 . The inequality can rewrite
x y z t
a2 b2 c2 d2 4
+ + + ≥ .
b+c+d c+d +a d +a+ b a+ b+ c 3
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
( a + b + c + d ) = a + b + c + d ≥ 4 4 abcd = 4 .
2
a2 b2 c2 d2
+ + + ≥
b + c + d c + d + a d + a + b a + b + c 3(a + b + c + d ) 3 3 3
48. ( k, n ∈ +
,a1 , a2 , ..., ak > 0,a1 + a2 + ... + ak ≥ k ) ,
(a n
− 1) ( a − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ an +1 − an ≥ a − 1 .
Therefore,
(an +1
1 + a2n +1 + ... + ank +1 ) − ( a1n + a2n + ... + ank ) ≥ ( a1 + a2 + ... + a k ) − k ≥ 0 .
2 2 3 10
− 2 + 2 ≤ .
a +1 b +1 c +1 3
2
Solution.
We have
a c
abc + a + c = b ⇔ ac + + = 1.
b b
Since a, b, c > 0 , thus there exist A, B, C ∈ ( 0, π ) such that
A 1 B C
A + B + C = π and a = tan , = tan , c = tan .
2 b 2 2
Therefore,
2 2 3 C C A−B 1 A−B 1 10
− 2 + 2 = −3sin 2 + 2 sin cos + 3 ≤ cos2 +3≤ +3= .
a +1 b +1 c +1
2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
50. ( x, y ∈ , x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y ≤ 0 ) ,
2x + y ≤ 10 + 3 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2x + y − 3 = 2 ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) ≤ 5. ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)
2 2
≤ 5. 2 = 10 or 2x + y ≤ 10 + 3 .
⎛ 3⎞
51. ⎜ 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1, x + y + z = ⎟,
⎝ 2⎠
5
x 2 + y2 + z2 ≤ .
4
Solution.
⎛ 1 ⎞
It is easy to show that ( x, y, z ) ≺ ⎜1, , 0 ⎟ and f ( t ) = t 2 is convex on [ 0, +∞ ] .
⎝ 2 ⎠
Applying the Karamata Inequality we get
⎛1⎞ 5
f ( x ) + f ( y ) + f ( z ) ≤ f ( 0 ) + f ⎜ ⎟ + f (1) or x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ .
⎝2⎠ 4
52. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,
a+ b b+c c+a ⎛ c a b ⎞
+ + ≥ 2 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟.
c a b ⎝ a+b b+c a + c ⎠⎟
Solution.
1 1 4
If x, y are two positive real numbers, then x + y ≤ 2 ( x + y), + ≥ .
x y x+y
Thus,
a+ b b+c c+a 1 ⎛ a b⎞ 1 ⎛ b c⎞ 1 ⎛ c c⎞
+ + ≥ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + ⎟
c a b 2⎝ c c⎠ 2⎝ a a⎠ 2⎝ b b ⎟⎠
a⎛ 1 1 ⎞ b⎛ 1 1 ⎞ c⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2 2a 2 2b 2 2c
= ⎜ + ⎟+ ⎜ + ⎟+ ⎜ + ⎟≥ + +
2⎝ b c⎠ 2⎝ a c⎠ 2⎝ a b⎠ b+ c a+ c a+ b
2 2a 2 2b 2 2c ⎛ a b c ⎞
≥ + + = 2 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ .
2 ( b + c) 2 ( a + c) 2 (a + b) ⎝ b + c a + c a + b ⎠
53. ( a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca = 1) ,
10 3
a + b + c + abc ≥ .
9
Solution.
We have
(a + b + c) ≥ 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 3 ⇒ a + b + c ≥ 3 .
2
10 3
⇔ a + b + c + abc ≥ .
9
54. ( 0 ≤ a1 , a 2 , ..., a n ≤ 1, n ≥ 2 ) ,
a1 a2 an
+ + ... + ≤ n −1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1
Solution.
Since 0 ≤ ai ≤ 1 thus a1a2 ...ai −1ai +1 ...an + 1 ≥ a1a2 ...an + 1 .
Therefore,
a1 a2 an n ai a + a 2 +... + an
+ + ... + ≤∑ = 1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1 i =1 a1a2 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an + 1
Thus,
a1 + a2 ≤ 1 + a1a2
a3 + a1a2 ≤ 1 + a1a2 a3
...........................................
an + a1a2 ...an −1 ≤ 1 + a1a2 ...an
Adding these n inequalities, we obtain
a1 + a2 + ... + an ≤ ( n − 1) + a1a2 ...an ≤ ( n − 1)(1 + a1a2 ...an ) .
Therefore,
a1 a2 an
+ + ... + ≤ n −1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1
55. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 3) ,
3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 4abc ≥ 13 .
Solution.
Since a, b, c > 0 and a + b + c = 3 thus,
⇒ abc ≥ ( 3 − 2a )( 3 − 2b )( 3 − 2c )
⇒ abc ≥ 27 − 18 ( a + b + c ) + 12 ( ab + bc + ca ) − 8abc
⇒ 3abc ≥ 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) − 9 .
We have
16
3 ( a2 + b 2 + c2 ) + 4abc ≥ 3 ( a2 + b 2 + c2 ) − 12 + ( ab + bc + ca ) =
3
16
= 3 ( a + b + c ) − ( ab + bc + ca ) − 12 + ( ab + bc + ca ) =
2
3
2 2
( ab + bc + ca ) ≥ 15 − ( a + b + c ) = 15 − 2 = 13 .
2
= 27 − 12 −
3 9
56. ( a, b, c > 0,a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ≥ a2 b2 c2 ) ,
a2 b 2 b 2 c2 c2 a2 3
+ + ≥ .
c (a + b ) a ( b + c ) b (c + a ) 2
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
Solution.
1 1 1
We set a = , b = , c = and observe that x, y,z > 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 1 .
x y z
The inequality can rewrite
x3 y3 z3 3
+ + ≥ .
y +z z +x x +y
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2
⎛ x x y y z z ⎞
(x 2
+ y2 + z )
2 2
=⎜
⎜ y2 + z2
. x y2 + z2 + . y x2 + z2 + . z y2 + x2 ⎟
⎟
⎝ x2 + z2 y2 + x2 ⎠
⎛ x3 y3 z3 ⎞
2 ⎟⎣ (
≤⎜ 2 2 + 2 + ⎡x y2 + z2 ) + y ( z2 + x2 ) + z ( x 2 + y2 )⎤ .
y + z z + x 2
x 2
+ y ⎦
⎝ ⎠
On the other hand,
2
⎡x ( y2 + z2 ) + y( z2 + x2 ) + z ( x2 + y2 ) ⎤ = ⎡x y2 + z2 . y2 + z2 + y x2 + z2 . x2 + z2 + z x2 + y2 . x2 + y2 ⎤ ≤
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
≤ ⎡⎣ x 2 ( y 2 + z 2 ) + y 2 ( z 2 + x 2 ) + z 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ⎤⎦ ( y 2 + z 2 + z 2 + x 2 + x 2 + y 2 ) =
4 2
= 4 ( x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ≤ ( x + y2 + z2 ) .
3
3
Thus,
⎛ x3 y3 z3 ⎞ 4 2
(x + y2 + z2 ) ≤ ⎜ 2 ⎟. (x + y + z )
2 2 2 2 3
+ +
⎝y +z z2 + x2 x2 + y2 ⎠ 3
2
x3 y3 z3 3 3
⇒ + + ≥ . x 2 + y2 + z 2 ≥ .
y +z z +x x +y
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
57. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 6 ) ,
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 729
⎜1 + 3 ⎟⎜ 1 + 3 ⎟⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ 512
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 1
⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ⎜1 + 3 ⎟ = 1 + ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 ⎟ + 3 3 3 ≥
⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ ⎝a b c ⎠ ⎝a b bc ca ⎠ abc
3
⎛ ⎞
3 ⎜ ⎟
3 3 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 729 .
≥ 1+ + 2 2 2 + 3 3 3 = ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 +
≥
abc a b c abc ⎝ abc ⎠ ⎛a+ b+c⎞
3
⎟ 512
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠
58. ( a, b, c ≥ 0,a + b + c = 1) ,
a2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 7
+ + ≤ .
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 a2 + 1 2
Solution.
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
We assume that a = max {a, b, c} . We will prove ≤ ( b + c) + 1 + 2
2
+ 2 .
c +1 a +1
2
a +1
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
≤ ( b + c) + 1 + 2
2
+ 2
c +1 a +1
2
a +1
( b + c) c2 + ( b + c) + c2 − b2
2 2
c2
⇔ 2 ≤
a +1 c2 + 1
( b + c ) c2 + 2bc + 2c2
2
c2
⇔ 2 ≤ .
a +1 c2 + 1
Thus,
a2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
≤ a2 + ( b + c ) + 2
2
+ 2 + 2 +2.
b +1 c +1 a +1
2
a +1
We have to prove that
1 3
a2 + ( b + c ) +
2
≤ .
( a + 1) 2
2
We have
1 3
a2 + ( b + c ) +
2
≤
( a + 1) 2
2
(1 − a ) (1 − 3a − 4a2 ) ⎛ 1⎞
⇔ ≤ 0 ⎜ since 1 ≥ a ≥ ⎟ .
2 (1 + a 2
) ⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 2⎞
59. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, k ≥ ⎟,
⎝ 3⎠
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
2
2 2a + ( b + c ) + ( b + c ) ⎛ a ⎞3 3 a
( a + b + c) = ( 2a )( b + c )
2
≥ ⇒⎜ ⎟ ≥3 .
3
.
3 3 ⎝ b+c⎠ 4 a+ b+c
Similarly,
2 2
⎛ b ⎞3 3 b ⎛ c ⎞3 3 c
⎜ ⎟ ≥ . and ⎜ ⎟ ≥3 . .
⎝ c+a⎠ 3
4 a+ b+c ⎝ c+a⎠ 4 a+ b+c
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3 ⎛ 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k ⎜k = ⎟.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2 ⎝ 3⎠
2 3
If k > , then we set m = k, m > 1 .
3 2
m
xm + ym + zm ⎛ x + y + z ⎞
Applying the well – known Inequality: ≥⎜ ⎟ , we set
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2 2 2
⎛ a ⎞3 ⎛ b ⎞3 ⎛ c ⎞3
x=⎜ ⎟ , y=⎜ ⎟ , z=⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠
We obtain
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2
60. ( x, y > 0, x + y = 1) ,
1 1
+ ≥ 4+2 3.
x + y xy
3 3
Solution.
ac + bd + cd ≤ 4 + 4 2 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1⎛ c2 ⎞ 1⎛ d2 ⎞
ac ≤ ⎜ 2a2 + ⎟ , bd ≤ ⎜ 2b 2
+ ⎟.
2⎝ 2⎠ 2⎝ 2⎠
Therefore,
( c + d ) + cd ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞ ≤
2
1 2 1
ac + bd + cd ≤
2
( a + b2 ) +
2 2
( c2 + d 2 ) + cd = 2 2 +
2 2
⎜ ⎟
2⎠
⎝
(c + d )
2
1 ⎞
(
≤ 2 2+4 2 ) +
4
⎛
⎜1 −
⎝
⎟= 4+4 2 .
2⎠
x y z
+ 1+ + 3 1+ ≥ 1+ 2 + 3 2 .
y x x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛x y z⎞ x y 3 y
⎜⎜ + 1 + + 3 1 + ⎟⎟ ≥ + 2 4 + 2 6 =
⎝y x x⎠ y z z
1 ⎛x y z⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞x ⎛3 6 ⎞6 z
= ⎜⎜ + 4 4 + 6 6 ⎟⎟ + ⎜ 1 − ⎟ +⎜ 2 − ⎟ .
2 2⎝y z x ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠y ⎝ 2 2⎠ x
1 ⎛x y z ⎞ 11 x y z 11
⎜⎜ + 4 4 + 6 6 ⎟⎟ ≥ 11 = ,
2 2⎝y z x⎠ 2 2 yzx 2 2
x z 1 6
≥ 1 ≥ and − >0> 32− .
y x 2 2 2 2
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x y z 11 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛3 6 ⎞
+ 1+ + 3 1+ ≥ + ⎜1 − ⎟ +⎜ 2 − ⎟ = 1+ 2 + 3 2 .
y x x 2 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
−1 + 1 + 8a
a ( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ≥ .
2
Solution.
Let α ∈ ( 0,a ) . Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
z2 α z2 α α 2 α
αx 2 +
2
≥2
2
xz, αy 2 + ≥ 2
2 2
yz,
2
( x + y2 ) ≥ 2
2
xy .
α α −1 + 1 + 8a
We will find α ∈ ( 0,a ) such that α + =a⇔ = , we get
2 2 4
−1 + 1 + 8a
a ( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ≥ .
2
64. ( a, b, c > 1) ,
65. ( x, y ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1) ,
3 3
xy + max {x, y} ≤ .
4
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that x = max {x, y} .
a6 b3 c6 1
+ + ≥ .
b + c c + a a + b 18
3 3 3 3 3 3
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
( a3 + b3 + c3 )
2
3
a6 b3 c6 a3 + b3 + c3 1 ⎛ a + b + c ⎞ 1
+ + ≥ = ≥ .3. ⎜ ⎟ = .
b + c c + a a + b 2 (a + b + c )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 18
Similarly,
yz 1⎛ y z ⎞ zx 1⎛ z x ⎞
≤ ⎜ + ⎟ and ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
x + yz 2 ⎝ x + y x + z ⎠ y + zx 2 ⎝ y + z x + y ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
xy yz zx 1⎛x+y y+z z+x⎞ 3
+ + ≤ ⎜ + + ⎟= .
z + xy x + yz y + zx 2 ⎝ x + y y + z z + x ⎠ 2
68. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,
ab bc ca 1
+ + ≤ .
a2 + b2 + 2c2 b2 + c2 + 2a2 c2 + a2 + 2b2 2
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
( a + b + c + c) ≤ 4 ( a2 + b 2 + 2c2 )
2
ab 2ab 2ab ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ab ab ⎞
⇒ ≤ ≤ + ⎟= ⎜ +
( a + c ) + ( a + c ) 4 ⎝ c + a c + b ⎠ 2 ⎝ c + a c + b ⎟⎠
⎜ .
a + b + 2c
2 2 2
Similarly,
bc 1 ⎛ bc bc ⎞ ca 1 ⎛ ca ca ⎞
≤ ⎜ + ⎟ and ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
b 2 + c2 + 2a2 2 ⎝ a + b a + c ⎠ c2 + a2 + 2b 2 2 ⎝ b + a b + c ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
ab bc ca
+ + ≤
a + b + 2c
2 2 2
b + c + 2a
2 2 2
c + a2 + 2b 2
2
1 ⎡⎛ ac + bc ⎞ ⎛ ab + ac ⎞ ⎛ ab + bc ⎞ ⎤ 1 1
≤ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥ = ( a + b + c) = .
2 ⎣⎝ a + b ⎠ ⎝ b + c ⎠ ⎝ c + a ⎠ ⎦ 2 2
69. ( a, b > 0, a + b = 1) ,
a b
+ ≥ 2.
b a
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
( ) ≤( )( )
2
2 ab ≤ a + b = ( a + b ) =
2 4
a. 4 a3 + 4 b. 4 b3 a+ b a a+b b ≤
( )
≤ 2 (a + b) a a + b b = 2 a a + b b . ( )
Thus,
a b
+ ≥ 2.
b a
70. ( x, y > 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1) ,
1 1
x+y+ + ≥3 2 .
x y
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
x2 + y2 1 1
xy ≤ = ⇒ ≥2.
2 2 xy
Thus,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x+y+ + =x+ + +y+ + ≥ 66 4 ≥ 6 6 3 = 3. 2
x y 2x 2x 2y 2y 2 xy 2
71. ( x ≥ 0 ) ,
2 2
+ x ≤ x + 9.
x +1
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2 2 x + 1 + x x + 1 = 1.2 2 x + 1 + x. x + 1 ≤
≤ (
12 + ( x ) ) ((2 2 ) + (
2 2
x +1 ) )=
2
x + 1. x + 9 .
Thus,
2 2
+ x ≤ x + 9.
x +1
72. ( a > b ≥ 0 ) ,
32
2a + ≥ 5.
( a − b )( 2b + 3)
2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
32 ⎛ 2b + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2b + 3 ⎞ 32
2a + = 2(a − b) + ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+ −3≥
( a − b )( 2b + 3) ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ( a − b )( 2b + 3)
2 2
2. ( a − b ) . ( 2b + 3) .32
2
≥ 44 − 3 = 4 4 16 − 3 = 5 .
4. ( a − b ) . ( 2b + 3)
2
73. ( a, b > 0, a + b ≥ 4 ) ,
6 10
2a + 3b + + ≥ 18 .
a b
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
6 10 ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ 4 4
2a + 3b + + = 2 ( a + b ) + ⎜ b + ⎟ + 6 ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ 2.4 + 2 b. + 6. = 18
a b ⎝ b⎠ ⎝a b⎠ b a+b
74. ( a, b, c ≥ 0, a + b + c = 3) ,
5
2a + b + 5 2b + c + 5 2c + a ≤ 3 5 3 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 ( 2a + b ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
5
2a + b = 5
( 2a + b ) .3.3.3.3 ≤ . .
5
34 5
34 5
Similarly,
1 ( 2b + c ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 1 ( 2c + a ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
5
2b + c ≤ . and 5
2c + a ≤ . .
5
34 5 5
34 5
75. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,
( x + y + z) ≥ 432xy2z3 .
6
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 6x + 3y + 3y + 2z + 2z + 2z ⎞ ⎡ 6 ( x + y + z ) ⎤
6 6
432.xy z = 6x.3y.3y.2z.2z.2z ≤ ⎜ ⎟ =⎢ ⎥ = ( x + y + z) .
2 3 6
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎣ 6 ⎦
76. ( 0 ≤ a ≤ 1) ,
13. a 2 − a 4 + 9. a 2 + a 4 ≤ 16 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
(
4 1 − a2 + a2 ) 4 − 3a 2 52 − 39a 2
(
1− a 2
) 4a ≤
2
2
=
2
⇒ 13 a 2 − a 4 ≤
4
(
9a 2 + 4 1 + a 2 ) = 13a 2
+4 39a 2 + 12
and 2
(
9a .4 1 + a 2
) ≤
4 2
⇒ 9 a2 + a4 ≤
4
.
⎛ 3a ⎞ ⎛ 3b ⎞ ⎛ 3c ⎞ ⎛ 3d ⎞ 28561
⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ 5b ⎠ ⎝ 5c ⎠ ⎝ 5d ⎠ ⎝ 5a ⎠ 625
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
3a 1 1 1 a a a a3
2+ = + + ... + + + + ≥ 13.13 13 3 .
5b 5 5 5 5b 5b 5b 5 .b
10
Similarly,
3b b3 3c c3 3d d3
2+ ≥ 13.13 13 3 , 2 + ≥ 13.13 13 3 , 2 + ≥ 13.13 13 3 .
5c 5 .c 5a 5 .a 5a 5 .a
Thus,
78. ( a, b, c, d > 0, a + b + c + d ≤ 1) ,
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4
⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + + + + + + ≥ 99 .
⎝ a b⎠ ( 4a.4b )
4
4a 4a 4a 4a 4b 4b 4b 4b
Similarly,
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 .
⎝ b c⎠ ( 4b.4c ) ⎝ c d ⎠ ( 4c.4d ) ⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4d.4a )
4 4 4
Thus,
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 ≥ 94. ≥ 94 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4a.4b.4c.4d ) 9 ⎛ 4( a + b + c + d) ⎞
8 4
.⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
79. ( a, b, c, d > 0, a + b + c + d ≤ 1) ,
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 13 .
4
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + ... + + + + + ≥ 1313 .
⎝ a b⎠ ( 4a ) ( 4b )
8 4
4a 4a 4a 4b 4b 4b 4b
8
Similarly,
⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 .
⎝ b c⎠ ( 4b ) ( 4c ) ⎝ c d ⎠ ( 4c ) ( 4d ) ⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4d ) ( 4a )
8 4 8 4 8 4
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
1 1
≥ 134 13 ≥ 134. ≥ 134 .
( 4a.4b.4c.4d ) ⎛ 4 (a + b + c + d) ⎞
12 48
13
.⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
80. ( a, b, c, d > 0, abcd ≥ 16 ) ,
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 625
⎜ a + ⎟⎜ b + ⎟⎜ c + ⎟⎜ d + ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠⎝ d ⎠⎝ a ⎠ 16
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 a
a+ =a+ + + + ≥ 55 .
( 4b )
4
b 4b 4b 4b 4b
Similarly,
1 b 1 c 1 d
b+ ≥ 55 , c + ≥ 55 , d + ≥ 55 .
( 4c ) ( 4a ) ( 4a )
4 4 4
c a a
Thus,
4 5 ( abcd ) 4 5 ( abcd )
4 3
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 3
4 5 16 54 625
⎜ a + ⎟⎜ b + ⎟⎜ c + ⎟⎜ d + ⎟ ≥ S ≥ 5 =5 . ≥5 . = =
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠⎝ d ⎠⎝ a⎠ 416 a.b.c.d 168 168 24 16
⎛ 2 1⎞ a a a a 1 1 1 a4
⎜ a + + ⎟ = + + + + + + ≥ 7 7 .
⎝ b c⎠ 4 4 4 4 b b c b 2 c1
Similarly,
⎛ 2 1⎞ b4 ⎛ 2 1⎞ c4 ⎛ 2 1⎞ d4
⎜ b + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 , ⎜ c + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 , ⎜ d + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 .
⎝ c d⎠ c 2 d1 ⎝ d a⎠ d 2 a1 ⎝ a b⎠ a 2 b1
Thus,
( abcd ) ≥ 74 = 2401 .
4
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1⎞
⎜ a + + ⎟⎜ b + + ⎟⎜ c + + ⎟⎜ d + + ⎟ ≥ 7 4
7
⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠⎝ a b⎠ 416 ( abcd )
3
24 16
82. ( a, b > 0, a + b ≤ 1) ,
1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 ≥ 20 .
a + b a b ab
3 3
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 ⎛1 1⎞ 1 1 4
+ 2 + 2 = + ⎜ + ⎟≥ 2 + . ≥
a +b
3 3
a b ab 2 2
( 2
)
( a + b ) a − ab + b ab ⎝ a b ⎠ a − ab + b ab a + b ( )
1 4 1 1 1 1 1
≥ + = 2 + + + + ≥
( a − ab + b
2 2
ab ) a − ab + b 2
( )
ab ab ab ab
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
2
1
≥ + ≥ 16 + 4 = 20 .
a − ab + b + ab + ab + ab
2 2
⎛a+b⎞
2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
83. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c ≤ 1) ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 81
+ 2 2+ 2 + + + ≥ .
a +b b +c c +a
2 2 2
ab bc ca 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality and the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9
+ 2 2+ 2 + + + ≥ + =
a +b b +c c +a
2 2 2
ab bc ca 2 a + b + c
2 2 2
ab + bc + ca ( )
9⎛ 1 2 ⎞ 9⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 2 + ⎟= ⎜ 2 + + ⎟≥
2 ⎝ a + b + c ab + bc + ca ⎠ 2 ⎝ a + b + c ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ⎠
2 2 2 2
(1 + 1 + 1)
2
9 9 9 81
≥ . 2 = . ≥ .
2 a + b + c + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 ( a + b + c )
2 2 2
2
84. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 3) ,
5
( 2a + b )( a + c ) a + 5 ( 2b + c )( b + a ) b + 5 ( 2c + a )( c + b ) c ≤ 3 5 6 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
( 2a + b ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
a + c ⎟ + 3a + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2a + b ) . ( a + c ) .3a.3.3 ≤ .
2 5
Similarly,
( 2b + c ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
b + a ⎟ + 3b + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2b + c ) . ( b + a ) .3b.3.3 ≤ ,
2 5
( 2c + a ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
c + b ⎟ + 3c + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2c + a ) . ( c + b ) .3c.3.3 ≤ .
2 5
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
1 9 ( a + b + c ) + 18
5
( 2a + b )( a + c ) a + 5 ( 2b + c )( b + a ) b + 5 ( 2c + a )( c + b ) c ≤ 5 3 3
. = 35 6 .
.3 5
2
( ( )
85. a, b, c > 0, a 2 + a + 2 ( b + 1) c 2 + 3c = 64 ,
2
( ) )
a 3 b 4 c5 ≤ 1 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
4 4
⎛ a2 + a + 2 ⎞ ⎛ c 2 + 3c ⎞
8
⎛b b b b 1 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ b +1 ⎞
8
( 2
)
a b c = 4 . a .a.1.1 ⎜ . . . . . . . ⎟ c 2 .c.c.c ≤ 48. ⎜
3 4 5
⎝4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4⎠
(
⎟ ) .⎜
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎟ .⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1
( ) (
. a 2 + a + 2 ( b + 2 ) c2 + 3c ) 1
2 2
= 8
= 8
.644 = 1 .
8 8
⎛ 3⎞
86. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, a + b + c ≤ ⎟,
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 343 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c a⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1
⎜3 + + ⎟ = 1+ + + + + 1 + 1 ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 .
⎝ a b⎠ 2a 2a 2b 2b 2 .a .b
Similarly,
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 and ⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 .
⎝ b c⎠ 2 .b .c ⎝ c a⎠ 2 .c .a
Thus,
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3 1 1 1
⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7 . 7 12 ≥ 73. ≥ 73. = 73 .
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 2 . ( abc )
4
⎛a+b+c⎞
12 12
a b b c c a 7 ⎛3⎞
212. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 7
212. ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜2⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
87. ⎜ a, b, c, m, n, p > 0, a + b + c ≤ 1, m + n + p ≤ ⎟ ,
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 3
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝ a m ⎠⎝ b n ⎠ ⎝ c p ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + ... + + + ≥ 99 .
⎝ a m⎠ ( ) ( )
6 2
3a 3a 3a 2m 2m 3a 2m
6
Similarly,
⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 and ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 .
⎝ b n⎠ ( 3b ) ( 2n ) ( 3c ) ( 2p )
6 2 6 2
⎝ c p⎠
Thus,
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 3 1
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9
⎝ a m ⎠⎝ b n ⎠ ⎝ c p ⎠ ( 3a.3b.3c ) . ( 2m.2n.2p )
6 2
1
≥ 93. 6 2
≥ 93 .
9 ⎛ 3(a + b + c + d ) 3
⎞ ⎛ 2(m + n + p) 3
⎞
.⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
88. ( x, y, z ∈ ),
( )( )( )
27 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 z 2 + 3 ≥ 4 ( 3xy + 3yz + 3zx ) .
2
Solution.
We have
( )( )( )
27 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 z 2 + 3 ≥ 4 ( 3xy + 3yz + 3zx )
2
( ) ( )
⇔ 27 ⎣⎡ x 2 y 2 z 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 27 ⎦⎤ ≥
≥ 4 ⎡9 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 6xyz ( xy + yz + zx ) + x 2 y 2 z 2 ⎤ .
2
⎣ ⎦
We set a = x + y + z, b = xy + yz + zx, c = xyz . The inequality is equivalent to
( ) ( )
243 a 2 − 2b + 81 b 2 − 2ca + 23c2 + 27 2 ≥ 36b 2 + 24bc
( ) (
⇔ 11( 3a − c ) + 12 ( b − c ) + ( b − 27 ) + 144 a 2 − 3b + 32 b 2 − 3ca ≥ 0 .
2 2 2
)
Since
1⎡
a 2 − 3b = ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) + ( z − x ) ⎤⎦ ≥ 0
2 2 2
2 ⎣
1⎡
and b 2 − 3ca = ( xy − yz ) + ( yz − zx ) + ( zx − xy ) ⎤ ≥ 0
2 2 2
2⎣ ⎦
thus, the last inequality is true.
89. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,
a 3 + b 3 + c3 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 9
+ 2 + + ≥ .
2abc c + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac 2
Solution.
We have
a 3 + b 3 + c3 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2
+ 2 + + =
2abc c + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac
a2 b2 c2 a 2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a 2
= + + + + + =
2bc 2ac 2ab c2 + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac
⎛ a 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 ⎞ ⎛ b 2 + ac c 2 + a 2 ⎞ ⎛ c 2 + ab a 2 + b 2 ⎞ 3
=⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟− ≥
⎝ 2bc a + bc ⎠ ⎝ 2ac b + ac ⎠ ⎝ 2ab c + ab ⎠ 2
3 9
≥ 2+2+2− =
2 2
90. ( a, b > 0, ab = 1) ,
a3 b3
+ ≥1.
1+ b 1+ a
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a3
+
b3
=
a 3 + b3 + a 4 + b 4 ( a + b ) a − ab + b + a + b
=
2 2 4 4
≥
( )
1+ b 1+ a 1 + a + b + ab a+b+2
≥
( a + b )( 2ab − ab ) + 2a 2 b 2 =
ab ( a + b + 2ab )
= 1.
a+b+2 a+b+2
91. ( x, y, z ≥ 0, x + y + z = 2 ) ,
( )
2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 ≤ 2 + x 4 + y 4 + z 4 . ( )
Solution.
We have
( ) ( )
2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 − x 4 + y 4 + z 4 = x 2 ( 2 − x ) + y3 ( 2 − y ) + z 3 ( 2 − z ) =
(
= x 3 ( y + z ) + y3 ( z + x ) + z 3 ( x + y ) = xy x 2 + y 2 + yz y 2 + z 2 + zx z 2 + x 2 ≤) ( ) ( )
(
≤ ( xy + yz + zx ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ) 1
2
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ ( )
1 ⎡ 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + x + y + z ( ) ⎤⎥
2
2 2 2
1
3 (
≤ ⎢ = x + y + z) = 2 .
4
2⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ 2
⎣
92. ( a, b, c, α > 0 ) ,
α α α
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ α
⎜ a + ⎟ + ⎜ b + ⎟ + ⎜ c + ⎟ ≥ 3.2 .
⎝ ab ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠ ⎝ ca ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
α α α α α α
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ c⎞
⎜ a + ⎟ + ⎜ b + ⎟ + ⎜ c + ⎟ ≥ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ +⎜2 ⎟ +⎜2 ⎟ ≥
⎝ ab ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠ ⎝ ca ⎠ ⎝ b ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠
α α α α
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ c⎞ ⎛ 3 a b c⎞
≥ 3 3 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 3 3 ⎜⎜ 2 . . ⎟⎟ = 3.2α .
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b c a⎠
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ≥ 2 (1 + a + b + c ) .
Solution.
We have
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ≥ 2 (1 + a + b + c )
⇔ a 2 b + ab 2 + a 2 c + ac2 + bc2 + b 2 c + 2abc ≥ 2 + 2 ( a + b + c )
( ) ( ) (
⇔ a 2 b + a 2c + 1 + b 2a + b2c + 1 + c2a + c2 b + 1 ≥ 3 + 2 ( a + b + c ) . )
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
( a b + a c + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
a 4 bc = 3a ,
( b c + b a + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
b 4 ca = 3b ,
( c a + c b + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
c4 ab = 3c .
( a b + a c +1) + ( b a + b c + 1) + ( c a + c b + 1) ≥ 3( a + b + c) ≥ 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
abc + 2 ( a + b + c ) = 3 + 2 ( a + b + c ) .
94. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,
⎛1 1 1⎞ x z y
( xyz + 1) ⎜ + + ⎟+ + + ≥ x + y+ z + 6.
⎝x y z⎠ z y x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ x z y ⎛ z⎞ ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ x⎞ 1 1 1
( xyz + 1) ⎜ + + ⎟ + + + = ⎜ yz + ⎟ + ⎜ xy + ⎟ + ⎜ xz + ⎟ + + + ≥
⎝x y z⎠ z y x ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ z⎠ x y z
1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
≥ 2x + 2y + 2z + + + = x + y+ z+⎜x + ⎟+⎜y+ ⎟+⎜z+ ⎟ ≥ x + y+ z+ 6.
x y z ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ z⎠
95. ( 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 1) ,
a b c d
+ + + ≤3.
bcd + 1 cda + 1 dab + 1 abc + 1
Solution.
Since 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 1 thus
⇒ a + b + c + d ≤ 3 + abcd .
Therefore,
a b c d a + b + c + d 3 + abcd 2abcd
+ + + ≤ ≤ = 3− ≤ 3.
bcd + 1 cda + 1 dab + 1 abc + 1 abcd + 1 1 + abcd 1 + abcd
96. ( a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca = 1) ,
a8 b8 c8 1
+ + ≥ .
(a 2
+b 2 2
) (b 2
+c ) (c
2 2 2
+a )
2 2 12
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2
⎛ a4 b4 c4 ⎞
⎜ 2 + + ⎟
a8 b8 c8 a + b 2 b 2 + c2 c2 + a 2 ⎠
+ + ≥⎝ ≥
(a ) (b ) (c )
2 2 2
2
+ b2 2
+ c2 2
+ a2 3
( ) ( ) ≥ ( ab + bc + ca )
2
⎡ 2 2 2 ⎤ 2
1 ⎢ a +b +c a 2 + b2 + c2
2 2
⎥ = 1
≥ . = .
⎣
(
3 ⎢ 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 ) ⎥
⎦
12 12 12
97. ( a, b, c < 0, a + b + c ≤ 3) ,
a 3 b 3 c3 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 2 + 2 + 27 ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥ 84 .
⎝ ab bc ca ⎠
2
b c a
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
3 ≥ a + b + c ≥ 3 3 abc ⇒ abc ≤ 1 .
Thus,
a 3 b 3 c3 ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ a ⎛ 1 1 1⎞
3
b3 c3 1 1 1
+ + + 27 ⎜ + + ⎟ = + + 2 + + + + 26 ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥
⎝ ab bc ca ⎠ b ⎝ ab bc ca ⎠
2 2 2 2 2
b c a c a ab bc ca
a 3 b 3 c3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
≥ 6. 2 . 2 . 2 . . . + 26.3. 3 . . = 6 6
6 + 26.3 3 ≥ 6 + 26.3 = 84 .
( abc )
2
b c a ab bc ca ab bc ca abc
⎛ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1⎞
98. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, 6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≤ 1 + + + ⎟ ,
⎝ ⎝a b c ⎠ a b c⎠
1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ .
10a + b + c a + 10b + c a + b + 10c 12
Solution.
We have
2 2 2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞
⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ≥ 0 ⇒ 6⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≥ 4⎜ + + ⎟ − 2 .
⎝ a 3⎠ ⎝ b 3⎠ ⎝ c 3⎠ ⎝a b c ⎠ ⎝a b c⎠
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1
Since 6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≤ 1 + + + , thus
⎝a b c ⎠ a b c
1 1 1 ⎛1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1
1+ + + ≥ 4⎜ + + ⎟ − 2 ⇒ + + ≤ 1⇒ a + b + c ≥ 9 .
a b c ⎝a b c⎠ a b c
1 1⎛1 1⎞
If x, y are two positive real numbers then ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
x+y 4⎝ x y⎠
Therefore,
1 1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟=
10a + b + c 6a + ( 4a + b + c ) 4 ⎝ 6a 4a + b + c ⎠
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1⎡ 1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1 1
= ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ≤ ⎢ + ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = + .
4 ⎝ 6a 3a + ( a + b + c ) ⎠ 4 ⎣ 6a 4 ⎝ 3a a + b + c ⎠ ⎦ 16a 16 ( a + b + c )
Similarly,
1 1 1 1 1 1
≤ + and ≤ + .
a + 10b + c 16b 16 ( a + b + c ) a + b + 10c 16c 16 ( a + b + c )
99. ( a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ , ab + bc + cd + de + ef = 1) ,
1
a 2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2 + e2 + f 2 ≥ .
π
2 cos
7
Solution.
Let αi > 0,i = 1, 2,...,5 . Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 2
α1a 2 + b ≥ 2ab ,
α1
1 2
α2b2 + c ≥ 2bc ,
α2
1 2
α 3c 2 + d ≥ 2cd ,
α3
1 2
α 4d 2 + e ≥ 2de ,
α4
1 2
α5e2 + f ≥ 2ef .
α5
Adding these five inequalities, we obtain
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
α1a 2 + ⎜ + α2 ⎟ b2 + ⎜ + α3 ⎟ c2 + ⎜ + α4 ⎟ d2 + ⎜ + α5 ⎟ e2 + f 2 ≥ 2 ( ab + bc + cd + de + ef ) = 2 .
⎝ α1 ⎠ ⎝ α2 ⎠ ⎝ α3 ⎠ ⎝ α4 ⎠ α5
We set
π
sin ( i + 1)
αi = 7 ,i = 1, 2,...,5 .
iπ
sin
7
It is easy to show that
1 1 1 1 1 π
α1 = + α2 = + α3 = + α4 = + α5 = = 2 cos .
α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 7
Therefore,
1
a 2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2 + e2 + f 2 ≥ .
π
2 cos
7
100. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,
a b c 27
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ .
a + a + 1 b + b + 1 c + c + 1 31
3 2 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 22 1 1 1 22 22
a3 + a2 +1 = ⎜ a3 + + ⎟+ ⎜a + ⎟+ ≥ 3 3 a3. . + 2 a 2. + =a+ .
⎝ 27 27 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ 27 27 27 9 27 27
Therefore,
a a 22
≤ = 1− .
a + a2 + 1
3
22 27a + 22
a+
27
Similarly,
b 22 c 22
≤ 1− and 3 2 ≤ 1− .
b + b +1
3 2
27b + 22 c + c +1 27c + 22
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
a b c ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ 3 − 22 ⎜ + + ⎟.
a + a +1 b + b +1 c + c +1
3 2 2
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠
On the other hand, using the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎡⎣( 27a + 22 ) + ( 27b + 22 ) + ( 27c + 22 ) ⎤⎦ ⎜ + + ⎟≥9
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 3
⇒⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠ 27 ( a + b + c) + 66 31
Therefore,
a b c 3 27
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ 3 − 22. = .
a + a +1 b + b +1 c + c +1
3 2 2
31 31
*****