CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of Study Language is one aspect of culture. It expressed the human who use the culture.

Linguistic is one of element of culture. If we analyze and describe about language, automatically we must analyze and describe of culture. No one can be separeted from language. It holds an important sociocultural in human life, and it is always used in every activities of human life. Tarigan (987:6) explained that language is the principal modality of human communication and as a tool to convey human activities in the term of communication. Sumarlam (2004:173) states that cohession is semantic relation between one element in the text and some other element that is crucial for its interpretation. This other element must also be found within the text. Cohesion refers to the range of publisities that exist for linking something with what has gone before. Without cohesion the sentence system cannot be effectively activated all. Hassan and Halliday (1976) in their website, www://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ cohesion_ (linguistics), state that cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. Further Hassan and Halliday (1976) said that kinds of relationship refer to reference, including lexical cohesion and conjunction.

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Then Halliday and Hassan (1976:298-299) say that cohesion is a necessary though not sufficient condition for the creation of a text. What creates text i textual or text forming, components of linguistic system, of which cohesion is one part. The sentence of a text, however, are related to each other with substantively and by cohesion, and it is a characteristic of a text that the sequence of the sentence can not be disturbed without destroying or altering the meaning radically. Within a text, the meaning of each sentence depends on its environment, including its cohesive relations with other sentences. Cahyono (1995:231) states about cohesion in the context of linguistic follows: Teks biasanya memiliki struktur tertentu. Struktur itu juga ditentukan oleh kelengkapan struktur kalimat, sebagian faktor yang menentukan kelengkapan struktur kalimat itu diberikan dalam kohesi. Kohesi adalah ikatan-ikatan dan hubunganhubungan yang ada dalam teks. (Texts usually have certain structure. The structure is also determined by the completeness of sentence structure. Some of the factor determining the completeness of sentence structure is given in the form of cohesion. Cohesion is the ties and ulationship found in the texts). According with Cahyonos statements, writer should know that the analysis of the cohesive relation will give us a clear view how the speaker conveys his ideas. Besides, we would know what his conveyence is in good speaking or not. Furthermore, the meaning of cohesion (Halliday 1994:170) refers to the sources within language that provide continuity in a text, above and over that is provided by clause structures and clause complexes. Therefore, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which help the text to be understood together.

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Lexical cohesion refers to the relationship between or among word in a text. It is concerned with the content words and primarily related to that field. The field is discovered through the content words within a text. This field tends to have specialized vocabularies and tend to engage in specialized activities. Hassan (1984:320) presents five categories of general lexical cohesion: 1. Repetition / Re-iteration (including inflection and derivation). Repetition is the act or process instance of repeating or being repeated. Example: Rebecca is in the race on Saturday. Everyone believes that she will win the race. 2. Synonymy (similarity of meaning) Synonymy is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language. For example: They are taken to the clinic 3. - they are taken to the hospital.

Antonimy (opposite or contrastive meaning) Antonymy is a word having a meaning opposite that of another word. For examples: Wet season - dry season

4.

Hyponymy (classes / super ordination and subclasses / is a type of) Hyponymy is relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of another words. For example: Shell win a trophy. The prize wont mean much to her.

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5.

Meronymy (whole part relation) Meronymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is subtituted for another with which is closely. For example: Law family law, civil law, contract law, government law, international law, and compesation law. Cook (in Abdul Rani et al. 2006:872) said that penggunaan alat kohesi itu

memang penting untuk membentuk wacana yang utuh, tetapi tidak cukup menggunakan penanda katon tersebut. Ada faktor lain seperti relevansi dan faktor tekstual luar (extratextual factor) yang ikut mennetukan keutuhan wacana. (the use of cohesion is important to form a whole discourse, but it is not enough if it uses such katon marker. There are other factors such as relevance and external textual factors (extratextual factor) that will determine the integrity of the discourse). The short story entitled A Good Man Its Hard to Find is a short of written discourse wich provide the relationships between or among words in a text. In this short story, there are many such as repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy. They are used to give pressure and bolder in a context to describe similarity difference, role, result, position, and interaction. They are also used a way of understanding a text (written discourse). The previous explain has motivated the writer to analyze the lexical cohesion used in the short story A Good Man Its Hard to Find.

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1.2

Problem of the Analysis

In accordance with the scope of the analysis, the problems are: 1. What kinds of lexical cohesion are used in the short story A Good Man Its Hard to Find? 2. What is the dominant lexical cohesion used in the short story A Good Man Its Hard to Find?

1.3

Scope of the Analysis There are kinds of cohesion such as reference, conjunction, and ellipsis, but in

this study the writer just discusses about the genereal lexical cohesion.

1.4

Objective of the Study

By writing this thesis (skripsi). The writer expects to get some objectives, tehy are: 1. 2. To find the lexical cohession used in short story A Good Man Its Hard to Find. To find the dominant lexical cohesion used in short story A Good Man Its Hard to Find.

1.5

Significance of the Study The analysis is expected to be able to give some contributions both practically

and theoretically. Practically it is expected that this analysis will make me and the readers better understanding about lexical cohesion. Theoretically, this analysis is also expected to be usefull as references for the readers who are interested in analyzing the same subject.

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