CH 11 - Generator Prgenerator Protectionotection PDF

Generator Protection
GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Introduction Device Numbers Symmetrical Components Fault Current Behavior Generator Grounding Stator Phase Fault (87G) Field Ground Fault (64F) Stator Ground Fault (87N, 51N, 59N, 27-3N)
Loss of Field (40Q, 40Z) Over/Under Frequency (81O/81U) Overexcitation and Overvoltage (24, 59) Out of Step (78) Negative Sequence (Current Unbalance) (46) Inadvertent Energization (27, 50, 60, 81, 62, 86) Loss of Voltage Transformer (60) System Backup (51V, 21) Conclusion
49 63 25 G 64F 87G 24 62 27 59 60 REG 47 81U 81O 51 87T 51N 51
32-1 32-2 273N
40
51V
50 IE
46
59N
51GN
Steam Generator Stator Windings
Hydraulic Generator Stator / Rotor
Hydraulic Generator Stator Core
Split Phase Relaying CT
Cylindrical Rotor in Need of Repair
Symmetrical Components
Positive Sequence
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally displaced from each other by 120, and have the same phase sequence as the system under study (ex ABC) A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally displaced from each other by 120, and have the opposite phase sequence as the system under study (ex ACB) A set of three phasors of equal magnitude that are all in phase or have zero displacement from each other
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Symmetrical Components Example Problem One conductor of a three phase line is open. The current flowing to the delta connected load thru line a is 10A. With the current in line a as reference and assuming that line c is open, find the symmetrical components of the line currents.
Example Problem Ia = 10/0 A, Ib = 10/180 A, Ic = 0 A Ia0 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + Ic ) Ia0 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180 + 0) = 0 Ia1 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + 2 Ic ) Ia1 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+120 + 0) Ia1 = 5.78 /-30 Ia2 = (1/3)(Ia + 2 Ib + Ic ) Ia2 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+240 + 0) Ia2 = 5.78 /30
Symmetrical Components Example Problem Ib0 = 0 Ib1 = 5.78 /-150 Ib2 = 5.78 /150 Ic0 = 0 Ic1 = 5.78 /90 Ic2 = 5.78 /-90
Symmetrical Components Example Problem

Ia0 = 0, Ib0 = 0, Ic0 = 0 Ia1 = 5.78 /-30 , Ib1 = 5.78 /-150 , Ic1 = 5.78 /90 Ia2 = 5.78 /30 , Ib2 = 5.78 /150 , Ic2 = 5.78 /-90
Symmetrical Components Example Problem Note: the components Ic1 and Ic2 have definite values although line c is open and can carry no net current. As expected, the sum of these currents is zero. The sum of the currents in line a is 10/0 The sum of the currents in line b is 10/180
Single Phase Line to Ground Fault

Generator Sequence Networks

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator
Max DC Offset
No DC Offset
Generator Grounding
Generator Grounding
Low Impedance Grounding Single phase to ground fault current between 200A and 150% High Impedance Grounding Single phase to ground fault current between 5 and 20A
Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

87G used to protect for: 3 phase line to line 1 phase line to line multi-phase line to ground May not be able to detect a 1 phase to ground fault on high impedance grounded generators Restraint or Percentage Differential Trip Characteristic Used to improve sensitivity for detecting small levels of fault current Also maintains security against inadvertent tripping due to thru faults

Split-phase protection scheme Able to detect turn-turn faults Windings for each phase split into equal groups Individual winding currents are vector summed Any difference in winding current results in a output from CT Overcurrent relay (50/51) can be used to monitor difference current Setting must be above any normal unbalances that may exist
Generator Field Ground Fault Protection (64F)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
For Low Impedance Grounded Generators

For Low Impedance Grounded Generators

External Generator Phase-Ground Fault

External Generator Phase-Ground Fault

Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault

Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault

High Impedance Grounded 50MVA, 13.2kV Generator Xc = 10,610 for 0.25uf @ 60Hz Rpri = 10,610/3 = 3537
Loss of Field Protection (40Q, 40Z)
Over/Under Frequency Protection (81O/U)

Causes: Significant load addition Sudden reduction in mechanical input power Loss of generation Loss of load Underfrequency can cause: Higher generator load currents Overexcitation Turbine blade fatigue Overfrequency can cause: Overvoltage on hydro turbines
Overexcitation and Overvoltage Protection (24, 59)

Modern Excitation Systems include over excitation limiting and protection, but it may take several seconds to limit Overexcitation occurs when the V/Hz ratio exceeds 105% at FL and 110% at no load V/Hz relays set at 110% with a 5 10 sec delay Generator overvoltage can occur without exceeding V/Hz relay setting due to large over speed on hydro generator Generator overvoltage relay, 59 may be used
Out of Step Protection (78)

High peak currents and off-frequency operation can occur when a generator losses synchronism Causes winding stress, high rotor iron currents, pulsating torques and mechanical resonances Conventional relaying approach analyzing variations in apparent impedance as viewed at generator terminals Variation in impedance can be detected by impedance relaying and generator separated before the completion of one slip cycle

EA ZA A ZT ZB B EB
Generator
Transformer +X
System
EA/EB>1 EA/EB=1 Q EA/EB<1 ZT -R
ZB
+R
ZA
A -X

A X B
System R
Trans
P
Gen X'd
A B Element Element Pickup Pickup
Mho Element
Blinder Elements
Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Protects generator from excessive heating in the rotor due to unbalanced stator currents Negative sequence component of stator current induces double frequency current in rotor, causing heating Rotor temperature rise proportion to I22t Negative sequence relays provide settings for this relationship in the form of a constant, k = I22t Minimum permissible continuous unbalance currents are specified (ANSI/IEEE C50.13)
Inadvertent Energization Protection (27, 50, 60, 81U, 62 and 86)

Protects against closing of the generator breaker while machine is not spinning / on turning gear Caused by operator error, breaker flash-over, control circuit malfunction Two schemes illustrated: Frequency supervised overcurrent Voltage supervised overcurrent
Inadvertent Energization Protection Frequency Supervised Overcurrent

+DC 50 (3-phase) 81U 62
50
60
60 81U
86 0.5sec Pickup 0.1sec Dropout
62
86
-DC
Inadvertent Energization Protection Frequency Supervised Overcurrent

Uses an underfrequency relay (81U) to enable a sensitive instantaneous overcurrent relay (50) Overcurrent relay picks up at 50% or less of expected inadvertent energizing current Frequency relay contacts must remain closed if sensing voltage goes to zero Voltage balance relay (60) protects against loss of sensing Time delay relay (62) protects against sudden application of nominal voltage during inadvertent energization, allowing overcurrent to trip lockout relay (86) Lockout relay must be manually reset
Inadvertent Energization Protection Voltage Supervised Overcurrent

Same illustration as frequency supervised overcurrent except 81U replaced by 27 Undervoltage setpoint of 85% of the lowest expected emergency operating level
Loss of Voltage Transformer Protection (60)

Common practice on large systems to use two or more VTs One used for relays and metering The other used for AVR VTs normally fused Most common cause of failure is fuse failure Loss of VT protection blocks voltage based protective functions (21, 32, 40 etc) Loss of VT protection measure voltage unbalance, typical setting is 15%
Loss of Voltage Transformer Protection (60)

G vt
60
To Protective Relays
To Excitation Controller
System Backup Protection (51V, 21)

Common practice to provide protection for faults outside of the generator zone of protection Voltage supervised time-overcurrent (51V) or distance relaying (21) may be used Distance relay set to include generator step up transformer and reach beyond, into the system Time delays must be coordinated with those of the system protection to assure that system protection will operate before back up CTs on neutral side of generator will also provide backup protection for the generator
21 51V
a.) Neutral Connected ct's


For medium and small sized generators, voltage-restrained or voltage controlled time overcurrent relays (51V) are often applied Control or restraining function used to prevent or desensitize the overcurrent relay from tripping until the generator voltage is reduced by a fault

100% Percent Set Value for Pickup Enable
25%
Inhibit
25%
Percent Nominal Volts
Pickup Inhibit/Enable
100%
Percent Nominal Volts
80%
100%
a.) Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent
b.) Voltage-Contolled Overcurrent
Conclusion
Generators must be protected from electrical faults, mechanical problem and adverse system conditions Some faults require immediate attention (shutdown) while others just require alarming or transfer to redundant controllers Design of these systems requires extensive understanding of generator protection Further study IEEE C37.102 Guide for AC Generator Protective Relaying

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Generator Protection

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

32-1 32-2 273N

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Steam Generator Stator Windings

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Hydraulic Generator Stator / Rotor

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Hydraulic Generator Stator Core

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Split Phase Relaying CT

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Cylindrical Rotor in Need of Repair

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Symmetrical Components Example Problem

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Single Phase Line to Ground Fault

Generator Sequence Networks

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a Synchronous Generator

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault Protection (87G)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Field Ground Fault Protection (64F)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION