Profile of Pakistan Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali innah !

!"#$%-"&'#( National Poet Allama Muhammad I)bal !"#$$-"&*#( +ead of the ,tate -eneral Per.ez Musharraf/ President +ead of -o.ernment 0haudhr1 ,hu2aat +ussain/ Prime Minister 0apital Islamabad Area 3otal $&%/4&5 ,)6 km6 Pun2ab 745/*'' ,)6 km6 ,indh "'4/&"' ,)6 km6 North 8estFrontierPro.ince $'/57" ,)6 km6 9alochistan *'$/"&4 ,)6 km6 Federall1 Administered 3ribal Areas 7$/774 ,)6 km6 Islamabad !0apital( &4% ,)6 km6 Population "'&64* million Administrati.e ,etup Pakistan is di.ided into four pro.inces .iz6/ North 8est Frontier Pro.ince !N8FP(/ Pun2ab/ ,indh and 9alochistan6 3he tribal belt ad2oinin: N8FP is mana:ed b1 the Federal -o.ernment and is named FA3A i6e6/ Federall1 Administered 3ribal Areas6 Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas ha.e their o<n respecti.e political and administrati.e machiner1/ 1et certain of their sub2ects are taken care of b1 the Federal -o.ernment throu:h the Ministr1 of ;ashmir Affairs and Northern Areas6 Pro.inces of Pakistan are further di.ided into =i.isions and =istricts =i.isions =istricts N8FP $ 7' Pun2ab # *' ,indh 5 7"

9alochistan % 77 8hile FA3A consist of "* Areas>A:encies and Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas ha.e $ and 5 =istricts respecti.el16 Reli:ion &5? Muslims/ 5? others6 Annual Per capita income Rs6 7#/&** !@, A '&7 approBimatel1( -=P 56"? 0urrenc1 Pak6 Rupee6 Imports Industrial e)uipment/ chemicals/ .ehicles/ steel/ iron ore/ petroleum/ edible oil/ pulses/ tea6 CBports 0otton/ teBtile :oods/ rice/ leather items carpets/ sports :oods/ handi-crafts/ fish and fish prep6 and fruit Dan:ua:es @rdu !National( and Cn:lish !Official( Diterac1 rate 5"6%? -o.ernment Parliamentar1 form Parliament Parliament consists of t<o +ouses i6e6/ the ,enate !@pper +ouse( and the National Assembl1 !Do<er +ouse(6 3he ,enate is a permanent le:islati.e bod1 and s1mbolises a process of continuit1 in the national affairs6 It consists of "44 members6 3he four Pro.incial Assemblies/ Federall1 Administered 3ribal Areas and Federal 0apital form its electoral colle:e6 3he National Assembl1 has a total membership of *'7 elected throu:h adult suffra:e !7$7 :eneral seats/ %4 <omen seats and "4 non-Muslim seats(6 Pakistan National Fla: =ark :reen <ith a <hite .ertical bar/ a <hite crescent and a fi.e-pointed star in the middle6 3he Fla: s1mbolises PakistanEs profound commitment to Islam/ the Islamic <orld and the ri:hts of reli:ious miniorities6 National Anthem Appro.ed in une/ "&5' Ferses 0omposed b1G Abdul Asar +afeez ullundhri 3une 0omposed b1G Ahmed -6 0ha:la =urationG #4 seconds ,tate Cmblem 3he ,tate Cmblem consists ofG "6 3he crescent and star <hich are s1mbols of Islam 76 3he shield in the centre sho<s four ma2or crops *6 8reath surroundin: the shield represents cultural herita:e and '6 ,croll contains QuaidEs mottoG @nit1 Faith/ =iscipline PakistanEs Official Map =ra<n b1 Mian Mahmood Alam ,uhra<ard1 !"&74-"&&&( National Flo<er asmine6 National 3ree =eodar !0edrus =eodara(6 National Animal

Markhor6 National 9ird 0hakor !Red-le::ed partrid:e( Flora Pine/ Oak/ Poplar/ =eodar/ Maple/ Mulberr1 Fauna 3he Pheasant/ Deopard/ =eer/ IbeB/ 0hinkara/ 9lack buck/ Neel:ai/ Markhor/ Marco-Polo sheep/ -reen turtles/ Ri.er H ,ea fish/ 0rocodile/ 8aterfo<ls Popular :ames 0ricket/ +ocke1/ Football/ ,)uash6 3ouristEs resorts Murree/ Quetta/ +unza/ Iiarat/ ,<at/ ;a:han/ 0hitral and -il:it Archaeolo:ical sites Moen2o =aro/ +arappa/ 3aBila/ ;ot =i2i/ Mehr -arh/ 3akht 9hai6 Ma2or 0ities Islamabad/ ;arachi/ Dahore/ Pesha<ar/ Quetta/ Ra<alpindi/ +1derabad/ Faisalabad/ Multan and ,ialkot Ma2or 0rops 0otton/ 8heat/ Rice and ,u:arcane A:ricultural -ro<th Rate '6"5? in 7447-4* 3otal cropped area 7764 million hectares Industr1 3eBtiles/ 0ement/ Fertilizer/ ,teel/ ,u:ar/ Clectric -oods/ ,hipbuildin: Cner:1 Ma2or sources Clectricit1 !+1del/ 3hermal/ Nuclear( Oil/ 0oal/ and Di)uid Petroleum -as Po<er -eneratin: 0apacit1 "#/4%7 M8 +ealth +ospitals &'$ =ispensaries '/#44 9asic +ealth @nits !9+@s( '/#74 Maternit1 H 0hild +ealth 0entres "/4#' Rural +ealth 0entres !R+0s( 5#" 3uberculosis !39( 0entres *5$ +ospital 9eds #7/#'' =octors !re:istered( "4"/%*5 =entists !re:istered( 5/4%# Nurses !re:istered ''/574 Paramedics 77/$"'

Dad1 +ealth 8orkers %/*&$ Cducation Primar1 ,chools "%'/744 Middle ,chools "&/"44 +i:h ,chools "7/&44 Arts H ,cience 0olle:es &75 Professional 0olle:es *$' @ni.ersities Public ,ector !includin: one 8omen@ni.ersit1( 7& Pri.ate ,ector "4 3ransport H 0ommunication 3otal len:th of roads 75"/#'5 km Pakistan Rail<a1 net<ork $/$&" km Rail<a1 stations $#" Pakistan International Airlines 0o.ers ** international and 7" domestic stations <ith a fleet of '' planes6 Ma2or Airports # !Islamabad/ ;arachi/ Dahore/ Quetta/ Pesha<ar/ Multan/ Faisalabad and -<adar( ,eaports International 7 !;arachi and 9in Qasim6( Fish +arbours-0um-Mini Ports * !Minora/ -a<adar/ and ;eti 9andar( 0ommunications Post Offices "7/7%$ 3elephone connections '/5#&/444 Public 0all Offices "/"'/57$ 3ele:raph offices *7# Internet 0onnections "6& million Cmplo1ment 3otal Dabour force

'76*# million Cmplo1ed Dabour Force *&6'" million A:riculture ,ector "#6&" million Manufacturin: H Minin: sector '65" million 0onstruction 7675 million 3rade 567$ million 3ransport "6&$ million Finance/ 0ommunit1 H ,ocial ,er.ices 56&4 million Others 56#$ million Media Print Media !In accordance <ith 0entral Media Dist( =ailies '"' 8eeklies *&7 Fortni:htlies 54 Monthlies 75& Annuall1 4" Quarterl1 4* Ne<s A:encies Official APP Pri.ate PPI/ NNI/ On Dine and ,ana6 Clectronic Media 3F 0entres Fi.e 3F centres at Islamabad/ Dahore/ Pesha<ar/ Quetta and ;arachi co.erin: ##65#? population and 7& re-broadcastin: stations6 Pakistan 3ele.ision ' channels !P3F-I/ P3F-II !P3F 8orld(/ P3F-III H P3F-IF( Re:istered 3F sets

*/%4'/444 Radio ,tations PublicG 3otal 75/ +ome ser.ices in "& lan:ua:es6 CBternal ,er.ices co.er #" countries in "5 lan:ua:es Pri.ateG Radio stations */ 3F transmitter channels * 0able Operators &44 9anks 0entral 9ank ,tate 9ank of Pakistan Other 9anks National 9ank of Pakistan +abib 9ank Dtd6 @nited 9ankn Dtd6 Muslim 0ommercial 9ank Dtd6 Allied 9ank of Pakistan Dtd6 First 8oman 9ank Mehran 9ank 3he 9ank of Pun2ab 9ank of ;h1ber ,pecialized 9anks A:ricultural =e.elopment 9ank of Pakistan Federal 9ank for 0o-operati.es Industrial =e.elopment 9ank of Pakistan 3he Pun2ab Pro.incial 0o-operati.e 9ank Famous MountainPeaks ;-7 !Mt6 -od<in Austin( 7#/754 ft6>#%"" m !7nd in 8orld( Nan:a Parbat 7%/%%4 ft6>#"7% m !#th in 8orld( -asherbrum-I 7%/'$4 ft6>#4%# m !""th in 8orld( Famous Mountain Passes 3he ;h1ber Pass N8FP 3he ;urramPass FA3A 3he 3ochiPass FA3A 3he -omalPass N8FP 3he 9olan Pass 9alochistan 3he Do<ariPass 0hitral !N8FP( 3he ;hun2rabPass Northern Areas

 Ri.ers 3he Indus 7/#&% km helum #75 km 0henab "/7'7 km Ra.i &4" km ,utle2 "/55" km 9eas !tributar1 of ,utle2( *&# km Famous -laciers ,iachin $5 km 9atura 55 km 9altoro %5 km =eserts 3har ,indh 0holistan Pun2ab 3hal Pun2ab Dakes Manchar ,indh ;een2ar ,indh +anna 9alochistan ,aif-ul-Maluk N8FP ,atpara Northern Areas ;achura Northern Areas Ma2or =ams Man:la =am

Pun2ab 3arbela =am N8FP 8arsak =am N8FP

BackgroundG
3he separation in "&'$ of 9ritish India into the Muslim state of Pakistan !<ith t<o sections 8est and Cast( and lar:el1 +indu India <as ne.er satisfactoril1 resol.ed/ and India and Pakistan fou:ht t<o <ars - in "&'$-'# and "&%5 - o.er the disputed ;ashmir territor16 A third <ar bet<een these countries in "&$" - in <hich India capitalized on IslamabadEs mar:inalization of 9en:alis in Pakistani politics resulted in Cast Pakistan becomin: the separate nation of 9an:ladesh6 In response to Indian nuclear <eapons testin:/ Pakistan conducted its o<n tests in "&&#6 3he dispute o.er the state of ;ashmir is on:oin:/ but discussions and confidence-buildin: measures ha.e led to decreased tensions since 74476

Geography
DocationG ,outhern Asia/ borderin: the Arabian ,ea/ bet<een India on the east and Iran and Af:hanistan on the <est and 0hina in the north -eo:raphic coordinatesG *4 44 N/ $4 44 C Map referencesG Asia AreaG totalG #4*/&'4 s) km landG $$#/$74 s) km <aterG 75/774 s) km Area - comparati.eG sli:htl1 less than t<ice the size of 0alifornia Dand boundariesG totalG %/$$' km border countriesG Af:hanistan 7/'*4 km/ 0hina 57* km/ India 7/&"7 km/ Iran &4& km 0oastlineG "/4'% km Maritime claimsG territorial seaG "7 nm conti:uous zoneG 7' nm eBclusi.e economic zoneG 744 nm continental shelfG 744 nm or to the ed:e of the continental mar:in 0limateG mostl1 hot/ dr1 desertJ temperate in north<estJ arctic in north 3errainG flat Indus plain in eastJ mountains in north and north<estJ 9alochistan plateau in <est Cle.ation eBtremesG lo<est pointG Indian Ocean 4 m hi:hest pointG ;7 !Mt6 -od<in-Austen( #/%"" m Natural resourcesG land/ eBtensi.e natural :as reser.es/ limited petroleum/ poor )ualit1 coal/ iron ore/ copper/ salt/ limestone Dand useG

arable landG 7'6''? permanent cropsG 46#'? otherG $'6$7? !7445( Irri:ated landG "#7/*44 s) km !744*( Natural hazardsG fre)uent earth)uakes/ occasionall1 se.ere especiall1 in north and <estJ floodin: alon: the Indus after hea.1 rains ! ul1 and Au:ust( Cn.ironment - current issuesG <ater pollution from ra< se<a:e/ industrial <astes/ and a:ricultural runoffJ limited natural fresh <ater resourcesJ a ma2orit1 of the population does not ha.e access to potable <aterJ deforestationJ soil erosionJ desertification Cn.ironment - international a:reementsG part1 toG 9iodi.ersit1/ 0limate 0han:e/ 0limate 0han:e-;1oto Protocol/ =esertification/ Cndan:ered ,pecies/ Cn.ironmental Modification/ +azardous 8astes/ Da< of the ,ea/ Marine =umpin:/ Ozone Da1er Protection/ ,hip Pollution/ 8etlands si:ned/ but not ratifiedG Marine Dife 0onser.ation -eo:raph1 - noteG controls ;h1ber Pass and 9olan Pass/ traditional in.asion routes bet<een 0entral Asia and the Indian ,ubcontinent

People
PopulationG "%5/#4*/5%4 ! ul1 744% est6( A:e structureG 4-"' 1earsG *&? !male **/7&*/'7#>female *"/'*'/*"'( "5-%' 1earsG 5%6&? !male '#/7"'/7&#>female '%/4%7/&**( %5 1ears and o.erG '6"? !male */75%/4%5>female */5'7/577( !744% est6( Median a:eG totalG "&6# 1ears maleG "&6$ 1ears femaleG 74 1ears !744% est6( Population :ro<th rateG 764&? !744% est6( 9irth rateG 7&6$' births>"/444 population !744% est6( =eath rateG #67* deaths>"/444 population !744% est6( Net mi:ration rateG -465& mi:rant!s(>"/444 population !744% est6( ,eB ratioG at birthG "645 male!s(>female under "5 1earsG "64% male!s(>female "5-%' 1earsG "645 male!s(>female %5 1ears and o.erG 46&7 male!s(>female total populationG "645 male!s(>female !744% est6( Infant mortalit1 rateG totalG $46'5 deaths>"/444 li.e births maleG $46#' deaths>"/444 li.e births femaleG $464' deaths>"/444 li.e births !744% est6( Dife eBpectanc1 at birthG total populationG %*6*& 1ears

maleG %76' 1ears femaleG %'6'' 1ears !744% est6( 3otal fertilit1 rateG ' children born><oman !744% est6( +IF>AI=, - adult pre.alence rateG 46"? !744" est6( +IF>AI=, - people li.in: <ith +IF>AI=,G $'/444 !744" est6( +IF>AI=, - deathsG '/&44 !744* est6( Ma2or infectious diseasesG de:ree of riskG hi:h food or <aterborne diseasesG bacterial diarrhea/ hepatitis A and C/ and t1phoid fe.er .ectorborne diseasesG den:ue fe.er/ malaria/ and cutaneous leishmaniasis are hi:h risks dependin: on location animal contact diseaseG rabies noteG hi:hl1 patho:enic +5N" a.ian influenza has been identified amon: birds in this countr1 or surroundin: re:ionJ it poses a ne:li:ible risk <ith eBtremel1 rare cases possible amon: @, citizens <ho ha.e close contact <ith birds !744$( Nationalit1G nounG Pakistani!s( ad2ecti.eG Pakistani Cthnic :roupsG Pun2abi/ ,indhi/ Pashtun !Pathan(/ 9aloch/ Muha2ir !immi:rants from India at the time of partition and their descendants( Reli:ionsG Muslim &$? !,unni $$?/ ,hiEa 74?(/ other !includes 0hristian and +indu( *? Dan:ua:esG Pun2abi '#?/ ,indhi "7?/ ,iraiki !a Pun2abi .ariant( "4?/ Pashtu #?/ @rdu !official( #?/ 9alochi *?/ +indko 7?/ 9rahui "?/ Cn:lish !officialJ lin:ua franca of Pakistani elite and most :o.ernment ministries(/ 9urushaski and other #? Diterac1G definitionG a:e "5 and o.er can read and <rite total populationG '#6$? maleG %"6$? femaleG *567? !744' est6(

Government
0ountr1 nameG con.entional lon: formG Islamic Republic of Pakistan con.entional short formG Pakistan local lon: formG amhur1at Islami Pakistan local short formG Pakistan formerG 8est Pakistan -o.ernment t1peG federal republic 0apitalG nameG Islamabad :eo:raphic coordinatesG ** '7 N/ $* "4 C time differenceG @30K5 !"4 hours ahead of 8ashin:ton/ =0 durin: ,tandard 3ime( Administrati.e di.isionsG ' pro.inces/ " territor1L/ and " capital territor1LLJ 9alochistan/ Federall1 Administered 3ribal AreasL/

Islamabad 0apital 3erritor1LL/ North-8est Frontier Pro.ince/ Pun2ab/ ,indh noteG the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed ammu and ;ashmir re:ion consists of t<o administrati.e entitiesG Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas IndependenceG "' Au:ust "&'$ !from @;( National holida1G Republic =a1/ 7* March !"&5%( 0onstitutionG "7 April "&$*J suspended 5 ul1 "&$$/ restored <ith amendments *4 =ecember "&#5J suspended "5 October "&&&/ restored in sta:es in 7447J amended *" =ecember 744* De:al s1stemG based on Cn:lish common la< <ith pro.isions to accommodate PakistanEs status as an Islamic stateJ accepts compulsor1 I0 2urisdiction/ <ith reser.ations ,uffra:eG "# 1ears of a:eJ uni.ersalJ 2oint electorates and reser.ed parliamentar1 seats for <omen and nonMuslims CBecuti.e branchG noteG follo<in: a militar1 takeo.er on "7 October "&&&/ 0hief of Arm1 ,taff and 0hairman of the oint 0hiefs of ,taff 0ommittee/ -eneral Per.ez M@,+ARRAF/ suspended PakistanEs constitution and assumed the additional title of 0hief CBecuti.eJ on "7 Ma1 7444/ PakistanEs ,upreme 0ourt unanimousl1 .alidated the October "&&& coup and :ranted M@,+ARRAF eBecuti.e and le:islati.e authorit1 for three 1ears from the coup dateJ on 74 une 744"/ M@,+ARRAF named himself as president and <as s<orn in replacin: Mohammad Rafi) 3ARARJ in a referendum held on *4 April 7447/ M@,+ARRAFEs presidenc1 <as eBtended b1 fi.e more 1earsJ on " anuar1 744'/ M@,+ARRAF <on a .ote of confidence in the ,enate/ National Assembl1/ and four pro.incial assemblies chief of stateG President -eneral Per.ez M@,+ARRAF !since 74 une 744"( head of :o.ernmentG Prime Minister ,haukat AIII !since 7# Au:ust 744'( cabinetG 0abinet appointed b1 the prime minister electionsG the president is elected b1 an electoral colle:e dra<n from the national parliament and pro.incial assemblies for a fi.e-1ear termJ note - Musharraf <as last s<orn in as President in No.ember 7447J the prime minister is selected b1 the National Assembl1 !neBt elections to be held in late 744$( election resultsG AIII elected b1 the National Assembl1 on 7$ Au:ust 744' De:islati.e branchG bicameral Parliament or Ma2lis-e-,hoora consists of the ,enate !"44 seatsJ members indirectl1 elected b1 pro.incial assemblies and the territoriesE representati.es in the National Assembl1 to ser.e siB-1ear termsJ half of the ,enateEs seats turn o.er e.er1 three 1ears( and the National Assembl1 !*'7 seatsJ 7$7 seats filled b1 popular .oteJ %4 seats reser.ed for <omenJ "4 seats reser.ed for non-MuslimsJ members ser.e fi.e-1ear terms( electionsG ,enate - last held in March 744% !neBt to be held in March 744&(J National Assembl1 - last held "4 October 7447 !neBt to be held in 744$( election resultsG ,enate results - percent of .ote b1 part1 - NAJ seats b1 part1 - PMD *&/ MMA "#/ PPPP &/ MQM %/ PMD>N '/ PkMAP */ PPP */ ANP 7/ 9NP-A<ami "/ 9NP>M "/ 8P "/ PMD>F "/ independents "7J National Assembl1 results - percent of .otes b1 part1 - NAJ seats b1 part1 - PMD>Q "7%/ PPPP #"/ MMA %*/ PMD>N "&/ MQM "$/ NA "%/ PMD>F 5/ PMD> */ PPP>, 7/ 9NP "/ 8P "/ MQM-+ "/ PA3 "/ PkMAP "/ PMD>I "/ P3I "/ independents * udicial branchG ,upreme 0ourt !2ustices appointed b1 the president(J Federal Islamic or ,hariEa 0ourt Political parties and leadersG A<ami National Part1 or ANP MAsfand1ar 8ali ;+ANNJ 9alochistan National Part1>+a1ee -roup or 9NP>+ M=r6 +a1ee 9AD@0+NJ 9aluch National Part1>A<ami or 9NP>A<ami MMoheem ;han 9ADO0+NJ 9aluch National Part1-Men:al or 9NP>M M,ardar Ataullah MCN-ADNJ amhoori 8atan Part1 or 8PJ amiat-al-+adith or A+ M,a2id MIRNJ amiat-i-Islami or I MQazi +ussain A+MC=NJ amiat @lema-i-Islam/ Fazlur Rehman faction or @I>F MFazlur RC+MANNJ amiat @lema-i-Islam/ ,ami

ul-+AQ faction or @I>, M,ami ul-+AQNJ amiat @lema-i-Pakistan or @P M,hah Faridul +AQNJ Muttahida Ma2lis-e-Amal or MMA MQazi +ussain A+MC=NJ Muttahida Qaumi Mo.ement/ or MQM MAltaf +@,,AINNJ National Alliance or NA M-hulam Mustapha A3OIN !mer:ed <ith PMD(J Pakhtun ;h<a Milli A<ami Part1 or PkMAP MMahmood ;han A0+A;IAINJ Pakistan A<ami 3ehrik or PA3 M3ahir ul QA=RINJ Pakistan Muslim Dea:ue/ Functional -roup or PMD>F MPir PA-ARONJ Pakistan Muslim Dea:ue/ Na<az ,harif faction or PMD>N MNa<az ,+ARIFNJ Pakistan Muslim Dea:ue or PMD M0haudhr1 ,hu2aat +@,,AINNJ note - as of Ma1 744'/ the PMD>Q chan:ed its name to PMD and absorbed the PMD> / PMD>I/ and NAJ Pakistan PeopleEs Part1 or PPP MAftab Ahmed ;han ,+CRPAONJ Pakistan PeopleEs Part1 Parliamentarians or PPPP M9enazir 9+@33ONJ Pakistan 3ehrik-e-Insaaf or P3I MImran ;+ANNJ 3ehrik-i-Islami MAllama ,a2id NAQFIN noteG political alliances in Pakistan can shift fre)uentl1 Political pressure :roups and leadersG militar1 remains most important political forceJ ulema !cler:1(/ lando<ners/ industrialists/ and small merchants also influential International or:anization participationG ARF/ As=9/ 0 !reinstated 744'(/ 0P/ C0O/ FAO/ --7'/ --$$/ IACA/ I9R=/ I0AO/ I00/ I0RM/ I=A/ I=9/ IFA=/ IF0/ IFR0,/ I+O/ IDO/ IMF/ IMO/ Interpol/ IO0/ IOM/ IP@/ I,O/ I3@/ I3@0/ MI-A/ MIN@R,O/ MIN@,3A+/ MON@0/ NAM/ OA, !obser.er(/ OI0/ ON@9/ OP08/ P0A/ ,AAR0/ ,A0CP/ ,0O !obser.er(/ @N/ @N03A=/ @NC,0O/ @N+0R/ @NI=O/ @NI3AR/ @NMID/ @NMI,/ @NO0I/ @NOMI-/ @N83O/ @P@/ 80D/ 80O/ 8F3@/ 8+O/ 8IPO/ 8MO/ 83O =iplomatic representation in the @,G chief of missionG Ambassador Mahmud Ali =@RRANI chancer1G *5"$ International 0ourt/ 8ashin:ton/ =0 7444# telephoneG M"N !747( 7'*-%544 FAOG M"N !747( %#%-"5'' consulate!s( :eneralG 9oston/ 0hica:o/ +ouston/ Dos An:eles/ Ne< Pork/ ,unn1.ale !0alifornia( =iplomatic representation from the @,G chief of missionG Ambassador R1an 0RO0;CR embass1G =iplomatic Cncla.e/ Ramna 5/ Islamabad mailin: addressG P6 O6 9oB "4'#/ @nit %7744/ APO AC 4&#"7-7744 telephoneG M&7N !5"( 74#-4444 FAOG M&7N !5"( 77$%'7$ consulate!s( :eneralG ;arachi consulate!s(G Dahore/ Pesha<ar Fla: descriptionG :reen <ith a .ertical <hite band !s1mbolizin: the role of reli:ious minorities( on the hoist sideJ a lar:e <hite crescent and star are centered in the :reen fieldJ the crescent/ star/ and color :reen are traditional s1mbols of Islam

Economy
Cconom1 - o.er.ie<G Pakistan/ an impo.erished and underde.eloped countr1/ has suffered from decades of internal political disputes/ lo< le.els of forei:n in.estment/ and a costl1/ on:oin: confrontation <ith nei:hborin: India6 +o<e.er/ IMF-appro.ed :o.ernment policies/ bolstered b1 :enerous forei:n assistance and rene<ed access to :lobal markets since 744"/ ha.e :enerated solid macroeconomic reco.er1 the last fi.e 1ears6 3he :o.ernment has made substantial macroeconomic reforms since 7444/ most notabl1 pri.atizin: the bankin: sector6 Po.ert1 le.els ha.e decreased b1 "4 percent since 744"/ and Islamabad has steadil1 raised de.elopment spendin: in recent 1ears/ includin: a 57-percent real increase in the bud:et allocation for de.elopment in fiscal 1ear 744$/ a necessar1 step to<ard re.ersin: the broad underde.elopment of its social sector6 3he fiscal deficit - the result of chronicall1 lo< taB collection and increased spendin:/ includin: reconstruction costs from the October 7445 earth)uake - appears mana:eable for no<6 -=P :ro<th/ spurred b1 :ains in the industrial and ser.ice sectors/ remained in the

%-#? ran:e in 744'-4%6 Inflation remains the bi::est threat to the econom1/ 2umpin: to more than &? in 7445 before easin: to $6&? in 744%6 3he central bank is pursuin: ti:hter monetar1 polic1 - raisin: interest rates in 744% - <hile tr1in: to preser.e :ro<th6 Forei:n eBchan:e reser.es are bolstered b1 stead1 <orker remittances/ but a :ro<in: current account deficit - dri.en b1 a <idenin: trade :ap as import :ro<th outstrips eBport eBpansion - could dra< do<n reser.es and dampen -=P :ro<th in the medium term6 -=P !purchasin: po<er parit1(G A'7$6* billion !744% est6( -=P !official eBchan:e rate(G A"7' billion !744% est6( -=P - real :ro<th rateG %65? !744% est6( -=P - per capita !PPP(G A7/%44 !744% est6( -=P - composition b1 sectorG a:ricultureG 77? industr1G 7%? ser.icesG 57? !744% est6( Dabor forceG '#67& million noteG eBtensi.e eBport of labor/ mostl1 to the Middle Cast/ and use of child labor !744% est6( Dabor force - b1 occupationG a:ricultureG '7? industr1G 74? ser.icesG *#? !744' est6( @nemplo1ment rateG %65? plus substantial underemplo1ment !744% est6( Population belo< po.ert1 lineG 7'? !FP45>4% est6( +ousehold income or consumption b1 percenta:e shareG lo<est "4?G '6"? hi:hest "4?G 7$6%? !FP&%>&$( =istribution of famil1 income - -ini indeBG '" !FP&#>&&( Inflation rate !consumer prices(G $6&? !744% est6( In.estment !:ross fiBed(G "56%? of -=P !744% est6( 9ud:etG re.enuesG A74655 billion eBpendituresG A756%5 billionJ includin: capital eBpenditures of ANA !744% est6( Public debtG 55? of -=P !744% est6( A:riculture - productsG cotton/ <heat/ rice/ su:arcane/ fruits/ .e:etablesJ milk/ beef/ mutton/ e::s IndustriesG teBtiles and apparel/ food processin:/ pharmaceuticals/ construction materials/ paper products/ fertilizer/ shrimp Industrial production :ro<th rateG %? !744% est6( Clectricit1 - productionG #467' billion k8h !744'( Clectricit1 - consumptionG

$'6%7 billion k8h !744'( Clectricit1 - eBportsG 4 k8h !744'( Clectricit1 - importsG 4 k8h !744'( Oil - productionG %*/444 bbl>da1 !7445 est6( Oil - consumptionG *7'/444 bbl>da1 !744' est6( Oil - eBportsG NA bbl>da1 Oil - importsG NA bbl>da1 Oil - pro.ed reser.esG *5#6& million bbl !744% est6( Natural :as - productionG 7$6' billion cu m !744' est6( Natural :as - consumptionG 7$6' billion cu m !744' est6( Natural :as - eBportsG 4 cu m !744' est6( Natural :as - importsG 4 cu m !744' est6( Natural :as - pro.ed reser.esG $5&6$ billion cu m !" anuar1 7445 est6( 0urrent account balanceG A-56'#% billion !744% est6( CBportsG A"&67' billion f6o6b6 !744% est6( CBports - commoditiesG teBtiles !:arments/ bed linen/ cotton cloth/ 1arn(/ rice/ leather :oods/ sports :oods/ chemicals/ manufactures/ carpets and ru:s CBports - partnersG @, 7'6#?/ @AC $6#?/ Af:hanistan %6%?/ @; 56$?/ -erman1 '65? !7445( ImportsG A7%6$& billion f6o6b6 !744% est6( Imports - commoditiesG petroleum/ petroleum products/ machiner1/ plastics/ transportation e)uipment/ edible oils/ paper and paperboard/ iron and steel/ tea Imports - partnersG ,audi Arabia ""6"?/ @AC "46*?/ 0hina &67?/ apan %6'?/ @, %?/ ;u<ait 5?/ -erman1 '65? !7445( Reser.es of forei:n eBchan:e and :oldG A"*67& billion !744% est6( =ebt - eBternalG A'76*# billion !744% est6( Cconomic aid - recipientG A76' billion !FP4">47( 0urrenc1 !code(G Pakistani rupee !P;R( CBchan:e ratesG Pakistani rupees per @, dollar - %46*5 !744%(/ 5&65"5 !7445(/ 5#675# !744'(/ 5$6$57 !744*(/ 5&6$7' !7447( Fiscal 1earG

" ul1 - *4 une

Communications
3elephones - main lines in useG 5/"%7/$&# !744%( 3elephones - mobile cellularG '#/7#&/"*% !744%( 3elephone s1stemG :eneral assessmentG the telecom infrastructure is impro.in: dramaticall1 <ith forei:n and domestic in.estments into fiBed-line and mobile net<orksJ mobile cellular subscribership has sk1rocketed/ approachin: 54 million in late 744%/ up from onl1 about *44/444 in 7444J fiber s1stems are bein: constructed throu:hout the countr1 to aid in net<ork :ro<thJ main line a.ailabilit1 has risen onl1 mar:inall1 o.er the same period and there are still difficulties :ettin: main line ser.ice to rural areas6 domesticG micro<a.e radio rela1/ coaBial cable/ fiber-optic cable/ cellular/ and satellite net<orks internationalG countr1 code - &7J satellite earth stations - * Intelsat !" Atlantic Ocean and 7 Indian Ocean(J * operational international :ate<a1 eBchan:es !" at ;arachi and 7 at Islamabad(J micro<a.e radio rela1 to nei:hborin: countries !744%( Radio broadcast stationsG AM *"/ FM %#/ short<a.e NA !744%( 3ele.ision broadcast stationsG 74 !5 state-run channels and "5 pri.atel1-o<ned satellite channels( !744%( Internet countr1 codeG 6pk Internet hostsG $7/$%5 !744%( Internet usersG "465 million !7445(

Transportation
AirportsG "*& !744%( Airports - <ith pa.ed run<a1sG totalG &" o.er */4'$ mG "' 7/'*# to */4'$ mG 7" "/57' to 7/'*$ mG ** &"' to "/57* mG "5 under &"' mG # !744%( Airports - <ith unpa.ed run<a1sG totalG '# o.er */4'$ mG " "/57' to 7/'*$ mG "7 &"' to "/57* mG "7 under &"' mG 7* !744%( +eliportsG "# !744%( PipelinesG :as "4/75$ kmJ oil 7/44" km !744%( Rail<a1sG totalG #/"%* km broad :au:eG $/$"# km "6%$%-m :au:e !7&* km electrified(

narro< :au:eG ''5 km "6444-m :au:e !744'( Road<a1sG totalG 75#/*'4 km pa.edG "%$/"'% km !includin: $"" km of eBpress<a1s( unpa.edG &"/"&' km !744'( Merchant marineG totalG "% ships !"444 -R3 or o.er( *&$/$'4 -R3>%5$/%5% =83 b1 t1peG bulk carrier "/ car:o "4/ container "/ petroleum tanker ' re:istered in other countriesG "" !0omoros 7/ North ;orea */ Malta "/ Ni:eria "/ Panama */ ,aint Fincent and the -renadines "( !744%( Ports and terminalsG ;arachi/ Port Muhammad 9in Qasim

Military
Militar1 branchesG Arm1 !includes National -uard(/ Na.1 !includes Marines(/ Pakistan Air Force !Pakistan FizaE1a( !744%( Militar1 ser.ice a:e and obli:ationG "% 1ears of a:e for .oluntar1 militar1 ser.iceJ soldiers cannot be deplo1ed for combat until a:e of "#J the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Na.1 ha.e inducted their first female pilots and sailors !744%( Manpo<er a.ailable for militar1 ser.iceG males a:e "%-'&G *&/47#/4"' females a:e "%-'&G *%/$$&/5#' !7445 est6( Manpo<er fit for militar1 ser.iceG males a:e "%-'&G 7&/'7#/$'$ females a:e "%-'&G 7#/*&"/##$ !7445 est6( Manpo<er reachin: militar1 ser.ice a:e annuall1G males a:e "#-'&G "/&%&/455 females a:e "%-'&G "/#'&/75' !7445 est6( Militar1 eBpenditures - percent of -=PG '65? !744% est6(

Transnational Issues
=isputes - internationalG .arious talks and confidence-buildin: measures cautiousl1 ha.e be:un to defuse tensions o.er ;ashmir/ particularl1 since the October 7445 earth)uake in the re:ionJ ;ashmir ne.ertheless remains the site of the <orldEs lar:est and most militarized territorial dispute <ith portions under the de facto administration of 0hina !Aksai 0hin(/ India ! ammu and ;ashmir(/ and Pakistan !Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas(J @N Militar1 Obser.er -roup in India and Pakistan !@NMO-IP( has maintained a small :roup of peacekeepers since "&'&J India does not reco:nize PakistanEs cedin: historic ;ashmir lands to 0hina in "&%'J India and Pakistan ha.e maintained their 744' cease fire in ;ashmir and initiated discussions on defusin: the armed stand-off in the ,iachen :lacier re:ionJ Pakistan protests IndiaEs fencin: the hi:hl1 militarized Dine of 0ontrol and construction of the 9a:lihar =am on the 0henab Ri.er in ammu and ;ashmir/ <hich is part of the lar:er dispute on <ater sharin: of the Indus Ri.er and its tributariesJ to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundar1/ India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundar1 in ,ir 0reek estuar1 at the mouth of the Rann of ;utch in the Arabian ,eaJ Pakistani maps continue to sho< the una:adh claim in IndiaEs -u2arat ,tateJ b1 7445/ Pakistan/ <ith @N assistance/ repatriated 76* million Af:han refu:ees lea.in: sli:htl1 less than a million/ man1 of <hom remain at their o<n choosin:J Pakistan has proposed and Af:hanistan protests construction of a fence and la1in: of mines alon: portions of their porous borderJ Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and control the border <ith Af:hanistan and stem terrorist or

other ille:al acti.ities Refu:ees and internall1 displaced personsG refu:ees !countr1 of ori:in(G "/4#'/74# !Af:hanistan( I=PsG undetermined !:o.ernment strikes on Islamic militants in ,outh 8aziristan(/ *'/444 !October 7445 earth)uake/ most of those displaced returned to their home .illa:es in the sprin: of 744%( !744%( Illicit dru:sG opium popp1 culti.ation estimated to be #44 hectares in 7445 1ieldin: a potential production of ' metric tons of pure heroinJ federal and pro.incial authorities continue to conduct anti-popp1 campai:ns that force eradication - fines and arrests <ill take place if the ban on popp1 culti.ation is not obser.edJ ke1 transit point for Af:han dru:s/ includin: heroin/ opium/ morphine/ and hashish/ bound for 8estern markets/ the -ulf ,tates/ and AfricaJ financial crimes related to dru: traffickin:/ terrorism/ corruption/ and smu::lin: remain problems BALOC I !a"ai #atan/ Quetta E!GLI$ Balochistan Post/ Quetta Business %ecorder/ ;arachi &aily Mail' Islamabad &aily Times/ Dahore &a"n/ ;arachi The (rontier Post/ Pesha<ar )hy*er Mail' Pesha<ar The !ation/ Dahore and Islamabad Pakistan O*server/ Islamabad Pakistan Times/ Islamabad The !e"s/ ;arachi/ Dahore and Islamabad The $tar/ ;arachi The $tatesman/ Islamabad PA$ TO &aily #ahdat/ Pesha<ar P+!,ABI $a--an/ Dahore )ha*ran/ Dahore Bhulekha/ Dahore $%AI)I )ook/ ;arachi $I!& I &aily )a"ish/ +1derabad &aily I*rat/ +1derabad &aily A"ami A"a./ ;arachi &aily ilal Pakistan/ +1derabad &aily $indhu/ +1derabad &aily Alakh/ +1derabad &aily Tameer/e/$indh/ +1derabad &aily )oshish/ +1derabad &aily Mehran/ +1derabad &aily $ach/ +1derabad

&aily $ham/ +1derabad &aily $a0eer/ +1derabad +%&+ Aa- &aily/Pesha"ar / Islamabad and Abbottabad &aily Al/Akh*ar/ Islamabad &aily Ausa0/ Islamabad &aily A"am/ ;arachi &aily Al/1amar/ Islamabad/ &aily E2press/ ;arachi/ Dahore/ Islamabad/ Pesha<ar/ Multan/ Faisalabad/ -u2ran<ala/ ,ar:odha/ Rahim Par ;han and ,ukkar &aily Imro.e/ ;arachi &aily Islam/ ;arachi and Dahore &aily ,ang/ ;arachi and Dahore &aily Mashri3/ Pesha<ar &aily !aya 4amana/ Dahore &aily Pakistan/ Dahore &aily &een/ ;arachi and Dahore Gu-ran"ala Times/ -u2ran<ala/ &aily ,asarat/ ;arachi &aily )ha*rain/ Pesha<ar &aily Millat/ Dahore &aily !a"a/i/#a3t/ Dahore
Daily Ummat, Karachi

List o0 Pakistan %ail"ays Trains INTERNATIONAL Samjhauta Express Thar Express NATION WIDE Allama Iqbal Express Awam Express Baddar Express Badin Express Bahuddin Zakaria Express Bahawalpur Express Baluchistan Express Bolan ail Buraq Express !ar"o Express !henab Express !hiltan Express #achi Express Express $aisal Express $aisalabad Express $areed Express $ast $ast %assen"er

&andhara Steam Sa'ari (Rawalpindi - Landikotal) &houri Express Islamabad *on+Stop ,a''ar Express ,innah Express Karachi Express Karkoram Express Khushhal Khan Khattak Express Kh-ber ail .ahore *on+Stop .ala usa Express .asani Express alik /al Express ari Indus Express ehr Express ehran Express ianwali Express (Lahore-Mianwali-Lahore) illat Express *ishtar Express (Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi) usa %ak *arowal Express *i"ht !oach %akpattan Express %assen"er 0alander Express 0uetta Express 1achna Express 1a2i Express 1ohi Express 1ohri Express Sakhi Abbas Express Sandal Express Sar"odha Express Shah .atee' Express Shah 1ukne Alam Express Shah Shams Express Shalimar Express Shuttle Train Sir S-ed Express (Rawalpindi-Karachi-Rawalpindi) Subak Kharam Express Subak 1a'tar Express Sukkar Express Supper Express Te3"am Thal Express Tipu Sultan Express ASTOLA (AKA HAFT TALAR)

Astola or Astola Island (also known as Haft Talar or seven hills) is a small, uninhabited island in the Arabian Sea, approximatel- twent-+'i2e kilometres south o' the Balochistan coast o' %akistan4 The island lies about 'ort- kilometres east+ southeast o' the port o' %asni, its altitude is 5+655 'eet and the total area is approximatel- 7 km84 The island is about 'our kilometres in len"th and one kilometre in width, with an isolated rock to the southeast which has broken awa-4 There are ca2es on the south 'ace cli''s4 Astola is the onl- si"ni'icant o''shore island alon" the north coast o' the Arabian Sea4 The island is owned b- the Balochistan Board o' 1e2enue and administrati2el- is part o' the %asni subdi2ision o' the district o' &wadar4 Between September and a- o' each -ear, Astola becomes a temporar- base 'or mainland 'ishermen, to catch lobsters and o-sters4 $rom ,une to Au"ust, the island remains uninhabited b- humans because o' the rou"h sea and hi"h tides4 9n one o' the cli''s o' the island, there is a small solar+ operated beacon 'or the sa'et- o' passin" 2essels44 History *earchus (:;5+:55 B!E), admiral o' Alexander the &reat, mentioned Astola island as Carnine Island, inhabited b- the Ichthyophagoi (Fish eaters in &reek) where, accordin" to *earchus, e2en the mutton had a fishy taste4 The %ersian phrase Mahi horan, (Fish eaters) has become the modern name o' the coastal re"ion o' Ma ran4 9n the island are the remains o' an ancient <indu temple o' the "oddess, Kali #e2i4 The island was also known as to <indus as =Satadip=4 There is also a pra-er -ard built 'or the uslim Su'i %ir Khawaja Khi3r who accordin" to mainland le"ends is said to rule o2er the oceans and is belie2ed to 2isit the area occasionall- and o''er pra-ers there4 The pra-er -ard is used b- the 'ishermen durin" the 'ishin" season4 !ild life The isolated location o' the island has helped maintain endemic li'e 'orms4 The endan"ered &reen turtle (Chelonia mydas) and possibl- the <awksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbracata) nest on the beach at the 'oot o' cli''s, and it is a 2erimportant area 'or endemic reptiles such as the 2iper Echis carinat s astolae4 The island is maintainin" the "enetic and ecolo"ical di2ersit- o' the area4 The island is reported to support a lar"e number o' breedin" seabirds includin" Lar s hemprichii and se2eral species o' terns4 A2i'auna includes> !rdeola cinerea, Egretta g laris, "l vialis s# atarola, $ meni s ar# ata, Limosa limosa, Calidris min t s, Lar s argentat s, Lar s genei, C rsori s coromandeli s, %alerida cristata, &enanthe deserti, and "rinia spp4 $eral cats ori"inall- introduced b'ishermen to control the endemic rodent population pose an increasin" threat to birds? nestin" and breedin" sites4 and as such maintains the "enetic and ecolo"ical di2ersit- o' the area4 "HIT SHAH ISLA#D "a$a "hit Shah Island is the smallest nei"hborhood o' Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 It comprises three small 'ishin" islands which in the centre o' the harbour o' Karachi4

There are se2eral ethnic "roups in Kiamari Town includin" @rdu speakers, %unjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, %akhtuns, Balochs, emons, Bohras, Ismailis4 92er AAB o' the population is uslim4 The population o' Kiamari Town is estimated to be nearl- one million4 There is another place named "hit Shah located in the interior part o' pro2ince o' Sindh, %akistan4 Bhit Shah is the town where the shrine o' Shah Abdul .ati' Bhittai (C;DA+CEF6), the patron saint o' Sindh4 "UDDO ISLA#D "%ddo Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o' Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 Buddo Island is also known as 'ingi b- local 'ishermen4 Buddo and Bundal Islands ser2e as a temporar- port 'or local 'ishermen4 The- clean their nets and dr- 'ish on these islands4 The Bundal and Buddo Islands comprisin" C6,555 acres o' land, are the assets o' the %ort 0asim Authorit-4 "U#DAL ISLA#D "%ndal Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o' Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 Bundal, pronounced (handar b- local 'ishermen, is a twin island o' Buddo and lies to its /est4 9n Bundal Island the tomb o' uslim su'i Gusu' Shah is located4 The annual urs o' HGusu' ShahH which attracts thousands o' coastal people to the island4 The island looked like a cit- durin" the urs4 !hurma and Buddo Islands are also located near Bundal Island4 There is a dispute between the pro2incial "o2ernment o' Sindh and Karachi %ort Trust on the ownership ri"hts o' C6,555 acres o' land in these Islands4 De&elo'ment (ro)e*t In September 655;, "o2ernment o' %akistan "a2e a #ubai propert- 'irm, Emaar the "o+ahead 'or a I7:bn (J664Dbn) project to de2elop two island resorts in Bundal and Buddo Island4 A brid"e would be constructed at a cost o' IF5 million to link Karachi #e'ence <ousin" Societ- %hase+D with Bundal and Buddo Islands4 The islands are situated at a distance o' C4Fkm 'rom Karachi #e'ence %hase+D4 A major portion o' one o' the two islands has submer"ed beneath the sea and the land o' Emaar &roup would reclaim the land b- usin" technolo"-4 Accordin" to initial plan, about CF,555 houses would be constructed and would be sold to public4 9n #ecember Dth contruction o' the islands started4 Contro&ersy an- local *&9s, political parties and e2en Sindh &o2ernment ha2e raised their 2oice about these de2elopment projects4 CHURMA ISLA#D (AKA CHUR#A ISLA#D) Ch%rma Island or Ch%rna Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o' Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 !hurna is a tin- island with a bi" reputation embrace cr-stal clear water, extraordinar- 2istas, it?s a culmination o' -our search 'or the best Sport $ishin" action in %akistan with a plethora o' choices excursions to our undersea world,

scuba di2in", sailin" around and snorkelin", The island o' !hurna is 'requentl2isited b- an"lers (recreational 'ishermen) 'or 'ishin", this is one o' the bi""est and most acti2e 'ishin" spot in %akistan, There is enou"h sea li'e which attracts an"lers 'or Bi" &ame $ishin" all o2er %akistan4 CLIFTO# O+ST,R ROCKS Clifton Oyster Ro* s is an island located near Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 KHI(RIA#!ALA ISLA#D Khi'rian-ala Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o' Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 MALA# ISLA#D Malan Island is located in Arabian Sea : kilometres o'' the coast o' Balochistan, %akistan4 It is an o''shore mud 2olcano and rose out o' the water o2erni"ht in arch CAAA4 MA#ORA (AKA MA#ORO) Manora or Manoro is a small island (64F km8) located just south o' the %ort o' Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 The island is connected to the mainland b- a C6 kilometre lon" causewa- called the Sandspit4 anora and nei"hbourin" islands 'orm a protecti2e barrier between Karachi harbour to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south4 The western ba- o' the harbour contains endan"ered man"ro2e 'orests which border the Sandspit and anora island4 To the east is Karachi Baand the beach towns o' Kiamari and !li'ton4 The island is located at 67K7DL55M*, ;;KFDL55ME (674D55555, ;;4AE5555)4 History Accordin" to the British historian Eliot, parts o' cit- o' Karachi and the island o' anora at port o' Karachi constituted the cit- o' #ebal4 The island was the site o' a small 'ort constructed in the ei"hteenth centur- when the port o' Karachi traded with 9man and Bahrain4 The 'ort was stormed b- the British in CD:A because o' the strate"ic location o' Karachi4 Althou"h the 'ort is now buried beneath the na2al base, the li"hthouse is a 2isible reminder o' the British presence ha2in" been built in CDDA to assist 2essels approachin" Karachi harbour4 The island o' anora has ser2ed 'or more than F5 -ears as the main base o' the %akistan *a2-, with berths 'or na2al 2essels located alon" the eastern ed"e o' the island4 The island has been "o2erned as a militar- cantonment despite bein" located so close to Karachi4 The openin" o' the new ,innah *a2al Base at 9rmara, 6F5 kilometres awa-, has meanHt that approximatel- hal' o' the na2al 2essels ha2e mo2ed awa- 'rom anora4 To%rism anora is also a popular picnic spot because o' the lon" sand- beaches alon" the southern ed"e o' the island, which mer"e into the beaches o' the Sandspit and then extend se2eral kilometres to the beaches at <awkesba-4 At the southeastern end o' anora island is the tallest li"hthouse (6D m or AC 'eet hi"h) in %akistan4

The island lies approximatel- CF+65 minutes b- boat ride 'rom mainland Karachi but there are no "ood hotels a2ailable 'or an o2erni"ht sta-4 $or this and other reasons, the &o2ernment o' %akistan has been considerin" de2elopin" the island into a tourist destination4 The island has been en2isioned as an exotic location with natural landscapes such as the beaches and the man"ro2e 'orests, and secluded beaut- with an up"rade 'or the li"hthouse to add to the quaint 'eel o' the island4 De&elo'ment %akistanHs inistr- 'or %orts and Shippin" has just si"ned emorandum o' @nderstandin" in 655; with #ubai /orld and Emaar %roperties 'or the rede2elopment o' anora Island4 As part o' the de2elopment plans, the K%T and all Militar1 establishments <ill .acate the island and hand it o.er to the the companies for de.elopment6 3he de.elopment/ so to speak/ <ill comprise of establishin: hi:h rise hotels and apartment buildin:s in the areas6

Gurd"aras in Pakistan
.%rd-aras in (a istan are an essential part o' Sikhism and 'orm an important part o' the historo' Sikhism4 The %unjab was onl- di2ided in CA7E when the separate nations o' India and %akistan were 'ormed4 Be'ore this, the area co2ered b- the two countries was one nation4 The 'ollowin" is a list o' important places in Sikh histor-> #an ana Sahi$ This is the most sacred Sikh placeN the location o' the birth o' the Sikh 'ounder, &uru *anak4 .%rd-ara /anam Asthan, *ankana Sahib + This site is O,anam Asthan? meanin" O%lace o' Birth? and childhood home4 .%rd-ara "al Lilah, *ankana Sahib + This site is connected with ad2entures o' the earlchildhood o' the &uru4 .%rd-ara (atti Sahi$, *ankana Sahib P O%atti? means OAlphabet? and is the site where &uru *anak learnt the 2arious di''erent lan"ua"es and particular the alphabet o' these lan"ua"es4 .%rd-ara Mall /i Sahi$, *ankana Sahib + This site is connected with ad2entures o' the earl- childhood o' the &uru in particular the e2ents link to the !obra and ehta Kalu .%rd-ara Kiara Sahi$, *ankana Sahib + This site is where, as a -oun"ster, &uru *anak used to "ra3e cattle4 It is at a distance o' about C4F Km 'rom the ,anam Asthan4 .%rd-ara Tam$% Sahi$0 *ankana Sahib .%rd-ara .%r% Har1o$ind Sahi$, *ankana Sahib .%rd-ara #ihan1 Sin1han0 *ankana Sahib .%rd-ara Sa*h*ha Sa%da, !huharkana .%rd-ara (an)a Sahi$, <asan Abdal P This is the site where &uru *anak #e2 stopped the rock with his hand and the palm print is impressed on the rock4 .%rd-ara (ehli (atshahi, .ahore .%rd-ara Sri #an .arh0 .ahore "aoli Sahi$ Sri .%r% Amar Das0 .ahore (1oo'ed /ell) (ar ash Asthan Sri .%r% Ram Das, .ahore .%rd-ara Di-an Khana0 .ahore Dharamshala Sri .%r% Ramdas, .ahore .%rd-ara "aoli Sahi$ .%r% Ar)an De&, .ahore .%rd-ara "hai "%dh% Da A-a, .ahore .%rd-ara Lal Khooh, .ahore .%rd-ara Dehra Sahi$ Sri .%r% Ar)an De&, .ahore .%rd-ara (atshahi Chhe&in .%rd-ara (atshahi Chhe&in M%2an1 .%rd-ara Shi ar1arh (atshahi Chhe&in , .ahore

Shahid .an) "hai Tar% Sin1h .%rd-ara Shahid .an) Si1hnian, .ahore Shahid .an) "hai Mani Sin1h0 .ahore

Banks o0 Pakistan Central Bank ,tate 9ank of Pakistan !ationali.ed $cheduled Banks First 8omen 9ank Dimited National 9ank of Pakistan $peciali.ed Banks Industrial =e.elopment 9ank Pun2ab Pro.incial 0ooperati.e 9ank ,MC 9ank Iarai 3ara)iati 9ank !A:ricultural =e.elopment 9ank( Private $cheduled Banks Allied 9ank of Pakistan Dimited/ ;arachi Arif +abib Rupali 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Askari 0ommercial 9ank Dimited6 Ra<alpindi Atlas 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi 9ank AD +abib/ ;arachi 9ank Al-Falah Dimited/ ;arachi 0rescent 0ommercial 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi =a<ood 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Fa1sal 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi +abib 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi , 9ank ;A,9 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Meezan 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Metropolitan 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Muslim 0ommercial 9ank Dimited !M09(/ Islamabad M1bank Dimited/ ;arachi NI9 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi PI0I0 0ommercial 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi Prime 0ommercial 9ank Dimited/ Dahore ,audi-Pak 0ommercial 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi ,MC 9anks/ Islamabad ,oneri 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi @nion 9ank/ ;arachi @nited 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi (oreign Banks Abn Amro 9ank NF/ ;arachi6 Albaraka Islamic 9ank 9,0!C0( Dahore American CBpress 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi 9ank of 3ok1o Mitsubishi Dimited/ ;arachi 0itibank NA/ ;arachi =eutsche 9ank A-/ ;arachi +abib 9ank A- Iurich/ ;arachi +on:kon: and ,han:hai 9ankin: 0orporation/ ;arachi

Oman International 9ank ,OA- ;arachi Rupali 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi ,tandard 0hartered 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi &evelopment (inancial Institutions Pakistan Industrial 0redit and In.estment 0orp Dimited/ ;arachi Pak ;u<ait In.estment 0ompan1 Dimited/ ;arachi Pak Dib1a +oldin: 0ompan1 Dimited/ ;arachi Pak-Oman In.estment 0ompan1 Dimited/ ;arachi ,audi Pak Industrial And A:ricultural In.estment 0ompan1 !P.t( Dimited Islamabad +ouse 9uildin: Finance 0orporation/ ;arachi In.estment 0orporation Of Pakistan/ ;arachi National =e.elopment Finance 0orporation/ ;arachi Industrial =e.elopment 9ank of Pakistan/ ;arachi =ubai Islamic 9ank/ ;arachi Investment Banks Al-3o<feek In.estment 9ank Dimited Asset In.estment 9ank Dimited Atlas In.estment 9ank Dimited 0rescent In.estment 9ank Dimited Cscorts In.estment 9ank Dimited First International In.estment 9ank Dimited Fidelit1 In.estment 9ank Dimited Franklin In.estment 9ank Dimited Islamic In.estment 9ank Dimited ahan:ir ,iddi)ui In.estment 9ank Dimited OriB In.estment 9ank !Pakistan( Dimited Prudential In.estment 9ank Dimited 3rust In.estment 9ank Dimited &iscount 5 Guarantee ouses First 0redit H =iscount 0orp Dimited Prudential =iscount H -uarantee +ouse Dimited National =iscountin: ,er.ices Dimited ,peed<a1 Fordmetall !Pakistan( Dimited ousing (inance Companies Asian +ousin: Finance Dimited 0itibank +ousin: Finance 0ompan1 Dimited +ouse 9uildin: Finance 0orporation International +ousin: Finance Dimited 6enture Capital Companies Pakistan Fenture 0apital Dimited Pakistan Cmer:in: Fentures Dimited Micro (inance Banks 3he First Micro Finance 9ank Dimited ;hushali 9ank Net<ork Micro Finance 9ank Pak Oman Micro Finance 9ank Roz:ar Micro Finance 9ank/ ;arachi

3ameer Microfinance 9ank Dimited Islamic Banks First =a<ood Islamic 9ank =ubai Islamic 9ank Meezan 9ank 9ank Alfalah @9D Ameen Islamic 9ankin: Al9araka Islamic 9ank Qaiser Islamic 9ank

A$r%22i .la*ier
A$r%22i .la*ier is a "lacier in the north o' the Baltoro Kan"ri peak in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 The "lacier joins the hu"e Baltoro &lacier (one o' the lar"est "laciers outside polar re"ion) that 'lows northwest in the be"innin" and then turns westward4

"altoro .la*ier
The "altoro .la*ier, at FE kilometers lon", is one o' the lon"est "laciers outside o' the polar re"ions4 It is located in Baltistan, in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan, and runs throu"h part o' the Karakoram mountain ran"e4 The Baltoro u3ta"h lies to the north and east o' the "lacier, while the asherbrum ountains lie to the south4 At D,;CC m (6D,6FC 't), K6 is the hi"hest mountain in the re"ion, and three others within 65 km top D,555 m4 The "lacier "i2es rise to the Shi"ar 1i2er, which is a tributar- o' the Indus 1i2er4 Se2eral lar"e tributar- "laciers 'eed the main Baltoro "lacier, includin" the &odwin Austen &lacier, 'lowin" south 'rom K6N the Abru33i and the 2arious &asherbrum &laciers, 'lowin" 'rom the &asherbrum "roup o' peaksN the Qi"ne &lacier, 'lowin" 'rom !ho"olisa, and the Germandendu &lacier, 'lowin" 'rom asherbrum4 The con'luence o' the main Baltoro &lacier with the &odwin Austen &lacier is known as !oncordiaN this location and K6 base camp are popular trekkin" destinations4 The trou"h o' this "lacier is 2er- wide and its central part is a 2ast snow'ield4 Small 2alle- "laciers 'orm ice'alls where the- meet the trunk "lacier4 The sidewalls 2ar- 'rom 2er- steep to precipitous4 The "lacier has car2ed striations on the surroundin" countr- rocks4 o2in" ice has 'ormed depressions, which ser2e as basins 'or numerous "lacial lakes4 The "lacier can be approached 2ia the important Balti town o' Skardu4

"at%ra .la*ier
"at%ra .la*ier (FEkm lon") is one o' the lar"est and lon"est "laciers outside the polar re"ions4 It lies in the &ojal re"ion o' the *orthern Areas o' %akistan, just north o' Batura (E,EAF m) and %assu (E,F55 m) massi's4 It 'lows west to east4 The lower portions can be described as a "re- sea o' rocks and "ra2ell- moraine, bordered b- a 'ew summer 2illa"es and pastures with herds o' sheep, "oats, cows and -aks and where roses and juniper trees are common4

"iafo .la*ier
The "iafo .la*ier is a ;: km lon" "lacier in the Karakoram ountains o' the *orthern Areas, %akistan which meets the 7A km lon" <ispar &lacier at an altitude o' F,C6Dm (C;,D67 'eet)at <ispar .a(%ass) to create the worldHs lon"est "lacial s-stem outside o' the polar re"ions4 This hi"hwa- o' ice connects two ancient mountain kin"doms, *a"ar (immediatel- south o' <un3a) in the west with Baltistan in the east4 The tra2erse uses FC o' the Bia'o &lacierHs ;: km and all o' the <ispar &lacier to 'orm a C55 km "lacial route4 The Bia'o &lacier presents a trekker with se2eral da-s o' 2er- strenuous, o'ten hectic boulder hoppin", with spectacular 2iews throu"hout and Snow .ake near the hi"h point4 Snow .ake,

consistin" o' parts o' the upper Bia'o &lacier and its tributar- "lacier Sim &an", is one o' the worldHs lar"est basins o' snow or ice in the world outside o' the polar re"ions, up to one mile in depth4 The Bia'o &lacier is the worldHs third lon"est "lacier outside o' the polar re"ions, second onl- to the E5 km Siachen &lacier disputed between %akistan and India and TajikistanHs EE km lon" $edchenko &lacier4 !ampsites alon" the Bia'o are located o'' o' the "lacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steep mountainsides4 The 'irst three (headin" up 'rom the last 2illa"e be'ore the "lacier, the thousand+ -ear+old Askole 2illa"e) are beauti'ul sites with 'lowin" water nearb-4 an"o and *amla, the 'irst two campsites, are o'ten co2ered in 'lowers and *amla has an ama3in" water'all 2er- near the campin" area4 Biantha, the third camp site, is o'ten used as a rest da-4 A lar"e "reen meadow, it has a 'ew runnin" streams near the camp and man- places to spend the da- rock climbin" or rappellin"4 E2idence o' wildli'e can be seen throu"h out the trek4 The Ibex and the arkhor ountain &oat can be 'ound and the area is 'amous 'or brown bears and snow leopards, althou"h si"htin"s are rare4

"iar*hedi .la*ier
The "iar*hedi .la*ier is located on the northeast o' Biarchedi %eak in %akistan4 It 'lows north into the Baltoro &lacier4

.od-in3A%sten .la*ier
The .od-in3A%sten .la*ier is located near K6 in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 Its con'luence with the Baltoro &lacier is called !oncordia and is one o' the most 'a2orite spots 'or trekkin" in %akistan since it pro2ides excellent 2iews o' 'our o' the 'i2e ei"ht+thousanders in %akistan4 The "lacier can be approached 2ia the important Balti town o' Skardu4

.ondo1oro .la*ier
.ondo1oro .la*ier or .ondo1horo .la*ier is "lacier near !oncordia in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 It ser2es as an alternati2e means to reach !oncordiaN the con'luence o' Baltoro &lacier and &odwin+Austen &lacier4

Haina$la
Haina$la %akistan4

.la*ier

.la*ier is a "lacier near Tran"o Tower mountain in Baltistan, *orthern Areas o'

His'ar .la*ier
His'ar .la*ier is a 7A km4 lon" "lacier in the Karakoram ountains o' the (*orthern Areas, %akistan) which meets the ;: km4 lon" Bia'o &lacier at the <ispar .a (%ass) at an altitude o' F,C6Dm (C;,D67 'eet) to create the worldHs lon"est "lacial s-stem outside o' the polar re"ions4 This C55 km4 hi"hwa- o' ice connects two ancient mountain kin"doms, *a"ar (immediatel- south o' <un3a) in the west with Baltistan in the east4 The extreme steepness o' the hillsides and strenuous nature o' the boulder hoppin" on the lateral moraines and hillsides make this routeHs upper hal' the most di''icult part o' the Bia'o + <ispar tra2erse4 9nl- the <ispar .a da- includes walkin" on the <ispar &lacier4 The crossin" o' 'our major tributar- "laciers 'rom the north is most taxin", and potentiall- hi"h nullah crossin"s can be dan"erous4 The 2iews o' ED55 meter (6F,;55 'oot) peaks and o' the snow co2ered cli''s and mountains on the south side o' the "lacier are particularlimpressi2e4

Lona

.la*ier

Lona .la*ier is one o' the three major "laciers o' Sikhim, in the <imala-a ran"e in *orthern Areas o' %akistan4

Miar .la*ier
Miar .la*ier is a "lacier that 'orms in the north o' iar %eak (;,D67 m)4

(anmah .la*ier
(anmah .la*ier is a "lacier in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 It is included in the !entral Karakoram *ational %ark4

(ass% .la*ier
(ass% .la*ier 'orms in the east o' the %assu Sar (%assu %eak)4

R%'al .la*ier
R%'al .la*ier or Tashain .la*ier is a "lacier in the &reat <imala-a subran"e o' <imala-as4 It starts in the north o' an unnamed ;,:6; m hi"h peak (:FK DH:F4A:=* E7K67HF647;=E) and 'lows northeast in the north o' .aila %eak (1upal Qalle-) and in the south o' *an"a %arbatHs man- peaks4 The melt water 'rom the "lacier 'orms 1upal 1i2er4

Sar'o La11o .la*ier

The Sar'o La11o .la*ier ()arpo Laggo> -oun" husband) is a "lacier in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan, in the Karakoram mountain ran"e o' the <imala-as4

Shani .la*ier
Shani .la*ier is a "lacier in the north o' Shani %eak (F,DDE m) in *altar Qalle-, %akistan4

Sia*hen .la*ier
The Sia*hen .la*ier is located in the eastern Karakoram 1an"e in the <imala-a ountains, at approximatel- :F4FK * EE45K E4 It is the lon"est "lacier in the Karakoram and second lon"est in the worldHs non+polar areas4 It ran"es 'rom an altitude o' FEF: m (CD,DEF 't4) abo2e sea le2el at its source at Indira !ol (pass) on the !hina border to its snout at :;65 m (CC,DEF 't4) The Siachen &lacier lies south o' the "reat watershed that separates !entral Asia 'rom the Indian subcontinent4 The E5 km (7:4F mile) lon" Siachen "lacier lies between the Saltoro 1id"e line immediatel- to the west and the main Karakoram ran"e to the east4 The Saltoro 1id"e ori"inates in the north 'rom the Sia Kan"ri peak on the !hina border in the Karakoram ran"e4 The crest o' the Saltoro 1id"eHs altitudes ran"e 'rom F7F5 to EE65 m (CE,DD5 to 6F,::5 'eet)4 The major passes on this rid"e are, 'rom north to south, Sia .a at FFDA m (CD,::; 't), Bila'ond .a at F7F5 m (CE,DD5 't), and &-on" .a at F;DA m (CD,;;F 't4) Confli*t 4one The "lacier is located in the disputed re"ion o' Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent4 The a2era"e winter snow'all is C54F m (:F 't4) and temperatures can dip to minus F5 de"rees celsius (minus FD de"rees 'ahrenheit4 In spite o' the se2ere climate, the word HSiachenH ironicall- means Hthe place o' wild roses, a re'erence some people attribute to the abundance o' <imala-an wild'lowers 'ound in the 2alle-s below the "lacier, but speci'icall- re'ers to the thorn- wild plants which "row on the rock- outcrops4 The "lacier is also the hi"hest battle"round on earth, where India and %akistan ha2e 'ou"ht intermittentl- since April C:, CAD74 Both countries maintain permanent militarpersonnel in the re"ion at a hei"ht o' o2er ;,555 metres4 The site is a prime example o' mountain war'are4 The "lacierHs meltin" waters are the main source o' the *ubra 1i2er, which drains into the Sh-ok 1i2er4 The Sh-ok in turn joins the Indus 1i2er4 The "lacierHs meltin" waters are a major source o' the ri2er Indus, a 2ital water source4 &lobal warmin" has had one o' its worst impacts here in the <imala-as with the "laciers meltin" at an unprecedented rate4 The 2olume o' the "lacier has been reduced b- :F percent o2er the last twent- -ears4 9ne report blames militaracti2it- as much as "lobal warmin"4

The con'lict in Siachen stems 'rom the con'usion in the improperl- demarcated territor- on the map be-ond the map coordinate known as *,AD764 The CA7A Karachi A"reement and the CAE6 Simla A"reement did not clearl- mention who controlled the "lacier, merel- statin" that 'rom the *,AD76 location the boundar- would proceed =thence north to the "laciers4= In the CA;5Hs and CAE5Hs, howe2er, the @nited States #e'ense appin" A"enc- (now *ational &eospatial+Intelli"ence A"enc-) be"an, with no le"al justi'ication or an- boundar- documentation, showin" an international boundar- on their maps a2ailable to the public and pilots as proceedin" 'rom *,AD76 east+northeast to the Karakoram %ass at FF:7 m (CD,C:; 't4) on the !hina border4 *umerous "o2ernmental and pri2ate carto"raphers and atlas producers 'ollowed suit4 This resulted in carto"raphicall- =awardin"= the entire 6E55 square kilometers (C575 square miles) Siachen area to %akistan4 Indian "o2ernment and militar- took note4 %rior to CAD7 neither India nor %akistan had an- permanent presence in the area4 Fi1htin1 In the CAE5s and earl- CAD5s se2eral mountaineerin" expeditions applied to %akistan to climb hi"h peaks in the Siachen area, and %akistan "ranted them4 This rein'orced the %akistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arri2ed on the "lacier with a permit obtained 'rom the &o2ernment o' %akistan4 9nce ha2in" become aware o' this in about CAED, !olonel *4 Kumar o' the Indian Armmounted an Arm- expedition to Teram Kan"ri peaks (in the Siachen area on the !hina border and just east o' a line drawn due north 'rom *,AD76) as a counter+exercise4 The 'irst public mention o' a possible con'lict situation was an article b- ,o-deep Sircar in *he *elegraph newspaper o' !alcutta in CAD6, reprinted as =9ropolitics= in the Alpine ,ournal, .ondon, in CAD74 India launched O'eration Me1hdoot (named a'ter the di2ine cloud messen"er in a Sanskrit pla-) on C: April CAD7 when the Kumaon 1e"iment o' the Indian Arm- and the Indian Air $orce went into the "lacier re"ion4 %akistan quickl- responded with troop deplo-ments and what 'ollowed was literall- a race to the top4 /ithin a 'ew da-s, the Indians were in control o2er most o' the area, as %akistan was beaten to most o' the Saltoro 1id"e hi"h "round b- about a week4 The two northern passes + Sia .a and Bil'ond .a + were quickl- secured b- India4 In his memoirs, current %akistani president, &eneral %er2e3 usharra' states that %akistan lost almost 6,::C Km6 (A55 i6) o' territor-4 TI E states that the Indian ad2ance captured nearl- C,555 sq4 mi4 o' territor- claimed b- %akistan4 Since then %akistan has launched se2eral attempts to displace the Indian 'orces, but with little success4 The most well known was in CADE, when an attempt was made b- %akistan to dislod"e India 'rom the area4 The attack was led b- %er2e3 usharra' (later %resident o' %akistan) headin" a newl'ormed elite SS& commando unit in the area4 A special "arrison with ei"ht thousand troops was built at Khapalu4 The immediate aim was to capture Bila'ond .a but a'ter bitter 'i"htin" that included hand to hand combat, the %akistanis were thrown back and the positions remained the same4 The onl- %aram Qir !hakra + IndiaHs hi"hest "allantr- award + to be awarded 'or combat in the Siachen area went to *aib Subedar Bana Sin"h (retired as Subedar ajorR<onorar- !aptain), who assaulted and captured a %akistani post in a darin" da-li"ht raid atop a 66,555 'oot (; E55 m) peak, now named Bana %ost4 $urther attempts to reclaim positions were launched b- %akistan in CAA5, CAAF, CAA; and e2en in earl- CAAA, just prior to the .ahore Summit4 The CAAF attack b%akistan SS& was si"ni'icant as it resulted in 75 casualties 'or %akistan troops without an- chan"es in the positions4 C%rrent sit%ation The Indian Arm- controls all o' the Siachen &lacier and the three main passes o' the Saltoro 1id"e immediatel- west o' the "lacier, Sia .a, Bila'ond .a, and &-on" .a, thus holdin" onto the tactical ad2anta"e o' hi"h "round4 &-on" .a (%ass) itsel' is at :F+C5+6A*, EE+57+CF EN that hi"h point is controlled b- India4 The %akistanis control the "lacial 2alle- just 'i2e kilometers southwest o' &-on" .a4 The line where Indian and %akistani troops are presentl- holdin" on to their respecti2e posts is bein" increasin"l- re'erred to as the Actual &round %osition .ine (A&%.)4 The %akistanis ha2e been unable "et up to the crest o' the Saltoro 1id"e, while the Indians cannot come down and abandon their strate"ic hi"h posts4 A cease'ire went into e''ect in 655:4 E2en be'ore then, e2er- -ear more soldiers were killed because o' se2ere weather than enem- 'irin"4 The two sides ha2e lost an estimated 6,555 personnel primaril- due to 'rostbite, a2alanches and other complications4 Both nations ha2e CF5 manned outposts alon" the "lacier, with some :,555 troops each4 9''icial 'i"ures 'or maintainin" these outposts are put at SI:55 and SI655 million 'or India and %akistan respecti2el-4 India has built the worldHs hi"hest helipad on this "lacier at a place called Sonam, which is at 6C,555 'eet (;,755 m) abo2e the sea le2el, to ser2e the area4 India also

installed the worldHs hi"hest telephone booth on the "lacier4 Both sides ha2e been wishin" to disen"a"e 'rom the costl- militar- outposts but a'ter the Kar"il /ar in CAAA where %akistan sent in'iltrators to occup- 2acated Indian posts across the .ine o' !ontrol, India has backed o'' 'rom withdrawin" in Siachen4 India 'eels that %akistan would resort to the same thin" i' Siachen &lacier is 2acated without an- o''icial con'irmation o' its positions in the "lacier4 #urin" her tenure as %rime inister o' %akistan, s Bena3ir Bhutto, 2isited the area west o' &-on" .a, makin" her the 'irst premier 'rom either side to "et to the Siachen re"ion4 9n ,une C6, 655F, %rime inister anmohan Sin"h became the 'irst Indian %rime inister to 2isit the area, callin" 'or a peace'ul resolution o' the problem4 In the pre2ious -ear, the %resident o' India, Abdul Kalam became the 'irst head o' state to 2isit the area4 India based ,et Airwa-s plans to open a chartered ser2ice to the "lacierHs nearest airlink, the Thoise airbase, mainl- 'or militar- purposes4 %akistanHs %IA 'lies tourists and trekkers dail- to Skardu, which is the jumpin" o'' point 'or K6, the worldHs second hi"hest point just :: kilometers (654F miles) northwest o' the Siachen area, althou"h bad weather 'requentl- "rounds these scheduled 'li"hts4

Tran1o .la*ier
Tran1o .la*ier is a "lacier near Tran"o Tower mountain in Baltistan, *orthern Areas o' %akistan4

5i1ne .la*ier
5i1ne .la*ier is a "lacier in the *orthern Areas, %akistan near &ondo"oro &lacier and Baltoro &lacier4 Chena$ Ri&er The !henab 1i2er is 'ormed b- the con'luence o' the !handra and Bha"a ri2ers at Tandi located in the upper <imala-as, in the .ahul and Spiti #istrict o' <imachal %radesh, India4 In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga4 It 'lows throu"h the ,ammu re"ion o' ,ammu and Kashmir into the plains o' the %unjab, 'ormin" the boundar- between the 1echna and ,ech inter'lu2es ('oabs in %ersian)4 It is joined b- the ,helum 1i2er at Trimmu, and then b- the 1a2i 1i2er4 It then mer"es with the Sutlej 1i2er near @ch Shari' to 'orm the %anjnad (H$i2e 1i2ersH), which joins the Indus at ithankot4 The total len"th o' the !henab is approximatel- A;5 kilometres4 The waters o' the !henab are allocated to %akistan under the terms o' the Indus /aters Treat-4 The ri2er was known to Indians in Qedic period as !shkini or Iskmati and as !cesines to the Ancient &reeks4 In :6F B!, Alexander the &reat alle"edl- 'ounded the town o' Alexandria on the Indus (present da- @ch Shari' or ithankot or !hacharan) at the con'luence o' the Indus and the combined stream o' %unjab ri2ers (currentl- known as the %anjnad 1i2er)4 The !henab has the same place in the consciousness o' the people o' the %unjab, as, sa- the 1hine holds 'or the &ermans, or the #anube 'or the Austrians and the <un"arians4 It is the iconic ri2er around which %unjabi consciousness re2ol2es, and pla-s a prominent part in the tale o' <eer 1anjha, the %unjabi national epic4 Dasht Ri&er Dasht Ri&er is located in &wadar #istrict, Balochistan, %akistan4 #asht ri2er to pro2ide drinkin" water to &wadar cit-4

irani #am is bein" built on

Dashtiari Ri&er Dashtiari Ri&er is located in &wadar #istrict, Balochistan, %akistan4

.am$ila Ri&er .am$ila Ri&er ri2er, also called the Tochi 1i2er, is located in Bannu #istrict, *orth+/est $rontier %ro2ince, %akistan4 ItHs source are the hills six miles south o' the Su'ed Koh, the source o' the Kurram 1i2er, which it

runs parallel too and 'inall- joins4 The .am$ila is an important ri2er 'or the inhabitants o' the #awar 2alle-, as it ser2es to irra"ate a lar"e area o' land that it runs throu"h4 %articularl- that belon"in" to the Bakkakhel /a3irs, and iri and Barak3ai Bannuchis4

.ha11ar3Ha ra Ri&er The .ha11ar3Ha ra Ri&er is the (rain-) seasonal ri2er in India and the <akra 1i2er ri2erbed in %akistan4 It is o'ten identi'ied with the Qedic Saras2ati 1i2er, but it is disputed i' at all 1i"2edic re'erences to the Saras2ati 1i2er re'er to this ri2er4 It is a dried out ri2er which 'low durin" rainseason onl- and used to 'lush out 'lood waters o' %unjab4 Estimated period at which the ri2er dried up ran"e, 2er- rou"hl-, 'rom 6F55 to 6555 B!, with a 'urther mar"in o' error at either end o' the date+ran"e4 This ma- be precise in "eolo"ical terms, but 'or the Indus Qalle- !i2ili3ation (6D55 to CD55 B!) it makes all the di''erence whether the ri2er dried up in 6F55 (its earl- phase) or 6555 (its late phase)4 Similarl-, 'or the &andhara "ra2e culture, o'ten identi'ied with the earl- in'lux o' Indo+Ar-ans 'rom ca4 C;55 B!, it makes a "reat di''erence whether the ri2er dried up a millennium earlier, or onl- a 'ew "enerations a"o, so that b- contact with remnants o' the IQ! like the !emeter- < culture, le"endar- knowled"e o' the e2ent ma- ha2e been acquired4 The identi'ication with the Saras2ati 1i2er is based the descriptions in Qedic texts (e+g+ in the enumeration o' the ri2ers in 1i"2eda C54EF45F, the order is &an"a, Gamuna, Saras2ati, Sutlej), and other "eolo"ical and paleobotanical 'indin"s4 This howe2er, is disputed4 The Qictorian era scholar !4$4 9ldham was the 'irst to su""est that "eolo"ical e2ents had redirected the ri2er, and to connect it to the lost Saraswati> =TitU was 'ormerl- the Saras2atiN that name is still known amon"st the people, and the 'amous 'ortress o' Sarsuti or Saras2ati was built upon its banks, nearl- C55 miles below the present junction with the &ha""ar4= (9ldham CDA:> FC+F6) .ha11ar Ri&er The .ha11ar is a seasonal ri2er in India, 'lowin" when water is a2ailable 'rom monsoon rains4 It ori"inates in the Shi2alik <ills o' <imachal %radesh and 'lows throu"h %unjab and <ar-ana to 1ajasthanN just southwest o' Sirsa in <ar-ana and b- the side o' Ti$i in 1ajasthan, this seasonal ri2er 'eeds two irri"ation canals that extend into 1ajasthan4 The present+da- Saras2ati 1i2er ori"inates in a submontane re"ion (Ambala district) and joins the &ha""ar near Shatrana in %E%S@4 *ear Sadul"arh (<anuman"arh) the *aiwala channel, a dried out channel o' the Sutlej, joins the &ha""ar4 *ear Surat"arh the &ha""ar is then joined b- the dried up #rishad2ati ri2er4 The wide ri2er bed o' the &ha""ar ri2er su""est that the ri2er once 'lowed 'ull o' water, and that it 'ormerl- continued throu"h the entire re"ion, in the presentl- dr- channel o' the <akra 1i2er, possibl- empt-in" into the 1ann o' Kutch4 It supposedl- dried up due to the capture o' its tributaries b- the Indus and Gamuna ri2ers, and the loss o' rain'all in much o' its catchment area due to de'orestation and o2er"ra3in"4 This is supposed to ha2e happened at the latest in CA55 B!E, but perhaps much earlier4 %uri and Qerma (CAAD) ha2e ar"ued that the present+da- Tons 1i2er was the ancient upper+part o' the Saras2ati 1i2er, which would then had been 'ed with <imala-an "laciers4 The terrain o' this ri2er contains pebbles o' quart3ite and metamorphic rocks, while the lower terraces in these 2alle-s do not contain such rocks4 In India there are also 2arious small or middle+si3ed ri2ers called Saras2ati or Saraswati4 9ne o' them 'lows 'rom the west end o' the Ara2alli 1an"e into the east end o' the 1ann o' Kutch4 Ha ra Ri&er The Ha ra is the dried+out channel o' a ri2er in %akistan that until about 6555 B! + CF55 B! was the continuation o' the &ha""ar 1i2er in India4

an- settlements o' the Indus Qalle- !i2ilisation ha2e been 'ound alon" the &ha""ar and <akra ri2ers4 Ind%s 5alley Ci&ili2ation The ri2er was also o' "reat importance to the Indus Qalle- !i2ili3ation4 Archaeolo"ists ha2e su""ested that the dr-in" up o' this ri2er ma- ha2e been one o' the causes 'or the decline o' the Indus Qalle- !i2ili3ation4 Alon" the course o' the &ha""ar+<akra ri2er are man- archaeolo"ical sites o' the Indus Qalle!i2ili3ationN but not 'urther south than the middle o' Bahawalpur district4 It could be that the permanent Saras2ati ended there, and its water onl- reached the sea in 2er- wet rain- seasons4 It ma- also ha2e been a''ected b- much o' its water bein" taken 'or irri"ation4 92er ;55 sites o' the Indus ci2ili3ation ha2e been disco2ered on the <akra+&ha""ar ri2er and its tributaries4 In contrast to this, onl- A5 to A; Indus Qalle- sites ha2e been disco2ered on the Indus and its tributaries (about :; sites on the Indus ri2er itsel'4) Q4*4 isra states that o2er F:5 <arappan sites (o' the more than D55 known sites, not includin" #e"enerate <arappan or 9!%) are located on the <akra+&ha""ar4 The other sites are mainl- in Kutch+Saurashtra (nearl- 655 sites), Gamuna Qalle- (nearl- E5 .ate <arappan sites) and in the Indus Qalle-R Baluchistan (less than C55 sites)4 Earl- <arappan sites are mostl- situated on the middle &ha""ar+<akra ri2er bed, and some in the Indus Qalle-4 ost o' the ature <arappan sites are located in the middle &ha""ar+<akra ri2er 2alle-, and some on the Indus and in the Kutch+Saurashtra4 <owe2er in the late <arappan period the number o' late <arappan sites in the middle <akra channel and in the Indus 2alle- diminishes, while it expands in the upper &ha""ar+Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra4 The abandonement o' man- sites on the <akra+&ha""ar between the <arappan and the .ate <arappan phase was probabl- due to the dr-in" up o' the <akra+&ha""ar ri2er4 Because most o' the Indus Qalle- sites are actuall- located on the <akra+&ha""ar ri2er and its tributaries and not on the Indus ri2er, some archaeolo"ists ha2e proposed to use the term =Indus Saras2ati !i2ili3ation= to re'er to the <arappan culture4 In a sur2e- conducted b- 414 u"hal between CAE7 and CAEE, o2er 755 sites were mapped alon" :55 miles o' the <akra ri2er4 The majorit- o' these sites were dated to the 'ourth or third millennium B!E4 %ainted &re- /are sites (ca4 C555 B!E) ha2e been 'ound on the bed and not on the banks o' the &ha""ar+<akra ri2er4 The .ha11ar3Ha ra and its an*ient tri$%taries Satellite photo"raph- has shown that the &ha""ar+<akra was indeed a lar"e ri2er that dried up probabl- between ca4 6F55 to 6555 B4!4 The dried out <akra ri2er bed is between three and ten kilometers wide4 1ecent research indicates that the Sutlej and possibl- also the Gamuna once 'lowed into the Saraswati ri2er bed4 The Sutlej and Gamuna 1i2ers ha2e chan"ed their courses o2er the time4 %aleobotanical in'ormation also documents the aridit- that de2eloped a'ter the dr-in" up o' the ri2er4 ,%adgil and *hapar -../ and references therein04 The disappearance o' the ri2er ma- ha2e been caused b- earthquakes which ma- ha2e led to the redirection o' its tributaries4 It has also been su""ested that the loss o' rain'all in much o' its catchment area due to de'orestation and o2er"ra3in" in what is now %akistan ma- ha2e also contributed to the dr-in" up o' the ri2er4 The .ha11ar3Ha ra and the S%tle) There are no <arappan sites on the Sutlej in its present lower course, onl- in its upper course near the Siwaliks, and alon" the dried up channel o' the ancient Sutlej, which indicates the Sutlej did 'low into the Saras2ati at that period o' time4 It has been shown b- satellite ima"er- that at 1opar the Sutlej ri2er suddenl- 'lows awa- 'rom the

&ha""ar in a sharp turn4 The be'orehand narrow &ha""ar ri2er bed itsel' is becomin" suddenlwider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should ha2e met the &ha""ar ri2er4 And there is a major paleochannel between the point where the Sutlej takes a sharp turn and where the &ha""ar ri2er bed widens4 In later texts like the ahabharata, the 1i"2edic Sutudri (=swi'tl- 'lowin"=) is called Shatudri (ShatadruRShatadhara), which means a ri2er with C55 'lows4 The Sutlej (and the Beas and 1a2i) ha2e 'requentl- chan"ed their courses4 The Sutlej has also probabl- sometimes 'lown into the Beas, and the combined stream sometimes in the &ha""ar 1i2er4 The con'luence o' the &ha""ar and the Sutlej was downstream 'rom the Kurukshetra re"ion, where most <arappan sites are located4 The .ha11ar3Ha ra and the +am%na There are also no <arappan sites on the present Gamuna ri2er4 There are howe2er %ainted &ra/are (C555 + ;55 B!) sites on the Gamuna channel, showin" that the ri2er must ha2e 'lown in the present channel durin" this period4 The distribution o' the %ainted &ra- /are sites in the &ha""ar ri2er 2alle- indicates that durin" this period the &ha""ar ri2er was alread- partl- dried up4 Scholars like 1aikes (CA;D) and Suraj Bhan (CAE6, CAE:, CAEF, CAEE) ha2e shown that based on archaeolo"ical, "eomorphic and sedimentolo"ical research the Gamuna ma- ha2e 'lown into the Saraswati durin" <arappan times4 There are se2eral o'ten dried out ri2er beds (paleochannels) between the Sutlej and the Gamuna, some o' them two to ten kilometres wide4 The- are not alwa-s 2isible on the "round because o' excessi2e siltin" and encroachment b- sand o' the dried out ri2er channels4 The Gamuna ma- ha2e 'lown into the Saras2ati ri2er throu"h the !hautan" or the #rishad2ati channel, since man- <arappan sites ha2e been disco2ered on these dried out ri2er beds4 .il1it Ri&er .il1it Ri&er is a tributar- o' the Indus 1i2er, and 'lows past the town o' &il"it4 It is located in the *orthern Areas o' Kashmir, %akistan4

.omal Ri&er .omal Ri&er is a ri2er in A'"hanistan and %akistan, with its headwaters in the south+east o' &ha3ni4 The headwater sprin"s o' the &omalHs main le" come to"ether close to the 'ort o' Babakarkol in Katawa3, a district inhabited primaril- b- Kharoti and Suleiman Khel %ashtuns4 The &omalHs chie' tributar- is the Zhob 1i2er4 /ithin %akistan, &omal ri2er surrounds South /a3iristan a"enc-, 'orms the boundar- between the *orth+/est $rontier %ro2ince and Balochistan4 The ri2er passes then throu"h the #amaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on throu"h #era Ismail Khan Tehsil and then 'inall- 'alls in ri2er Indus4

H%$ Ri&er H%$ Ri&er is located in .asbela, Balochistan, %akistan4 It 'orms the pro2incial boundar- between Sindh and Balochistan, west o' Karachi4 <ub #am is a lar"e water stora"e reser2oir constructed in CADC on the <ub 1i2er in the arid plains north o' Karachi4 The reser2oir supplies water 'or irri"ation in the .asbella district o' Balochistan and drinkin" water 'or the cit- o' Karachi4 It is an important sta"in" and winterin" area 'or an appreciable number o' waterbirds and contains a 2ariet- o' 'ish species which increase in abundance durin" periods o' hi"h water4 The ahseer (*or p titora), an indi"enous ri2erine 'ish 'ound in the <ub 1i2er, "rows up to 6m in len"th and pro2ides 'or excellent an"lin"4It is in pakistan4

H%n1ol Ri&er H%n1ol Ri&er or Hin1ol Ri&er is located in akran, Balochistan, %akistan4

The <un"ol 2alle- has 'antastic scener- o' towerin" cli''s, pinnacles and buttresses, the ri2er windin" between4 Some :F5 miles in len"th, the <un"ol is BalochistanHs lon"est ri2er4 @nlike most other streams in Balochistan which onl- 'low durin" rare rains, the <un"ol alwa-s has 'lowin" water in it4 The water is cr-stalPclear, re'lectin" the incredible blue o' the sk-4 It makes 'or picturePpostcard scener-4 <un"ol ri2er and 2alle- are located in <un"ol *ational %ark4

H%n2a Ri&er H%n2a Ri&er is the principal ri2er o' <un3a, in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 It is 'ormed b- the con'luence o' the Kilik and Khunjerab nalas ("or"es) which are 'ed b- "laciers4 It is joined b- the &il"it 1i2er and the *altar 1i2er be'ore it 'lows into the Indus 1i2er4 The ri2er cuts throu"h the Karakoram ran"e, 'lowin" 'rom north to south4 The Karakoram <i"hwacrosses the <un3a 1i2er near <un3a and *a"ar 2alle-s4

Ind%s Ri&er Indus is the lon"est and most important ri2er in %akistan and one o' the most important ri2ers on the Indian subcontinent4 9ri"inatin" in the Tibetan plateau in the 2icinit- o' .ake ansaro2ar, the ri2er runs a course throu"h in ,ammu and Kashmir and *orthern Areas, 'lowin" throu"h the *orth in a southernl- direction alon" the entire len"th o' countr-, to mer"e into the Arabian Sea near %akistanHs port cit- Karachi4 The total len"th o' the ri2er is :655 km (CADD miles)4 The ri2er has a total draina"e area exceedin" 7F5,555 square miles4 The ri2erHs estimated annual 'low stands at around 65E cubic kilometres4 Be"innin" at the hei"hts o' the world with "laciers, the ri2er 'eeds the ecos-stem o' temperate 'orests, plains and arid countr-side4 To"ether with the ri2ers !henab, 1a2i, Sutlej, ,helum, Beas and the extinct Saras2ati 1i2er, the Indus 'orms the )apta )indh (=Se2en 1i2ers=) delta in the Sindh pro2ince o' %akistan4 It has 65 major tributaries4 The Indus pro2ides the ke- water resources 'or the econom- o' %akistan + especiall- the breadbasket o' %unjab pro2ince, which accounts 'or most o' the nationHs a"ricultural production, and Sindh4 It also supports man- hea2- industries and pro2ides the main suppl- o' potable water in %akistan4 The ultimate source o' the Indus is in TibetN it be"ins at the con'luence o' the Sen""e and &ar ri2ers that drain the *"an"lon" Kan"ri and &an"dise Shan mountain ran"es4 The Indus then 'lows northwest throu"h .adakh+Baltistan into &il"it, just south o' the Karakoram ran"e4 The Sh-ok, Shi"ar and &il"it streams carr- "lacieral waters into the main ri2er4 It "raduall- bends to the south, comin" out o' the hills between %eshawar and 1awalpindi4 The Indus passes "i"antic "or"es (CF,555+CE,555 'eet) near the *an"a %arbat massi' It swi'tl- 'lows across <a3ara, and is dammed at the Tarbela 1eser2oir4 The Kabul 1i2er joins it near Attock4 The remainder o' its route to the sea is in plains o' the %unjab and Sind, and the ri2er becomes slow+'lowin" and hi"hl- braided4 It is joined b- %anjnad 1i2er at ithankot4 Be-ond this con'luence, the ri2er, at one time, was named as Satnad 1i2er (sat V se2en, nadi V ri2er) as the ri2er was now carr-in" the waters o' Kabul 1i2er, Indus 1i2er and the 'i2e %unjab ri2ers4 %assin" b- ,amshoro, it ends in a lar"e delta to the east o' Thatta4 The Indus is one o' the 'ew ri2ers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore4 The Indus s-stem is lar"el'ed b- the snows and "laciers o' the Karakoram, <indu Kush and <imala-an ran"es o' Tibet, Kashmir and *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 The 'low o' the ri2er is also determined b- the seasons + it diminishes "reatl- in the winter, while 'loodin" its banks in the monsoon months 'rom ,ul- to September4 There is also e2idence o' a stead- shi't in the course o' the ri2er since prehistoric times + it de2iated westwards 'rom 'lowin" into the 1ann o' Kutch4 It is the 9''icial and #ational Ri&er o' %akistan in @rdu as 6a%mi Daryaa and Sindhi it is called Daryaa "adshah ,The Kin1 Ri&er4 History %aleolithic sites ha2e been disco2ered in %othohar, with the stone tools o' the Soan !ulture4 In ancient &andhara, e2idence o' ca2e dwellers dated CF,555 -ears a"o has been disco2ered at ardan4 The major cities o' the Indus Qalle- !i2ili3ation (IQ!), such as <arappa and ohenjo #aro, date

back to around ::55 B!, and represent some o' the lar"est human habitations o' the ancient world4 The IQ! was extended 'rom Balochistan to &ujarat, with an upward reach to the darcon 'rom east o' 1i2er ,helum to 1upar on the upper Sutlej4 The coast settlements extended 'rom Sutka"an #or at Iranian border to .othal in &ujarat4 There is an Indus site on the 9xus ri2er at Shortu"hai in northern A'"hanistan (Keno-er CAAD>A;), and the Indus site Alam"irpur at the <indon ri2er is located onl- 6D km 'rom #elhi4 To date, o2er C,5F6 cities and settlements ha2e been 'ound, mainl- in the "eneral re"ion o' the &ha""ar+<akra 1i2er and its tributaries4 Amon" the settlements were the major urban centers o' <arappa and ohenjo+daro, as well as .othal, #hola2ira, &aneriwala, and 1akhi"arhi4 9nl- A5 to A; o' the o2er D55 known Indus Qalle- sites ha2e been disco2ered on the Indus and its tributaries4 The Sutlej, now a tributar- o' the Indus, in <arappan times 'lowed into the &ha""ar+<akra 1i2er, in the watershed o' which were more <arappan sites than alon" the Indus4 Some scholars belie2e that settlements o' &andhara "ra2e culture o' the earl- Indo+Ar-ans 'lourished in &andhara 'rom CE55 to ;55 B!E, when ohenjo #aro and <arappa had alread- been abandoned4 <owe2er man- modern researchers belie2e that the IQ! was indeed an Ar-an ci2ili3ation4 1esearchers such as pro'essor E"bert 1ichter @shanas concernin" the IQ! seals has said, =!ll the seals are based on 1edas -- Rig 1eda and !tharva 1eda+= The name Ind s is a .atini3ation o' 2ind , in turn the Iranian 2ariant o' )indh , the name o' the Indus in the 1i"2eda4 Sanskrit sindh "enericall- means =ri2er, stream=, probabl- 'rom a root sidh =to "o, mo2e=N sindh is attested CE; times in the 1i"2eda, AF times in the plural, more o'ten used in the "eneric meanin"4 Alread- in the 1i"2eda, notabl- in the later h-mns, the meanin" o' the word is narrowed to re'er to the Indus ri2er in particular, 'or example in the list o' ri2ers o' the *adistuti sukta4 This resulted in the anomal- o' a ri2er with masculine "ender> all other 1i"2edic ri2ers are 'emale, not just "rammaticall-, bein" ima"ined as "oddesses and compared to cows and mares -ieldin" milk and butter4 The Indus has 'ormed a natural boundar- between the Indian hinterland and its 'rontier with A'"hanistan and Iran4 It has been crossed b- the armies o' Alexander the &reat + &reek 'orces retreated alon" the southern course o' the ri2er at the end o' the Indian campai"n4 The Indus plains ha2e also been under the domination o' the %ersian empire and the Kushan empire4 The uslim armies o' uhammad bin 0asim, ahmud o' &ha3ni and Babur also crossed the ri2er to strike into the inner re"ions o' &ujarat, %unjab and 1ajputana4 The word =India= is a re'erence to the Indus 1i2er4 .eolo1y The Indus 1i2er 'eeds the Indus submarine 'an located in the Arabian Sea, which is the second lar"est sediment bod- on the Earth at around F million cubic kilometers o' material eroded 'rom the mountains4 Studies o' the sediment in the modern ri2er indicate that the Karakoram ountains in northern %akistan are the sin"le most important source o' material, with the <imala-a pro2ide the next lar"est contibution, mostl- 2ia the lar"e ri2ers o' the %unjab (i4e4, the 1a2i, ,hellum, !henab and the Sutlej)4 Anal-sis o' sediments 'rom the Arabian Sea b- marine "eolo"ists %eter !li't and ,er3- Blus3tajn has demonstrated that prior to 'i2e million -ears a"o the Indus was not connected to these %unjab 1i2ers which instead 'lowed east into the &an"es and were captured a'ter that time4 Earlier work, also b- %eter !li't, showed that sand and silt 'rom western Tibet was reachin" the Arabian Sea b- 7F million -ears a"o, impl-in" the existence o' an ancient Indus 1i2er b- that time4 The delta o' this proto+Indus ri2er has subsequentl- been 'ound in the Katawa3 Basin, on the A'"han+%akistan border4 ost recentl- the Indus was paralleled b- the ancient Saraswati 1i2er, which the 1i"2eda su""ests 'lowed 'rom the <imala-a between the Sutlej and the Gamuna 1i2ers, close to modern da- !handi"arh4 The Saraswati ri2er was totall- dried b- CA55 B! as con'irmed b- archeolo"ical h-drolo"ical radio carbon datin"s4 Climate The Indus delta is one o' the driest in the Indian subcontinent, l-in" just to the west o' the Thar #esert o' 1ajasthan + and rain'all is extraordinaril- erratic owin" to the passa"e o' c-clones 'rom the Arabian Sea4 The %unjab plains, howe2er, recei2e considerable rain'all 'rom the summer monsoon> at Abbottabad the a2era"e annual rain'all is around C,655mm (7E inches) and at urree around C,E55mm (;E inches) with as much as E:5mm (6D inches) in ,ul- and Au"ust alone4 The upper basin o' the Indus recei2es 7+D inches o' rain'all (hi"her in the west) in the winter months

owin" to northwestern winds4 <i"her ele2ations in Kashmir and the *orthern Areas recei2es a lar"e amount o' precipitation in the 'orm o' snow, but the lower 2alle-s are extremel- dr- and quite warm in the summer4 Annual temperatures 'all below 'ree3in" in the northern mountainous re"ions in the winter, while exceedin" C55 de"rees $ahrenheit in the plains o' %unjab and Sindh in the summer4 ,acobabad, which is one o' the hottest spots in the world, lies to the west o' the ri2er in Sindh4 !ildlife Accounts o' the Indus 2alle- 'rom the times o' AlexanderHs campai"n indicate a health- 'orest co2er in the re"ion, which has now considerabl- receded4 The u"hal Emperor Babar writes o' encounterin" rhinoceroses alon" its bank in his memoirs (the Baber*ameh)4 Extensi2e de'orestation and human inter'erence in the ecolo"- o' the Shi2alik <ills has led to a marked deterioration in 2e"etation and "rowin" conditions4 The Indus 2alle- re"ions are arid with poor 2e"etation4 A"riculture is sustained lar"el- due to irri"ation works4 The Blind Indus 1i2er #olphin (%latanista "an"etica minor) is a sub+species o' #olphins 'ound onlin the Indus 1i2er4 It 'ormerl- also occurred in the tributaries o' the Indus ri2er4 %alla 'ish (2ilsa ilisha) o' the ri2er is a delicac- 'or people li2in" alon" the ri2er4 The population o' 'ishes in the ri2er is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri bein" the major 'ishin" centres + all in the lower Sindh course4 But dammin" and irri"ation has made 'ish 'armin" an important economic acti2it-4 .ocated southeast o' Karachi, the lar"e delta has been reco"nised b- conser2ationists as one o' the worldHs most important ecolo"ical re"ions4 <ere the ri2er distributes into man- marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow le2els4 <ere marine 'ishes are 'ound in abundance, includin" pom'ret and prawns4 ,*onomy The Indus is the most important supplier o' water resources to the %unjab and Sindh plains + it 'orms the backbone o' a"riculture and 'ood production in %akistan4 The ri2er is especiall- critical as rain'all is mea"re in the lower Indus 2alle-4 Irri"ation canals were 'irst built b- the peoples o' the Indus 2alle- ci2ili3ation, and later b- the en"ineers o' the Kushan Empire and the u"hal Empire4 odern irri"ation was introduced b- the British East India !ompan- in CDF5 + the construction o' modern canals accompanied with the restoration o' old canals4 The British super2ised the construction o' one o' the most complex irri"ation networks in the world4 The &uddu Barra"e is 7,7F5 'eet lon" + irri"atin" Sukkur, ,acobabad, .arkana and Kalat4 The Sukkur Barra"e ser2es o2er 'i2e million acres (65,555 km8)4 A'ter partition, the %akistan /ater and %ower #e2elopment Authorit- undertook the construction o' the !hashma+,helum link canal + linkin" the waters o' the Indus and ,helum ri2ers + extendin" water supplies to the re"ions o' Bahawalpur and ultan4 %akistan also constructed the Tarbela #am near 1awalpindi + standin" A,555 'eet lon" and 7E5 'eet hi"h, with a F5 mile+lon" reser2oir4 The Kotri Barra"e near <-derabad is :,555 'eet lon" and pro2ides additional supplies 'or Karachi4 The Taunsa Barra"e near #era &ha3i Khan produces C55,555 kilowatts o' electricit-4 The extensi2e linkin" o' tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the 2alle- o' %eshawar, the *orthwest $rontier %ro2ince4 The extensi2e irri"ation and dam projects pro2ide the basis 'or %akistanHs lar"e production o' crops such as cotton, su"arcane and wheat4 The dams also "enerate electricit- 'or hea2- industries and urban centres4 (eo'le The inhabitants o' the re"ions throu"h whom the Indus ri2er passes and 'orms a major natural 'eature and resource are di2erse in ethnicit-, reli"ion, national and lin"uistic back"rounds4 9n the northern course o' the ri2er in Kashmir li2e the Buddhist people o' .adakh, o' Tibetan stock, with Kashmiris who practise both Islam and <induism4 As it descends into *orthern Areas o' %akistan, the Indus ri2er 'orms a distincti2e boundar- o' ethnicit- and cultures + upon the western banks the population is lar"el- %ashtun, Balochi, and o' other A'"han stock, with close cultural, economic and ethnic ties to Iran and A'"hanistan4 The eastern banks are lar"el- populated with peoples o' %unjabi stock, with smaller populations o' Sindhis and people 'rom re"ions in modern India4 In northern %unjab and the */$%, %athan peoples and ethnic %ashtun tribes li2e alon"side %unjabi peoples4 In the southern portion o' the %unjab pro2ince, the Serakai peoples speak a distincti2e ton"ue and practise distincti2e traditions4 In the pro2ince o' Sindh, peoples o' Sindhi, &ujarati, %unjabi and @rdu+speakin" ohajir back"rounds 'orm the local populations4 @pon the western

banks o' the ri2er li2e the Balochi and %ashtun peoples o' Balochistan4 Modern iss%es A 'looded Indus ri2er inundates the Srina"ar+Kar"il+.eh hi"hwa-4 #ue to its location and 2ast water resources, Indus is a strate"icall- 2ital resource 'or %akistanHs econom- and societ-4 Ind%s !aters treaty A'ter the partition o' India in CA7E, the use o' the waters o' the Indus and its 'i2e eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and %akistan4 The irri"ation canals o' the Sutlej 2alle- and the Bari #oab were split + with the canals l-in" primaril- in %akistan and the headwork dams in India + disruptin" suppl- in some parts o' %akistan4 The concern o2er India buildin" lar"e dams o2er 2arious %unjab ri2ers that could undercut the suppl- 'lowin" to %akistan, as well as the possibilit- that India could di2ert ri2ers in the time o' war, caused political consternation in %akistan4 <oldin" diplomatic talks brokered b- the /orld Bank, India and %akistan si"ned the Indus /aters Treat- in CA;54 The treat- "a2e India the control o' the three easternmost ri2ers o' the %unjab, Sutlej, Beas and the 1a2i, while %akistan "ained control o' the three western ri2ers, ,helum, !henab and the Indus4 India retained the ri"ht to use o' the western ri2ers 'or non irri"ation projects4 (See discussion re"ardin" a recent dispute about a h-droelectric project on the !henab (not Indus) known as the Ba"hli"har project)4 (il1rima1e <indu pil"rima"e to hol- sites alon"side the ri2er has been a source o' con'lict between the nations4 %akistan does "enerall- allow Indian citi3ens to 2isit the countr- 'or reli"ious purposes, <owe2er, owin" to the 2olatile nature o' bilateral relations, most pil"rima"e and reli"ious ceremonies are per'ormed b- <indus in Kashmir4 Conser&ation There are concerns that extensi2e de'orestation, industrial pollution and "lobal warmin" are a''ectin" the 2e"etation and wildli'e o' the Indus delta, while a''ectin" a"ricultural production as well4 There are also concerns that the Indus ri2er ma- be shi'tin" its course westwards + althou"h the pro"ression spans centuries4 9n numerous occasions, /ater+clo""in" owin" to poor maintenance o' canals has a''ected a"ricultural production and 2e"etation4 In addition, extreme heat has caused water to e2aporate lea2in" salt deposits that render lands useless 'or culti2ation4 /hel%m Ri&er /ehl%m Ri&er or /hel%m Ri&er is the lar"est and most western o' the 'i2e ri2ers o' %unjab, and passes throu"h ,helum #istrict4 It is a tributar- o' the Indus 1i2er4 History A photo"raph 'rom CA55 shows a passen"er tra2ersin" the ri2er precariousl- seated in a small suspended cradle4 The ri2er ,helum was called 1itasta b- the ancient Indians in the Qedic period and 2ydaspes b- the ancient &reeks4 The QitastW is mentioned as one o' the major ri2er b- the hol- scriptures o' the Indo+Ar-ansXthe 1i"2eda4 It has been speculated that the Qitasta must ha2e been one o' the se2en ri2ers (sapta+sindhu) mentioned so man- times in the 1i"2eda4 The name sur2i2es the a Kashmiri name 'or this ri2er as 1yath4 The ri2er was re"arded as a "od b- the ancient &reeks, as were most mountains and streamsN the poet *onnus in the #ion-siaca (section 6;, line :F5) makes the 2ydaspes a titan+descended "od, the son o' the sea+"od Thaumas and the cloud+"oddess Elektra4 <e was the brother o' Iris the "oddess o' the rainbow, and hal'+brother to the harpies, the snatching winds4 Since the ri2er is in a countr- 'orei"n to the ancient &reeks, it is not clear whether the- named the ri2er a'ter the "od, or whether the "od 2ydaspes was named a'ter the ri2er4 Alexander the &reat and his arm- crossed the ,helum in :6; B! at the Battle o' the <-daspes where he de'eated the Indian kin", %orus4 Accordin" to Arrian (!nabasis3 6A), he built a cit- =on

the spot whence he started to cross the ri2er <-daspes=, which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his 'amous horse Bukephalis which was buried in ,alalpur Shari'4 It is thou"ht that ancient Bukephala was near the site o' modern ,helum !it-4 Accordin" to a historian o' &ujrat district, ansoor Beh3ad Butt, Bukephala was buried in ,alalpur Shari', but the people o' andi Bahauddin, a district close to ,ehlum, belie2ed that their tehsil %halia was named a'ter Bucephala, AlexanderYs dead horse4 The- sa- that the name %halia was the distortion o' the word Bucephala4 The waters o' the ,helum are allocated to %akistan under the terms o' the Indus /aters Treat-4 Co%rse The ri2er ,helum rises 'rom north+eastern ,ammu and Kashmir and is 'ed b- "laciers, and then passes throu"h the Srina"ar district4 At the cit- o' Srina"ar, the serpentine ,helum, alon" with the lake #al which lies in its course, presents a 2er- picturesque site4 The Kishen"an"a(*eelum)1i2er, the lar"est tributar- o' the ,helum, joins it near u3a''arabad, as does the next lar"est, the Kunhar 1i2er o' the Ka"han 2alle-4It also connects with %akistan and %akistan+held Kashmir on Kohala Brid"e east o' !ircle Bakote4 It is then joined b- the %oonch ri2er, and 'lows into the an"la #am reser2oir in the district o' irpur4 The ,helum enters the %unjab in the ,helum #istrict4 $rom there, it 'lows throu"h the plains o' %akistanHs %unjab, 'ormin" the boundar- between the !haj and Sindh Sa"ar #oabs4 It ends in a con'luence with the !henab at Trimmu in #istrict ,han"4 The !henab mer"es with the Sutlej to 'orm the %anjnad 1i2er which joins the Indus 1i2er at ithankot4 Dams and "arra1es an"la #am, completed in CA;E, is one o' the lar"est earth'ill dams in the world, with a stora"e capacit- o' F4A million acre+'eet (E4: kmZ) 1asul Barra"e, constructed in CA;E, has a maximum 'low o' DF5,555 'tZRs (67,555 mZRs)4 Trimmu Barra"e, constructed in CA:A at the con'luence with the !henab, has maximum dischar"e capacit- o' ;7F,555 'tZRs (CD,555 mZRs)4 Canals The @pper ,helum !anal runs 'rom an"la to the !henab4 The 1asul+0adirabad .ink !anal runs 'rom the 1asul barra"e to the !henab4 The !hashma+,helum .ink !anal runs 'rom the !hashma Barra"e on the Indus 1i2er to the ,helum ri2er downstream o' 1asul Barra"e4 Ka$%l Ri&er Ka$%l Ri&er or Ka$al Ri&er is a ri2er that rises in the San"lakh 1an"e o' A'"hanistan, separated 'rom the watershed o' the <elmand b- the @nai %ass4 It is the main ri2er in the eastern part o' A'"hanistan4 It 'lows E55 km be'ore joinin" the Indus 1i2er near Attock 4 It passes throu"h the cities o' Kabul, !haharba"h, ,alalabad, and ('lowin" into %akistan some :5 km north o' the Kh-ber %ass) *owshera4 The major tributaries o' the Kabul 1i2er are the .o"ar, %anjshir, Kunar and Alin"ar ri2ers4 The Kabul ri2er itsel' is little more than a trickle 'or most o' the -ear, but swells in summer due to meltin" snows4 Its lar"est tributar- is the Kunar, which starts out as the astuj 1i2er, 'lowin" 'rom the !hiantar "lacier in !hitral, %akistan and once it 'lows south into A'"hanistan it is met b- the Bash"al ri2er 'lowin" 'rom *urestan4 The Kunar meets the Kabul near ,alalabad4 In spite o' the Kunar carr-in" more water than the Kabul, the ri2er continues as the Kabul 1i2er a'ter this con'luence, mainl- 'or the political and historical si"ni'icance o' the name4 This ri2er is attested in the 1i" Qeda, the earliest scripture o' <induism, under the name K bh4 (man- o' the ri2ers o' A'"hanistan are mantioned in the 1i" Qeda)4 The Sanskrit word later chan"ed to K4b l4 S-aan Ri&er The S-aan Ri&er is the most important stream o' the %othohar re"ion o' %akistan4 It drains much o' the water o' %othohar4 It starts near a small 2illa"e Bun in the 'oothills o' %atriata and urree4 It pro2ides water to Simlbee #am, which is reser2oir o' water 'or Islamabad4 *ear %harwala $ort it cuts throu"h a hi"h mountain ran"e and that is a wonder'ul phenomenon o' nature4 The place is called Swan !ut4 *o stream can cut such a hi"h mountain4 It pro2es the Swaan was there be'ore

the 'ormation o' this ran"e4 And when the mountain rose throu"h millions o' -ears, the stream continued its path b- cuttin" the risin" mountain4 .in" stream, 'ollowin" a relati2el- lon" course thou"h .ehtrar and Kahuta 'alls in the Swaan near Sihala4 Islamabad <i"hwa- crosses this stream near Sihala where 'amous brid"e !ock %ull is constructed o2er it4 Another 'amous, .ai stream joins this stream near Swaan !amp4 A'ter walkin" a tortuous path and creatin" a bi" cur2e, the stream reaches Kalaba"h where it 'alls into the Indus ri2er4 This relati2el- small stream is more than 6F5 kilometers lon"4 #ue to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardl- used 'or irri"ation purposes4 $or "rindin" wheat, -ou can 'ind ancient t-pes o' 'lour mills near !hakian4$ishin" is not possible in this stream as a pro'ession4 1ohu is the main species o' 'ish in this stream4 K%ndar Ri&er K%ndar Ri&er is located in Balochistan, %akistan4 The meltwater 'rom the Sulaiman 'orms Kundar 1i2er and it 'lows throu"h Balochistan and drains into &omal 1i2er4

ountains

The two principal draina"e channels o' the Zhob district are the Zhob 1i2er and the Kundar 1i2er, both 'low into the &omal 1i2er4 The "eneral direction o' the ri2ers is 'rom Southwest to northeast4 The Zhob 1i2er rises at Tsari ehtara3ai pass, the watershed a distance o' about 755 kilometers4 The broad plain o' the Zhob 1i2er is occupied b- the allu2ial 'ormation4 The Kundar 1i2er rises 'rom the central and hi"hest point o' the TobaKakar ran"e, a 'ew kilometers northeast o' the Sakir4 It constitutes boundar- between %akistan and A'"hanistan territor- 'or a considerable len"th4 The other subsidiar- ri2ers or streams are the Baskan, !hukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc4

K%nhar Ri&er K%nhar Ri&er is located in *orth+/est $rontier %ro2ince, %akistan4 A main source o' the ri2er is .ulusar lake, nearl- 7Dkm 'rom *aran Qalle-4 &laciers o' alka %arbat and akra %eak and the waters o' Sai'ul uluk lake 'eed the ri2er4 The Kunhar 'lows throu"h the entire Ka"han Qallethrou"h ,alkhand, *aran, Ka"han, ,ared, %aras and Balakot, and joins the ,helum 1i2er4 The Kunhar ri2er trout is considered to be the best throu"hout the sub+continent K%rram Ri&er The K%rr%m Ri&er 'lows in the Kurrum Qalle-, stretchin" across the A'"han+%akistani border west to east (crosses 'rom the %aktia %ro2ince o' A'"hanistan into the Kohat border re"ion o' %akistan) at ::K7AL* ;AKFDLE, about CF5 km west+to+south+west o' the Kh-ber %ass4 The Kurram A"enc- is part o' the %eshWwar #i2ision o' the *orthwest $rontier %ro2ince4 The Kurram 1i2er drains the southern 'lanks o' the Sa'ed Koh (1an"e), and enters the plains a north o' Bannu, and joins the Indus 1i2er at :6K:FL* ECK6ELE near Isa Khel a'ter a course o' more than :65 km (655 miles)4 The district has an area o' :,:C5 km8 (C,6ED sq miles)N pop4 approx4 :55,5554 It lies between the iran3ai Qalle- and the A'"han border, and is inhabited b- the Turis, a tribe o' Turki and %arthian ori"in who are supposed to ha2e subju"ated the Ban"ash %athans about six hundred -ears a"o4 It is hi"hl- irri"ated, well peopled, and crowded with small 'orti'ied 2illa"es, orchards and "ro2es, to which a 'ine back"round is a''orded b- the dark pine 'orests and alpine snows o' the Sa'ed Koh4 The beaut- and climate o' the 2alle- attracted some o' the o"ul emperors o' #elhi, and the remains exist o' a "arden planted b- Shah ,ahan4 The Kurram 1i2er crosses the A'"han+%akistan border about D5 km southwest o' ,alalabad and in ancient times o''ered the most direct route to Kabul and &arde34 The route crossed the %eiwar %ass :,7:A m (CC,6D: 't) hi"h, just o2er 65 km west o' %arachinar, which was blocked b- snow 'or se2eral months o' the -ear4 $ormerl- the Kurram Qalle- was under the "o2ernment o' Kabul, and e2er- 'i2e or six -ears a militar- expedition was sent to collect the re2enue, the soldiers li2in" meanwhile at 'ree quarters

on the people4 It was not until about CD7D that the Turis were brou"ht directl- under the control o' Kabul, when a "o2ernor was appointed, who established himsel' in Kurram4 The Turis, bein" Shiah uslims, ne2er liked the A'"han rule4 #urin" the second A'"han /ar, when Sir $rederick 1oberts ad2anced b- wa- o' the Kurram Qalleand the %eiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him e2er- assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was "ranted them in CDD54 The administration o' the Kurram Qalle- was 'inall- undertaken b- the British "o2ernment, at the request o' the Turis themsel2es, in CDA54 Technicall- it ranked, not as a British district, but as an a"enc- or administered area4 Two expeditions in the Kurram Qalle- also require mention> (C) The Kurram expedition o' CDF; under Bri"adier+&eneral Sir *e2ille !hamberlain4 The Turis on the 'irst annexation o' the Kohat district b- the British had "i2en much trouble4 The- had repeatedl- lea"ued with other tribes to harr- the iran3ai 2alle-, harbourin" 'u"iti2es, encoura"in" resistance, and 'requentl- attackin" Ban"ash and Khattak 2illa"es in the Kohat district4 Accordin"l-, in CDF; a British 'orce o' 7,DA; troops tra2ersed their countr-, and the tribe entered into en"a"ements 'or 'uture "ood conduct4 (6) The Kohat+Kurram expedition o' F,DAE under !olonel /4 <ill4 #urin" the 'rontier risin"s o' CDAE the inhabitants o' the Kurram 2alle-, chie'l- the asso3ai section o' the 9rak3ais, were in'ected bthe "eneral excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other posts4 A 'orce o' C7,6:5 British troops tra2ersed the countr-, and the tribesmen were se2erel- punished4 In .ord !ur3onHs reor"ani3ation o' the 'rontier in CA55+CA5C, the British troops were withdrawn 'rom the 'orts in the Kurram Qalle-, and were replaced b- the Kurram militia, reor"ani3ed in two battalions, and chie'ldrawn 'rom the Turi tribe4 In recent -ears the Kurram Qalle- has once a"ain assumed a 2er- strate"ic position and has been an area o' intense militar- acti2it- between the Taliban and American and allied 'orces4 Lyari Ri&er Lyari Ri&er is located in Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 .-ari 1i2er passes throu"h the cit- o' Karachi 'rom north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea4 .-ari ri2er is one o' the two ri2ers passin" throu"h Karachi and the other is alir 1i2er4

Malir Ri&er Malir Ri&er is located in Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 alir 1i2er passes throu"h the cit- o' Karachi 'rom northeast to the centre and drains into the Arabian Sea4 alir ri2er is one o' the two ri2ers passin" throu"h Karachi and the other is .-ari 1i2er4it has two other little ri2er help one is Thadho and other is Sukhan4In a rain- season this ri2er 'low with lot o' water and millions o' "allons o' water waste in Arabian Sea4 I' the "o2erment becomes searious to this matter and construct a dam on this ri2er, it will bene'it the whole o' Karachi a "reat deal4

(an) ora The (an) ora Ri&er rises rises hi"h in the <indu Kush at lat4 :F47F and joins the Swat 1i2er near !hakdara, alakand, */$%, %akistan4 Its name is deri2ed 'rom the %ersian 'or HpanjH (meanin" H'i2eH) and HkoraH (meanin" Hri2erH)4 (an)nad Ri&er (an)nad Ri&er (panj V 'i2e, nadi V ri2er) is a ri2er in %unjab, %akistan4 %anjnad 1i2er is 'ormed bsuccessi2e con'luence o' the 'i2e ri2ers o' %unjab, namel- ,helum, !henab, 1a2i, Beas and Sutlej4 ,helum and 1a2i join !henab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and !henab join to 'orm %anjnad near @ch Shari'4 The combined stream runs southwest 'or approximatel- 7F miles and joins Indus 1i2er at ithankot4 The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea4 A dam on %anjnad has been erectedN

it pro2ides irri"ation channels 'or %unjab and Sind pro2inces south o' the Sutlej and east o' the Indus ri2ers4 Be-ond the con'luence o' Indus and %anjnad ri2ers, the Indus ri2er was known as Satnad (Sat V se2en) carr-in" the waters o' se2en ri2ers includin" Indus ri2er, Kabul ri2er and the 'i2e ri2ers o' %unjab4

Ra&i Ri&er The Ra&i Ri&er is a ri2er in India and %akistan4 It is one o' the 'i2e ri2ers which "i2e %unjab its name4 The 1a2i was known as "ar shani or Iravati to Indians in Qedic times and 2ydraotes to the Ancient &reeks4 It ori"inates in the <imala-as in the !hamba district o' <imachal %radesh 'ollowin" a north+westerl- course4 It turns to the south+west, near #alhousie, and then cuts a "or"e in the #haola #har ran"e enterin" the %unjab plain near adhopur4 It then 'lows alon" the Indo+%ak border 'or some distance be'ore enterin" %akistan and joinin" the !henab ri2er4 The total len"th o' the ri2er is about E65 km4 The waters o' the 1a2i ri2er are allocated to India under the Indus /aters Treat- between India and %akistan4 It is also called HThe ri2er o' .ahoreH since that "reat cit- is located on its eastern bank4 9n its western bank is located the 'amous tomb o' ,ahan"ir4 Ri1 5eda %art o' the battle o' the ten kin"s was 'ou"ht on the %arushani ri2er, which accordin" to Gaska (nirukta A46;) re'ers to the Ira2ati ri2er (1a2i 1i2er) in the %unjab4 acdonell and Keith write that =the name T%arusniU is certainl- that o' the ri2er later called 1a2i (Ira2ati)= Shi1ar Ri&er Shi1ar Ri&er is located in Baltistan, *orthern Areas, %akistan4 The Shi1ar Ri&er is 'ormed 'rom the melt water o' the Baltoro &lacier and Bia'o &lacier4 The ri2er is tributar- to Indus 1i2er and meets the Indus in Skardu 2alle-4 S%tle) Ri&er S%tle) Ri&er (also known as Satluj), is the lon"est o' the 'i2e ri2ers that 'low throu"h Indian %unjab in northern India4 Its source is in Tibet near ount Kailash and its terminus in %akistani %unjab4 It is the easternmost a'luent o' the %unjab, and it recei2es the Beas 1i2er in the state o' %unjab, India and continues into %akistan to join the !henab 1i2er to 'orm the %anjnad 1i2er, which 'urther down its course joins the Indus 1i2er at ithankot4 The Sutlej was known as )hatadr or ) dri to Indians in Qedic period and 5aradros or 2esidros to the &reeks, and )ydr s to the 1omans4 The waters o' the ri2er are allocated to India under the Indus /aters Treat- between India and %akistan4 At present, most o' its water is di2erted to irri"ation canals and used up in India4 The Bhakra+*an"al #am is a hu"e multipurpose dam on the ri2er4 There is substantial e2idence to indicate that prior to CE55 B4!4 the Sutlej was once an important tributar- o' the Saras2ati 1i2er, instead o' the Indus 1i2er4 It is belie2ed that tectonic acti2itcreated ele2ation chan"es that redirected the Sutlej 'rom southeast to southwest4 9nce 'lowin" in its new westward direction, the ri2er e2entuall- joined the Beas ri2er4 As a result, the mi"htSaras2ati 1i2er be"an to dr- up, causin" the deserti'ication o' !holistan and Sindh, as well as the abandonment o' numerous ancient human settlements alon" its banks4 A canal is bein" built between the Sutlej and Gamuna ri2ers, known as the S.G4

S-at Ri&er 'lows 'rom <indukush peshawer 2alle- Sarhad, %akistan4

S-at Ri&er ountains throu"h Kalam 2alle- and mer"es into Kabul 1i2er in

Swat 1i2er irri"ates 2ast area o' Swat #istrict and contributes to 'ishin" industr- o' the re"ion4 Saidu &roupHs o' teachin" hospitals also located at the banks o' Swat 1i2er4 alamjaba ski resort is

about C5 miles awa- 'rom the ri2er4 A-ub Brid"e is one o' the attractions 'or 2isitors4 The scenerattracts man- tourists 'rom all o2er %akistan durin" the summer4 It is said that Alexander the &reat crossed the Swat 1i2er with part o' his arm- and be'ore turnin" south to subdue the locals at what are now Barikoot and 9de"ram4 Also, the banks o' this ri2er, which was earliest known as )hrivast , later ) vast and currentl- the present name, is the place o' ori"in o' the Shri2asta2a sub+clan o' the Indo+Ar-an Ka-astha clan Some :5 -ears a"o, the water was 'it 'or drinkin" e2en in in"ora (C55 km downstream 'rom Kalam), but now it is not sa'e e2en in Kalam4

To*hi ri&er To*hi ri&er is located in *orth /a3iristan, $ederall- Administered Tribal Areas, %akistan4 Tochi ri2er 'lows eastward, in *orth /a3iristan, to join the Kurram 1i2er and the Indus4 It surrounds /a3iristan in the *orth while the &omal 1i2er ri2er surrounds South /a3iristan4 It is also sometimes re'erred to as the &ambila 1i2er4

4ho$ Ri&er 4ho$ Ri&er is located in Balochistan, %akistan4 The meltwater 'rom the Sulaiman ountains 'orms Zhob 1i2ers and it 'lows throu"h Balochistan and drains into &omal 1i2er4 Zhob cit- is located on banks o' Zhob ri2er4 The two principal draina"e channels o' the Zhob district are the Zhob 1i2er and the Kundar 1i2er, both 'low into the &omal 1i2er4 The "eneral direction o' the ri2ers is 'rom Southwest to northeast4 The Zhob 1i2er rises at Tsari ehtara3ai pass, the watershed a distance o' about 755 kilometers4 The broad plain o' the Zhob 1i2er is occupied b- the allu2ial 'ormation4 The Kundar 1i2er rises 'rom the central and hi"hest point o' the TobaKakar ran"e, a 'ew kilometers northeast o' the Sakir4 It constitutes boundar- between %akistan and A'"hanistan territor- 'or a considerable len"th4 The other subsidiar- ri2ers or streams are the Baskan, !hukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc4

Haro Ri&er Haro is the name o' a ri2er and its 2alle- in the Abbottabad #istrict, northern %akistan, identi'ied with the 1i"2edic Arjikiya4 It is 'ed b- 'our major tributaries, the .ora <aro, risin" in the uree <ills around .ora, the Stora <aro, risin" in the *ahia"ali <ills, the *eelan, risin" in the *ara <ills, the Kunhad, drainin" the area o' Siriban" and #ubran4 inor tributaries include ri2ulets o' ,ab, <all-H #esera and *aja'pur4 Soan Ri&er Soan Ri&er is a ri2er in %unjab, %akistan4 History The oldest e2idence o' human li'e (D,555 to ;,555 -ears a"o) in %akistan was 'ound in the Soan 1i2er 2alle- o' %othohar %lateau re"ion o' %unjab4 This human acti2it-, called Soan !ulture, disco2ered in the 'orm o' pebble tools scattered lon" the ri2er4 In %eshawar Qalle- o' ancient &andhara, there is e2idence o' existence o' Stone A"e men 'ound at San"hao near ardan4 Stone tools and burnt bones dated E,555 -ears were 'ound near ca2es4 !a2e dwellers o' middle Stone A"e used quart3 'lakes tools4

Soan C%lt%re The Soan C%lt%re is an extinct human culture, 'ound alon" the Soan 1i2er .alle1 in the %othohar re"ion o' the %unjab4 The oldest e2idence o' human li'e in South Asia was 'ound in the Soan 1i2er 2alle-4 Alon" the ri2er, in the 1awalpindi #i2ision hundreds o' man made tools can be 'ound4 These tools ha2e been dated to F55,555 to :55,555 -ears a"o4 9n Adi-ala and Khasala about C; km (C5 miles) 'rom 1awalpindi terrace on the bend o' the ri2er hundreds o' ed"ed pebble tools were disco2ered4 At !hauntrahand axes and clea2ers were 'ound4 #ue to the peculiarit- o' the tools to the 2alle- archaeolo"ists named this human acti2it- the Soan !ulture4 *o human skeletons o' this a"e ha2e -et been 'ound4 In the Soan 1i2er &or"e man- 'ossil bearin" rocks are exposed on the sur'ace4 The C7 million -ear old 'ossils o' "a3elle, rhinoceros, crocodile, "ira''e and rodents ha2e been 'ound there4 Some o' these 'ossils are in displa- at the *atural <istor- useum o' Islamabad4 His'ar Ri&er The His'ar Ri&er 'orms 'rom the melt water o' the <ispar &lacier + a 7A kilometer+lon" "lacier in the *orthern Areas o' %akistanHs Karakoram ountains4 The <ispar &lacier and ri2er both 'low northwest, passin" throu"h <ispar, <opar and *a"ar (*a"ir) 2illa"es until the con'luence with the <un3a 1i2er in the <un3a Qalle-4 1oad conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst4 In Au"ust 655;, a brid"e below <ispar 2illa"e was condemned, and the <un3a 1i2er washed the road awa- at the con'luence, eliminatin" all 2ehicular access to the entire 2alle- 'or some months4 .%))ar #allah .%))ar #allah is a stream in Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 It passes throu"h the cit'rom northwest to the center and mer"es with .-ari 1i2er be'ore drainin" into the Arabian Sea4 The Ind%s Ri&er Delta The Ind%s Ri&er Delta occurs where the Indus 1i2er 'lows into the Arabian Sea in Sindh4 The delta co2ers an area o' about C;,555 square miles (7C,775 km8), and is approximatel- C:5 miles across where it meets the sea4 @nlike man- other deltas, the Indus 1i2er #elta consists o' cla- and other in'ertile soils, and is 2erswamp-4 The delta recei2es between C5 and 65 inches o' rain'all in a normal -ear4 %akistanHs 'i'th lar"est cit-, <-derabad, lies about C:5 miles north o' the mouths o' the Indus4 Towns are 'ound throu"hout the delta, but there are no lar"e cities on the delta south o' <-derabad4 Karachi, %akistanHs lar"est cit-, lies west o' the delta on the coast o' the Arabian Sea4 A2era"e temperatures 'or the delta re"ion in ,ul- ran"e 'rom E5 + DF K$, and F5 + E5 K$ in ,anuar-4 The Indus 1i2er #elta is an important re"ion 'or mi"ratin" water birds, and is an area rich in 'reshwater 'auna4 $ish 'ound in the delta include the

<ilsa, Indus baril, Indus "arua (a cat'ish), the "iant snakehead, "olden mahaseer and the 1ita cat'ish4 K%nar Ri&er The K%nar Ri&er (K nar R d) is about 7D5 km lon", located in eastern A'"hanistan and north+western %akistan4 The Kunar ri2er s-stem is 'ed 'rom meltin" "laciers and snow o' the <indu Kush mountains4 The .utkho 1i2er joins the astuj 1i2er just north o' the important re"ional centre o' !hitral in Pakistan and is then called the 0hitral Ri.er/ before flo<in: south into the upper Kunar Qalle- in A'"hanistan, where it is re'erred to as the Kunar 1i2er4 The Kunar 1i2er empties into the Kabul 1i2er just to the east o' the cit- o' ,alalabad in A'"hanistan4 The combined ri2ers then 'low eastwards into %akistan, joinin" the Indus 1i2er at the cit- o' Attock4 Be'ore the political di2ision o' A'"hanistan and %akistan di2ided the KunarR!hitral Qalle-, it 'ormed an important trade route, bein" the easiest wa- to tra2el 'rom the %amir ountainsH passes to the plains o' the Indian subcontinent4 (e*he Ri&er (e*he ri2er is located in A'"hanistan4 %eche ri2er s-stem is 'ed 'rom "laciers and snow4 It includes the Kunar 1i2er, which rises in *uristan pro.ince of Af:hanistan/ and the main ;unar Ri.er/ <hich rises in the eastern %amir ountains be'ore 'lowin" throu"h !hitral in %akistan into the upper Kunar Qalle- in A'"hanistan4 R%'al Ri&er R%'al Ri&er rises 'rom the melt water o' 1upal &lacier in the south o' the *an"a %arbat peak and 'lows northeast throu"h the 1upal Qalle- and Tarashin"4 #eel%m Ri&er #eel%m is a ri2er in A3ad Kashmir, %akistan4 Shyo Ri&er The Shyo Ri&er is a ri2er 'lowin" throu"h .adakh and the disputed *orthern Areas o' %akistan (&han"che #istrict)4 Sh-ok ri2er (a tributar- o' the Indus) ori"inates 'rom the 1imo "lacier, one o' the toun"es o' Siachin "lacier and and becomes 2er- wide at the con'luence with the *ubra ri2er (a tributar- o' Sh-ok, ori"inatin" 'rom Siachin &lacier)4 The ali"nment o' the Sh-ok ri2er is 2er- unusual, ori"inatin" 'rom the 1imo "lacier it 'lows in a SE direction and at joinin" the %an"on" ran"e it takes a */ turn and 'lows parallel to its pre2ious path4 The Sh-ok 'lowin" in a wide 2alle- suddenl- enters a narrow "or"e a'ter !halunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (%akistan)4 The *ubra ri2er ori"inatin" 'rom the Siachin "lacier also beha2es like the Sh-ok, be'ore Tirit the SE 'lowin" ri2er takes a */ turn on meetin" the ri2er Sh-ok4 The similarit- in the courses o' these two important ri2ers probabl- indicates a series o' palaeo 'ault lines trendin" */+SE in delimitin" the upper courses o' the ri2ers4 The importance o' the Indus and the Sh-ok ri2ers is in the deposition o' a hu"e thickness o' 0uaternar- sediments a

treasure tro2e 'or "eolo"- researchers4 Sohan Ri&er The Sohan is a ri2er o' the %unjab, northern %akistan, 'ormin" the northern border o' the Bannu #istrict (at ca4 ::456K EC4E: EK )4 It has been identi'ied with the Sushoma o' the 1i"2eda4 The name =Sohan= deri2es 'rom this ri2er4 I4e> Sohan mikkilinenineni444etc444