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Bill of Rights I. THE DUE PROCESS, EQUAL PROTECTION AND CONTRACT CLAUSES AS LIMITATIONS ON POLICE POWER, EMINENT DOMAIN AND TAXATION Art. III, S !. ". No # rso$ sh%ll & ' #ri( ' of lif , li& rt), or #ro# rt) *itho+t '+ #ro! ss of l%*, $or sh%ll %$) # rso$ & ' $i ' th ,+%l #rot !tio$ of th l%*s. Art. III, S !. "-. No l%* i.#%iri$g th o&lig%tio$ of !o$tr%!ts sh%ll & #%ss '. LIMITATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY Inherent in sovereignty, and therefore not even required to be conferred by the Constitution, are the police, eminent domain, and taxation powers. The Bill of Rights, notably the due process, equal protection and non impairment clauses, is a means of limiting the exercise of these powers by imposing on the !tate the obligation to protect individual rights. The Bill of Rights is addressed to the !tate, notably the government, telling it what it cannot do to the individual. A. Due process - Procedural and Subs an !"e Ci(il Pro! '+r%l D+ Pro! ss In c!"!l cases# $e S% la!d do&n ! s ele'en s !n $e case o( )anco Espanol F!l!p!no ". Palanca* a. %our 'a er. b. %our &! $ +ur!sd!c !on o"er $e par ,-de(endan c. -ud.e'en rendered accord!n. o la&. d. De(endan .!"en $e oppo un! , o be $eard /re0u!re'en on no !ce and $ear!n.1 &! $ +ur!sd!c !on o"er $e sub+ec
A'.i$istr%ti( D+ Pro! ss In ad'!n!s ra !"e proceed!n.s# $e ele'en s &ere la!d do&n !n $e case o( A$g Ti&%) (. CIR as $e 2se"en card!nal pr!'ar, r!.$ s2 !n +us !c!able cases be(ore ad'!n!s ra !"e r!bunals* a. T$ere 'us be a $ear!n.# &$ere a par , 'a, presen e"!dence !n suppor o( $!s case. b. T$e r!bunal 'us cons!der $e e"!dence presen ed b, a par ,. c. 3$!le $e r!bunal $as no du , o dec!de $e case correc l,# ! s dec!s!on 'us be suppor ed b, e"!dence. d. T$e e"!dence suppor !n. $e dec!s!on 'us be subs an !al. Subs an !al e"!dence !s suc$ rele"an e"!dence as a reasonable '!nd '!.$ accep as ade0ua e o suppor a conclus!on. e. T$e e"!dence 'us $a"e been presen ed a $e $ear!n. or a leas con a!ned !n $e record and 4no&n o $e par !es a((ec ed. (. T$e r!bunal 'us rel, on ! s o&n !ndependen cons!dera !on o( e"!dence# and no rel, on $e reco''enda !on o( a subord!na e. .. T$e dec!s!on 'us s a e $e (ac s and $e la& !n suc$ a &a, $a $e par !es can 4no& $e !ssues !n"ol"ed and $e reasons (or $e dec!s!on. S+&st%$ti( D+ Pro! ss /$ot (s. IAC, "01 SCRA 234 5"4167 F* Pe ! !oners5 6 carabaos &ere con(!sca ed b, $e pol!ce (or $a"!n. been ranspor ed (ro' Masba e o Ilo!lo !n "!ola !on o( EO 676-A. 8e brou.$ an ac !on (or reple"!n# c$allen.!n. $e cons! u !onal! , o( $e EO. T$e r!al cour sus a!ned $e con(!sca !on o( $e an!'als and decl!ned o rule on $e "al!d! , o( $e la& on $e .round $a ! lac4ed au $or! , o do so. I s dec!s!on &as a((!r'ed b, $e IA%. 8ence $!s pe ! !on (or re"!e&. 8ELD* /91 :nder $e pro"!s!on .ran !n. $e S% +ur!sd!c !on o 2re"!e&# re"!se# re"erse# 'od!(, or a((!r' on appeal or certiorari# as $e la& or rules o( cour 'a, pro"!de (!nal +ud.'en s o( lo&er cour s2 !n all cases !n"ol"!n. $e cons ! u !onal! , o( cer a!n 'easures# lo&er cour s can pass upon $e "al!d! , o( a s a u e !n $e (!rs !ns ance. /71 T$ere !s no doub $a b, bann!n. $e slau.$ er o( $ese an!'als /e;cep &$ere $ere a leas < ,rs. old !( 'ale and 99 ,rs old !( (e'ale upon $e !ssuance o( $e necessar, per'! 1 $e EO &!ll be conser"!n. $ose s !ll (! (or (ar' &or4 or breed!n. and pre"en !n. $e!r !'pro"!den
Cri.i$%l D+ Pro! ss In cr!'!nal cases# $e ele'en s &ere la!d do&n !n Vera ". People* a. Accused !s !n(or'ed &$, $e !s proceeded a.a!ns # and &$a c$ar.e $e 'us ans&er. b. -ud.'en o( con"!c !on !s based on e"!dence $a !s no a!n ed b, (als! ,# and a( er $e de(endan &as $eard.
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deple !on. 3e do no see# $o&e"er# $o& $e pro$!b! !on o( $e !n erpro"!nc!al ranspor o( carabaos can pre"en $e!r !nd!scr!'!na e slau.$ er# cons!der!n. $a $e, can be 4!lled an, &$ere# &= no less d!((!cul , !n on pro"!nce $an !n ano $er. Ob"!ousl,# re a!n!n. $e carabao !n one pro"!nce &!ll no pre"en $e!r slau.$ er $ere# an, 'ore $an 'o"!n. $e' o ano $er pro"!nce &!ll 'a4e ! eas!er o 4!ll $e' $ere. As (or $e carabee(# $e pro$!b! !on !s 'ade o appl, o ! as o $er&!se# so sa,s $e EO# ! could be eas!l, c!rcu'sbcr!bed b, s!'pl, 4!ll!n. $e an!'al. Per$aps so. 8o&e"er# !( $e 'o"e'en o( $e l!"e an!'als (or $e purpose o( pre"en !n. $e!r slau.$ er canno be pro$!b! ed# ! s$ould (ollo& $a $ere !s no reason e! $er o pro$!b! $e!r rans(er as# no o be (l!ppan # dead 'ea . />1 In $e !ns an case# $e carabaos &ere arb! rar!l, con(!sca ed b, $e pol!ce s a !on co''ander# &ere re urned o $e pe ! !oner onl, a( er $e $ad (!led a co'pla!n (or reco"er, and .!"en a supersedeas bond &=c &as ordered con(!sca ed upon $!s (a!lure o produce $e carabaos &$en ordered b, $e r!al cour . The "# defined the prohibition, convicted the petitioner and immediately imposed punishment, w$c was carried out forthright. The measures struc% him at once and pounced upon the petitioner w$o giving him a chance to be heard, thus denying him elementary fair play. /?1 I !s $ere au $or!@ed $a $e se!@ed prop. s$all 2be d!s r!bu ed o c$ar! able !ns ! u !ons and o $er s!'!lar !ns ! u !ons as $e %$a!r'an o( $e Na !onal Mea Inspec !on %o''!ss!on may see fit# !n $e case o( carabee(# and o deser"!n. (ar'ers $rou.$ d!spersal as $e D!rec or o( An!'al Indus r, may see fit !n $e case o( carabaos.2 T$e p$rase may see fit !s an e; re'el, .enerous and dan.erous cond! !on# !( cond! !on ! !s. I !s laden &= per!lous oppor un! !es (or par !al! , and abuse# and e"en corrup !on. One searc$es !n "a!n (or $e usual s andard and $e reasonable .u!del!nes# or be er s !ll# $e l!'! a !ons $a $e sa!d o((!cers 'us obser"e &$en $e, 'a4e $e!r d!s r!bu !on. 88. B. D+ Pro! ss %$' Poli! Po* r )au !s a ". -u!n!o# 97< S%RA >7A /9AB?1 Ban on &se of 'eavy Cars on (ee% ends and 'oliday s )alid. F* LOI 6BA banned $e use o( "e$!cles &= A and E8 pla es on &ee4-ends and $ol!da,s !n "!e& o( $e ener., cr!s!s. I e;cep ed# $o&e"er# $ose class!(!ed as S /Ser"!ce1# T /Truc41# DPL /D!plo'a !c1# %% /%onsular %orps1# and T% /Tour!s %ars1. T$e resps.# M!n. o( Publ!c 3or4s# Transpor a !on# !ssued 'e'o. pro"!d!n. penal !es (or "!ol. o( $e LOI# na'el,# (!ne# con(!sca !on o( "e$!cles# and cancella !on o( re.!s ra !on. T$e pe ! !oners brou.$ su! 0ues !on!n. $e "al!d! , o( $e LOI on $e .round $a ! &as d!scr!'!na or, and a den!al o( due process. T$e resps. den!ed $e pe ! !oner5s alle.a !ons and ar.ued $a $e su! a'oun ed o a re0ues (or ad"!sor, op!n!on. 8ELD* /91 Pe ! !oners are o&ners o( an B c,l!nder 9A6A )u!c4 and o( a 6 c,l!nder 3!ll,5s Ca!ser -eep. T$e
Velasco ". V!lle.as# 97E S%RA /9AB>1 #rdinance *rohibiting +assage !ervices )alid. Barbershops from Rendering
F* T$e ord!nance &as enac ed (or a &o-(old purpose* /91 To enable $e %! , o( Mla. o collec a (ee (or opera !n. 'assa.e cl!n!cs separa el, (ro' $ose opera !n. barber s$!ps and /71 To pre"en !''oral! , &=c '!.$ probabl, ar!se (ro' $e cons ruc !on o( separa e roo's. 8ELD* T$e S% $as been 'os l!beral !n sus a!n!n. ord!nances based on .eneral &el(are clause. 88. %ru@ ". Paras# 97> S%RA F6A /9AB>1 F* T$e pe ! !oners are opera ors or n!.$ clubs !n )ocaue# )ulacan. $e, (!led pro$!b! !on su! s o s op $e Mun. o( )ocaue (ro' en(orc!n. an ord!nance pro$!b! !n. $e opera !on o( n!.$ clubs# cabare s# and dance $ alls !n $a 'un. or $e rene&al o( l!censes o opera e $e'. T$e %FI up$eld $e "al!d! , o( $e ord!nance and d!s'!ssed $e pe ! !on. 8ence# $!s pe ! !on (or cer !orar!. 8ELD* A 'un. corp. canno pro$!b! $e opera !on o( n!.$ clubs. N!.$ clubs 'a, be re.ula ed bu no pre"en ed (ro' carr,!n. on $e!r bus!ness. RA A>B# as or.!nall, enac ed# .ran ed 'un!c!pal! !es $e po&er o re.ula e $e es abl!s$'en # 'a!n enance and opera !on o( n!.$ clubs and $e l!4e. 3$!le ! !s rue $a on F=79=F?# $e la& &as a'ended b, RA A<A &=c purpor ed o .!"e 'un!c!pal! !es $e po&er no onl, o re.ula e bu l!4e&!se o pro$!b! $e opera !on o( n!.$ clubs# $e (ac !s $a $e ! le o( $e la& re'a!ned $e sa'e so $a $e po&er .ran ed o 'un!c!pal! !es re'a!ns $a o( re.ula !on# no pro$!b! !on. To cons rue $e a'enda or, ac as .ran !n. 'un. corpora !ons $e po&er o pro$!b! $e opera !on o( n!.$ clubs &ould be o cons rue ! !n a &a, $a ! "!ola es $e cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on $a 2e"er, b!ll s$all e'brace
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onl, one sub+ec &$!c$ s$all be e;pressed !n $e ! le $ereo(.2 Moreo"er# $e recen ,l,-enac ed LG% /)P >><1 spea4s s!'pl, o( $e po&er o re.ula e $e es abl!s$'en # and opera !on o( b!ll!ard pools# $ea r!cal per(or'ances# c!rcuses and o $er (or's o( en er a!n'en . Certiorari .ran ed. 88. C. D+ Pro! ss %$' E.i$ $t Do.%i$ T$e a4!n. b, $e S a e o( pr!"a e proper , !n an e;propr!a !on proceed!n. 'us be* /91 (or publ!c use# /71 &! $ +us co'pensa !on# and />1 upon obser"ance o( due process. Arti!l III, S !. 4. Pri(%t #ro# rt) sh%ll $ot & t%9 for #+&li! +s *itho+t :+st !o.# $s%tio$. Arti!l XII, S !. "1. Th St%t .%), i$ i$t r st of $%tio$%l * lf%r or ' f $s , st%&lish o# r%t (it%l i$'+stri s %$', +#o$ #%). $t of !o.# $s%tio$, tr%$sf r to #+&li! o*$ rshi# +tiliti s oth r #ri(%t $t r#ris s to & o# r%t ' &) go( r$. $t. th %$' :+st %$' th
9. Ta4!n. e! $er (or publ!c use or publ!c purpose. P+&li! Us Publ!c use !s e0u!"alen o publ!c purpose. I !s no con(!ned 'erel, o use b, $e publ!c a lar.e /e... roads1. I !s enou.$ $a ! ser"es a publ!c purpose# e"en !( ! bene(! a lar.e .roup o( people s$or o( $e publ!c !n .eneral /e... e;propr!a !n. proper , (or $e reloca !on o( s0ua ers1. 8e!rs o( -uanc$o Ardona ". Re,es 97> S%RA 77E F* T$e P$!l!pp!ne Tour!s' Au $or! , sou.$ $e e;propr!a !on o( 7B7 8a o( land !n )aran.a, Malubo. and )aba. !n %ebu %! ,. upon depos! o( an a'oun e0u!"alen o 9EG o( $e "alue o( $e proper ,# $e %FI au $or!@ed $e PTA o a4e !''ed!a e possess!on o( $e proper ,. T$e c$ar er o( $e PTA au $or!@es ! o ac0u!re $rou.$ conde'na !on proceed!n.s lands (or our!s @one de"elop'en o( a spor s co'ple;. T$e pe ! !oners &$o are occupan s o( $e lands# (!led a pe ! !on (or cer !orar! !n $e S%. T$e, con ended $a /91 $e a4!n. &as no (or publ!c useD /71 $e land &as co"ered b, $e land re(or' pro.ra'D and />1 e;propr!a !on &ould !'pa!r $e obl!.a !on o( con rac s. 8ELD* T$e concep o( publ!c use !s no l!'! ed o rad! !onal purposes (or $e cons ruc !on o( roads# br!d.es# and $e l!4e. T$e !dea $a 2publ!c use2 'eans 2use b, $e publ!c2 $as been d!scarded. As lon. as $e purpose o( $e a4!n. !s publ!c# $en $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n co'es !n o pla,. I !s accura e o s a e $en $a a presen &$a e"er 'a, be bene(!c!all, e'plo,ed (or $e .eneral &el(are sa !s(!es $e re0u!re'en o( publ!c use. T$e pe ! ! !oners $a"e no s$o&n $a $e area be!n. de"eloped !s land re(or' area and $a $e a((ec ed persons $a"e been .!"en
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e;propr!a ed !n 9A<A. T$e co''!ss!oners appo!n ed b, $e r!al cour reco''ended $a $e San An on!o De"elop'en %orp. be pa!d P9F.EE per s0uare 'e er. EPIA (!led a pe ! !on (or cer !orar!# ar.u!n. $a under PD 9F>> $e co'pensa !on s$ould be $e (a!r and curren 'ar4e "alue declared b, $e o&ner or $e 'ar4e "alue de er'!ned b, $e assessor# &$!c$e"er !s lo&er. 8ELD* T$e 'e $od o( ascer a!n!n. +us co'pensa !on under PD 9F>> cons ! u es !'per'!ss!ble encroac$'en on +ud!c!al prero.a !"es. Al $ou.$ $e cour ec$n!call, &ould s !ll $a"e $e po&er o de er'!ne $e +us co'pensa !on (or $e proper ,# (ollo&!n. $e decree# ! s as4 &ould be rele.a ed o s!'pl, s a !n. $e lo&er "alue o( $e proper , as declared e! $er b, $e o&ner or $e assessor. -us co'pensa !on 'eans $e "alue o( $e proper , a $e !'e o( $e a4!n.. I 'eans a (a!r and (ull e0u!"alen (or $e loss sus a!ned. All $e (ac s as o $e cond! !on o( $e proper , and ! s surround!n.s# ! s !'pro"e'en s and capab!l! !es s$ould be cons!dered. In $!s case# $e a; declara !ons used as bas!s (or $e +us co'pensa !on &ere 'ade lon. be(ore $e declara !on o( 'ar !al la& &$en $e land &as 'uc$ c$eaper. To pe. $e "alue o( $e lo s on $e bas!s o( $ose docu'en s &$!c$ are ou da ed &ould be arb! rar, and con(!sca or,. 88. M%$oto9 (. NHA "3- SCRA 14 5"4167 F* Pe ! !oners are $e o&ners o( &o lar.e es a es 4no&n as $e Ta'bun !n. Es a e and Suno.-Apo. !n Tondo# Man!la# bo $ o( &$!c$ &ere declared e;propr!a ed !n &o decrees !ssued b, Pres!den Marcos# PD 966A and PD 96<E. T$e pe ! !oners con end $a $e decrees "!ola e $e!r cons ! u !onal r!.$ o due process and e0ual pro ec !on s!nce b, $e!r 'ere passa.e $e!r proper !es &ere au o'a !call, e;propr!a ed and $e, &ere !''ed!a el, depr!"ed o( $e o&ners$!p and possess!on $ereo( &! $ou be!n. .!"en $e c$ance o oppose suc$ e;propr!a !on. T$e .o"ern'en on $e o $er $and con ends $a $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n !s !n$eren !n $e S a e and &$en $e le.!sla ure or $e Pres!den $rou.$ $!s la&-'a4!n. po&ers e;erc!ses $!s po&er# $e publ!c use and publ!c necess! , o( $e e;propr!a !on and $e (!;!n. o( $e +us co'pensa !on beco'e pol! !cal !n na ure and $e cour s 'us respec $e dec!s!on. 8ELD* T$e c$allen.ed decrees are un(a!r !n $e procedures adop ed and $e po&ers .!"en o $e N8A. T$e Ta'bun !n. subd!"!s!on !s su''ar!l, procla!'ed a bl!.$ ed area and d!rec l, e;propr!a ed b, decree &! $ou $e sl!.$ es se'blance o( a $ear!n. or an, proceed!n. &$a soe"er. T$e e;propr!a !on !s !ns an and au o'a !c o a4e e((ec !''ed!a el, upon $e s!.n!n. o( $e decree. No depos! be(ore $e a4!n. !s re0u!red. T$ere !s no pro"!s!on (or an, !n eres o be pa!d upon unpa!d !ns all'en s. No onl, are $e o&ners .!"en absolu el, no oppor un! , o con es $e e;propr!a !on# or 0ues !on $e a'oun o( pa,'en s (!;ed b, $e decree# bu $e dec!s!on o( $e N8A are e;pressl, declared be,ond +ud!c!al re"!e&. PD 966A and 96<E are declared uncons ! u !onal.
>. D+ #ro! ss .+st & o&s r( ' D ?$ !ht (. B%+tist% "-- SCRA 22- 5"41-7 F* T$e plan o e; end EDSA o Ro;as )oule"ard o be ul !'a el, l!n4ed o $e %a"! e %oas al Road Pro+ec # or!.!nall, called (or $e e;propr!a !on o( proper !es alon. %une a A"enue !n Pasa, %! ,. La er on# $o&e"er# $e M!n!s r, o( Publ!c 8!.$&a,s dec!ded o 'a4e $e proposed e; ens!on pass $rou.$ Fernando Re!n and Del Pan S ree s. )ecause o( $e pro es s o( res!den s o( $e la er# $e %o''!ss!on on 8u'an Se le'en s reco''ended $e re"ers!on o $e or!.!nal plan# bu $e M!n!s r, ar.ued $e ne& rou e &! $$ sa"e $e .o"ern'en P7 '!ll!on. T$e .o"ern'en (!led e;propr!a !on proceed!n.s a.a!ns $e o&ners o( Fernando Re!n and Del Pan s ree s# a'on. &$o' &as pe ! !oner. 8ELD* T$e c$o!ce o( Fernando Re!n and Del Pan s ree s !s arb! ra,r and s$ould no rece!"e +ud!c!al aprpo"al. T$e 8u'an Se le'en s %o''!ss!on concluded $a $e cos (ac or !s so '!n!'al $a ! can be d!sre.arded !n 'a4!n. a c$o!ce be &een $e &o l!nes. T$e (ac or o( (unc !onal! , s ron.l, '!l! a es a.a!ns $e c$o!ce o( Fernando Re!n and Del Pan s ree s# &$!le $e (ac or o( soc!al and econo'!c !'pac bears .r!e"ousl, on $e res!den s o( %une a A"enue. 3$!le $e !ssue &ould see' o bo!l do&n o a c$o!ce be &een people# on one $and# and pro.ress and de"elop'en # on $e o $er# ! !s o be re'e'bered $a pro.ress and de"elop'en are carr!ed ou (or $e bene(! o( $e people. 88.
R #+&li! (. D ?$ !ht, "1; SCRA "0; 5"44-7 F* De Cnec$ &as one o( $e o&ners o( se"eral proper !es alon. $e Fernando Re!n-Del Pan s ree s &$!c$ $e Go"ern'en sou.$ o e;propr!a e o .!"e &a, o $e e; ens!on o( EDSA and $e cons ruc !on o( dra!na.e (ac!l! !es. De Cnec$ (!led a case o res ra!n $e Go"ern'en (ro' proceed!n. &! $ $e e;propr!a !on. 8er pra,er &as den!ed b, $e lo&er cour bu upon cer !orar!# $e S% re"ersed $e lo&er cour dec!s!on and .ran ed $e rel!e( as4ed (or b, De Cnec$ rul!n. $a $e e;propr!a !on &as arb! rar,. T$e case &as re'anded o $e lo&er cour .
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
No (ur $er ac !on &as a4en desp! e $e S% dec!s!on un !l &o ,ears la er# !n 9AB># &$en $e Go"ern'en 'o"ed (or $e d!s'!ssal o( $e case on $e .round $a $e Le.!sla ure $as s!nce enac ed )P >?E e;propr!a !n. $e sa'e proper !es (or $e sa'e purpose. T$e lo&er cour den!ed $e 'o !on. Appeal. R:LING* 3$!le ! !s rue $a sa!d (!nal +ud.'en o( $!s %ur on $e sub+ec beco'es $e la& o( $e case be &een $e par !es# ! !s e0uall, rue $a $e r!.$ o( pe ! !oner o a4e pr!"a e proper !es (or publ!c use upon pa,'en o( +us co'pensa !on !s so pro"!ded !n $e %ons ! u !on and $e la&s. Suc$ e;propr!a !on proceed!n. 'a, be under a4en b, $e pe ! !oner no onl, b, "olun ar, ne.o !a !on &! $ $e land o&ners bu also b, a4!n. appropr!a e cour ac !on or b, le.!sla !on. 3$en )P >?E &as passed# ! appears $a ! &as based on super"en!n. e"en s $a occured a( er $e 9ABE dec!s!on o( $e S% on $e De Cnec$ case &as rendered. T$e soc!al !'pac (ac or &$!c$ persuaded $e %our o cons!der $!s e; ens!on o be arb! rar, $ad d!sappeared. Moreo"er# $e sa!d dec!s!on !s no obs acle o $e le.!sla !"e ar' o( $e Go"ern'en !n $erea( er 'a4!n. ! s o&n !ndependen assess'en o( $e c!rcu's ances $en pra"a!l!n. as o $e propr!e , o( under a4!n. $e e;propr!a !on o( proper !es !n 0ues !on and $erea( er b, enac !n. $e correspond!n. le.!sla !on as ! d!d !n $!s case. T$e %our a.rees !n $e &!sdo' and necess! , o( enac !n. )P >?E. T$us $e an er!or dec!s!on o( $e %our 'us ,!eld o $e subse0uen le.!sla !"e (!a . Ch%ro.
NAPOCOR (. @+ti rr A, "4> SCRA " 5"44"7 F* For $e cons ruc !on o( ! s 7>E CV Me;!co-L!'a, rans'!ss!on l!nes# Napocor5s l!nes $a"e o pass $e lands belon.!n. o responden s. :nsuccess(ul &! $ ! s ne.o !a !ons (or $e ac0u!s! !on o( $e r!.$ o( &a, ease'en s# Napocor &as cons ra!ned o (!le e'!nen do'a!n proceed!n.s. ISS:E* 3=N pe ! oner s$ould be 'ade o pa, s!'ple ease'en (ee or (ull co'pensa !on (or $e land ra"ersed b, ! s rans'!ss!n l!nes. R:LING* In RP ". PLDT# $e S% ruled $a 2Nor'all,# $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n resul s !n $e a4!n. or appropr!a !on o( $e ! le o# and possess!on o(# $e e;propr!a ed proper ,# bu no co.en reason appears &$, sa!d po&er 'a, no be a"a!led o( o !'pose onl, a burrden upon $e o&ner o( $e conde'ned proper ,# &! $ou loss o( ! le or possess!on. I !s un0ues !onable $a real proper , 'a,# $rou.$ e;propr!a !on# be sub+ec ed o an ease'en o( r!.$ o( &a,.2 In $!s case# $e ease'en !s de(!n! el, a a4!n. under $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n. %ons!der!n. $e na ure and e((ec o( $e !ns alla !on o( $e rans'!ss!on l!nes# $e l!'! a !ons !'posed b, $e NP% a.a!ns $e use o( $e land / $a no plan $!.$er $an > 'e ers !s allo&ed belo& $e l!nes1 (or an !nde(!n! e per!od depr!"es pr!"a e responden s o( s ord!nar, use.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
Art. XII, S !. "-. Th Co$gr ss sh%ll, +#o$ r !o.. $'%tio$ of th !o$o.i! %$' #l%$$i$g %g $!), *h $ th $%tio$%l i$t r st 'i!t%t s, r s r( to !itiA $s of th Phili##i$ s or to !or#or%tio$s or %sso!i%tio$s %t l %st siCt) per "ent!% of *hos !%#it%l is o*$ ' &) s+!h !itiA $s, or s+!h high r # r! $t%g %s Co$gr ss .%) #r s!ri& , ! rt%i$ %r %s of i$( st. $ts. Th Co$gr ss sh%ll $%!t . %s+r s th%t *ill $!o+r%g th for.%tio$ %$' o# r%tio$ $t r#ris s *hos !%#it%l is *holl) o*$ ' &) Dili#i$os. I$ th gr%$t of rights, #ri(il g s %$' !o$! ssio$s !o( ri$g th $%tio$%l !o$o.) %$' #%tri.o$), th St%t sh%ll gi( #r f r $! to ,+%lifi ' Dili#i$os. Th St%t sh%ll r g+l%t %$' C r!is %+thorit) o( r for ig$ i$( st. $ts *ithi$ its $%tio$%l :+ris'i!tio$ %$' i$ %!!or'%$! *ith its $%tio$%l go%ls %$' #rioriti s. I'., S !. ;. CCC Th St%t sh%ll #rot !t th $%tio$Es .%ri$ * %lth i$ its %r!hi# l%gi! *%t rs, t rritori%l s %, %$' C!l+si( !o$o.i! Ao$ , %$' r s r( its +s %$' $:o). $t C!l+si( l) to Dili#i$o !itiA $s. Art. III, S !. "". Dr %!! ss to th !o+rts %$' ,+%siB:+'i!i%l &o'i s %$' %' ,+%t l g%l %ssist%$! sh%ll $ot & ' $i ' to %$) # rso$ &) r %so$ of #o( rt). Art. 8III, S !. 3. Th S+#r . Co+rt sh%ll h%( th follo*i$g #o* rsF CCC 537 Pro.+lg%t r+l s !o$! r$i$g th #rot !tio$ %$' $for! . $t of !o$stit+tio$%l rights, #l %'i$g, #r%!ti! , %$' #ro! '+r i$ %ll !o+rts, th %'.issio$ to th #r%!ti! of l%*, th I$t gr%t ' B%r, %$' l g%l %ssist%$! to th +$' r#ri(il g '. S+!h r+l s sh%ll #ro(i' % si.#lifi ' %$' i$ C# $si( #ro! '+r for th s# ') 'is#ositio$ of !%s s, sh%ll & +$ifor. for %ll !o+rts of th s%. gr%' , %$' sh%ll $ot 'i.i$ish, i$!r %s , or .o'if) s+&st%$ti( rights. Rights of #ro! '+r of s# !i%l !o+rts %$' ,+%siB:+'i!i%l &o'i s sh%ll r .%i$ ff !ti( +$l ss 'is%##ro( ' &) th S+#r . Co+rt. T$ere are areas o( econo'!c ac !"! , &$!c$ can be l!'! ed o F!l!p!nos. T$e %ons ! u !on ! sel( ac4no&led.es $!s !n "ar!ous places - e;plo! a !on o( 'ar!ne &eal $ /Ar . JII# Sec. 7 par. 71# cer a!n areas o( !n"es 'en /Ar . JII# Sec. 9E1# o na'e a (e&. In Ic$on. ". 8ernande@# 7E9 P$!l. 99FF /9A><1# $e S% up$eld $e "al!d! , o( $e la& &$!c$ na !onal!@ed $e re a!l rade. For $e pro ec !on o( $e la& can be obser"ed b, $e na !onal !n eres .
Ic$on. ". 8ernande@# 7E9 P$!l. 99FF /9A><1 )u $ere are areas &$ere al!ens canno be 4ep a&a, (or $e s!'ple reason $a $e, canno be depr!"ed o( a
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
Art. III, S !. "1. 5"7 No # rso$ sh%ll & ' t%i$ ' sol l) &) r %so$ of his #oliti!%l & li fs %$' %s#ir%tio$s. Art. IX, C, S !. "-. &ona #ide !%$'i'%t s to #+&li! offi! sh%ll & fr fro. %$) for. of h%r%ss. $t %$' 'is!ri.i$%tio$. In Du'lao ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# $e S% up$eld $e "al!d! , o( sec. ? o( )a as )l.. F7 d!s0ual!(,!n. re !red elec !"e local o((!c!als &$o $a"e rece!"ed re !re'en bene(! s and &ould $a"e been 6F ,ears old a $e s ar o( $e er'. I does no "!ola e e0ual pro ec !on# (or ! .!"es ,oun.er blood $e oppor un! , o run $e local .o"ern'en . Du'lao ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1 F* Sec. ? o( )P F7 pro"!des !n par $a 2an, re !red elec !"e pro"!nc!al# c! , o 'un!c!pal o((!c!al &$o $as rece!"ed pa,'en o( $e re !re'en bene(! s o &$!c$ $e !s en ! led under $e la& and &$o s$all $a"e been 6F ,ears o( a.e a $e co''ence'en o( $e er' o( o((!ce o &$!c$ $e see4s o be elec ed# s$all no be 0ual!(!ed o run (or $e sa'e elec !"e local o((!ce (ro' &$!c$ $e $as re !red.2 Pe ! !oner# Go"ernor o( Nue"a V!@ca,a# sued (or pro$!b! !on o en+o!n en(orce'en o( $e la& on $e .round $a ! &as con rar, o $e e0ual pro ec !on and due process .uaran ee o( $e %ons ! u !on. 8ELD* Du'lao $as no been !n+ured b, $e appl!ca !on o( $e pro"!s!on. No pe ! !on see4!n. $!s d!s0ual!(!ca !on $as been (!led a.a!ns $!'. 8!s pe ! !on !s a 'ere re0ues (or ad"!sor, op!n!on. Ne"er $eless# because o( publ!c !n eres # $e 0ues !on s$ould be resol"ed. T$e purpose o( $e la& !s o allo& $e e'er.ence o( ,oun.er blood !n local .o"ern'en s and $ere(ore# no !n"al!d. T$e re !red e'plo,ee !n e((ec declares $!'sel( !red and una"a!lable (or $e sa'e .o"ern'en &or4. 88. In I.o ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# $o&e"er# $e d!s0ual!(!ca !on o( cand!da es con"!c ed or s!'pl, c$ar.ed &! $ na !onal secur! , o((enses &as s ruc4 do&n as uncons ! u !onal# (or "!ola !n. $e presu'p !on o( !nnocence and $us ul !'a el, $e e0ual pol! !cal pro ec !on. I.o c. %o'elec AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1 F* Ro'eo I.o # as a;pa,er# "o er and 'e'ber o( $e bar# and Al(redo Salapan an -r.# as a;pa,er and "o er# sued (or pro$!b! !on o en+o!n en(orce'en o( )P F7# sec. ? o( &$!c$ pro"!des (or $e d!s0ual!(!ca !on as cand!da e o( an, person con"!c ed o( sub"ers!on# !nsurrec !on or rebell!on or s!'!lar o((enses. 8ELD* Ne! $er pe ! !oner $as been con"!c ed nor c$ar.ed &! $ ac s o( d!slo,al , nor d!s0ual!(!ed (ro' be!n. cand!da es (or local elec !"e pos! !ons. T$e, $a"e no personal or subs an !al !n eres a s a4e and $ere(ore no locus s and!. Ne! $er can $e, sue as a;pa,ers because $e s a u e does no !n"ol"e d!sburse'en o( publ!c (unds. 88. >. Soc!al e0ual! ,
Art. XIII, S !. ". Th Co$gr ss sh%ll gi( high st #riorit) to th $%!t. $t of . %s+r th%t #rot !t %$' $h%$! th right of %ll th # o#l to h+.%$ 'ig$it), r '+! so!i%l, !o$o.i!, %$' #oliti!%l i$ ,+%liti s %$' r .o( !+lt+r%l i$ ,+iti s &) ,+it%&l) 'iff+si$g * %lth %$' #oliti!%l #o* r for th !o..o$ goo'. To this $', th St%t sh%ll r g+l%t th %!,+isitio$, o*$ rshi#, +s , %$' 'is#ositio$ of #ro# rt) %$' its i$!r . $ts. . II. REQUIREMENTS OD DAIR PROCEDURE A. Arres s# Searc$es and Se!@ures Art. III, S !. ;. Th right of th # o#l to & s !+r i$ th ir # rso$s, ho+s s, #%# rs %$' ff !ts %g%i$st +$r %so$%&l s %r!h s %$' s iA+r s of *h%t ( r $%t+r %$' for %$) #+r#os , sh%ll & i$(iol%&l , %$' $o s %r!h *%rr%$t or *%rr%$t of %rr st sh%ll iss+ C! #t +#o$ #ro&%&l !%+s to & ' t r.i$ ' # rso$%ll) &) th :+'g %ft r C%.i$%tio$ +$' r o%th or %ffir.%tio$ of th !o.#l%i$%$t %$' th *it$ ss s h .%) #ro'+! , %$' #%rti!+l%rl) ' s!ri&i$g th #l%! to & s %r!h ' %$' th # rso$ or thi$gs to & s iA '. S !. >. Th #ri(%!) of !o..+$i!%tio$ %$' !orr s#o$' $! sh%ll & i$(iol%&l , C! #t +#o$ l%*f+l or' r of th !o+rt, or *h $ #+&li! s%f t) or or' r r ,+ir s oth r*is %s #r s!ri& ' &) l%*. A$) (i' $! o&t%i$ ' i$ (iol%tio$ of this or th #r ! 'i$g s !tio$, sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l for %$) #+r#os i$ %$) #ro! 'i$g. 9. Re0u!re'en s (or Searc$ 3arran s Yee Sue Cu, ". Al'eda# <E P$!l. 9?9 /9A?E1 F* ), "!r ue o( $e s&orn appl!ca !on o( Al'eda# $e %$!e( a.en o( $e An !-:sur, )oard# a S3 &as !ssued o searc$ $e s ore and pre'!ses o( $e pe ! !oner# accused o( "!ola !n. $e An !-:sur, La&. Rece!p boo4s# PNs and o $er ar !cles &ere se!@ed and re a!ned !n $e possess!on o( $e An !-:sur, )oard. ISS:E* 3=n $e re0u!re'en s (or $e !ssuance o( "al!d S3 &ere co'pl!ed &! $. R:LING* YES. T$e appl!can # Al'eda# !n $!s appl!ca !on# s&ore $a 2$e 'ade $!s o&n personal !n"es !.a !on and ascer a!ned $a pe ! !oner !s lend!n. 'one, &! $ou a l!cense# c$ar.!n. usur!ous ra es.2 T$e &! ness $e presen ed es !(!ed be(ore $e +ud.e and s&ore $a $e 4ne& $a YEE &as lend!n. &! $ou a l!cense because $e personall, !n"es !.a ed $e "!c !'s &$o secured loans (ro' $e pe ! !oner. T$e!r a((!da"! s &ere su((!c!en (or# $ereunder#
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
$e, could be $eld l!able (or per+ur,. T$e e;!s ence o( probable cause $as been de er'!ned b, $e +us !ce o( $e peace be(ore !ssu!n. $e &arran co'pla!ned o(# as s$o&n !n $e &arran ! sel(. Ch%ro. Pas!on "da. de Garc!a ". Locs!n# 6F P$!l. 6BA# /9A>B1 F* T$!s !s a pe ! !on (or 'anda'us presen ed o secure $e annul'en o( a searc$ &arran /S31 K 7 orders o( $e resp. +ud.e# K $e res ora !on o( cer a!n docu'en s alle.ed o $a"e been !lle.all, se!@ed b, an a.en o( $e An !-:sur, )oard. Al'eda# an a.en o( $e An !-:sur, )oard# ob a!ned (ro' $e +us !ce o( $e peace o( Tarlac# Tarlac# a S3# co''and!n. an, o((!cer o( $e la& 2 o searc$ $e person# $ouse or s ore o( $e pe ! !oner (or cer a!n boo4s# l!s s# c$! s# rece!p s# docu'en s K o $er papers rela !n. o $er ac !"! !es as userer.2 On $e sa'e da e# Al'eda# acco'pan!ed b, a cap a!n o( $e P%# &en o $e o((!ce o( $e pe ! !oner# and a( er s$o&!n. $e S3 o $e pe ! !oner5s boo4eeper# Salas# K &=o $e presence o( $e pe ! !oner# &$o &as !ll and con(!ned a $a !'e# proceeded &= $e e;ecu !on $ereo(. T&o pac4a.es o( records K a loc4ed (!l!n. cab!ne con a!n!n. se"eral papers and docu'en s &ere se!@ed b, Al'eda and a rece!p $ereo( !ssued b, $!' o Salas. Separa e cr!'!nal cases &ere (!led a.a!ns pe ! !oner. Pe ! !oner de'anded $e re urn o( $e docu'en s se!@ed. )u 'o !on# pe . c$allen.ed $e le.al! , o( $e S3 and $e de"olu !on o( $e docu'en s de'anded. ), resolu !on# $e resp. +ud.e o( %FI den!ed $e pe ! !oner5s 'o !on (or $e reason $a $ou.$ $e S3 &as !lle.al# $ere &as a &a!"er on $e par o( $e pe ! !oner. T$e resolu !on o( 9E=F=>< K $e order o( 9=>=>B are sou.$ # o.e $er &= $e S3# o be null!(!ed !n $ese proceed!n.s. 8ELD* Freedo' (ro' unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures !s declared a popular r!.$ and (or a S3 o be "al!d# /91 it must be issued upon probable causeD /71 the probable cause must be determined by the ,udge himself and not by the applicant or anotherD />1 in the determination of probable cause, the ,udge must examine, under oath or affirmation, the complainant and such witnesses as the latter may produceD K /?1 the warrant issued must particularly describe the place to be searched and persons or things to be sei-ed. In $e !ns an case# $e e;!s ence o( probable cause &as de er'!ned no b, $e +ud.e $!'sel( bu b, $e appl!can . All $a $e +ud.e d!d &as o accep as rue $e a((!da"! 'ade b, a.en Al'eda. I does no appear $a $e e;a'!ned $e appl!can and $!s &! nesses# !( an,. E"en accep !n. $e descr!p !on o( $e prop. o be se!@ed o be su((!c!en and on $e assu'p !on $a $e rece!p !ssued !s su((!c!en l, de a!led &=!n $e 'ean!n. o( $e la&# $e prop. se!@ed &ere no del!"ered o $e cour &=c !ssued $e &arran # as re0u!red b, la&. Ins ead# $e, &ere urned o"er o $e resp. pro"!nc!al (!scal K used b, $!' !n bu!ld!n. up cases a.a!ns pe ! !oner. %ons!der!n. $a a $e !'e $e &arran &as !ssued# $ere &as no case pend!n. a.a!ns $e pe ! !oner# $e a"er'en $a $e &arran &as !ssued pr!'ar!l, (or e;plora !on purposes !s no &=o bas!s.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
'ac$!nes and apes. T$e pe ! !oner 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e &arran bu $!s 'o !on &as den!ed. 8ELD* T$e s a e'en s 'ade !n $e a((!da"! s are 'ere conclus!ons o( la& and do no sa !s(, $e re0u!re'en o( probable cause. T$e lan.ua.e used !s all e'brac!n. as o !nclude all conce!"able &ords and e0u!p'en o( pe ! !oner re.ardless o( &$e $er $e, are le.al or !lle.al. T$e searc$ &arran under cons!dera !on &as !n $e na ure o( a .eneral &arran &$!c$ !s ob+ec !onable. 88. )ac$e K %o. /P$!l.1 ". Ru!@# >< S%RA B7> /9A<91 F* T$e %o'. o( In ernal Re"enue $rou.$ Re". E;a'!ner de Leon (!led an appl!ca !on (or a S3 a.a!ns )ac$e K %o. and ! s pres.# Se..er'an (or "!ola !on o( $e pro"!sons o( $e NIR%. As -ud.e Ru!@ &as $en conduc !n. a $ear!n.# $e depos! !on o( de Leon and $!s &! ness# Lo.ron!o# &as a4en b, $e Dep. %ler4 o( %our . T$e depos! !on &as la er read o $e +ud.e &$o as4ed $e &! ness o a4e an oa $ as o $e ru $ o( $!s s a e'en s. T$e +ud.e $en s!.ned $e S3 and accord!n.l, !ssued $e sa'e. ISS:E* 3=n $e re0u!re'en s (or $e !ssuance o( "al!d S3 &ere co'pl!ed &! $. R:LING* NO. T$e +ud.e d!d no personall, e;a'!ne $e co'pla!nan and $!s &! nesses. T$e +ud.e d!d no $a"e $e oppor un! , o obser"e $e de'eanor o( $e deponen s and o propound !n! !al and (ollo&-up 0ues !ons &$!c$ $!s +ud!c!al '!nd# on accoun o( $!s ra!n!n.# &as !n $e bes pos! !on o conce!"e. T$!s !s !'por an !n arr!"!n. a a sound !n(erence on $e all-!'por a n 0ues !on o( &=n $ere &as probable cause. Ch%ro. Pruden e ". Da,r! # 9BE S%RA 6A /9AAE1 F* -ud.e Da,r! # upon appl!ca !n o( P=Ma+. D!'a.'al!&# suppor ed b, a 2Depos! !on o( 3! ness#2 e;ecu ed b, P=L . An.eles# !ssued a searc$ &arran (or $e searc$ and se!@ure o( ar's# a''un! !ons and e;plos!"es !n $e pre'!ses o( $e P:P &$!c$ &ere supposed o be !n possess!on o( Dr. Pruden e. In en(orc!n. $e &arran # > (ra.'en a !on .renades &ere (ound !n $e ba $roo' o( $e o((!ce o( Dr. Pruden e. ISS:E* 3=n $e searrc$ &arran &as "al!d. R:LING* NO. /91 T$e &aran &as no !ssued on $e bas!s o( personal 4no&led.e o( $e appl!can and $!s &! ness. T$e probable cause re0u!red under $e %ons ! u !on (or $e !ssuance o( a searc$ &arran 'us be !n connec !on &! $ one spec!(!c o((ense# and $e +ud.e 'us # be(ore !ssu!n. $e &arran # personall, e;a'!ne !n $e (or' o( searc$!n. 0ues !ons and ans&ers# !n &r! !n. and under oa $# $e co'pla!nan and an, &! nesses $e 'a, produce# on (ac s personall, 4no&n o $e' and a ac$ o $e record $e!r s&orn s a e'en s o.e $er &! $ an, a((!da"! sub'! ed. 8o&e"er# !n $e case a bar# D!'a.'al!& 'erel, s a ed !n $!s appl!ca !on $a $!s 4no&led.e &as based 2on .a $ered
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e person arres ed s$all $a"e $e r!.$ o co''un!ca e &! $ $!s la&,er# a rela !"e# or an,one $e c$ooses b, $e 'os e;ped!en 'eans - b, elep$one !( poss!ble - or b, le er or 'essen.er. I s$all be $e respons!b!l! , o( $e arres !n. o((!cer o see o ! $a $!s !s acco'pl!s$ed. No cus od!al !n"es !.a !on s$all be conduc ed unless ! be !n $e presence o( counsel en.a.ed b, $e person arres ed# b, an, person on $!s be$al(# or appo!n ed b, $e cour upon pe ! !on e! $er o( $e de a!nee $!'sel( or b, an,one on $!s be$al(. T$e r!.$ o counsel 'a, be &a!"ed bu $e &!a"er s$all no be "al!d unless 'ade &! $ $e ass!s ance o( counsel. An, s a e'en ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( $e procedure $ere!n la!d do&n# &$e $er e;culpa or, or !nculpa or,# !n &$ole or !n par # s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.2 T$ese re0u!re'en s &ere e"en 'ade s r!c er under $e 9AB< %ons ! u !on &$!c$ pro"!des $a $e r!.$ s o( a person under cus od!al !n"es !.a !on canno be &a!"ed e;cep &$en 'ade !n &r! !n. and !n $e presence o( counsel. Ch%ro. Pres!den !al An !-Dollar Sal !n. Tas4 Force ". %A# 9<9 S%RA >?B /9ABA1 F* T$e PASTF &as crea ed b, "!r ue o( PD 9A>6 o ser"e as $e Pres!den 5s ar' called upon o co'ba $e "!ce o( dollar sal !n. or $e blac4'ar4e !n. and sal !n. o( (ore!.n e;c$an.e. ISS:E* 3=N $e PASTF !s 2suc$ o $er o((!cer as 'a, be au $or!@ed b, la&2 o !ssue &arran s under $e 9A<> %ons ! ! !on. R:LING* NO. T$e %our # !n re"!e&!n. $e po&ers o( $e PASTF under ! s enabl!n. la&# sees no $!n. $a &!ll re"eal a le.!sla !"e !n ende'en o con(er upon $e bod,# 0uas!+ud!c!al respons!!b!l! !es rela !"e o o((enses pun!s$able b, PD 9BB>. I s under a4!n. !s s!'pl, o de er'!ne &=n probable cause e;!s s o &arran $e (!l!n. o( c$ar.es &! $ $e proper cour # 'ean!n. o sa,# o conduc an !n0u!r, prel!'!nar, o a +ud!c!al recourse# and o reco''end ac !on o( appropr!a e au $or! !es. T$e %our a.rees $a PASTF e;erc!ses# or &as 'ean o e;erc!se# prosecu or!al po&ers# and on $a .round# ! canno be sa!d o be a neu ral and de ac$ed +ud.e o de er'!ne $e e;!s ence o( probable cause (or purposes o( arres or searc$. :nl!4e a 'a.!s ra e# a prosecu or !s na urall, !n eres ed !n $e success o( $!s case. Al $ou.$ $!s o((!ce 2!s o see o ! $a +us !ce !( done and no necessar!l, o secure $e con"!c !on o( $e accused#2 $e s ands !n"ar!abl,# as $e accused5s ad"ersar, and $!s accuser. To per'! $!' o !ssue &arrran s and !ndeed# &arran s o( arres # !s o 'a4e $!' bo $ +ud.e and +ur, !n $!s o&n r!.$ # &$en $e !s ne! $er. T$!s 'a4es o our '!nd and o $a e; en # PD 96>6 as a'ended b, PD 7EE7# uncons ! u !onal. T$e 2respons!ble o((!cer2 re(erred o under $e %osn ! u !on !s one no onl, possess!n. $e necessar, s4!lls and co'pe ence bu 'ore s!.n!(!can l,# $e neu ral! , and !ndependence co'parable o $e !'par !al! , presu'ed o( a +ud!c!al o((!cer.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
!. Aft r # rso$%ll) C%.i$i$g +$' r %ffir.%tio$ th !o.#l%i$%$t %$' his *it$ ss. o%th or
T$e e;a'!na !on conduc ed b, $e +ud.e a4es $e (or' o( searc$!n. 0ues !ons. T$e re0u!re'en $a $e +ud.e 'us personall, e;a'!ne $e co'pla!nan and $!s &! nesses 'eans $a $e ac ual e;a'!na !on canno be dele.a ed o so'eone else# l!4e $e cler4 o( cour . So sa!d $e %our !n )ac$e and %o. /P$!l1 ". Ru!@# >< S%RA B7> /9A<91. In $!s case# &$en $e )IR a.en and $!s &! nesses arr!"ed !n cour !n $e '!ddle o( a $ear!n.# $e +ud.e suspended $e $ear!n. and d!rec ed $e branc$ cler4 o e;a'!ne and a4e $e es !'on, o( $e &! nesses !n $!s c$a'bers. A( er $e &as $rou.$ &! $ $e $ear!n.# $e &en bac4 o $!s c$a'bers and (!nd!n. $a $e e;a'!na !on &as (!n!s$ed# as4ed $e )IR a.en and $!s &! nesses !( $e, a((!r'ed &$a $e, &$a $e, es !(!ed o# a( er &$!c$ $e !ssued $e searc$ &arran !n 0ues !on. '. O$ th &%sis of th ir # rso$%l 9$o*l 'g of th f%!ts th%t th ) %r t stif)i$g to. T$e de er'!na !on o( $e reasonableness o( $e +ud!c!al &arran 'us be based on $e a((!da"! o( one &$o $as personal 4no&led.e o( $e (ac s o &$!c$ $e es !(!es. T$e es !'on, canno be based on 'ere bel!e(. Ne! $er can ! be based on a repor . O $er&!se# $e &arran !s "o!d. T$us# !n )ur.os ". %$!e( o( S a((# 9>> S%RA BEE /9AB?1# re! era !n. $e 9A>< case o( Rodr!.ue@ ". V!lla'!el# $e es !'on, based on a '!l! ar, repor $a $e ne&spaper 3e Foru' &as used (or sub"ers!"e &ere $eld o be no a personal 4no&led.e and so &as !nad'!ss!ble. L!4e&!se# !n %orro ". L!s!n.# 9>< S%RA F?9 /9ABF1# $e es !'on, based on !n"es !.a !on repor s $a cer a!n ! e's !n $e P$!l!pp!ne T!'es &ere sub"ers!"e &ere $eld o be no personal 4no&led.e# and $us $e searc$ &arran !ssued &as no "al!d. . Th s %r!h *%rr%$t .+st ' s!ri& #%rti!+l%rl) ' s!ri& th #l%! to & s %r!h ' %$' th thi$gs to & s iA '. Fa!lure o s a e &! $ par !cular! , $e place o be searc$ed and ! e's o be se!@ed 'a4es $e &arran used (or (!s$!n. e"!dence /a .eneral &arran 1 &$!c$ !s "o!d. In )ur.os ". %$!e( o( S a((# $e descr!p !on &$!c$ read 2sub"ers!"e docu'en s# lea(le s# papers o pro'o e $e ob+ec !"e o( $e Mo"e'en (or a Free P$!l!pp!nes# $e L!.$ a F!re Mo"e'en # and $e Apr!l 6 Mo"e'en 2 &ere $eld no o be par !cular descr!p !ons# $us 'a4!n. $e &arran a .eneral &arran . In %orro ". L!s!n.# $e searc$ and se!@ure o( 2pr!n ed cop!es and du''!es o( P$!l!pp!ne T!'es# sub"ers!"e docu'en s# ar !cles# pr!n ed 'a ers# $andb!lls# lea(le s# banners# and ,pe&r! ers# ape recorders# e c.2 &as a.a!n
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
&as l!4e&!se "al!d. To be "al!d# $e searc$ 'us be 2!nc!den al2 o $e arres # $a !s# no separa ed b, !'e or place (ro' $e arres . I( $e bas!s (or allo&!n. !nc!den al searc$es !s loo4ed !n o# one can see $a $!s s! ua !on !s no one !n"ol"!n. a "al!d !nc!den al searc$. T$e la& allo&s $e arres !n. o((!cer o searc$ a person "al!dl, arres ed /b, (r!s4!n. $!' (or !ns ance1 because /a1 a &eapon $eld b, $e arres ed person 'a, be urned a.a!ns $!s cap or and /b1 $e 'a, des ro, $e proo( o( $e cr!'e# !( $e arres ed o((!cer $as o (!rs appl, (or a searc$ &arran (ro' a +ud.e. I(# !n $e Nolasco case# $e searc$ &as conduc ed >E '!nu es a( er $e arres # $ere !s no lon.er an, dan.er $a $e cap ured 'a, urn a.a!ns $e cap orD and !( $e docu'en s !n $e apar 'en &ere 7 bloc4s a&a,# $e searc$ &ould no lon.er be +us !(!ed s!nce $ere !s no &a, (or Ro0ue o .o bac4 o $e apar 'en and des ro, $e docu'en s# $a"!n. been arres ed alread,. Nolasco ". %ru@ PaMo 9>A S%RA 9F7 /9ABF1 F* M!la.ros A.u!lar-Ro0ue &as arres ed o.e $er &! $ %,n $!a Nolasco b, $e %ons abular, Secur! , Group. M!la.rso $ad been &an ed as a $!.$ ran4!n. o((!cer o( $e %PP. T$e arres oo4 place a 99*>E a.'. o( Au.us 6# 9AB?. A noon o( $e sa'e da,# $er pre'!ses &ere searc$ed and ?7B docu'en s# a por able ,pe&r! er and 7 bo;es &ere se!@ed. Earl!er $a da,# -ud.e %ru@ PaMo !ssued a searc$ &arran (or rebell!on a.a!ns M!la.ros. On $e bas!s o( $e docu'en s se!@ed# c$ar.es o( sub"ers!on and rebell!on &ere (!led bu $e (!scal5s o((!ce 'erel, c$ar.ed $er and Nolasco &! $ !lle.al possess!on o( sub"ers!"e 'a er!als. M!la.ros as4ed (or suppress!on o( $e e"!dence on $e .round $a ! &as !lle.all, ob a!ned. T$e searc$ &arran descr!bed $e $!n.s o be se!@ed as 2Docu'en s# papers and o $er records o( $e %PP# NPA and NDF# ;;;2. 8ELD* T$e searc$ &arran !s "o!d because ! (a!ls o descr!be &! $ par !cular! , $e $!n.s o be se!@ed. I does no spec!(, &$a $e sub"ers!"e boo4s and !ns ruc !ons are and &$a $e 'anuals no o $er&!se a"a!lable o $e publ!c con a!n o 'a4e $e' sub"ers!"e. T$ere !s absen a de(!n! e .u!del!ne as o &$a ! e's '!.$ la&(ull, be se!@ed# $us .!"!n. $e o((!cers d!scre !on re.ard!n. &$a ar !cles $e, s$ould se!@e. I !s $us !n $e na ure o( a .eneral &arran . )u $e se!@ure o( $e ar !cles could be +us !(!ed as an !nc!den o( a "al!d arres . I !s a .eneral rule $a # as an !nc!den o( an arres # $e place o( pre'!ses &$ere $e arres &as 'ade can also be searc$ed &! $ou a searc$ &arran . 5!7 When thin(s sei)ed are $ithin plain 'ie$ o# a sear"hin( party Roan ". Gon@ales# 9?F S%RA 6B< /9AB61 F* T$e c$allen.ed S3 &as !ssued b, $e resp. +ud.e on F=9E=B?. T$e pe ! !oner5s $ouse &as searc$ed 7 da,s la er bu none o( $e ar !cles l!s ed !n $e &arran &as d!sco"ered. T$e o((!cers conduc !n. $e searc$ (ound 9 col Ma.nu'
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
3e do no a.ree. 3$a &e see $ere !s pressure e;er ed b, $e '!l! ar, au $or! !es# &$o prac !call, coerced $e pe ! !oner o s!.n $e supposed &a!"er as .uaran , a.a!ns a poss!ble c$allen.e la er o $e "al!d! , o( $e searc$ $e, &ere conduc !n.. +alum *rohibitum. I does no (ollo& $a bec. an o((ense !s malum prohibitum# $e sub+ec $ereo( !s necessar!l, !lle.al per se. Mo !"e !s !''a er!al !n mala prohibita# bu $e sub+ec s o( $!s 4!nd o( o((ense 'a, no be su''ar!l, se!@ed s!'pl, bec. $e, are pro$!b! ed. A S3 !s s !ll necessar,. +otion to .uash. Pe ! !oner s$ould $a"e# be(ore co'!n. o $e S%# (!led a 'o !on o 0uas$ $e searc$ &arran b, $e resp. +ud.e. )u as &e sa!d and d!d !n )ur.os# 2 $!s procedural (la& no &! $s and!n.# &e a4e co.n!@ance o( $!s pe ! !on !n "!e& o( $e ser!ousness and ur.enc, o( $e cons! u !onal !ssues ra!sed.2 RAM. Pit% (. CA, "61 SCRA >2; 5"4147 F* Pursuan o $e An !-S'u %a'pa!.n o( Ma,or Ra'on )a.a sn.# pol!ce'en se!@ed and con(!sca ed (ro' dealers# d!s r!bu ors# ne&ss and o&ners and peddlers alon. Man!la s!de&al4s# 'a.a@!nes# publ!ca !ons and o $er read!n. 'a er!als bel!e"ed o be obscene# porno.rap$!c# and !ndecen and la er burned $e se!@ed 'a er!als !n publ!c. A'on. $e publ!ca !ons se!@ed and la er burned &as 2P!no, Pla,bo,2 'a.a@!nes publ!s$ed and co-ed! ed b, pla!n !(( Leo P! a. A( er $!s !n+unc !"e rel!e( &as d!s'!ssed b, $e RT% and $!s appeal re+ec ed b, %A# $e see4s re"!e& &! $ S%# !n"o4!n. $e .uaran , a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es and se!@ure. Issue* 3=N $e searc$ and se!@ure &as !lle.al 8ELD* YES. I !s bas!c $a searc$es and se!@ure 'a, be done onl, $rou.$ a +ud!c!al &arran # o $er&!se# $e, beco'e unreasonable and sub+ec o c$allen.e. In )ur.os " %$!e( o( S a(( /9>> S%RA BEE1 # $e S% coun er'anded $e orders o( $e RT% au $or!@!n. $e serac$ o( $e pre'!ses 3E Foru' and Me ropol! an Ma!l# &o Me ro Man!la Da!l!es# b, reason o( a de(ec !"e &arran . T$ere !s a .rea er reason !n $!s case o reproba e $e 0ues !oned ra!d# !n $e co'ple e absence o( a &arran # "al!d or !n"al!d. T$e (ac $a $e !ns an case !n"ol"es an obscen! , rap 'a4es ! no d!((eren (ro' )ur.os# a pol! !cal case# because speec$ !s speec$# &$e $er pol! !cal or 2obscene2. T$e au $or! !es 'us appl, (or $e !ssuance o( $e a searc$ &arran (ro' $e +ud.e # !( !n $e!r op!n!on# an obscen! , rap !s !n order. T$e, 'us con"!nce $e cour $a $e 'a er!als sou.$ o be se!@ed are 2obscene2 and pose a clear and presen dan.er o( an e"!l subs an !"e enou.$ o &arran S a e !n er(erence and ac !on. T$e +ud.e 'us de er'!ne 3ON $e sa'e are !ndeed 2obscene2* $e 0ues !on !s o be resol"ed on a case- o-case bas!s and on $e +ud.e5s sound d!scre !on. I( probable cause e;!s # a searc$ &arran &!ll !ssue. 5'7 Stop and *ris+
Posadas ". %A# 9BB S%RA 7BB /9AAE1 F* Pa rol'ans :n.ab and :'par# bo $ 'e'bers o( $e INP o( $e Da"ao Me rod!sco' ass!.ned &= $e In ell!.ence Tas4 Force# &ere conduc !n. a sur"e!llance alon. Ma.allanes# S .# Da"ao %! ,. 3$!le $e, &ere &=!n $e pre'!ses o( $e R!@al Me'or!al %olle.es# $e, spo ed pe ! !oner carr,!n. a 2bur!2 ba. K $e, no !ced $!' o be ac !n. susp!c!ousl,. T$e, approac$ed $e pe ! !oner and !den !(!ed $e'sel"es as 'e'bers o( $e INP. Pe ! !oner a e'p ed o (lee bu &as s opped b, $e 7. T$e, $en c$ec4ed $e 2bur!2 ba. o( $e pe ! !oner &$ere $e, (ound 9 cal!ber .>B S'! $ K 3esson re"ol"er# &= 7 rounds o( l!"e a''un! !on (or a .>B cal. .un# a s'o4e .renade# K 7 l!"e a''un! !on (or a .77 cal. .un. Pe ! !oner &as brou.$ o $e pol!ce s a !on (or (ur $er !n"es !.a !on. 8e &as prosecu ed (or !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and a''un! !ons !n $e RT% o( Da"ao %! , &$ere!n a( er a plea o( no .u!l ,# and r!al on $e 'er! s# a dec!s!on &as rendered (!nd!n. pe ! !oner .u!l ,. T$e %A a((!r'ed $e appealed dec!s!on in toto. 8ence# $e pe ! !on (or re"!e&# $e 'a!n $rus o( &=c !s $a $ere be!n. no la&(ul arres or searc$ and se!@ure# $e ! e's &=c &ere con(!sca ed (ro' $e possess!on o( $e pe ! !oner are !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns $!'. T$e Sol-Gen ar.ues $a under Sec. 97# R 9>6 o( RO%# a person la&(ull, arres ed 'a, be searc$ed (or dan.erous &eapons or an, $!n. /&=c 'a, be1 used as proo( o( a co''!ss!on o( an o((ense# &=o a S3. 8ELD* Fro' Sec. F# R 99># RO%# ! !s clear $a an arres &=o a &arran 'a, be e((ec ed b, a peace o((!cer or pr!"a e person# a'on. o $ers# &$en !n $!s presence $e person o be arres ed $as co''! ed# !s ac uall, co''! !n.# or !s a e'p !n. o co''! an o((ense# or &$en an o((ense $as !n (ac # +us been co''! ed# K $e $as personal 4no&led.e o( $e (ac s !nd!ca !n. $a $e person arres ed $as co''! ed ! . A $e !'e $e peace o((!cers !den !(!ed $e'sel"es and appre$ended $e pe ! !oner as $e a e'p ed o (lee# $e, d!d no 4no& $a $e $ad co''! ed# or &as ac uall, co''! !n.# $e o((ense. T$e, +us suspec ed $a $e &as $!d!n. so'e $!n. !n $e bur! ba.. T$e, d!d no 4no& &$a ! s con en s &ere. T$e sa!d c!rcu's ances d!d no +us !(, an arres &=o a &arran . 8o&e"er# $ere are 'an, !ns ances &$ere a &arran K se!@ure can be e((ec ed &=o necessar!l, be!n. preceded b, an arres # (ore'os o( &=c !s $e 5s op K searc$5 &=o a S3 a '!l! ar, or pol!ce c$ec4po!n s# $e cons ! u !onal! , o( &=c $as been up$eld b, $!s %our !n Val'on e ". de V!lla. As be . a &arran less searc$ and se!@ure /S K S1 conduc ed a '!l! ar, or pol!ce c$ec4po!n s and $e searc$ $ereo( !n $e case a bar# $ere !s no 0ues !on $a # !ndeed# $e la er !s 'ore reasonable cons!der!n. $a # unl!4e !n $e (or'er# ! &as e((ec ed on $e bas!s o( a probable cause. T$e probable cause !s $a &$en $e pe ! !oner ac ed susp!c!ousl, and a e'p ed o (lee &= $e bur! ba.# $ere &as a probable cause $a $e &as conceal!n. so'e $!n. !lle.al !n $e ba. and ! &as $e r!.$ and du , o( $e pol!ce o((!cers o !nspec $e sa'e. I !s oo 'uc$ !ndeed o re0u!re $e pol!ce o((!cers o searc$ $e ba. !n $e possess!on o( $e pe ! !oner onl, a( er
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
$e, s$all $a"e ob a!ned a S3 (or $e purpose. Suc$ an e;erc!se 'a, pro"e o be useless# (u !le and 'uc$ oo la e. As $e Sol-Gen sa!d* 2T$e assa!led S K S 'a, s !ll be +us !(!ed as a4!n o a 5s op and (r!s45 s! ua !on &$ose ob+ec !s e! $er o de er'!ne $e !den ! , o( susp!c!ous !nd!"!duals or o 'a!n a!n $e s a us 0uo 'o'en ar!l, &$!le $e pol!ce o((!cers see4s o ob a!n 'ore !n(o. ... T$e :S S% $eld !n Terr, ". O$!o $a 2a pol!ce o((!cer 'a, !n appropr!a e c!rcu's ances K !n an appropr!a e 'anner approac$ a person (or $e purpose o( !n"es !.a !n. poss!ble cr!'!nal be$a"!our e"en $ou.$ $ere !s no probable cause o 'a4e an arres .2 In suc$ a s! ua !on# ! !s reasonable (or an o((!cer ra $er $an s!'pl, o s$ru. $!s s$oulder and allo& a cr!'e o occur# o s op a susp!c!ous !nd!"!dual br!e(l, !n order o de er'!ne $!s !den ! , or 'a!n a!n. $e s a us 0uo &$!le ob a!n!n. 'ore !n(o.2 PETITION DENIED. RAM. 5 7 When there is a 'alid e,press $ai'er %ade 'ol!ntarily and intelli(ently. 3a!"er canno be !'pl!ed (ro' $e (ac $a $e person consen ed or d!d no ob+ec o $e searc$# (or ! 'an, $appen $a $e d!d so onl, ou o( respec (or $e au $or! !es. T$e &a!"er 'us be e;pressl, 'ade. People ". De lara F* A( er a sur"e!llance conduc ed# a bu,-bus opera !on &as conduc ed b, $e pol!ce# as a conse0uence o( &$!c$# accused &as arres ed. T$e accused alread, poc4e ed $e 'ar4ed 'one, and $anded &o (o!ls o $e pol!ce &$en $e sensed $e presence o( pol!ce opera !"es. 8e r!ed o re r!e"e $e &o (o!ls bu $e &as pre"en ed (ro' do!n. so. 8e r!ed o escape b, runn!n. !ns!de $!s $ouse. T$e pol!ce pursued $!' and &ere able o subdue $!'. T$e accused ad'! ed $a $e 4ep pro$!b! ed dru.s !n $!s $ouse. 8e e"en s$o&ed $e arres !n. o((!cers a blue plas !c ba. con a!n!n. pro$!b! ed dru.s. T$e ea'# o.e $er &! $ $e accused# proceeded o 3PD $ead0uar ers (or !n"es !.a !on. Dur!n. $e !n"es !.a !on# accused &as appr!sed o( $!s cons ! u !onal r!.$ s o re'a!n s!len and o $a"e $e ass!s ance o( counsel. 3$en appellan &as as4ed o .!"e a &r! en s a e'en # $e re(used o do so pend!n. arr!"al o( $!s la&,er. Accused con ends $a $!s arres and $e se!@ure o( $e ba. con a!n!n. pro$!b! ed dru.s &as null and "o!d. 8e also con ends $a $e &as no ass!s ed b, counsel dur!n. cus od!al !n"es !.a !on# &$ere $e &as (orced o s!.n $e p$o ocop, o( $e 'ar4ed 'one,# $e Rece!p o( Proper , Se!@ed# and $e )oo4!n. and In(or'a !on S$ee . ISS:E* 3$e $er or no $e arres o( $e accused and $e se!@ure o( $e plas !c ba. &ere "al!d.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
(ro' $e Eurocar bu!ld!n.. 3$en $e '!l! ar, opera !"es ra!ded $e place# $e occupan s $ereo( re(used o open $e door desp! e re0ues s (or $e' o do so# $ereb, co'pell!n. $e (or'er o brea4 !n o $e o((!ce. T$e Eurocar Sales O((!ce !s ob"!ousl, no a .un s ore and ! !s de(!n! el, no an ar'or, or arsenal &$!c$ are $e usual depos! or!es (or e;plos!"es and a''un! !on. I !s pr!'ar!l, and solel, en.a.ed !n $e sale o( au o'ob!les. T$e presence o( an unusual 0uan ! , o( $!.$-po&ered (!rear's and e;plos!"es could no be +us !(!abl, or e"en colorabl, e;pla!ned. In add! !on# $ere &as .eneral c$aos and d!sorder a $a !'e because o( s!'ul aneous and !n ense (!r!n. &! $!n $e "!c!n! , o( $e o((!ce and !n $e nearb, %a'p A.u!naldo &$!c$ &as under a ac4 b, rebel (orces. T$e cour s !n $e surround!n. areas &ere ob"!ousl, closed and# (or $a 'a er# $e bu!ld!n. and $ouses $ere!n &ere deser ed. :nder $e (ore.o!n. c!rcu's ances# ! !s our cons!dered op!n!on $a $e !ns an case (alls under one o( $e e;cep !ons o $e pro$!b! !on a.a!ns a &arran less searc$. In $e (!rs place# $e '!l! ar, opera !"es# a4!n. !n o accoun $e (ac s ob a!n!n. !n $!s case# $ad reasonable .round o bel!e"e $a a cr!'e &as be!n. co''! ed. T$ere &as conse0uen l, 'ore $an su((!c!en probable cause o &arran $e!r ac !on. Fur $er'ore# under $e s! ua !on $en pre"a!l!n.# $e ra!d!n. ea' $ad no oppor un! , o appl, (or and secure a searc$ &arran (ro' $e cour s. :nder suc$ ur.enc, and e;!.enc, o( $e 'o'en # a searc$ &arran could la&(ull, be d!spensed &! $. T$ere are &o separa e s a u es penal!@!n. d!((eren o((enses &! $ d!scre e penal !es. T$e Re"!sed Penal %ode rea s rebell!on as a cr!'e apar (ro' 'urder# $o'!c!de# arson# or o $er o((enses# suc$ as !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's# $a '!.$ conce!"abl, be co''! ed !n $e course o( a rebell!on. Pres!den !al Decree No. 9B66 de(!nes and pun!s$es# as a spec!(!c o((ense# $e cr!'e o( !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's co''! ed !n $e course or as par o( a rebell!on. Sub+ec o $e presence o( $e re0u!s! e ele'en s !n eac$ case# unla&(ul possess!on o( an unl!censed (!rear' !n (ur $erance o( rebell!on 'a, .!"e r!se o separa e prosecu !ons (or a "!ola !on o( Sec !on 9 o( Pres!den !al Decree No. 9B66# and also a "!ola !on o( Ar !cles 9>? and 9>F o( $e Re"!sed Penal %ode on rebell!on. Double +eopard, !n $!s case canno be !n"o4ed because $e (!rs !s an o((ense pun!s$ed b, a spec!al la& &$!le $e second !s a (elon, pun!s$ed b, $e Re"!sed Penal %ode# 7? &! $ "ar!an ele'en s. Pres!den !al Decree No. 9B66 !'poses $e dea $ penal , &$ere $e !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and a''un! !on !s co''! ed !n (ur $erance o( rebell!on. A $e !'e $e o((ense c$ar.ed !n $!s case &as co''! ed under $e .o"ernance o( $a la&# $e !'pos! !on o( $e dea $ penal , &as proscr!bed b, $e %ons ! u !on. %onse0uen l,# appellan De Grac!a could onl, be sen enced o ser"e $e penal , o( reclusion perpetua &$!c$ &as correc l, 'e ed ou b, $e r!al cour # albe! &! $ an erroneous reco''enda !on !n connec !on $ere&! $. >. Co$stit+tio$%lit) of !h !9#oi$ts %$' G%r %l t%rg t Ao$i$gs.G Val'on e ". De V!lla# 9<E S%RA 7F6 /9ABA1
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e ?9 pe ! !oners s a e $a $e, are all o( le.al a.e# bona fide res!den s o( MM and Ta;pa,ers and leaders !n $e!r respec !"e co''un! !es. Accd.. o $e pe ! !oners# $e 2areal ar.e @on!n.s2 or 2sa ura !on dr!"es2 are !n cr! !cal areas p!npo!n ed b, $e '!l! ar, and pol!ce as places &$ere $e sub"ers!"es are $!d!n.. Pe ! !oners cla!' $a $e sa ura !on dr!"es (ollo& a co''on pa ern o( $u'an r!.$ s abuses. Responden s s ress 7 po!n s. F!rs # $e resps. $a"e le.al au $or! , o conduc sa ura !on dr!"es. And# second# $e, alle.e $a $e accusa !ons o( $e pe ! !oners abou a del!bera e d!sre.ard (or $u'an r!.$ s# are total lies. Resps. c! e Ar . VII# Sec. 9< o( $e %ons .*2T$e Pres. s$all $a"e con rol o( all $e e;ecu !"e depar 'en s# bureaus and o((!ces. 'e shall ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.2 T$e, also c! e sec. 9B.*2T$e Pres. s$all be $e %o''ander-!n-c$!e( o( all AFP and &$ene"er ! beco'es necessar,# $e 'a, call ou suc$ ar'ed (orces o pre"en or suppress la&less "!olence# !n"as!on or rebell!on. ;;; 8ELD* T$e %our bel!e"es ! !s $!.$l, probable $a so'e "!ola !ons &ere ac uall, co''! ed. T$!s !s so !nsp! e o( $e alle.ed pleas o( baran.a, o((!c!als (or $e $ousands o( res!den s2 o sub'! $e'sel"es "olun ar!l, (or c$arac er and personal "er!(!ca !on.2 8o&e"er# $e re'ed, !s no o s op all pol!ce ac !ons# including the essential and legitimate ones. 3e see no $!n. &ron. !n pol!ce 'a4!n. $e!r presence "!s!bl, (el !n roubled areas. Pol!ce canno respond o r!o s or "!olen de'ons ra !on !( $e, do no 'o"e !n su((!c!en nu'bers. A s$o& o( (orce !s so'e !'es necesar, as long as the rights of the people are protected and not violated. A blan4e pro$!b! !on suc$ as $a sou.$ b, $e pe ! !oners &ould l!'! all pol!ce ac !ons o one on one con(ron a !on &$ere searc$ &arran s and &arran s o( arres a.a!ns spec!(!c !nd!"!duals are eas!l, procured. Anarc$, 'a, re!.n !( $e '!l! ar, and $e pol!ce dec!de o s! do&n !n $e!r o((!ces bec. all concer ed dr!"es &$ere a s$o& o( (orce !s presen are o all, pro$!b! ed. T$e re'ed, !s no an or!.!nal ac !on (or pro$!b! !on brou.$ $rou.$ a TP5s su! . 3$ere no one "!c !' co'pla!ns# and no one "!ola or !s properl, c$ar.ed# the problem is not initially for the !C. It is basically one for the executive departments and for the trial courts. :nder $e c!rcu's ances o( $!s TP5s su! # $ere !s no err!n. sold!er or pol!ce'an &$o' &e can order prosecu ed. In $e absence o( clear (ac s ascer a!ned $rou.$ an orderl, procedure# no per'anen rel!e( can be .!"en a $!s !'e. Fur $er !n"es !.a !on o( $e pe ! !oners5 c$ar.es and a $ard loo4 b, ad'!n. o((!c!als a $e pol!c, !'pl!ca !ons o( $e pra,ed (or blan4e pro$!b! !on are also &arran ed. In $e 'ean !'e# and !n $e (ace o( a prima facie s$o&!n. $a so'e abuses &ere probabl, co''! ed and could be co''! ed dur!n. (u ure pol!ce ac !ons# &e $a"e o e'porar!l, res ra!n $e alle.ed ban!n. on &alls# $e 4!c4!n. !n o( doors# $e $erd!n. o( $al(-na4ed 'en o asse'bl, areas (or e;a'!na !on o( a oo 'ar4s# $e "!ola !on o( res!dences e"en !( $ese are $u'ble s$an !es o( s0ua ers# and o $er alle.ed ac s &=c are s$oc4!n. o $e consc!ence. 0. Wir T%##i$g Art. III, S !. >. CCC
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
5;7 A$) (i' $! o&t%i$ ' i$ (iol%tio$ of this 5#ri(%!) of !o..+$i!%tio$ %$' !orr s#o$' $! 7 or th #r ! 'i$g s !tio$ 5+$r %so$%&l s %r!h s %$' s iA+r s7 sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l for %$) #+r#os i$ %$) #ro! 'i$g. One o( $e re'ed!es o( one &$o &as "!c !'!@ed b, an !lle.al searc$ !s o as4 (or $e suppress!on o( $e $!n.s se!@ed and $e e"!dence !lle.all, a4en. T$e e;clus!onar, rule pro$!b! s $e use o( an, e"!dence ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( secs. 7 and > /91 o( Ar . III (or 2an, purpose2 and !n 2an, proceed!n.2. T$e e"!dence !s absolu el, useless. T$!s $as no al&a,s been $e case. In Moncado ". People5s %our /9A?B1# $e S%# (ollo&!n. $e :.S. case o( 3ol( V. %olorado# rules $a e"!dence !lle.all, ob a!ned !s no necessar!l, e;cluded !( !s o $er&!se ad'!ss!ble under $e rules o( e"!dence. In suc$ case# $e e"!dence ad'! ed# &! $ou pre+ud!ce o an, cr!'!nal# c!"!l or ad'!n!s ra !"e l!ab!l! , o( $e o((!cer &$o !lle.all, se!@ed ! . In o $er &ords# $e ad'!ss!b!l! , o( $e e"!dence !s no e((ec ed b, $e !lle.al! , o( $e 'eans b, &$!c$ ! &as ac0u!red. I &as !n S one$!ll ". D!o4no# supra# (ollo&!n. $e :.S. case o( Maop ". O$!o 9A6A# &$en $e e;clus!onar, rule &as (!rs adop ed !n $e P$!l!pp!nes# $e S% no !n. $a $e o al suppress!on o( $e $!n. se!@ed !s $e onl, e((ec !"e 'eans o( ensur!n. $e cons ! u !onal r!.$ &$!c$ ! see4s o preser"e. T$e %our no ed# $e !nsu((!c!enc, o( $e o $er re'ed!es /e... ac !on (or da'a.es# cr!'!nal pun!s$'en # res!s ance1# espec!all, !n $e P$!l!pp!nes &$ere "!ola !ons &ere co''! ed b, $ose !n po&er and &ere $us e0u!pped &! $ $e pardon!n. po&er o &a er do&n $e .ra"! , o( $e o $er penal !es !'posed o "!ola ors o( $ose cons ! u !onal r!.$ s. T$e "!c !' 'a, or 'a, no .e bac4 $e $!n. se!@ed# depend!n. on &$e $er ! !s con raband or no . I $e $!n. !s con raband# ! &ould no be re urned# and onl, ! s suppress!on can be as4ed (or. )u !( $e $!n. !s le.al# $e par , can as4 (or ! s re urn# e"en !( no cr!'!nal prosecu !on $as ,e been (!led# as !n $e S one$!ll case. S one$!ll ". D!o4no# 7E S%RA >B> /9A6<1 F* :pon appl!ca !on o( $e o((!cers o( $e .o" /resp. prosecu ors1# se"eral +ud.es /resp. +ud.es1 !ssued a o al o( ?7 searc$ &arran s a.a!ns pe ! !oners K= or $e corpora !ons o( &=c $e, &ere o((!cers# d!rec ed o an, peace o((!cer# o searc$ $e perons na'ed and= or $e pre'!ses o( $e!r o((!ces# &are$ouses# and= or res!dences# and o se!@e se"eral personal prop. as $e 2sub+ec o( $e o((enseD s olen or e'be@elled or $e (ru! s o( $e o((ense#2 or 2used or !n ended o be used as $e 'eans o( co''! !n. $e o((ense2 as "!ola !on o( %) La&s# Tar!(( and %us o's La&s /T%%1# NIR% and $e RP%.2 Alle.!n. $a $e a(ore'en !oned searc$ &arran s are null K "o!d# sa!d pe ! !oners (!led &= $e S% $!s or!.. ac !on (or cer !orar!# pro$!b! !on# 'anda'us K !n+unc !on. T$e &r! &as par !all, l!( ed or d!ssol"ed# !nso(ar as $e papers# docu'en s# and $!n.s se!@ed (ro' $e o((!cers o( $e
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
!n a despo !c 'anner. ), so do!n.# one can !nd!rec l, !n0u!re !n o $e "al!d! , o( $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e. 1. S %r!h %$' S iA+r &) Pri(%t P rso$s People ". Mar !# 9A> S%RA F< /9AA91 F* )e(ore del!"er, o( appellan 5s bo; o $e )ureau o( %us o's and= or )ureau o( Pos s# Mr. -ob Re,es /propr!e or1 K $usband o( An! a Re,es# (ollo&!n. s andard opera !n. procedure# opened $e bo;es (or (!nal !nspec !on. 3$en $e opened appellan 5s bo;# a pecul!ar order e'! ed $ere(ro'. 8!s cur!os! , aroused# $e s0uee@ed one o( $e bundles alle.edl, con a!n!n. .lo"es and (el dr!ed lea"es !ns!de. Open!n. one o( $e bundles# $e pulled ou a cellop$ane &rapper pro rud!n. (ro' $e open!n. o( one o( $e .lo"es. 8e 'ade an open!n. on one o( $e cellop$ane &rappers and oo4 se"eral .ra's o( $e con en s $ereo(. -ob Re,es repor ed $e !nc!den o $e N)I and re0ues ed a labora or, e;a'!na !on o( $e sa'ples $e e; rac ed (ro' $e cellop$ane &rapper. I urned ou $a $e dr!ed lea"es &ere 'ar!+uana (lo&er!n. ops as cer !(!ed b, $e (orens!c c$e'!s o( $e Narco !cs Sec !on o( $e N)I. T$erea( er# an !n(or'a !on &as (!led a.a!ns appellan (or "!ola !on o( RA 6?7F. APPELANT %ONTENDS $a $e e"!dence sub+ec o( $e !'pu ed o((ense $ad been ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( $!s cons !. r!.$ s a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures and pr!"ac, o( co''un!ca !on and $ere(ore ar.ues $a $e sa'e s$ould be $eld !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. T$e case a bar assu'es a pecul!ar c$arac er s!nce $e e"!dence sou.$ o be e;cluded &as pr!'ar!l, d!sco"ered and ob a!ned b, a pr!"a e person# ac !n. !n a pr!"a e capac! , and &=o $e !n er"en !on and par !c!pa !on o( s a e au $or! !es. ISS:E* Ma, an ac o( a pr!"a e !nd!"!dual# alle.edl, !n "!ola !on o( appellan 5s cons ! u !onal r!.$ s# be !n"o4ed a.a!ns $e s a eH 8ELD* 3e $old !n $e ne.a !"e. In $e absence o( .o"ern'en al !n er(erence# $e l!ber !es .uaran eed b, $e %ons !. canno be !n"o4ed a.a!ns $e S a e. T$!s cons ! u !onal r!.$ re(ers o $e !''un! , o( one5s person# &$e $er c! !@en or al!en# (ro' !n er(erence b, .o" . ;;; /V!llanue"a ". Luerub!n.1 T$e con raband !n $e case a bar $a"!n. co'e !n o possess!on o( $e .o" &=o $e la er rans.ress!n. appellan 5s r!.$ s a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures /S K S1# $e %our sees no co.en reason &$, $e sa'e s$ould no be ad'! ed a.a!ns $!'. Appellan # $o&e"er# &ould l!4e $!s %our o bel!e"e $a N)I a.en s 'ade an !lle.al searc$ and se!@ure o( $e e"!dence la er on used !n prosecu !n. $e case. T$e ar.u'en s o( appellan s ands o (all on ! s o&n &e!.$ # or $e lac4 o( ! . /irst# $e (ac ual cons!dera !ons o( $e case a bar read!l, (oreclose $e propos! !on $a N)I a.en s conduc ed an !lle.al S K S o( $e pro$!b! ed 'erc$and!se. Records o(
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
%$' %$) *it$ ss s h .%) #ro'+! o$ f%!ts # rso$%ll) 9$o*$ to th . %$' %tt%!h to th r !or's th ir s*or$ st%t . $ts tog th r *ith %$) %ffi'%(its s+&.itt '. T$e re0u!re'en !n $e case o( &arran s o( arres !s rela;ed !n $a $e +ud.e can rel, on $e cer !(!ca !on o( $e (!scal $a $e la er $as conduc ed $e prel!'!nar, !n"es !.a !on and $as (ound probable cause on $e par o( $e accused. T$e +ud.e can !ssue $e &arran on $e bas!s o( $e !n(or'a !on (!led b, $e (!scal and $e cer !(!ca !on o( probable cause. T$e S% $as allo&ed $!s prac !ce !n A'ar.a ". Abbas# AB P$!l. <>A /9AF61# no !n. $a ! $as been prac !ce lon. se led and $a a +ud.e can !ssue an order o arres on $e bas!s o( $e cer !(!ca e. O( course# !( $e +ud.e !s !n doub # $e can al&a,s as4 $e (!scal o sub'! $e records o( $e prel!'!nar, !n"es !.a !on# so $e could de er'!ne (or $!'sel( !(# on $e bas!s o( $e a((!da"! s# $ere e;!s s probable cause. I $e !s sa !s(!ed &! $ $e a((!da"! s# $e need no su''on $e a((!an s. A'ar.a ". Abbas# AB P$!l. <>A /9AF61 F* Mun!c!pal -ud.e Sa'ulde conduc ed a prel!'!nar, !n"es !.a !on /PI1 o( Aran.ale upon a co'pla!n (or robber, (!led b, co'pla!nan Ma.banua# alle.!n. $a Aran.ale $ar"es ed pala, (ro' a por !on o( $er land d!rec l, ad+o!n!n. Aran.aleNs land. A( er $e PI# Sa'ulde rans'! ed $e records o( $e case o Pro"!nc!al F!scal Sal"an! &! $ $!s (!nd!n. $a O $ere !s pr!'a (ac!e e"!dence o( robber, as c$ar.ed !n $e co'pla!n P. F!scal Sal"an! re urned $e records o -ud.e Sa'ulde on $e .round $a $e rans'! al o( $e records &as Opre'a ureP because -ud.e Sa'ulde (a!led o !nclude $e &arran o( arres /3A1 a.a!ns $e accused. -ud.e Sa'ulde sen $e records bac4 o F!scal Sal"an! s a !n. $a al $ou.$ $e (ound $a a probable cause e;!s ed# $e d!d no bel!e"e $a Aran.ale s$ould be arres ed. F!scal Sal"an! (!led a 'anda'us case a.a!ns -ud.e Sa'ulde o co'pel $!' o !ssue a 3A. RT% d!s'!ssed $e pe ! !on on $e .round $a $e (!scal $ad no s$o&n $a $e $as a clear# le.al r!.$ o $e per(or'ance o( $e ac o be re0u!red o( $e +ud.e and $a $e la er $ad an !'pera !"e du , o per(or' ! . Ne"er$ eless# -ud.e Sa'ulde &as ordered o !ssue a 3A !n accordance &! $ Sec. F# Rule 997 o( $e 9ABF Rules o( %our . ISS:E* 3$e $er ! !s 'anda or, (or $e !n"es !.a !n. +ud.e o !ssue a 3A o( $e accused !n "!e& o( $!s (!nd!n.# a( er conduc !n. a PI# $a $ere e;!s s pr!'a (ac!e e"!dence $a $e accused co''! ed $e cr!'e c$ar.ed. 8ELD* T8E P:RPOSE OF A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION DOES NOT %ONTEMPLATE T8E ISS:AN%E OF A 3A )Y T8E INVESTIGATING -:DGE OR OFFI%ER. :nder Rule 997 o( $e 9ABF RO%# a PI !s conduc ed on $e bas!s o( a((!da"! s o de er'!ne &$e $er or no $ere !s su((!c!en .round o $old $e accused (or r!al. To de er'!ne &$e $er a 3A s$ould !ssue# $e !n"es !.a !n. +ud.e 'us
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
R+l "">, S !. 3. Arr st *itho+t *%rr%$tH *h $ l%*f+l.BB A # %! offi! r or % #ri(%t # rso$ .%), *itho+t % *%rr%$t, %rr st % # rso$F 5%7 Wh $, i$ his #r s $! , th # rso$ to & %rr st ' h%s !o..itt ', is %!t+%ll) !o..itti$g, or is %tt .#ti$g to !o..it %$ off $s H 5&7 Wh $ %$ off $s , h%s i$ f%!t :+st & $ !o..itt ', %$' h h%s # rso$%l 9$o*l 'g of f%!ts i$'i!%ti$g th%t th # rso$ to & %rr st ' h%s !o..itt ' itH 5!7 Wh $ th # rso$ to & %rr st ' is % #riso$ r *ho h%s s!%# ' fro. % # $%l st%&lish. $t of #l%! *h r h is s r(i$g fi$%l :+'g. $t or t .#or%ril) !o$fi$ ' *hil his !%s is # $'i$g, or h%s s!%# ' *hil & i$g tr%$sf rr ' fro. o$ !o$fi$ . $t to %$oth r. I$ !%s s f%lli$g +$' r #%r%gr%#hs 5%7 %$' 5&7 h r of, th # rso$ %rr st ' *itho+t % *%rr%$t sh%ll & forth*ith ' li( r ' to th $ %r st #oli! st%tio$ or :%il, %$' h sh%ll & #ro! ' ' %g%i$st i$ %!!or'%$! *ith R+l "";, S !tio$. 6. 5R+l s of Co+rt.7 Rule 99># sec. F al4s o( 2c! !@en arres s2# cases &$ere an arres can be 'ade e! $er b, $e peace o((!cer or a pr!"a e person &! $ou need o( a &arran . T$e 4e, ele'en !n $e (!rs case !s $a $e o((ense &as co''! ed 2!n $!s presence2. T$e 4e, ele'en !n $e second case !s $a $e $as 2personal 4no&led.e2. T$us# !n People ". )ur.os# 9?? S%RA 9 /9AB61# $e arres 'ade b, $e cons abular, &! $ou a &arran o( a (ar'er on $e bas!s o( !n(or'a !on $a $e &as a sub"ers!"e &as $eld uncons ! u !onal# s!nce $ere &as no personal 4no&led.e o( $e o((ense ! sel(. T$e .un and sub"ers!"e docu'en s (ound b, $e o((!cer and ad'! ed b, $e (or'er o be $!s &ere l!4e&!se $eld !nad'!ss!ble because $e ad'!ss!on "!ola ed $e M!randa rule. %. Stri!t $for! . $t of r+l People ". )ur.os# 9?? S%RA 9 /9AB61 F* On $e bas!s o( !n(o. .!"en b, %esar Masa'lo4# $e appellan &as arres ed &$!le plo&!n. $!s (ar' !n T!.u'an# Da"ao del Sur# on Ma, 9># 9AB7# on c$ar.es o( !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear' !n (ur $erance o( sub"ers!on. A .>B cal!ber re"ol"er &as (ound bur!ed under $!s $ouse. Sub"ers!"e docu'en s &ere also se!@ed (ro' a place near $!s $ouse. T&o arres !n. o((!cers es !(!ed $a $e appellan $ad read!l, ad'! ed o&ners$!p o( $e .un and $e docu'en s. T$e appellan &as (ound .u!l , o( $e c$ar.e and sen enced o 7E ,ears o( reclusion temporal# as '!n!'u'# o reclusion perpetua# as 'a;!'u'# and $e .un and docu'en s &ere ordered con(!sca ed. 8ELD* /91 :nder R 99># Sec. F /a1# $e arres !n. o((!cer 'us $a"e personal 4no&led.e $a $e cr!'e $as been co''! ed# !s be!n. co''! ed# or !s abou o be co''! ed# !n order o +us !(, an arres &=o a &arran . T$e o((ense 'us also be co''! ed !n $!s presence or &=!n $!s "!e&. T$ere !s
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
/a1 3$en# !n $!s presence# $e person o be arres ed $as co''! ed# !s ac uall, co''! !n.# or !s a e'p !n. o co''! an o((enseD 8a"!n. cau.$ $e appellan in flagrante as a resul o( $e bu,-bus opera !on# $e pol!ce'en &ere no onl, au $or!@ed bu &ere also under obl!.a !on o appre$end $e dru. pus$er e"en &! $ou a &arran o( arres . T$e pol!ce o((!cers &ere !pped o(( b, an !n(or'er abou $e !lle.al rade o( $e accused. T$e e;ac loca !on &$ere $!s rad!n. !n dru.s &as a4!n. place &as .!"en o $e'. T$e 5susp!c!ous s u((5 a4en (ro' $e accused &ere con(!r'ed o be 'ar!+uana a( er es s &ere conduc ed on $e'. T$e a endan c!rcu's ances a4!n. place be(ore $e!r e,es led $e pol!ce o((!cers o reasonabl, conclude $a an o((ense &as ac uall, be!n. co''! ed. &. EC! #tio$s to stri!t $for! . $t /91 2%on !nuous2 cr!'es o( sub"ers!on :'!l ". Ra'os# 9B< S%RA >99 /9AAE1 T$ese are B pe ! !ons (or habeas corpus 0'C1 (!led be(. $e %our . T$e %our (!nds $a $e persons de a!ned $a"e no been !lle.all, arres ed nor arb! rar!l, depr!"ed o( $e!r cons ! u !onal r!.$ o l!ber , and $a $e c!rcu's ances a end!n. $ese cases do no &arran $e!r release on 'C. An arres &=o a &arran # under Sec. F# pars. /a1 and /b1 o( Rule 99># RO%# as a'ended !s +us !(!ed &$en $e person arres ed !s cau.$ in flagrante delicto# "!@.# !n $e ac o( co''! !n. an o((enseD or &$en an o((ense $as +us been co''! ed and $e person 'a4!n. $e arres $as personal 4no&led.e o( $e (ac s !nd!ca !n. $a $e person arres ed $as co''! ed ! . T$e persons !n &$ose be$al( $ese pe ! !ons (or 'C $a"e been (!led $ad (res$l, co''! ed or &ere ac uall, co''! !n. an o((ense# &$en appre$ended# so $a $e!r arres s# &=o &arran &ere clearl, +us !(!ed# and $a $e, are# (ur $er de a!ned b, "!r ue o( "al!d !n(or'a !ons (!led a.a!ns $e' !n cour . I In :'!l ". Ra'os# RIO:-%AP%OM rece!"ed con(!den !al !n(o. abou a 'e'ber o( $e NPA-Sparro& un! be!n. rea ed (or a .uns$o &ound a $e S . A.nes 8osp! al !n Roose"el A"e.# L.%. I &as (ound $a $e &ounded person# &$o &as l!s ed !n $e $osp! al records as Ronn!e -a"elon# !s ac uall, Rolando Dural# a 'e'ber o( $e NPA l!0u!da !on s0uad# respons!ble (or $e 4!ll!n. o( 7 %AP%OM sold!ers $e da, be(ore. Dural &as $en rans(erred o $e Re.!onal Med!cal Ser"!ces o( $e %AP%OM. :pon pos! !"e !den !(!ca !on b, an e,e&! ness# Dural &as re(erred o $e %aloocan %! , F!scal &$o conduc ed an !n0ues and $erea( er (!led &= $e RT%-%aloocan %! , an !n(o. c$ar.!n. Dural &= $e cr!'e o( 2Double Murder &= Assaul upon a.en s o( persons !n au $or! ,.2 T$e pe ! !on (or 'C# !nso(ar as :'!l K V!llanue"a are concerned# !s no& 'oo and acade'!c and !s accord!n.l,
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
docu'en s# led.ers# +ournals# "ouc$ers# a'on. o $ers. A'el!a ad'! ed o&ners$!p o( $e docu'en s se!@ed. Ro0ue &as brou.$ o $e %aloocan %! , F!scal (or !n0ues a( er &=c an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $er &= "!ol. o( PD 9B66 &as (!led. Ano $er !n(o. (or "!ol. o( $e An !-Sub"ers!on Ac &as (!led a.a!ns Ro0ue and also o )uenaobra. A pe ! !on (or 'C &as (!led be(. $!s %our on be$al( o( Ro0ue and )uenaobra. A $e $ear!n.# )uenaobra 'an!(es ed $!s des!re o s a, !n $e P%-INP s oc4ade a %a'p %ra'e# L.%. Accord!n.l,# $e pe ! !on (or 'C on $!s be$al( !s no& 'oo and acade'!c. III Anonue"o ". Ra'os. T$e arres o( Do'!n.o Anonue"o /A1 and Ra'on %as!ple /%1 &=o &arran !s +us !(!ed. A abou <*>E PM on B=9>=BB# A and % arr!"ed a $e $ouse o( R% &=c &as s !ll under sur"e!llance. T$e '!l! ar, no !ced bul.!n. ob+ec s on $e!r &a!s l!nes. 3$en (r!s4ed# $e a.en s (ound $e' o be loaded .uns. T$e, &ere as4ed o s$o& $e!r per'! or l!cense o possess or carr, (!rear's and a''un! !ons bu $e, could no produce an,. 8ence# $e, &ere brou.$ o P% 8L (or !n"es !.a !on. A $e P% s oc4ade# A &as !den !(!ed as 2Ca Ted#2 and % as 2Ca To o,2 o( $e %PP b, $e!r (or'er co'rades. On B=9F=BB# an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $e' &= "!ol. o( PD 9B66 &as (!led be(. RT%-Pas!.. On B=7?=BB# a pe ! !on (or 'C &as (!led be(. $!s %our . 8ELD* T$e pe ! !oner5s cla!' $a $e, &ere unla&(ull, arres ed bec. $ere &as no pre"!ous &arran # !s &=o 'er! . T$e records s$o& $a $e, &ere carr,!n. unl!censed (!rear's and a''un! !ons !n $e!r person &$en appre$ended. T$ere !s also no 'er! !n $e con en !on $a $e !n(o. (!led a.a!ns $e' are null and "o!d (or &an o( prel. !n". T$e (!l!n. o( an !n(o.# &=o a prel. !n".# $a"!n. been (!rs conduc ed# !s sanc !oned b, Rule 997# Sec. <# RO%. Pe ! !oners re(used o s!.n a &a!"er o( $e pro"!s!ons o( Ar . 97F# RP%. Nor d!d pe ! !oners as4 (or prel. !n". a( er $e !n(or'a !ons $ad been (!led a.a!ns $e' !n cour . IV Oca,a ". A.u!rre. On F=97=BB# a.en s o( $e P% In ell!.ence and In"es !.a !on D!"!s!on o( R!@al P%-INP %o''and# ar'ed &= a searc$ &arran # conduc ed a searc$ o( a $ouse loca ed a Mar!4!na Green 8e!.$ s# bel!e"ed o be occup!ed b, )en! o T!a'son# $ead o( $e %PP-NPA. In $e course o( $e searc$# Oca,a arr!"ed !n a car dr!"en b, Dann, R!"era. Sub"ers!"e docu'en s and se"eral rounds o( a''un! !ons (or a .?F cal. p!s ol &ere (ound !n V!c4, Oca,a5s car. T$e, &ere brou.$ o $e P% 8L (or !n"es !.a !on# &$en O. could no produce an, per'! or au $or!@a !on o possess $e a''un! !on# an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $er &= "!ol. o( PD 9B66 &as (!led &= RT%-Pas!.. R!"era &as released (ro' cus od,. On F=9<=BB# a pe ! !on (or 'C &as (!led on be$al( o( $ese 7.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
co'pan!ons !n $e 4!ll!n. o( )un,e II. In "!e& $ereo(# $e o((!cers# &=o &arran # p!c4ed up Na@areno and brou.$ $!' o $e pol!ce 8L (or 0ues !on!n.. ;;; On 7=9=BA# $e pres!d!n. +ud.e o( $e RT%-)!nan# La.una# !ssued a resolu !on den,!n. $e pe ! !on (or 'C, ! appear!n. $a sa!d Narc!so Na@areno !s !n $e cus od, o( $e responden s b, reason o( an !n(o. (!led a.a!ns $!' &= $e RT%-M4 !.# MM. 8ELD* T$e arres o( Na@areno &as e((ec ed b, $e pol!ce &=o &arran pursuan o Sec. F /b1# R 99># RO%# a( er $e &as pos! !"el, !'pl!ca ed b, $!s co-accusedD and a( er !n"es !.a !on b, $e pol!ce. T$e obl!.a !on o( an a.en o( au $or! , o 'a4e an arres b, reason o( a cr!'e# does no presuppose as a necessar, re0u!s! e (or $e (ul(!ll'en $ereo(# $e !ndub! able e;!s ence o( a cr!'e. For $e de en !on o be per(ec l, le.al# ! !s su((!c!en $a $e a.en or person !n au $or! , 'a4!n. $e arres $as reasonabl, su((!c!en .rounds o bel!e"e $e e;!s ence o( an ac $a"!n. $e c$arac er!s !c o( a cr!'e and $a $e sa'e .rounds e;!s o bele!"e $a $e person sou.$ o be de a!ned par !c!pa ed $ere!n.2 /Peo. ". Anc$e a.1
VIII In all $e pe ! !ons $ere cons!dered# cr!'!nal c$ar.es $a"e been (!led !n $e proper cour s a.a!ns $e pe ! !oners. T$e rule !s $a !( a person alle.ed o be res ra!ned o( $!s l!ber , !s !n $e cus od, o( an o((!cer under process !ssued b, a cour or +ud.e# and $a $e cour or +ud.e $ad +ur!sd!c !on o !ssue $e process or 'a4e $e order# or if such person is charged before any court# $e &r! o( 'C &!ll no be allo&ed. /Sec. ?# R 9E7# RO%.1 On $e Ila.an Doc r!ne. As $e %our sees ! # re-e;a'!na !on or re-appra!sal# &= a "!e& o ! s abandon'en # o( $e Ila.an case doc r!ne !s no $e ans&er. T$e ans&er and $e be er prac !ce &ould be# no o l!'! $e (unc !on o( 8% o a 'ere !n0u!r, as o &=n $e cour &=c !ssued $e process# +ud.e'en or order o( co''! 'en # or be(. &$o' $e de a!ned person !s c$ar.ed# $ad +ur!sd!c !on or no o !ssue $e process# +ud.'en or order or o a4e co.n!@ance o( $e case# bu ra$ er# as $e cour ! sel( s a ed !n Morales# -r. ". Enr!le# !n all pe ! !ons (or 8%# $e cour 'us !n0u!re !n o e"er, p$ase and aspec o( pe ! !oner5s de en !on-- 2(ro' $e 'o'en pe ! !oner was ta%en into custody up to the moment the court passes upon the merits of the petitionD2 and 2onl, after such a scrutiny can the court satisfy itself that the due process clause of our Constitution in fact has been satisfied.2 :'!l ". Ra'os# 7E7 S%RA 7F9 PETITION SEECING SEPARATE MOTIONS FOR RE%ONSIDERATION FROM T8E %O:RT5S DE%ISION PROM:LGATED ON A -:LY 9AAE
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
cons!der!n. $a la& en(orcers are presu'ed o re.ularl, per(or' $e!r o((!c!al du !es. A (e& da,s a( er Dural5s arres # an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $!' &= Double 'urder &= assaul a.a!ns a.en s o( persons !n au $or! , &as (!led !n RT%-%aloocan %! ,. 8e &as placed under +ud!c!al cus od,. On B=>9=BB# $e &as con"!c ed and sen enced o reclusion perpetua. As o 3. Roque.# (. Buenaobra# 2. 3nonuevo, R.. Casiple 4 ). #caya# $e!r arres s# &=o &arran # are also +us !(!ed. T$e, &ere searc$ed pursuan o a &arran !ssued b, a cour o( la& and &ere (ound &= unl!censed (!rear's# e;plos!"es and= or a''un! !ons on $e!r persons. T$e, &ere# $ere(ore# cau.$ in flagrante delicto &=c +us !(!ed $e!r ou r!.$ arres &=o &arran under Sec. F /a1# R99># RO%. A (e& da,s a( er $e!r arres s# !n(or'a !ons &ere (!led !n cour a.a!ns sa!d pe ! !oners plac!n. $e' &=!n +ud!c!al cus od, and d!spos! !on. )uenaobra5s pe ! !on !s 'oo bec. $e $ad c$osen o re'a!n !n de en !on. T$e reason &$!c$ co'pelled $e '!l! ar, a.en s o 'a4e $e arres s &=o &arran &as $e !n(o. .!"en o $e '!l! ar, $a 7 sa(e$ouses /one occup!ed b, R% and $e o $er b, )en! o T!a'son1 &ere be!n. used b, $e %PP= NPA (or $e!r opera !ons# &= !n(o. as o $e!r e;ac loca !on and $e na'es o( R% and )T as res!den s and occupan s $ereo(. And a $e !'e o( $e ac ual arres s# $e (ollo&!n. c!rcu's ances surrounded sa!d arres s /o( Ro0ue# )uenaobra# Anonue"o and %as!ple1# &=c con(!r'ed $e bel!e( o( $e '!l! ar, $a $e !n(o. $e, $ad rece!"ed &as rue and $e persons o be arres ed &ere probabl, .u!l , o( $e co''!ss!on o( cer a!n cr!'es* (!rs # $e searc$ &arran &as dul, !ssued o e((ec $e searc$ o( $e %ons an !no sa(e$ouseD second# (ound !n $e sa(e$ouse &as a person na'ed R%# &$o ad'! ed $a $e &as a ran4!n. 'e'ber o( $e %PP# and (ound !n $!s possess!on &ere unl!censed (!rear's and co''un!s e0u!p'en D $!rd# a $e !'e o( $e!r arres s# !n $e!r possess!on &ere unl!censed (!rear's# a''un! !ons# and= or sub"ers!"e docu'en s# and $e, ad'! ed o&ners$!p $ereo( as &ell as $e!r 'e'bers$!p !n $e %PP= NPA. And $en s$or ,l, a( er $e!r arres s# $e, &ere pos! !"el, !den !(!ed b, $e!r (or'er co'rades as %PP= NPA 'e'bers. An arres !s !n $e na ure o( an ad'!n!s ra !"e 'easure. T$e po&er o arres &=o &arran !s &=o l!'! a !on as lon. as $e re0u!re'en s o( Sec. F# R 99> are 'e . T$!s rule !s (ounded on an o"er&$el'!n. publ!c !n eres !n peace and order !n our co''un! ,. 2;;; T$e le.al! , o( $e de en !on does no depend upon $e (ac o( $e cr!'e# bu ;;; upon $e na ure o( $e deed# &$ere(ro' suc$ c$arac er!@a !on 'a, reasonabl, be !n(erred b, $e o((!cer or (unc !onar, o &$o' $e la& a $e 'o'en lea"es $e dec!s!on (or $e ur.en purpose o( suspend!n. $e l!ber , o( $e c! !@en.2 /:S ". Sanc$e@.1 ESPIRIT: &as arres ed &=o &arran # no (or sub"ers!"e or an, 2con !nu!n. o((ense#2 bu (or u er!n. $e &ords 2)u4as ulo, an. &el.a na !n ;;; $an..an. sa 'a.4a.ulo na2 &=c !n $e percep !on o( $e arres !n. o((!cers# &as inciting to sedition. Man, persons d!((er as o $e "al!d! , o( suc$ percep !on and re.ard $e lan.ua.e as (all!n. &=!n (ree speec$ .uaran eed b, $e %ons !. )u # $e au $or! , o( $e
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
8ELD* Al $ou.$ $e accused &as no ass!s ed b, counsel &$en $e !n! !aled $e P9E-b!lls $a $e pol!ce (ound uc4ed !n $!s &a!s # $!s r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on &as no "!ola ed (or $!s possess!on o( $e 'ar4ed b!lls d!d no cons ! u e a cr!'eD $e sub+ec o( $e prosecu !on &as $!s ac o( sell!n. 'ar!+uana c!.are es. 8!s con"!c !on &as no based on $e presence o( $!s !n! !als on $e 'ar4ed b!lls# bu on $e (ac $a $e r!al cour bel!e"ed $e es !'on, o( $e pol!ce'en $a $e, arres ed $!' &$!le $e &as ac uall, en.a.ed !n $e sell!n. 'ar!+uana c!.are es o a 'e'ber o( $e arres !n. par ,. T$e r!al cour .a"e 'ore credence o $e!r ca e.or!cal declara !ons $an o $e appellan Ns den!als. T$a !s as ! s$ould be (or as la& en(orcers# $e, are presu'ed o $a"e per(or'ed $e!r o((!c!al du !es !n a re.ular 'anner. T$e!r as4 o( appre$end!n. persons en.a.ed !n $e deadl, dru. rade !s d!((!cul enou.$ &! $ou le.al and procedural ec$n!cal! !es o 'a4e ! doubl, so. 99. I''un! , (ro' arres o( 'e'bers o( %on.ress Art. 8I, S !. "". A S $%tor or M .& r of th Ho+s sh%ll, i$ %ll off $s s #+$ish%&l &) $ot .or th%$ siC 527 ) %rs i.#riso$. $t 5prision "orre"ional7, & #ri(il g ' fro. %rr st *hil Co$gr ss is i$ s ssio$. CCC B. Rights i$t rrog%tio$ of P rso$s +$' r !+sto'i%l
Art. III, S !. ";. 5"7 A$) # rso$ +$' r !+sto'i%l i$( stig%tio$ for th !o..issio$ of %$ off $s , sh%ll h%( th right to & i$for. ' of his right to r .%i$ sil $t %$' to h%( !o.# t $t %$' i$' # $' $t !o+$s l #r f r%&l) of his o*$ !hoi! . If th # rso$ !%$$ot %ffor' th s r(i! s of !o+$s l, h .+st & #ro(i' ' *ith o$ . Th s rights !%$$ot & *%i( ' C! #t i$ *riti$g %$' i$ th #r s $! of !o+$s l. 5;7 No tort+r , for! , (iol $! , thr %t, i$ti.i'%tio$, or %$) oth r . %$s *hi!h (iti%t th fr *ill sh%ll & +s ' %g%i$st hi.. S !r t ' t $tio$ #l%! s, solit%r), in"o%%!ni"ado, or oth r si.il%r for.s of ' t $tio$ %r #rohi&it '. 5>7 A$) !o$f ssio$ or %'.issio$ o&t%i$ ' i$ (iol%tio$ of this or s !. "6 h r of, sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l i$ (i' $! %g%i$st hi.. 507 Th l%* sh%ll #ro(i' for # $%l %$' !i(il s%$!tio$s for (iol%tio$s of this s !tio$, %s * ll %s !o.# $s%tio$ to %$' r h%&ilit%tio$ of (i!ti.s of tort+r or si.il%r #r%!ti! s, %$' th ir f%.ili s. So+r! F Mir%$'% (. AriAo$%, >10 U.S. 0>2 5"4227 Accord!n. o %$!e( -us !ce 3arren# &$en a de(endan !s $rus !n o an un(a'!l!ar a 'osp$ere and run $rou.$ 'enac!n. pol!ce !n erro.a !on procedures# &$ere co'puls!on !s (orce(ull, po en !al and $!s &!ll !s l!4el, o be sub+u.a ed# $e o((!cers 'us under a4e o a((ord proper sa(e.uards b, $e read!n. o( $e 2M!randa r!.$ s2 a $e
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
o( $e !n erro.a !on !s o e"!nce e"!dence $a can be used o prosecu e $e person. For !ns ance# &$en A# a pol!ce'an# sees J runn!n. &! $ a s a!ned 4n!(e a&a, (ro' an apparen l, dead 'an# $e can run. a( er J and $a"!n. .rabbed $!'# as4 $!' (or an e;plana !on as o &$a $e sa& &! $ou read!n. $!s M!randa r!.$ s. )u once A arres s J and s ar s !n erro.a !n. $!' !n $e pol!ce prec!nc # $en $!s r!.$ s 'us no& be read# (or $ere can onl, be one purpose o $e 0ues !on!n.# and $a !s o el!c! e"!dence o be used o prosecu e $!'. Mendo@a# The Right to Counsel 2uring Custodial Investigations# 7 La& Re". No. 9E# 7 /9ABB1D 69 P$!l. L- ?EA I. RIG8T TO %O:NSEL 3AS DEVELOPED AS PART OF PROTE%TION AGAINST INVOL:NTARY %ONFESSIONS. S!nce $e !n roduc !on o( $e A'er!can accusa or!al s,s e' o( cr!'!nal procedure !n $e P$!ls.# $e rule $as been $a !n"olun ar, con(ess!ons are !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns $e accused. T$e 0ues !on !s on &$o' $e burden o( proo( !s placed. T$e earl, rule placed $e burden o( pro"!n. $a $e con(ess!on &as "olun ar, and# $ere(ore# ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence# on $e prosecu !on. /Sec. ?# Ac No. 69A.1 I &as $eld $a a con(ess!on no s$o&n o $a"e been "olun ar!l, .!"en could be ob+ec ed o a an, s a.e o( $e proceed!n.s# e"en (or $e (!rs !'e on appeal !n $e S%. Ac No. 69A &as la er repealed b, $e Ad'!n. code o( 9A96# &=c placed $e burden o( proo( on $e accused o s$o& $a $!s con(ess!on &as !n"olun ar,. :nder $e ne& rule# ! &as su((!c!en $a $e con(ess!on &as .!"en under cond! !ons &=c accred! prima facie ! s ad'!ss!b!l! ,. In 9AF># a (ur $er c$an.e oo4 place &$en $e S% $eld !n Peo. ". de los San os $a 2A con(ess!on# o be repud!a ed# 'us no onl, be pro"ed o $a"e been ob a!ned b, (orce and "!olence# bu also $a ! !s (alse or un rue# (or $e la& re+ec s $e con(ess!on &$en# b, (orce or "!olence or !n !'!da !on# $e accused !s co'pelled a.a!ns $!s &!ll o ell a (alse$ood# no e"en &$en suc$ (orce and "!olence $e !s co'pelled o ell $e ru $. In $e la er case o( Peo. ". V!llanue"a# $e %our s a ed 2 $e ad'!ss!b!l! , o( $a 4!nd o( e"!dence depends no on $e supposed !lle.al 'anner !n &=c ! !s ob a!ned bu on $e ru $ or (als! , o( $e (ac s or ad'!ss!on con a!ned $ere!n. T$e !lle.al! , o( $e 'eans used !n ob a!n!n. e"!dence does no a((ec ! s ad'!ss!b!l! , /Moncado ". People5s %our .1 T8E EFFE%T OF T8E EJ%L:SIONARY R:LE IN SEAR%8 AND SEII:RE %ASES T$e adop !on !n 9A6< o( $e e;clus!onar, rule !n searc$ and se!@ure cases /S one$!ll ". D!o4no1 &or4ed a parallel !n $e la& o( con(ess!on. 3=o e;pressl, o"errul!n. ! s dec!s!on !n de los San os and V!llanue"a# $e %our # !n Peo. ". :rro# &en bac4 o $e (or'er rule $a !n"olun ar, or coerced con(ess!ons# re.ardless o( $e!r ru $# are null and "o!d. ;;; In"olun ar, or coerced con(ess!ons ob a!ned b, la&# &=c proscr!bes $e use o( suc$ cruel and !n$u'an 'e $ods o secure con(ess!ons. ;;;
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
!n Mla. T$e ne; da,# $e &as !ncluded !n a pol!ce l!ne-up o( F de a!nees and &as po!n ed o b, $e co'pla!nan as a co'plan!on o( $e 'a!n suspec on $e bas!s o( &=c $e accused &as ordered o s a, and s! !n (ron o( $e co'pla!nan # &$!le $e la er &as !n erro.a ed. T$e accused &as $en c$ar.ed &= robber,. T$e accused 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e case a.a!ns $!' on $e .round $a $e $ad been den!ed $e ass!s ance o( counsel dur!n. $e l!ne-up. 8!s 'o !on &as den!ed. 8ence# $!s pe ! !on (or certiorari. 8ELD* T$e r!.$ o counsel a ac$es onl, upon $e s ar o( an !n erro.a !on# &$en $e pol!ce o((!cer s ar s o as4 0ues !ons des!.ned o el!c! !n(o. and= or con(ess!ons or ad'!ss!ons (ro' $e accused. As $e pol!ce l!ne-up !n $!s case &as no par o( $e cus od!al !n0ues # $e pe ! !oner &as no en ! led o counsel ;;;. III. 3AIVER OF RIG8TS. I !s !'por an o d!s !n.u!s$ be . $e &a!"er o( r!.$ s and $e &a!"er o( &arn!n.s. T$e (!rs can be 'ade pro"!ded $a $e &a!"er !s 2"olun ar,# 4no&!n. and !n ell!.en 2 bu $e second canno . As $e &arn!n.s are $e 'eans o( !nsur!n. $a $e suspec !s appr!sed o( $!s r!.$ s so $a an, subse0uen &a!"er o( $!s r!.$ s can be 2"olun ar,# 4no&!n. and !n ell!.en #2 ! !s ob"!ous $a $ere can be no "al!d &a!"er o( $e &arn!n.s. A &a!"er o( r!.$ s &!ll no be presu'ed. 9. 3! $ respec o con(ess!ons ob a!ned be(. -an. 9<# 9A<># $e rule $a $e suspec 'us be &arned $a $e $as a r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o $a"e $e ass!s ance o( counsel does no appl,. suc$ con(ess!ons# e"en $ou.$ presen ed !n e"!dence !n a r!al a( er $e e((ec !"! , o( $e 9A<> %ons !.# are ad'!ss!ble# pro"!ded $e, are "olun ar,# us!n. $e rad! !onal es o( "olun ar!ness. 7. 3! $ respec o con(ess!ons ob a!ned a( er -an. 9<# 9A<># bu be(ore Marc$ 7E# 9ABF# &$en $e dec!s!on o( Peo. ". Gal! &as $anded do&n# $e rule !s $a $e "olun ar!ness o( a &a!"er o( $e r!.$ s o s!lence and o counsel 'us be de er'!ned on a case- o-case bas!s# a4!n. !n o accoun $e c!rcu's ances under &=c $e &a!"er &as 'ade. >. 3! $ re.ard o con(ess!ons ob a!ned a( er Marc$ 7E# 9ABF bu be(ore Feb. 7# 9AB<# &$en $e presen %ons !. oo4 e((ec # $e rule !s $a a &a!"er o( $e r!.$ s o re'a!n s!len and o $e ass!s ance o( counsel# o be "al!d# 'us be 'ade &= $e ass!s ance o( counsel. ?. 3! $ re.ard o con(ess!ons .!"en a( er Feb. 7# 9AB<# $e presen %ons !. re0u!res $a $e &a!"er o be "al!d# 'us be !n &r! !n. and &= $e ass!s ance o( counsel. IJ. T8E EJL:SIONARY R:LE. An, con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( $!s or Sec. 9< $ereo( s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns $!'# $e %ons !. sa,s. No d!s !nc !on !s 'ade be . con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on. Al $ou.$ $e pre"!ous %ons !. spo4e o( con(ess!ons onl,# I $a"e ar.ued $a ! &as no so
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
ISS:E* 3$e $er or no ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. $e ad'!ss!on !n $e +eep &as
8ELD* T$e r!al cour # !n ad'! !n. $e e; ra-+ud!c!al con(ess!on o( $e accused !n e"!dence# "!ola ed $!s %ons ! u !onal r!.$ o be !n(or'ed# o re'a!n s!len and o $a"e a counsel o( $!s c$o!ce# &$!le alread, !n pol!ce cus od,. S!nce $e e; ra-+ud!c!al con(ess!on &as $e onl, bas!s (or $e con"!c !on o( $e accused# $e r!al cous Ns +ud.'en &as re"ersed. B%.. P o#l (. B%$'+l%, ;>; SCRA 322 F* A( er $e and $!s &!(e &ere !nd!"!duall, $o. !ed and $e!r $ouse ransac4ed# A ,. Gara, &as (ound dead &! $ > .uns$o &ounds . For $!s dea $ and $e loss o( $e!r $!n.s on $e occas!on $ereo(# )andula# S!d!.o# D!onanao# and E+an &ere c$ar.ed !n cour (or robber, &! $ $o'!c!de. On $e bas!s o( $e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons /E-%1 alle.edl, 'ade b, )andula and D!onanao dur!n. $e!r cus od!al !n"es !.a !on &$!c$ $e cour (ound o 2$a"e all $e 0ual! !es and $a"e co'pl!ed &! $ all $e re0u!re'en s o( an ad'!ss!ble con(ess!on# ! appear!n. (ro' $e con(ess!on $a acussed &ere !n(or'ed o( $e!r r!.$ s under $e la& re.ard!n. cus od!al !n"es !.a !on and &ere dul, represen ed b, %ounsel /A ,. Ierna12# ! d!sre.arded $e de(enses !n erposed b, $e accused and con"!c ed )andula. T$e > o $er accused &ere ac0u! ed (or 2!nsu((!c!enc, o( e"!dence2. Issue* 3=N $e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on o( )andula con(or'ed &! $ $e cons ! u !onal re0u!s! es (or ! s "al!d! ,# $ence ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. 8ELD* NO Fro' $e records# ! can be .leaned $a &$en accused )andula and D!onanao &ere !n"es !.a ed !''ed!a el, a( er $e!r arres # $e, $ad no counsel presen . I( a all# counsel ca'e !n onl, a da, a( er $e cus od!al !n"es !.a !on &! $ respec o D!onanao# and 7 &ee4s la er &! $ respec o )andula. And counsel &$o supposedl, ass!s ed bo $ accused &as A ,. Ierna# $e Mun!c!pal A orne, o( Tan+a,# &$ose !n eres !s ad'! edl, ad"erse o $e accused and &$o !s no an !ndependen counsel. On op o( $!s# $ere are ell ale s!.ns $a "!olence &as used a.a!ns $e accused. %er a!nl,# $ese are bla an "!ola !ons o( o( Sec. 97# Ar III o( $e 9AB< %ons ! u !on &$!c$ pro ec s $e r!.$ s o( $e accused dur!n. cus od!al !n"es !.a !on. S+A tt . ". Mir%$'% r+l $ot %##li!%&l to !o$f ssio$s C !+t ' & for <%$+%r) "6, "46> 7. No appl!cable o res gestae s a e'en s People ". D,# 9FB S%RA 999 /9ABB1 Res .es ae /a La !n p$rase 'ean!n. 2 $!n.s done21 !s an e;cep !on o $e rule a.a!ns 8earsa, e"!dence. Res .es ae !s based on $e bel!e( $a because cer a!n s a e'en s are 'ade
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on !s no sel(e;ecu !n. or au o'a !call, opera !onal. I 'us be cla!'ed. I (ollo&s $a $e r!.$ 'a, be &a!"ed# e;pressl,# or !'pl!edl,# as b, a (a!lure o cla!' ! a $e appropr!a e !'e. Rights i$ C+sto'i%l I$t rrog%tio$ Sec !on 7E# Ar !cle IV o( $e 9A<> %ons ! u !on also rea s o( a second r!.$ # or be er sa!d# .roup o( r!.$ s. T$ese r!.$ s appl, o persons 2under !n"es !.a !on (or $e co''!ss!on o( an o((ense#2 !.e.# 2suspec s2 under !n"es !.a !on b, pol!ce au $or! !esD and $!s !s &$a 'a4es $ese r!.$ s d!((eren (ro' $a e'bod!ed !n $e (!rs sen ence# $a a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on &$!c$# as a(ores a ed# !nd!scr!'!na el, appl!es o an, person es !(,!n. !n an, proceed!n.# c!"!l# cr!'!nal# or ad'!n!s ra !"e. T$!s pro"!s!on .ran !n. e;pl!c! r!.$ s o persons under !n"es !.a !on (or an o((ense &as no !n $e 9A>F %ons ! u !on. I !s a"o&edl, der!"ed (ro' $e dec!s!on o( $e :.S. Supre'e %our !n M!randa ". Ar!@ona# a dec!s!on descr!bed as an 2ear $0ua4e !n $e &orld o( la& en(orce'en .2 Sec !on 7E s a es $a &$ene"er an, person !s 2under !n"es !.a !on (or $e co''!ss!on o( an o((ense2-91 $e s$all $a"e $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o counsel# and o be !n(or'ed o( suc$ r!.$ # 71 no (orce# "!olence# $rea # !n !'!da !on# or an, o $er 'eans &$!c$ "! !a es $e (ree &!ll s$all be used a.a!ns $!'D and >1 an, con(ess!on ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( $ese r!.$ s s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. Mir%$'% rights 8e 'us be &arned pr!or o an, 0ues !on!n. $a $e $as $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len # $a an, $!n. $e sa,s can be used a.a!ns $!' !n a cour o( la&# $a $e $as $e r!.$ o $e presence o( an a orne,# and $a !( $e canno a((ord an a orne, one &!ll be appo!n ed (or $!' pr!or o an, 0ues !on!n. !( $e so des!res. Oppor un! , o e;erc!se $ose r!.$ s 'us be a((orded o $!' $rou.$ou $e !n erro.a !on. A( er suc$ &arn!n.s $a"e been .!"en# suc$ oppor un! , a((orded $!'# $e !nd!"!dual 'a, 4no&!n.l, and !n ell!.en l, &a!"e $ese r!.$ s and a.ree o ans&er or 'a4e a s a e'en . )u unless and un !l suc$ &arn!n.s and &a!"er are de'ons ra ed b, $e prosecu !on a $e r!al# no e"!dence ob a!ned as a resul o( !n erro.a !on can be used a.a!ns $!'. T$e ob+ec !"e !s o pro$!b! 2!nco''un!cado !n erro.a !on o( !nd!"!duals !n a pol!ce-do'!na ed a 'osp$ere# resul !n. !n sel(- !ncr!'!na !n. s a e'en &! $ou (ull &arn!n.s o( cons ! u !onal r!.$ s.2 T$e r!.$ s abo"e spec!(!ed# o repea # e;!s onl, !n 2cus od!al !n erro.a !ons#2 or 2!n-cus od, !n erro.a !on o( accused persons.2 And# as $!s %our $as alread, s a ed# b, cus od!al !n erro.a !on !s 'ean 20ues !on!n. !n! !a ed b, la& en(orce'en o((!cers a( er a person $as been a4en !n o
a1 o re(use o be a &! nessD b1 no o $a"e an, pre+ud!ce &$a soe"er resul o $!' b, suc$ re(usalD c1 o es !(, !n $!s o&n be$al(# sub+ec o cross-e;a'!na !on b, $e prosecu !onD d1 38ILE TESTIFYING# o re(use o ans&er a spec!(!c 0ues !on &$!c$ ends o !ncr!'!na e $!' (or so'e cr!'e o $er $an $a (or &$!c$ $e !s $en prosecu ed. I !s clear (ro' $e und!spu ed (ac s o( $!s case $a Fel!pe Ra'os &as no !n an, sense under cus od!al !n erro.a !on# as $e er' s$ould be properl, unders ood# pr!or o and dur!n. $e ad'!n!s ra !"e !n0u!r, !n o $e d!sco"ered !rre.ular! !es !n !c4e sales !n &$!c$ $e appeared o $a"e $ad a $and. T$e cons ! u !onal r!.$ s o( a person under cus od!al !n erro.a !on under Sec !on 7E# Ar !cle IV o( $e 9A<> %ons ! u !on d!d no $ere(ore co'e !n o pla,# &ere o( no rele"ance o $e !n0u!r,. 0. C+sto'i%l Ph%s of I$( stig%tio$ Pol!ce L!neups Ga'boa ". %ru@ -une 7<# 9ABB *olice line up not part of custodial inquest F* Pe ! !oner &as arres ed (or "a.ranc, !n Man!la. T$e (ollo&!n. da,# $e &as !ncluded !n a pol!ce l!ne-up and &as !den !(!ed as one o( $e suspec s !n a robber, case. 8e &as la er c$ar.ed &! $ robber, and c$ar.ed. 8e 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e case on $e .round $a $e conduc o( $e l!neup# &! $ou $e ass!s ance o( counsel# &as uncons ! u !onal. 8ELD* T$e pol!ce l!ne-up &as no par o( $e cus od!al !n0ues # $ence# pe ! !oner &as no ,e en ! led# a suc$ s a.e# o counsel. 88.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
:S ". 3ade# >BB :S 79B /9A6<1 People ". 8a on# 79E S%RA 9
F* Al.ra'e &as s abbed a $e bac4 &$!le &al4!n. &! $ se"eral co'pan!ons !nclud!n. On.ue &$o "a.uel, reco.n!@ed $e assa!lan # descr!b!n. $e la er as a 2'es !@o.2 T&o da,s la er# On.ue &as !n"! ed b, $e pol!ce o !den !(, $e suspec !n a pol!ce l!ne- up. 8a on &as po!n ed b, On.ue as $e assa!lan . 8a on alle.es $a a $e !'e $a $e &as 'ade o s and !n $e pol!ce l!ne-up# $e &as no ass!s ed b, counsel. 8ence# $!s !den !(!ca !on $ere!n b, On.ue !s !nad'!ssble. R:LING* 3$en $e suspec &as brou.$ o $e pol!ce s a !on (or !nden !(!ca !on# ec$n!call,# $e &as no ,e under cus od!al !n"es !.a !on. T$us# $e r!.$ o counsel does no ,e appl,. 8o&e"er# $ere !s e"er, reason o doub $e re.ular! , o( $e !den !(!ca !on o( $e suspec b, $e &! ness. Dur!n. $e proceed!n.s !n $e pol!ce s a !on# On.ue !den !(!ed 8a on no because $e &as cer a!n $a 8a on &as reall, $e assa!lan bu because $e &as $e onl, 'es !@o !n $e s a !on and because $e &as po!n ed b, $e pol!ce as $e suspec . T$!s canno be cons!dered as pos! !"e !den !(!ca !on o( $e accused b, $e &! ness. 3. T sts of 8%li'it) of W%i( r of Mir%$'% Rights No (%li' *%i( r. People ". %a.u!oa AF S%RA 7 /9ABE1 Right to counsel may be waived provided the waiver is voluntary, %nowing and intelligent F* Responden Pa0u! o Yupo &as accused o( 'urder !n $e %FI o( )ulacan. T$e prosecu !on presen ed %orporal %onrado Roca o( $e Me,caua,an Pol!ce &$o !den !(!ed a s a e'en o( $e accused dur!n. a pol!ce !n erro.a !on and $!s alle.ed &a!"er o( $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o counsel. 3$en Roca &as 0ues !oned on $e !ncr!'!na !n. ans&ers !n $e s a e'en # $e de(ense ob+ec ed# con end!n. $a Yupo5s s a e'en &as .!"en &! $ou $e ass!s ance o( counsel. Responden -ud.e sus a!ned $e ob+ec !on on $e .round $a $e r!.$ o counsel canno be &a!"ed. 8ELD* T$e r!.$ o counsel dur!n. cus od!al !n erro.a !on 'a, be &a!"ed pro"!ded $e &a!"er !s 'ade !n ell!.en l, and "olun ar!l,# &! $ (ull unders and!n. o( ! s conse0uences. In $!s case# $e s a e'en 'ade onl, a per(unc or, open!n. 0ues !on# a( er !n(or'!n. $e suspec $a $e &as under !n"es !.a !on# $a $e $ad a r!.$ o counsel and $a an, $!n. $e sa!d could be used (or or a.a!ns $!' and a( er as4!n. &$e $er $e &as &!ll!n. o ans&er 0ues !ons and $e ans&ered 2,es.2 T$e s a e'en &as !n Ta.alo. &$!c$ $e de(endan # a na !"e o( Sa'ar# $ad no been s$o&n o be (ull, ac0ua!n ed &! $. T$e da e o( e;ecu !on o( $e s a e'en be(ore $e 'un!c!pal cour &as no !nd!ca ed. T$e separa e s a e'en s!.ned b, $e de(endan s a !n. $e &as 'ade o read $e open!n. s a e'en con a!n!n. $e M!randa &arn!n.s and $a $e, &ere e;pla!ned o $!' all $e 'ore en.enders
*ublic trial< waiver of right to counsel F* -ose Ta'pus and Rodol(o A"!la &ere pr!soners a $e Na !onal Pen! en !ar, !n Mun !nlupa# R!@al. On -une 9?# 9A<6# $e, a ac4ed and 4!lled %elso Sa'!nado# ano $er pr!soner. A( er&ards# $e, surrendered o $e pr!son .uard# sa,!n. 2surrender po 4a'!. Gu'an ! lan. po 4a'!.2 T&o da,s la er# $e, .a"e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons ad'! !n. $e 4!ll!n.. T$e, &ere accused o( 'urder and pleaded .u!l ,. T$e, oo4 $e &! ness s and and a((!r'ed $e!r con(ess!ons. Ta'pus &as sen enced o dea $ &$!le A"!la o reclus!on e'poral. Tr!al oo4 place a $e Pen! en !ar,. On re"!e&# ! &as con ended $a Ta'pus &as den!ed $e r!.$ o a publ!c r!al and o counsel. 8ELD* T$e record does no s$o& $a $e publ!c &as ac uall, e;cluded (ro' $e place &$ere $e r!al &as $eld or $a $e accused &as pre+ud!ced b, $e $old!n. o( $e r!al $ere. An,&a,# $e r!.$ o publ!c r!al 'a, be &a!"ed. In ano $er case &$ere A"!la &as also a de(endan # $e S% d!rec ed $a # (or secur! , reasons# A"!la5s r!al be $eld !n $e Na !onal Pen! en !ar,. T$e accused &as &arned !n Ta.alo. $a $e $ad a r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o counsel bu desp! e $!s# $e &as &!ll!n. o ans&er 0ues !ons o( $e pol!ce. T$ere !s no doub $a $e con(ess!on &as "olun ar!l, 'ade. T$e ru $ !s $a s$or l, a( er $e 4!ll!n.# Ta'pus and A"!la ad'! ed $e!r .u!l . That spontaneous statement, elicited without interrogation, was part of the res gestae and at the same time was a voluntary confession of guilt. By means of that statement given freely on the spur of the moment without any urging or suggestion, the two waived their right to remain silent and to counsel. P o#l (. Po)os "0> SCRA 30> 5"4127 5o valid waiver of right to counsel and to silence F* Po,os &as con"!c ed o( $e 'urder o( a <<-,ear-old &o'an and sen ence o dea $. 8!s con"!c !on &as based solel, on $!s e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on &$!c$ $e d!so&ned !n cour . T$e con(ess!on &as .!"en o $e pol!ce and subscr!bed be(ore $e cler4 o( cour and con a!ns a &a!"er. 8ELD* I !s doub (ul# .!"en $e enor o( $e 0ues !on &$e $er $ere &as a de(!n! e &a!"er b, $e suspec o( $!s r!.$ o counsel. 8!s ans&er &as ca e.or!cal enou.$# o be sure# bu $e 0ues !on ! sel( &as no s!nce ! spo4e o( a &a!"er onl, 2(or $e 'o'en .2 As &orded# $e 0ues !on su..es ed a en a !"eness $a bel!ed $e suspec 5s supposed per'anen (ore.o!n. o( $!s r!.$ o counsel# !( !ndeed $ere &as an, &a!"er a all. Moreo"er# $e &as old $a $e could $!re a la&,er bu no $a one could be pro"!ded (or $!' (or (ree. 88. S!nce Ro,o5s con"!c !on (or 'urder &as based on a &r! en con(ess!on s$o&!n. $a $e &as appr!sed o( $!s r!.$ no onl, b, $e pol!ce bu also b, $e (!scal# bu $a $e
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
&a!"ed $ese r!.$ s# $en $e &a!"er (ound o be "olun ar,# 4no&!n. and !n ell!.en and $us ad'!ss!ble. &. Th @%lit R+l 5M%r!h ;-, "413 to D &. ;, "4167 I !s no enou.$ $a $e con(ess!on !s "olun ar,# 4no&!n. and !n ell!.en . T$e &a!"er 'us be 'ade !n $e presence o( counsel. 3a!"er o( $e r!.$ o counsel 'us be 'ade &! $ $e ass!s ance o( counsel. T$!s rule appl!ed (ro' Marc$ 7E# 9ABF o Februar, 7# 9AB<. In People ". Gal! # 9>F S%RA ?BF /9ABF1# $e S%# re! era !n. a d!c u' !n Morales ". Enr!le# 979 S%RA F>B /9AB>1# ruled $a no cus od!al !n"es !.a !on s$ould be conduc ed unless ! be !n $e presence o( counsel# and $a al $ou.$ $e r!.$ o counsel 'a, be &a!"ed# $e &a!"er s$ould no be "al!d unless 'ade &! $ $e ass!s ance o( counsel. In $e Gal! case# $o&e"er# $e adop !on o( $e Morales ob! er &as also an ob! er. T$e con(ess!on !n $!s case &as rad! !onall, !n"olun ar,# and so $e S% d!d no need $e Morales ob! er !n order o d!sallo& $e con(ess!on. :nder $e (ac s o( $e case# $e accused Gal! &as con"!c ed o( robber, &! $ $o'!c!de on $e bas!s o( $!s con(ess!on# &$!c$ &as ob a!ned $rou.$ or ure. T$e N)I !n"es !.a ors co"ered Gal! 5s (ace &! $ a ra. and $en pus$ed ! !n o a o!le bo&l (ull o( $u'an &as e. I &as onl, a( er $e, $ad bro4en $!s &!ll $a $e s!.ned $e con(ess!on and posed (or p!c ures (or re-enac 'en as d!rec ed b, $e !n"es !.a ors. P o#l (. @%lit ">3 SCRA 023 5"4137 F* De(endan &as con"!c ed o( robber, &! $ $o'!c!de b, $e %!rcu! %r!'!nal %our . T$e pr!nc!pal prosecu !on &! ness es !(!ed $a $e $eard $e de(endan and $!s &!(e# &$o &as $e 'o $er o( $e &! ness5 &!(e# 0uarrell!n. $e 'orn!n. a( er $e cr!'e. 8e sa!d $e de(endan &an ed o lea"e $e!r $ouse because $e and $!s co'pan!ons $ad robbed 2Al!n. Nene.2 T$e prosecu !on also presen ed $e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on o( $e de(endan . 8ELD* T$e con(ess!on o( $e de(endan !s !nad'!ss!ble because ! &as ob a!ned $rou.$ or ure. T$e N)I !n"es !.a ors co"ered $e de(endan 5s (ace &! $ a ra. and $en pus$ed !n !n o a o!le bo&l (ull o( $u'an &as e. I &as onl, a( er $e, $ad bro4en $!s &!ll $a $e de(endan s!.ned $e con(ess!on and posed (or p!c ures (or reenac 'en as d!rec ed b, $e !n"es !.a ors. T$e de(endan !s (ro' Sa'ar and $ere !s no s$o&!n. $a $e unders ood Ta.alo.. I &as &o &ee4s a( er $e e;ecu ed $e sala,sa, $a $!s rela !"es &ere per'! ed o "!s! $!'. 8!s s a e'en does no con a!n an, &a!"er or r!.$ o counsel and ,e dur!n. $e !n"es !.a !on $e &as no ass!s ed b, one. T$ese cons ! u e .ross "!ola !ons o( $!s r!.$ . T$e S% c! ed $e case o( Morales ". Ponce Enr!le &$ere ! la!d $e procedure !n cus od!al !n"es !.a !ons* No cus od!al !n"es !.a !on s$all be conduc ed unless ! be !n $e precense o( counsel en.a.ed b, $e person arres ed# or b, an, person on $!s be$al(# or
People ". L!'# 9A6 S%RA BEA /9AA91 In People ". Nabaluna# 9?7 S%RA ??6 /9AB61# Nabaluna e . al. &ere con"!c ed o( robber, &! $ $o'!c!de on $e bas!s# a'on. o $ers# o( e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons a4en !n 9A<<. T$e con(ess!ons and $e spec!al counsel be(ore &$o' $e con(ess!ons &ere s!.ned pro"e $a $e M!randa &arn!n.s &ere .!"en# bu $ese &ere no 'ade !n $e presence o( counsel. T$e S%# !n allo&!n. $e con(ess!on# ruled $a $e GAl! rul!n. could no $a"e a re roac !"e e((ec # espec!all, s!nce !n $!s case $e r!al cour dec!s!on &as alread, rendered be(ore $e S% pronounce'en .
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
F* Appellan &as con"!c ed o( parr!c!de on $e bas!s o( a con(ess!on and c!rcu's an !al e"!dence &$!c$ $e r!al cour (ound subs an !al o es abl!s$ .u!l . 8ELD* T$e &a!"er b, $e appellan o( $!s r!.$ o counsel &as 'ade &! $ou $e ass!s ance o( a counsel. T$e S% $as $eld !n Morales ". Ponce Enr!le# People ". Gal! and People ". S!son /9AB61 $a $!s re0u!re'en !s 'anda or,. An, s a e'en ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( $!s procedure s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. 88. c. Ne& rule on &a!"er /Feb. 7# 9AB<1 Ar . III# Sec. 97 /91* 3a!"er 'us be !n &r! !n. and 'ade !n $e presence o( counsel Art. III, S !. ";. 5"7 A$) # rso$ +$' r i$( stig%tio$ for th !o..issio$ of %$ off $s sh%ll h%( th right to & i$for. ' of his right to r .%i$ sil $t %$' to h%( !o.# t $t %$' i$' # $' $t !o+$s l #r f r%&l) of his !hoi! . If th # rso$ !%$$ot %ffor' th s r(i! s of !o+$s l, h .+st & #ro(i' ' *ith o$ . Th s rights !%$$ot & *%i( ' C! #t i$ *riti$g %$' i$ th #r s $! of !o+$s l. :nder $e ne& %ons ! u !on# an, &a!"er 'us no& be 'ade /91 !n &r! !n.# and /71 !n $e presence o( counsel. 2. Th &+r' $ of #ro(i$g (ol+$t%ri$ ss of *%i( rs is o$ th #ros !+tio$ T$e burden o pro"e $a $ere &as a "al!d &a!"er o( $e M!randa &arn!n. de"ol"es upon $e one see4!n. o presen $e con(ess!on# $a !s# on $e prosecu !on. T$!s rule appl!es &$e $er !n $e pre-Gal! # Gal! # or 9AB< rule. In People ". -ara# 9?? S%RA F96 /9AB61# $e S% no ed $a $e s ereo ,pe 2ad"!ce2 appear!n. !n prac !call, all e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons &$!c$ are la er repud!a ed $as assu'ed $e na ure o( a le.al (or'. In"es !.a ors au o'a !call, ,pe ! o.e $er &! $ 2opo2 as $e ans&er# or as4 $e accused o s!.n ! or e"en cop, ! !n $e!r $and&r! !n.. I s !red punc !l!ous# (!;ed and ar !(!c!all, s a el, s ,le does no crea e an !'press!on o( "olun ar!ness or e"en unders and!n. on $e par o( $e accused. 3$ene"er a %ons ! u !onal pro ec !on !s &a!"ed b, one en ! led o $a pro ec !on# $e presu'p !on !s al&a,s a.a!ns $e &a!"er. T$us# $e prosecu !on 'us pro"e &! $ s ron.l, con"!nc!n. e"!dence $a !ndeed $e accused &!ll!n.l, and "olun ar!l, sub'! ed $!s con(ess!on# and 4no&!n.l, and del!bera el, 'an!(es ed $a $e &as no !n eres ed !n $a"!n. a la&,er ass!s $!' dur!n. $e a4!n. o( $a con(ess!on. People ". -ara# 9?? S%RA F96 /9AB61 F* Appellan s &ere (ound .u!l , o( robber, &! $ $o'!c!de (or $e 4!ll!n. and robber, o( A'para "da. de )an !.ue on -une A# 9A<B. In ano $er case# &o o( $e appellan s &ere (ound .u!l , o( $o'!c!de (or $e 4!ll!n. on
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
$e :.S. Supre'e %our !n 8arr!s ". Ne& Yor4# ?E9 :.S. 777 /9A<91. 8arr!s ". Ne& Yor4# ?E9 :.S. 777 /9A<91 In $!s case# 8arr!s &as arres ed (or &!ce sell!n. $ero!n o an underco"er pol!ce a.en . 8e con(essed o $e cr!'e dur!n. $e pol!ce !n erro.a !on# bu $e con(ess!on &as uncounselled# and so ! &as $eld as !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. )u &$en 8arr!s oo4 $e &! ness s and# $e es !(!ed $a &$a $e sold &as ba4!n. po&der !n order o de(raud $e pol!ce a.en . T$e S% allo&ed $e prosecu !on o !n roduce $e uncounselled s a 'en o s$o& $a $e &as l,!n.. In +us !(,!n. $e ad'!ss!on o( $e es !'on,# -us !ce )ur.er sa!d $a ! !s one $!n. o sa, $a $e .o"ern'en canno 'a4e an a((!r'a !"e use o( $e e"!dence unla&(ull, ob a!ned# and 0u! e ano $er o sa, $a $e de(endan can urn $e !lle.al 'e $od b, &$!c$ $e e"!dence !n $e possess!on o( $e .o"ern'en &as ob a!ned o $!s o&n ad"an a.e# pro"!d!n. $!'sel( &! $ a s$!eld a.a!ns per+ur, and $e con rad!c !on o( $!s un ru $s. T$e reason# con !nued $e %our !s $a $e s$!eld pro"!ded b, $e M!randa r!.$ s canno be per"er ed !n o a l!cense o use per+ur, b, &a, o( a de(ense# (ree (ro' $e r!s4 o( con(ron a !on &! $ pr!or !ncons!s en u erances. P+&li! S%f t) Publ!c Sa(e , 'a, +us !(, $e pol!ce !n a4!n. con(ess!ons &! $ou pr!or &arn!n.. T$us ruled $e :.S. Supre'e %our !n Ne& Yor4 ". Luarles# 9E? S. % . 7676 /9AB?1. ". Wh $ right .%) & i$(o9 '
T$e r!.$ o ba!l !s a"a!lable (ro' $e "er, 'o'en o( arres /&$!c$ 'a, be be(ore or a( er $e (!l!n. o( (or'al c$ar.es !n cour 1 up o $e !'e o( con"!c !on b, (!nal +ud.e'en /&$!c$ 'eans a( er appeal1. No c$ar.e need be (!led (or'all, be(ore one can (!le (or ba!l# so lon. as one !s under arres . So ruled $e S% !n 8eras Tee$an4ee ". Ro"!ca. <F P$!l.6>? /9A?F1. T$e case &as un!0ue !n $a a( er $e &ar# $e People5s %our Ac a'ended Ar . 97F o( $e RP% o allo& (or a lon.er !'e o de a!n persons because o( $e !'poss!b!l! , o( (!l!n. c$ar.es &! $!n $e re.le'en ar, per!od due o $e nu'ber o( !nd!c ees. B%il %$' =abeas Corp!s In $e case o( ba!l# $ere !s an !'pl!c! reco.n! !on $a $e arres and de en !on# are "al!d# or $a e"en !( $e, &ere !n! !all, !lle.al# suc$ !lle.al! , &as cured b, $e subse0uen (!l!n. o( a case !n cour . T$us# $e pra,er !n ba!l !s $a one be released e'porar!l, (ro' suc$ "al!d de en !on# and $!s can be 'ade an, !'e a( er arres . In habeas corpus# $e assu'p !on !s prec!sel, $a $e arres and de en !on are !lle.al# so $a $e pra,er !s o be released per'anen l, (ro' suc$ !lle.al de en !on. 3$en $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! !s suspended# $e arres and de en !on re'a!n !lle.al# bu $e re'ed, a((orded b, la& o $e "!c !' !s no a"a!lable. :nder $e 9AB< %ons ! u !on# $ou.$ $e e((ec o( $e suspens!on $as been cons!derabl, lessened o $e need o (!le a case &! $!n <7 $ours (ro' $e !lle.al arres # o $er&!se $e de a!nee !s o be released. T$e %ons ! u !on no& pro"!des# o"errul!n. Morales ". Enr!le# $a $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! does no carr, &! $ ! $e suspens!on o( $e r!.$ o ba!l. 8abeas %orpus re(ers o !lle.al de en !on# &$!le ba!l re(ers o le.al de en !on# or e"en de en !on $a s ar ed as !lle.al bu &as cured b, $e (!l!n. o( a case !n cour . ;. Wh $ &%il is % .%tt r of right, *h $ it is % .%tt r of 'is!r tio$ )a!l !s a 'a er o( r!.$ !n all cases no pun!s$able b, reclus!on perpe ua. I !s a 'a er o( d!scre !on !n case $e e"!dence o( .u!l !s s ron.. In suc$ a case# accord!n. o People ". San D!e.o# 76 S%RA F77 /9A661# $e cour 5s d!scre !on o .ran ba!l 'us be e;erc!sed !n $e l!.$ o( a su''ar, o( $e e"!dence presen ed b, $e prosecu !on. T$us# $e order .ran !n. or re(us!n. ba!l 'us con a!n a su''ar, o( $e e"!dence (or $e prosecu !on (ollo&ed b, $e conclus!on on &$e $er or no $e e"!dence o( .u!l !s s ron.. T$e onl, !'e ba!l 'a, be den!ed !s &$en /a1 $e o((ense !s pun!s$able b, reclus!on perpe ua# and /b1 $e e"!dence o( .u!l !s s ron..
Ne$ 2or+ '- 3!arles4 567 S- Ct- 2828 95:;7<In $e case# $e %our e;cused $e .!"!n. o( $e M!randa &arn!n. because $e publ!c sa(e , re0u!red $a $e &eapon $ad o be loca ed be(ore ! could be used b, $e accused a.a!ns $ose !n $e super'ar4e . T$e cr! !c!s' $urled a.a!ns $!s rul!n. !s $a &$!le $e pol!ce 'a, be +us !(!ed !n (orc!n. $e assa!lan o sa, &$ere $e &eapon !s loca ed# $e !s no +us !(!ed o presen $!s !n e"!dence !n $e subse0uen cr!'!nal prosecu !on. C- /i(ht to bail Art. III, S !. ">. All # rso$s, C! #t thos !h%rg ' *ith off $s s #+$ish%&l &) re"l!sion perpet!a *h $ th (i' $! of g+ilt is stro$g, sh%ll, & for !o$(i!tio$, & &%il%&l &) s+ffi!i $t s+r ti s, or & r l %s ' o$ r !og$iA%$! %s .%) & #ro(i' ' &) l%*. th right to &%il sh%ll $ot & i.#%ir ' ( $ *h $ th #ri(il g of th *rit of habeas "orp!s is s+s# $' '. EC! ssi( &%il sh%ll $ot & r ,+ir '.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
3! $ $e abol! !on o( $e dea $ penal , /III# 7E1# and $e au o'a !c co''u a !on o( a dea $ sen ence o reclus!on perpe ua# ! !s con ended $a &$en $e 9AB< %ons ! u !on den!es $e r!.$ o ba!l !n o((enses pun!s$able b, reclus!on perpe ua# ! !s 'ean o appl, onl, o $ose cr!'es &$!c$ &ere once pun!s$able b, dea $. For !( ! !ncludeds e"en $ose cr!'es &$!c$ be(ore and no& are reall, pun!s$able b, reclus!on perpe ua# ! &ould .o a.a!ns $e "er, sp!r! o( $e %ons ! u !on. People ". Dona o# 9A6 S%RA 9>E /9AA91 >. B%il i$ !o+rtsB.%rti%l %o''endador ". De V!lla# 7EE S%RA BE /9AA91 0. St%$'%r's for fiCi$g &%il R+l ""0, S !. 2. A%o!nt o# bail1 (!idelines-.. Th :+'g *ho iss ' th *%rr%$t or gr%$t ' th %##li!%tio$ sh%ll fiC % r %so$%&l %.o+$t of &%il !o$si' ri$g #ri.%ril), &+t $ot li.it ' to th follo*i$g g+i' li$ sF 5%7 Di$%$!i%l %&ilit) of th %!!+s ' to gi( &%ilH 5&7 N%t+r %$' !ir!+.st%$! s of th off $s H 5!7 P $%lt) of th off $s !h%rg 'H 5'7 Ch%r%!t r %$' r #+t%tio$ of th %!!+s 'H 5 7 Ag %$' h %lth of th %!!+s 'H 5f7 Th * ight of th (i' $! %g%i$st th %!!+s 'H 5g7 Pro&%&ilit) of th %!!+s ' %## %ri$g i$ tri%lH 5h7 Dorf it+r of oth r &o$'sH 5i7 Th f%!t th%t %!!+s ' *%s % f+giti( fro. :+sti! *h $ %rr st 'H %$' 5:7 Th # $' $!) of oth r !%s s i$ *hi!h th %!!+s ' is +$' r &o$'. EC! ssi( &%il sh%ll $ot & r ,+ir '. 3$ere $e r!.$ o ba!l e;!s s# ! s$ould no be rendered nu.a or, be re0u!r!n. a su' $a !s e;cess!"e# o $er&!se# ! beco'es 2a pro'!se o $e ear o be bro4en o $e $ope# a eas!n. !llus!on l!4e a 'un!(!cen be0ues !n a pauper5s &!ll2 /-ac4son1. T$us# sa!d $e S% !n De la %a'ara ". Ena.e# ?9 S%RA 9 /9A<91. In $!s case# a ba!l o( P9.9AF '!ll!on !'posed a.a!ns Ma,or %a'ara (or c$ar.es o( 97 'urders and 97 (rus ra ed 'urder &as (ound e;cess!"e. T$e S% la!d do&n $e (ollo&!n. .u!del!nes !n (!;!n. $e a'oun o( ba!l !n V!llasenor ". Abano# 79 S%RA >97 /9A6<1# la er con a!ned !n sec. 6 o( Rule 99?. 9. Ab!l! , o( $e accused o .!"e $e ba!l. 7. Na ure o( $e o((ense. >. Penal , (or $e o((ense c$ar.ed. ?. %$arac er and repu a !on o( $e accused F. 8eal $ o( $e accused. 6. %$arac er and s ren. $ o( $e e"!dence. <. Probab!l! , o( $e accused appear!n. !n r!al. B. For(e! ure o( o $er bonds.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
2. W%i( r of th Right to B%il People ". Dona o# 9AB S%RA 9>E /9AA91 D. Rights '+ri$g tri%l Art. III, S !. "0. 5"7 No # rso$ sh%ll & h l' to %$s* r for % !ri.i$%l off $s *itho+t '+ #ro! ss of l%*. I$ %ll !ri.i$%l #ros !+tio$s, th %!!+s ' sh%ll & #r s+. ' i$$o! $t +$til th !o$tr%r) is #ro( ', %$' sh%ll $:o) th right to & h %r' &) hi.s lf %$' !o+$s l, to & i$for. ' of th $%t+r %$' !%+s of th %!!+s%tio$ %g%i$st hi., to h%( % s# '), i.#%rti%l %$' #+&li! tri%l, to . t th *it$ ss s f%! to f%! , %$' to h%( !o.#+lsor) #ro! ss to s !+r th %tt $'%$! of *it$ ss s %$' th #ro'+!tio$ of (i' $! i$ his & h%lf. Ho* ( r, %ft r %rr%ig$. $t, tri%l .%) #ro! ' $ot*ithst%$'i$g th %&s $! of th %!!+s ' #ro(i' ' th%t h h%s & $ '+l) $otifi ' %$' his f%il+r to %## %r is +$:+stifi%&l . 9. Presu'p !on o( !nnocence In People ". Dra'a,o# ?7 S%RA 6A /9A<91# $e S% no ed $a $e re0u!re'en o( proo( be,ond reasonable doub !s a necessar, corollar, o( $e cons ! u !onal r!.$ o be presu'ed !nnocen . In I.o ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# a la& d!s0ual!(,!n. cand!da es c$ar.ed &! $ na !onal secur! , o((ences &as s ruc4 do&n as uncons ! u !onal# (or "!ola !n. $e presu'p !on a.a!ns !nnocence. In Ale+andro ". Pep! o# A6 S%RA >77 /9ABE1# a +ud.e &$o allo&ed $e accused o presen $!s e"!dence a$ead o( $e prosecu !on# o"er $e ob+ec !on o( $e prosecu !on# a( er $e acused ad'! ed $e 4!ll!n. bu !n"o4ed sel(-de(ense# &as re"ersed b, $e S% on $e .round $a $!s c$an.e !n $e order o( r!al "!ola ed $e cons ! u !onal presu'p !on o( !nnocence &$!c$ places $e burden proo( on $e prosecu !on. T$!s rul!n. &as 'od!(!ed b, Rule 99A# sec. > /e1 o( $e 9ABF Rules o( %r!'!nal Procedure &$!c$ no& re"erses $e order o( r!al &$en $e de(endan ad'! s $e ac bu !n"o4es a +us !(,!n. or e;e'p !n. c!rcu's ance. P o#l (. ' @+A.%$, ;>" SCRA 6>4 F* De Gu@'an# %as ro and %a ap &ere c$ar.ed &! $ 'urder (or $e 4!ll!n. o( an un!den !(!ed person on No". 96# 9AA?. Onl, De Gu@'an and %as ro &ere arres ed and bo $ pleaded no .u!l ,. T$e, &ere con"!c ed b, $e cour 'a!nl, on $e bas!s o( $e es !'on, o( Adel!a An.eles. S$e pos! !"el, !den !(!ed $e 7 accused as $e persons &$o &ere &! $ %a ap &$o 'al rea ed an un!den !(!ed person &$o' $e, $ad !ed o an !p!l-!p!l ree and upon see!n. $er# s$e es !(!ed $a $e, un !ed $e 'an and brou.$ $!' o&ards $e d!rec !on o( $e Pas!. r!"er
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
penal , as en ,ears and one da, o( pr!s!on 'a,or o &en , ,ears# &! $ou absolu e an, e"!dence o de er'!ne and clar!(, $e rue (ac s o( $e case. T$e proceed!n.s !n $e r!al cour are !rre.ular (ro' $e be.!nn!n.. I !s e;pressl, pro"!ded !n our rules o( %our # Rule 997# sec !on > /no& Rule 996# Sec. 61# $a * I( $e de(endan appears &! $ou a orne,# $e 'us be !n(or'ed b, $e cour $a ! !s $!s r!.$ o $a"e a orne, be(ore be!n. arra!.ned.# and 'us be as4ed !( $e des!res $e a!d o( a orne,# $e %our 'us ass!.n a orne, de oficio o de(end $!'. A reasonable !'e 'us be allo&ed (or procur!n. a orne,. No one o( $ese du !es $ad been co'pl!ed &! $ b, $e r!al cour . One o( $e .rea pr!nc!ples o( +us !ce .uaran eed b, our %ons ! u !on !s $a 2no person s$all be $eld o ans&er (or a cr!'!nal o((ense &! $ou due process o( la&2# and $a all accused 2s$all en+o, $e r!.$ o be $eard b, $!'sel( and counsel.2 In cr!'!nal cases $ere can be no (a!r $ear!n. unless $e accused be .!"en $e oppor un! , o be $eard b, counsel. T$e r!.$ o be $eard &ould be o( l! le a"a!l !( ! does no !nclude $e r!.$ o be $eard b, counsel. E"en $e 'os !n ell!.en or educa ed 'an 'a, $a"e no s4!ll !n $e sc!ence o( $e la&# par !cularl, !n $e rules o( procedure# and# &! $ou counsel# $e 'a, be con"!c ed no because $e !s .u!l , bu because $e does no 4no& $o& o es abl!s$ $!s !nnocence. And $!s can $appen 'ore eas!l, o persons &$o are !.noran or uneduca ed. I !s (or $!s reason $a $e r!.$ o be ass!s ed b, counsel !s dee'ed so !'por an $a ! $as beco'e a cons ! u !onal r!.$ and ! !s so !'ple'en ed $a under our rules o( procedure ! !s no enou.$ (or $e %our o appr!se an accused o( $!s r!.$ o $a"e an a orne,# ! !s no enou.$ o as4 $!' &$e $er $e des!res $e a!d o( an a orne,# bu ! !s essen !al $a $e cour s$ould ass!.n one de oficio !( $e so des!res and $e !s poor .ran $!' a reasonable !'e o procure an a orne, o( $!s o&n. L* 3$a $appens !( $e accused (!les a de'urrer o $e e"!dence o( $e prosecu !on /on $e .round $a $e prosecu !on (a!led o ender a case1 and $!s 'o !on !s den!ed -- could $e de(ense s !ll presen ! s o&n e"!denceH In Abr!ol ". 8o'eres# B? P$!l F7F# /9A?A1# $e S% ruled !n $e a((!r'a !"e# con end!n. $a $e r!.$ o( $e accused o presen $!s e"!dence !s a cons ! u !onal r!.$ &$!c$ canno be de(ea ed b, $e d!s'!ssal o( $e 'o !on o( de'urrer. *ilin( o# de%!rrer to e'iden"e is a WAI>E/ o# ri(ht to be heard 5R+l ""4, S !. "3.7 Abr!ol ". 8o'eres# B? P$!l F7F# /9A?A1 F* F!del Abr!ol# o.e $er &! $ s!; o $er persons# &as accused o( !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and a''un! !on. A( er $e prosecu !on $ad presen ed ! s e"!dence and res ed ! s case# counsel (or $e de(ense 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e case on $e .round o( !nsu((!c!enc, o( $e e"!dence o pro"e $e .u!l o( $e accused. A( er $ear!n. $e ar.u'en s (or and a.a!ns $e 'o !on (or d!s'!ssal# $e cour $eld $e proo(s
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
$ear!n. $!' !n $!s de(enseD and $e sen ence $us pronounced !s "o!d and 'a, be colla erall, a ac4ed !n a habeas corpus proceed!n.. Al $ou.$ $e sen ence a.a!ns $e pe ! !oner !s "o!d (or $e reasons $ere!nabo"e s a ed# $e 'a, be $eld under $e cus od, o( $e la& b, be!n. de a!ned or ad'! ed o ba!l un !l $e case a.a!ns $!' !s (!nall, and la&(ull, dec!ded. T$e process a.a!ns $!' !n cr!'!nal case No. 9?<7 'a, s and s$ould be resu'ed (ro' $e s a.e a &$!c$ ! &as "! !a ed b, $e r!al cour 5s den!al o( $!s cons ! u !onal r!.$ o be $eard. :p o $e po!n &$en $e prosecu !on res ed# $e proceed!n.s &ere "al!d and s$ould be resu'ed (ro' $ere. People ". Donesa# ?A S%RA 7B9 /9A<>1 =rant of demurrer is equivalent to an acquittal F* A( er prosecu !on presen ed ! s &! nesses# $e de(ense 'o"ed (or d!s'!ssal o( $e case on $e .round o( !nsu((!c!enc, o( e"!dence. T$e +ud.e .ran ed $e 'o !on. Issue* D!d suc$ d!s'!ssal opera e as an ac0u! al o( $e accusedH Rul!n.* YES A d!s'!ssal ordered a( er $e er'!na !on o( $e presen a !on o( $e e"!dence (or $e prosecu !on $as $e (orce and e((ec o( an ac0u! al. S!nce $ere !s a (a!lure o pro"e $e .u!l o( $e accused# $e case 'us be d!s'!ssed# and ! &!ll be a bar o ano $er prosecu !on (or $e sa'e o((ense e"en $ou.$ ! &as ordered b, $e %our upon 'o !on or &! $ $e e;press consen o( $e de(endan # !n e;ac l, $e sa'e &a, as a +ud.'en o( ac0u! al. R+l ""4, S !. "3. D .+rr r to (i' $! .BB Aft r th #ros !+tio$ h%s r st ' its !%s , th !o+rt .%) 'is.iss th !%s o$ th gro+$' of i$s+ffi!i $!) of (i' $! F 5"7 o$t its o*$ i$titi%ti( %ft r gi(i$t th #ros !+tio$ %$ o##ort+$it) to & h %r'H or 5;7 o$ .otio$ of th %!!+s ' fil ' *ith #ro# r l %( of !o+rt. If th !o+rt ' $i s th .otio$ for 'is.iss%l, th %!!+s ' .%) %''+! (i' $! i$ his ' f $s . Wh $ th %!!+s ' fil s s+!h .otio$ to 'is.iss *itho+t C#r ss l %( of !o+rt, h *%i( s th right to #r s $t (i' $! %$' s+&.its th !%s for :+'g. $t o$ th &%sis of th (i' $! for th #ros !+tio$. 5R+l s of Co+rt.7 >. Right to fr l g%l %ssist%$!
Art. III, S !. "". Dr %!! ss to th !o+rts %$' ,+%siB:+'i!i%l &o'i s %$' %' ,+%t l g%l %ssist%$! sh%ll $ot & ' $i ' to %$) # rso$ &) r %so$ of #o( rt). People ". R!o# 7E9 S%RA <E7 /9AA91 F* On 7A Dece'ber 9ABA# $e accused-appellan R!cardo R!o# !n &o /71 le ers da ed 9? Dece'ber 9ABA# addressed o D!"!s!on %ler4 o( %our Fer'!n -. Gar'a and o Ass!s an %ler4 o( %our To'as! a M. Dr!s# 'an!(es ed $!s !n en !on o &! $dra& $e appeal due o $!s po"er ,.
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dul, subscr!bed be(ore >rd Ass!s an F!scal Rodol(o M. Ale+andro o( $e pro"!nce o( R!@al# &$!c$ reads as (ollo&s* T$a on or abou $e 7? $ da, o( Marc$# 9AB?# !n $e Mun!c!pal! , o( Mun !nlupa# Me ro Man!la# P$!l!pp!nes# a place &! $!n $e +ur!sd!c !on o( $!s 8onorable %our # $e abo"e-na'ed accused# b, 'eans o( (orce and !n !'!da !on d!d $en and $ere &!l(ull,# unla&(ull, and (elon!ousl, $a"e carnal 4no&led.e o( $e unders!.ned 3!l'a P$ua a.a!ns $er &!ll. On 76 -une 9ABF# a $e arra!.n'en # $e accusedappellan # ass!s ed b, A ,. Leon!do Manalo o( $e Ma4a ! %LAO o((!ce# as counsel de oficio# en ered a plea o( no .u!l , o $e o((ense c$ar.ed. ;;; T$e r!al cour (ound $e accused-appellan .u!l , o( $e cr!'e o( rape. T$e $eor, o( $e de(ense a $e r!al le"el &as .rounded on al!b!. T$e accused cla!'ed $a a $e !'e o( $e alle.ed co''!ss!on o( $e cr!'e o( rape $e &as !n Ro'blon. T$!s cla!' &as corrobora ed b, $e accused5s bro $er# A'ado R!o. 8o&e"er# $!s cla!' &as# as a(ores a ed# rebu ed b, $e prosecu !on5s sub'!ss!on o( $e "o er5s a((!da"! e;ecu ed b, $e accused !n Mun !nlupa# Me ro Man!la on >9 Marc$ 9AB? &$en appellan cla!'ed $e &as !n Ro'blon. 8ELD* On appeal# appellan 5s counsel de oficio c$an.ed $e $eor, o( $e de(ense. T$e ne& $eor, presen ed b, counsel de oficio !s $a 3!l'a P$ua consen ed &$en accused-appellan $ad se;ual !n ercourse &! $ $er on 7? Marc$ 9AB?. I &as s ressed b, counsel de oficio $a $e rape occurred on 7? Marc$ 9AB? and $a # alle.edl,# ! &as $e (our $ !'e accused $ad abused co'pla!nan . T$!s alle.a !on as &ell as $e (ac $a co'pla!nan (a!led o loc4 $e door o $e ba $roo' could onl, $a"e been due o $e (ac $a $ere &as consen . T$e c$ar.e &as (!led# accord!n. o de(ense counsel de oficio# onl, because $e co'pla!nan 5s 'o $er cau.$ $e'. T$!s $eor, o( $e de(ense on appeal $a $ere $ad been consen (ro' $e co'pla!nan # (a!ls o .enera e doub as o $e accused5s .u!l # (or ! &ould be an !ncredulous s! ua !on !ndeed o bel!e"e $a one# so ,oun. and as ,e un!n! !a ed o $e &a,s o( $e &orld# &ould per'! $e occurrence o( an !nces uous rela !ons$!p &! $ an uncle# a bro $er o( $er "er, o&n 'o $er. T$e %our no es $e sudden s&!( !n $e $eor, o( $e de(ense (ro' one o( o al den!al o( $e !nc!den !n 0ues !on# b, &a, o( al!b!# o one o( par !c!pa !on# $a !s# &! $ $e alle.ed consen o( $e co'pla!nan . T$!s ne& "ers!on could onl, be a r!bu ed b, $e %our o $e (ac $a counsel on appeal !s d!((eren (ro' $e counsel !n $e r!al cour . Al $ou.$ $e Sol!c! or General $as su..es ed $a $!s sudden s$!( be !n erpre ed as an a( er $ou.$ b, $e accused or a despera e e((or o .e $!'sel( ac0u! ed# $e %our dee's ! 'ore l!4el, $a $!s s$!( &as caused b, counsel de oficio5s prepara !on o( $e appellan 5s br!e( &! $ou e;a'!n!n. $e en !re records o( $e case. I( $e appo!n ed counsel (or $e accused# on appeal# $ad read $e records and ranscr!p s o( $e case $orou.$l,# $e &ould no $a"e c$an.ed $e $eor, o( $e de(ense (or suc$ a s$!( can ne"er spea4 &ell o( $e cred!b!l! , o( $e de(ense. Moreo"er# $e rule !n c!"!l procedure# &$!c$ appl!es e0uall, !n cr!'!nal cases# !s $a a par , 'a, no s$!( $!s
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
3. Right to s# '), i.#%rti%l %$' #+&li! tri%l /91 Speed, Tr!al T$e r!.$ o a speed, r!al 'eans one $a !s (ree (ro' "e;a !ous and oppress!"e dela,s. I s ob+ec !"e !s o (ree $e !nnocen person (ro' an;!e , and e;pense o( a cour l! !.a !on# or o $er&!se# o $a"e $!s .u!l de er'!ned &! $!n $e s$or es poss!ble !'e# co'pa !ble &! $ $e presen a !on and cons!dera !on o( &$a e"er le.! !'a e de(ense $e accused 'a, !n erpose. 3$!le reasonable dela, 'a, be allo&ed as de er'!ned on a case o case bas!s# an unreasonable dela, on $e par o( $e prosecu !on o presen ! s case# $ereb, caus!n. $e $rea o( penal l!ab!l! , o re'a!n $an.!n. o"er $e $ead o( $e accused (or an e; ended per!od o( !'e# "!ola es $e r!.$ o( $e accused o a speed, r!al. T$e re'ed, o( $e accused !n $!s case !s habeas corpus !( $e $as been res ra!ned o( $!s l!ber ,# or certiorari# pro$!b! !on or 'anda'us (or $e (!nal d!s'!ssal o( $e caseD and d!s'!ssal based on $e den!al o( $e r!.$ o speed, r!al a'oun s o an ac0u! al. So sa!d $e S% !n Ace"edo ". Sar'!en o# >6 S%RA 7?< /9A<E1# a case !n"ol"!n. $e prosecu !on (or da'a.e o proper , $rou.$ rec4less !'prudence &$!c$ $ad been pend!n. (or 6 ,ears# $e las s ep a4en be!n. $e s ar o( $e cross-e;a'!na !on o( $e co'pla!n!n. &! ness# &$o d!d no appear $erea( er. T$e S% ordered $e case d!s'!ssed &! $ pre+ud!ce# $us ac0u! !n. $e accused. 5;7 P+&li! Tri%l A publ!c r!al does no re0u!re $a $e en !re publ!c can &! ness $e r!al. I !s enou.$ !( ! !s conduc ed a a place &$ere one5s rela !"es and (r!ends can be acco''oda ed and $e publ!c 'a, 4no& &$a !s .o!n. on. T$e r!.$ !s no absolu e. T$e cour can order $e publ!c ou o( $e r!al roo' !n $e !n eres o( 'oral! , and order. In Garc!a ". Do'!n.o# F7 S%RA 9?> /9A<E1# $e S% d!s'!ssed $e con en !on o( one par , $a $e r!al &as conduc ed !ns!de $e c$a'ber o( $e +ud.e on $e .round $a $e ob+ec !on ca'e oo la e / $e par , onl, co'pla!ned a( er $e 9? $ $ear!n.1 and $a $e place &as a.reed upon b, $e par !es (or $e!r 'u ual con"en!ence / $e +ud.e5s roo' &as a!r cond! !oned1. Garc!a ". Do'!n.o# F7 S%RA 9?> /9A<E1 T$e p!"o al 0ues !on !n $!s pe ! !on (or certiorari and pro$!b! !on# one &$!c$ $us (ar $as re'a!ned unresol"ed# !s $e 'ean!n. o be accorded $e cons ! u !onal r!.$ o publ!c r!al. Issue* Is $e $old!n. o( r!al !n $e c$a'bers o( $e +ud.e "!ola !"e o( $e r!.$ o a publ!c r!alH
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
In Ola.uer ". M!l! ar, %o''!ss!on# 9FE S%RA 9?? /9AB<1# $e S% $eld $a a c!"!l!an canno be r!ed b, a '!l! ar, cour /!n connec !on &! $ $e L!.$ a F!re Mo"e'en 1 so lon. as $e c!"!l cour s are open and opera !n.# e"en dur!n. Mar !al La&. 2. Right to !o$fro$t *it$ ss T$e purpose o( $!s r!.$ !s o enable $e accused o es $e cred!b!l! , o( $e &! ness. T$e bes 'eans o( con(ron a !on !s $e process o( cross-e;a'!na !on. 6. Right to s !+r %tt $'%$! of *it$ ss s 5%$' th #ro'+!tio$ of (i' $! i$ his & h%lf7 T$ere are "ar!ous 'eans a"a!lable o $e par !es o co'pel $e a endance o( &! nesses and $e produc !on o( docu'en s and $!n.s needed !n $e prosecu !on or de(ense o( a case !n an ad"ersar!al 'anner* subpoena and subpoena duces tecum* depos! !ons and o $er 'odes o( d!sco"er,D perpe ua !on o( es !'on!es. 1. Tri%l in Absentia Al $ou.$ $e r!.$ o be presen !s no e;pl!c! !n $e pro"!s!on# ! !s !n(errable (ro' $e p$rase 2 r!al 'a, proceed no &! $s and!n. $e absence o( $e accused2 T$!s r!.$ o be presen 'a,# $o&e"er# be &a!"ed b, $e accused. Rule 99F# sec# 9/c1# al4s o( > &a,s $a $e &a!"er 'a, a4e place* /a1 e;press &a!"er pursuan o $e s !pula !ons se (or $ !n $!s ba!l bond# unless $!s presence !s spec!(!call, ordered b, $e cour (or purposes o( !den !(!ca !onD /b1 !'pl!ed &a!"er &$en $e accused &! $ou an, +us !(!able cause !s absen a $e r!al on a par !cular da e o( &$!c$ $e $ad no !ceD and /c1 !'pl!ed &a!"er &$en $e accused under cus od, &$o $ad been no !(!ed o( $e da e o( r!al escapes. In cases !n &$!c$ $ere $a"e been a &a!"er o( $e r!.$ o be presen # &$e $er e;pressed or !'pl!ed# $e r!al 'a, be $eld 2in absentia2. T$e re0u!s! es o( a "al!d r!al in absentia are* /!1 $e accused $as been arra!.nedD /!!1 $e &as dul, no !(!ed o( $e $ear!n.D and /!!!1 $!s (a!lure o a end $e r!al !s un+us !(!ed. T$ere can be no "al!d r!al in absentia unless $e accused $as been arra!.ned# ruled $e S% !n )or!a ". Mendo@a# << S%RA ?77 /9A<<1# a case !n"ol"!n. a c$ar.e (or sl!.$ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es &$ere $e accused (a!led o appear and so $e r!al cour allo&ed $e prosecu !on o presen ! s e"!dence e"en !( $e accused $as no ,e been arra!.ned. Arra!.n'en !s cruc!al because ! !n(or's $e accued o( $e na ure and cause o( $e accusa !on a.a!ns $!'. %on"!c !on &! $ou arra!.n'en "!ola es due process and ous s $e cour o( ! s +ur!sd!c !on. )or!a ". Mendo@a# << S%RA ?77 /9A<<1# supra. 8ELD* T$e subse0uen r!al in absentia depr!"ed pe ! !oner o( $!s r!.$ o be $eard b, $!'sel( and counsel. T$e !nd!spensable re0u!re'en (or r!al in absentia !s $a ! s$ould co'e a( er arra!.n'en . 88.
3a!"er o( $e r!.$ o be presen !'pl!es also &a!"er o( $e r!.$ o presen e"!dence. T$us# !( $e accused (a!ls o a end r!al /&$!c$ presupposes arra!.n'en 1# &! $ou an, +us !(!able cause# $e prosecu !on can proceed &! $ $e presen a !on o( $e e"!dence# and $ereupon# $e cour 'a, cons!der $e case sub'! ed (or dec!s!on. T$e cour &!ll dec!de $e case on $e bas!s onl, o( $e prosecu !on5s e"!dence. T$!s does no "!ola e $e cons ! u !onal presu'p !on o( !nnocence because ! does no 'ean $a $e +ud.'en o( $e r!al cour &!ll resul !n con"!c !on. So ruled $e S% !n People ". Salas# 9?> S%RA 96> /9AB61# &$!c$ (ur $er ruled $a r!al in absentia appl!es e"en o cap! al cases. People ". Salas 9?> S%RA 96> /9AB61 Trial in absentia applies even to capital cases F* Mar!o Abon. &as or!.!nall, c$ar.ed &! $ $o'!c!de !n $e %FI %ebu bu be(ore $e could be arra!.ned# $e case &as re!n"es !.a ed on 'o !on o( $e prosecu !on. As a resul o( $e re!n"es !.a !on# an a'ended !n(or'a !on &as (!led# &! $ no ba!l reco''ended# o &$!c$ $e pleaded no .u!l ,. Tr!al co''enced bu &$!le ! &as !n pro.ress# $e pr!soner oo4 ad"an a.e o( $e (!rs !n(or'a !on (!led and succeeded !n dece!"!n. $e c! , cour o( %ebu !n o .ran !n. $!' ba!l and order!n. $!s release. T$e responden -ud.e# learn!n. o( $e r!c4er,# cancelled $e !lle.al ba!l bond and ordered Abon.5s re-arres . )u $e &as .one. None $eless# $e prosecu !on 'o"ed $a $e $ear!n. con !nue !n accordance &! $ $e cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on au $or!@!n. r!al !n absen !a. T$e responden -ud.e den!ed $e 'o !on and suspended all proceed!n.s un !l $e re urn o( $e accused. 8ence# $!s pe ! !on. 8ELD* T$e doc r!ne la!d do&n !n People ". A"anceMa $as been 'od!(!ed b, Ar . IV# sec. 9A Qno& Ar . III# sec. 9?/71 o( $e 9AB< %ons ! u !onR &$!c$ allo&s r!al in absentia. T$e pr!soner canno b, s!'pl, escap!n. $&ar $!s con !nued prosecu !on and poss!ble e"en ual con"!c !on pro"!ded onl, $a /a1 $e $as been arra!.nedD /b1 $e $as been dul, no !(!ed o( $e r!alD and /c1 $!s (a!lure o appear !s un+us !(!ed. T$e r!.$ o be presen a one5s r!al 'a, no& be &a!"ed e;cep onl, a $a s a.e &$ere $e prosecu !on !n ends o presen &! nesses &$o &!ll !den !(, $e accused. T$e de(endan 5s escape &!ll be cons!dered a &a!"er o( $!s r!.$ and $e !nab!l! , o( $e cour o no !(, $!' o( $e subse0uen $ear!n.s &!ll no pre"en ! (ro' con !nu!n. &! $ $!s r!al. 88. Tr!al in absentia &as !n roduced onl, !n $e 9A<> %ons ! u !on o re'ed, a s! ua !on !n &$!c$ cr!'!nal prosecu !on could no 'o"e because $e accused $as e! $er escaped or +u'ped ba!l. In People ". Pr!e o# B? S%RA 9AB /9A<B1# $e S% ruled $a r!al in absentia does no +us !(, $e accused o +u'p ba!l. -us because $ %ons ! u !on allo&s r!al in
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
absentia does no 'ean $a $e accused !s no& (ree o &a!"e $!s r!.$ o be presen dur!n. $e r!al. I( $e does# $e runds $e r!s4 o( $a"!n. $!s ba!l bond (or(e! ed. *rovision for trial in absentia not a ,ustification for ,umping bail F* For repea ed (a!lure o( $e accused Dar!o Ga'a,on o appear# responden -ud.e declared $e ba!l bond (or(e! ed and re0u!red $e bonds'en o produce $e accused &! $!n $!r , da,s and o s$o& cause &$, no +ud.'en s$ould be rendered a.a!ns $e'. 8o&e"er# on 'o !on o( de(ense counsel# &$o !n"o4ed $e las sen ence o( Ar . IV# sec !on 9A Qno& Ar . III# sec. 9?/71R on r!al !n absen !a# responden -ud.e recons!dered $!s order. 8e ar.ued $a 2!( r!al could be conduc ed a( er $e accused $as been arra!.ned and !den !(!ed# $e conclus!on !s !nescapable $a !ssu!n. an order o( (or(e! ure o( $e ba!l bond !s pre'a ure.2 T$e prosecu !on (!led a pe ! !on (or cer !orar!. 8ELD* T$e !nno"a !on !n roduced b, $e presen %ons ! u !on .oes no (ur $er $an o enable a +ud.e o con !nue &! $ $e r!al e"en !( $e accused !s no presen under $e cond! !ons $ere!n spec!(!ed. I does no .!"e $e accused $e r!.$ o +u'p ba!l. 88. G!'ene@ ". Na@areno# 96E S%RA 9 /9ABB1 !nnocence or o( .u!l In trial in absentia accused waives the right to present evidence and confront witnesses F* Teodoro dela Ve.a -r.# o.e $er &! $ (!"e o $ers# &as c$ar.ed &! $ 'urder. A( er arra!.n'en # dur!n. &$!c$ $e pleaded no .u!l ,# $e case &as se (or $ear!n. on Sep . 9B# 9A<> bu $e escaped. 8e &as r!ed in absentia. T$e r!al cour rendered +ud.'en d!s'!ss!n. $e case a.a!ns $!s coaccused bu ! $eld !n abe,ance $e proceed!n.s a.a!ns $!' !n order o .!"e $!' $e c$ance o cross e;a'!ne $e &! nesses a.a!ns $!' and presen e"!dence. 8ence# $!s pe ! !on (or certiorari. 8ELD* 3as $e +ur!sd!c !on los &$en $e accused escaped (ro' $e cus od, o( $e la& and (a!led o appear dur!n. $e r!alH No. As &e $a"e cons!s en l, ruled# +ur!sd!c !on once ac0u!red !s no los upon $e !ns ance o( par !es bu con !nues un !l $e case !s er'!na ed. T$e lo&er cour &as correc !n proceed!n. &! $ $e recep !on o( e"!dence bu ! erred &$en !s suspended $e proceed!n.s as o $e responden . T$e cour need no &a! (or $e !'e un !l $e accused (!nall, dec!des o appear. To allo& $!s dela, !s o render !ne((ec !"e $e cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on on r!al in absentia. 4. Wh $ #r s $! of th %!!+s ' is % DUT/ In People ". A"ancena# >7 O.G. <9># $e S% $eld $a /a1 $e accused $as $e r!.$ o be presen dur!n. r!alD /b1 !( $e !s !n $e cus od, o( $e la&# presence !n all s a.e !s l!4e&!se a du , dur!n. /!1 arra!.n'en # /!!1 en er!n. a plea# and /!!!1 pro'ul.a !on o( +ud.'en . T$!s rule $o&e"er $as been 'od!(!ed. As $!n.s s and# $e (ollo&!n. are $e rules*
a. Arra!.n'en and plea# &$e $er o( R+l ""2, S !. ". Arrai(n%ent and plea1 ho$ %ade-.. CCC 5&7 Th %!!+s ' .+st & #r s $t %t th %rr%ig$. $t %$' .+st # rso$%ll) $t r his #l %. Both %rr%ig$. $t %$' #l % sh%ll & .%' of r !or', &+t % f%il+r to $t r of r !or' sh%ll $ot %ff !t th (%li'it) of th #ro! 'i$gs. b. Dur!n. r!al# (or !den !(!ca !on People ". Salas# 9?> S%RA 96> /9AB61# supra. 8ELD* T$e r!.$ o be presen a one5s r!al 'a, no& be &a!"ed e;cep onl, a $a s a.e &$ere $e prosecu !on !n ends o presen &! nesses &$o &!ll !den !(, $e accused. c. Pro'ul.a !on o( sen ence# unless ! !s (or a l!.$ o((ense# !n &$!c$ case accused 'a, appear by counsel# or a representative /Rule 97E# Sec. 6.1 E. Pri(il 'g %g%i$st s lf i$!ri.i$%tio$ Art. III, S !. "6. No # rso$ sh%ll & !o.# ll ' to & % *it$ ss %g%i$st hi.s lf. An, con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on ob a!ned !n "!ola !on o( sec !on 9< $ereo( s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns $!'. QAr . III# Sec. 97 />1R 9. Scope o( pr!"!le.e* %o'pulsor, Tes !'on!al sel(-!ncr!'!na !on
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e pr!"!le.e co"ers onl, es !'on!al !ncr!'!na !on ob a!ned co'pulsor!l,. I re(ers $ere(ore o $e use o( $e 'en al process and $e co''un!ca !"e (acul !es# and no o a 'erel, p$,s!cal ac !"! ,. I( $e ac !s p$,s!cal or 'ec$an!cal# $e accused can be co'pelled o allo& or per(or' $e ac # and $e resul can be used !n e"!dence a.a!ns $!'. T$us $e accused can be re0u!red o allo& a sa'ple o( a subs ance a4en (ro' $!s bod, /:.S. ". Tan Ten.. 7># P$!l. 9?F /9A9711. F* T$!s de(endan &as c$ar.ed &! $ $e cr!'e o( rape. 8e &as (ound .u!l , o( $e c$ar.e. 8e appeals $e dec!s!on on $e .round $a $e lo&er cour erred !n ad'! !n. $e es !'on, o( $e p$,s!c!ans abou $a"!n. a4en a cer a!n subs ance (ro' $e bod, o( $e accused &$!le $e &as con(!ned !n +a!l and re.ard!n. $e c$e'!cal anal,s!s 'ade o( $e subs ance o de'ons ra e $e p$,s!cal cond! !on o( $e accused &! $ re(erence o a "enereal d!sease. I &as d!sco"ered $a $e rape "!c !' &as !n(ec ed b, "enereal d!sease so $a $e (!nd!n. o( "enereal d!sease !n $e accused &as 'a er!al o $!s con"!c !on. :pon $!s !n(or'a !on $e de(endan &as arres ed and a4en o $e pol!ce s a !on and s r!pped o( $!s clo $!n. and e;a'!ned. T$e pol!ce'an &$o e;a'!ned $e de(endan s&ore (ro' $e "enereal d!sease 4no&n as .onorr$ea. T$e pol!ce'an oo4 a por !on o( $e subs ance e'! !n. (ro' $e bod, o( $e de(endan and urned ! o"er o $e )ureau o( Sc!ence (or $e purpose o( $a"!n. a sc!en !(!c anal,s!s 'ade o( $e sa'e. T$e resul o( $e e;a'!na !on s$o&ed $a $e de(endan &as su((er!n. (ro' .onorr$ea. Issue* 3$e $er or no $e !n(or'a !on $a $e accused $as .onorr$ea 'a, be used a.a!ns $!' Rul!n.* YES. T$e accused &as no co'pelled o 'a4e an, ad'!ss!ons or ans&er an, 0ues !ons# and $e 'ere (ac $a an ob+ec (ound on $!s person &as e;a'!ned* see's no 'ore o !n(r!n.e $e rule !n"o4ed# $an &ould $e !n roduc !on !n e"!dence o( s olen proper , a4en (ro' $e person o( a $!e(. T$e subs ance &as a4en (ro' $e bod, o( $e de(endan &! $ou $!s ob+ec !on# $e e;a'!na !on &as 'ade b, co'pe en 'ed!cal au $or! , and $e resul s$o&ed $a $e de(endan &as su((er!n. (ro' sa!d d!sease. As &as su..es ed b, -ud.e Lob!n.!er# $ad $e de(endan been (ound &! $ s olen proper , upon $!s person# $ere cer a!nl, could $a"e been no 0ues !on $ad $e s olen proper , been a4en (or $e purpose o( us!n. $e sa'e as e"!dence a.a!ns $!'. So also !( $e clo $!n. &$!c$ $e &ore# b, reason o( blood s a!ns or o $er&!se# $ad (urn!s$ed e"!dence o( $e co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e# $ere cer a!nl, could $a"e been no ob+ec !on o a4!n. suc$ (or $e purpose o( us!n. $e sa'e as proo(. No one &ould $!n4 o( e"en su..es !n. $a s olen proper , and $e clo $!n. !n $e case !nd!ca ed# a4en (ro' $e de(endan # could no be used a.a!ns $!' as e"!dence# &! $ou "!ola !n. $e rule $a a person s$all no be re0u!red o .!"e es !'on, a.a!ns $!'sel(. )u $e pro$!b! !on o( co'pell!n. a 'an !n a cr!'!nal cour o be a &! ness a.a!ns $!'sel(# !s a pro$!b! !on o( $e use o( p$,s!cal or 'oral co'puls!on# o e; or co''un!ca !ons (ro' $!'# no an e;clus!on o( $!s
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on !s o pro$!b! es !'on!al co'puls!on b, oral e;a'!na !on !n order o e; or un&!ll!n. con(ess!ons (ro' pr!soners !'pl!ca !n. $e' !n $e co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e. /8arr!s "s. %oa s Q9BBFR# <F Ga.# ?9F.1 T$e accused can be 'ade o a4e o(( $er .ar'en s and s$oes and be p$o o.rap$ed. /People ". O adura# A6 P$!l 7?? /9AFE11. A &o'an accused o( adul er, can be co'pelled o s$o& $er bod, (or p$,s!cal !n"es !.a !on o see !( s$e !s pre.nan /V!lla(lor ". Su''ers# ?9 P$!l. 67 /9A7E11. V!e&ed a.a!ns presen s andards# $o&e"er# ! !s poss!ble $a $!s 'e $od o( de er'!n!n. pre.nanc, &ould "!ola e due process as be!n. oo barbar!c. V!lla(lor ". Su''ers# ?9 P$!l. 67 /9A7E1 F* T$e (ac s are no d!spu e. In a cr!'!nal case pend!n. be(ore $e %our o( F!rs Ins ance o( $e c! , o( Man!la# E'e er!a V!lla(lor and Floren !no Sou!n.co are c$ar.ed &! $ $e cr!'e o( adul er,. T$e cour ordered $e de(endan E'e er!a V!lla(lor# o sub'! $er bod, o $e e;a'!na !on o( one or &o co'pe en doc ors o de er'!ne !( s$e &as pre.nan or no . T$e accused re(used o obe, $e order on $e .round $a suc$ e;a'!na !on o( $er person &as a "!ola !on o( $e cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on rela !n. o sel(!ncr!'!na !on. T$ereupon s$e &as (ound !n con e'p o( cour and &as ordered o be co''! ed o )!l!b!d Pr!son un !l s$e s$ould per'! $e 'ed!cal e;a'!na !on re0u!red b, $e cour . Issue* 3$e $er $e co'pell!n. o( a &o'an o per'! $er bod, o be e;a'!ned b, p$,s!c!ans o de er'!ne !( s$e !s pre.nan # "!ola es $a por !on o( $e P$!l!pp!ne )!ll o( R!.$ s Rul!n.* T$e cons ! u !onal .uaran ,# $a no person s$all be co'pelled !n an, cr!'!nal case o be a &! ness a.a!ns $!'sel(# !s l!'! ed o a pro$!b! !on a.a!ns co'pulsor, es !'on!al sel(-!ncr!'!na !on. T$e corollar, o $e propos! !on !s $a # an ocular !nspec !on o( $e bod, o( $e accused !s per'!ss!ble. T$e pro"!so !s $a or ure o( (orce s$all be a"o!ded. 3$e $er (ac s (all &! $!n or &! $ou $e rule &! $ ! s corollar, and pro"!so 'us # o( course# be dec!ded as cases ar!se. I !s a reasonable presu'p !on $a !n an e;a'!na !on b, repu able and d!s!n eres ed p$,s!c!ans due care &!ll be a4en no o use "!olence and no o e'barass $e pa !en an, 'ore $an !s absolu el, necessar,. Indeed# no ob+ec !on o $e p$,s!cal e;a'!na !on be!n. 'ade b, $e (a'!l, doc or o( $e accused or b, doc or o( $e sa'e se; can be seen. T$e a4!n. o( (oo pr!n sa'ple o see !( ! 'a c$es $e ones (ound !n $e scene o( $e cr!'e !s allo&ed /People ". Salas and People ". Sara1. 8o&e"er# 'a4!n. $e accused a4e d!c a !on o .e a spec!'en o( $er $and&r! !n. !s no allo&ed# (or $!s !n"ol"es
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
accused &ere con"!c ed on $e bas!s o( $e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons e;ecu ed b, $e' !n $e presence o( a counsel su''oned b, $e N)I o $andle appellan s5 case# and $e reenac 'en done b, $e' o( $e c!rcu's ances surround!n. $e 4!ll!n.. R:LING* T$e e; ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons are !nad'!ss!ble. T$e, &ere 'ade !n $e presence o( a counsel su''oned b, $e N)I and no o( appellan s5 o&n c$o!ce. 8e canno $ere(ore be sa!d o $a"e been ac !n. on be$al( o( $e accused &$en $e len $!s presence a $e con(ess!on proceed!n.s. )u $e accused &ere den!ed $e!r r!.$ o counsel no once bu &!ce &$en $e, &ere (orced o re-enac $e cr!'e. Forced re-enac 'en s l!4e uncounselled and coerced con(ess!ons co'e &! $!n $e ban a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on. T$!s cons ! u !onal pr!"!le.e $as been de(!ned as a pro ec !on a.a!ns es !'on!al co'puls!on bu $!s $as s!nce been e; ended o an, e"!dence co''un!ca !"e !n na ure ac0u!red under c!rcu's ances o( duress. Essen !all,# $e r!.$ !s 'ean o a"o!d and pro$!b! pos! !"el, $e repe ! !on and recurrence o( $e cer a!nl, !n$u'an procedure o( co'pell!n. a person# !n a cr!'!nal or an, o $er case# o (urn!s$ $e '!ss!n. e"!dence necessar, (or $!s con"!c !on. People ". Go# 7>< S%RA <> F* A( er a bu,-bus opera !on accused &ere arres ed b, $e pol!ce. :pon $e presen a !on o( a searc$ &arran # $e $ouse o( $e accused &as searc$ed# and se"eral pro$!b! ed dru.s &ere se!@ed. T$e, &ere c$ar.ed &! $ and con"!c ed o( "!ola !on o( $e Dan.erous Dru.s la&. T$e, con ended $a $e, $ad no been s$o&n a searc$ &arran . In conclud!n. $a a searc$ &arran $ad been presen ed o $e accused pr!or o $e searc$# $e r!al cour rel!ed on a docu'en en ! !led O%er !(!ca e o( Re-conduc o( Searc$P# s!.ned b, $e accused. ISS:E* 3$e $er or no suc$ docu'en !s ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. R:LING* IT %ANNOT )E ADMITTED IN ITS ENTIRETY. T$e second para.rap$ o( $e %er !(!ca !on a'oun s o an !'pl!ed ad'!ss!on $a s$abu# $e 'ar4ed 'one,# and s$abu papap$ernal!a $ad been (ound b, $e pol!ce au $or! !es a $e res!dence o( $e Go spouses and $ere(ore# sub+ec o $e con rol and cus od, o( $e accused / $e spouses1 and necessar!l, !n $e!r possess!on. To $!s e; en # $e O%er !(!ca !onP !s a declara !on a.a!ns $e !n eres and ac! ad'!ss!on o( $e cr!'e c$ar.ed. T$e second para.rap$ o( $e %er !(!ca !on !s a sel(-!ncr!'!na or, s a 'en 'ade a a !'e &$en $e spouses &ere no ass!s ed b, counsel and under c!rcu's ances /!n $e course o( or !''ed!a el, a( er $e searc$ o( $e res!dence and se!@ure o( 0uan ! !es o( s$abu1 &$!c$ render !n ell!.en &a!"er o( $e!r r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on open o ser!ous doub . T$e %our cons!ders $a $ere !s no $!n. o pre"en ad'!ss!on o( $e O%er !(!ca !onP o subs an !a e $e (ac $a a searc$ &arran !ssued b, a +ud.e $ad been brou.$ o $e a en !on o( $e spouses !n $e course o( $e ra!d or bu,-bus opera !on carr!ed ou a $e!r res!dence and $a !n $e course
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$us accord!n. o -us !ce Dou.las* 2T$e F!( $ A'end'en !n ! s Sel(-Incr!'!na !on clause enables $e c! !@en o crea e a @one o( pr!"ac, &$!c$ .o"ern'en 'a, no (orce o surrender o $!s de r!'en .2 So also &! $ $e obser"a !on o( $e la e -ud.e Fran4 &$o spo4e o( 2a r!.$ o a pr!"a e encla"e &$ere $e 'a, lead a pr!"a e l!(e. T$a r!.$ !s $e $all'ar4 o( our de'ocrac,.2 In $e l!.$ o( $e abo"e# ! could $us clearl, appear $a no poss!ble ob+ec !on could be le.! !'a el, ra!sed a.a!ns $e correc ness o( $e dec!s!on no& on appeal. 3e $old $a !n an ad'!n!s ra !"e $ear!n. a.a!ns a 'ed!cal prac ! !oner (or alle.ed 'alprac !ce# responden )oard o( Med!cal E;a'!ners canno # cons!s en l, &! $ $e sel(-!ncr!'!na !on clause# co'pel $e person proceeded a.a!ns o a4e $e &! ness s and &! $ou $!s consen . In Gal'an ". Pa'aran# !n(ra# $e pr!"!le.e &as $eld o e; end o (ac -(!nd!n. !n"es !.a !on b, an adhoc bod,. Gal'an ". Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1 3 person can be compelled to testify provided he is given immunity co extensive with the privilege against self incrimination F* T$e responden s led b, General Fab!an Ver and Ma+or General Prospero Ol!"as es !(!ed be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard loo4!n. !n o $e 4!ll!n. o( (or'er Sena or )en!.no A0u!no. T$e, &ere subse0uen l, accused o( 'urder !n &o cases (or $e 4!ll!n. o( Sen. A0u!no and Rolando Gal'an. T$e, &ere c$ar.ed as accessor!es !n bo $. T$e prosecu !on o((ered !n e"!dence $e es !'on, o( Ver and Ol!"as be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard# bu on $e la er5s ob+ec !ons# $e Sand!.anba,an e;cluded $e es !'on,. T$e pr!"a e and publ!c prosecu !ons (!led pe ! !ons (or cer !orar!. 8ELD* T$e persons su''oned o es !(, be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard &ere 2under !n"es !.a !on (or $e co''!ss!on o( $e o((ense2 &! $!n $e 'ean!n. o( Ar . III# sec. 97. I !s o be no ed $a $e (ra'ers o( $e %ons ! u !on d!d no adop $e M!randa re(erence o 2cus od!al !n"es !.a !on.2 T$e sub+ec 'a er deal &! $ and $e 0ues !on!n. be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard !ndub! abl, e"!nced purposes o $er $an 'erel, de er'!n!n. $e surround!n. (ac s and c!rcu's ances o( $e assass!na !on. T$e responden s &ere called o de er'!ne $e!r probable !n"ol"e'en !n $e cr!'e. Ye $e, &ere no !n(or'ed or a $e "er, leas &arned o( $e!r r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and $a an, s a e'en .!"en b, $e' 'a, be used a.a!ns $e'. T$e (!rs por !on o( Sec. F o( PD 9BB6 den!ed $e' $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len # and .a"e po&er o $e )oard o pun!s$ re(usal o es !(,. T$e S% sa!d ! !s no sa !s(!ed $a &$en $e, es !(!ed $e, &a!"ed $e!r cons ! u !onal r!.$ no be co'pelled o be a &! ness a.a!ns $e'sel"es# 'uc$ less $e!r r!.$ o re'a!n s!len . T$e S% also sa!d ! canno be con ended $a $e pr!"!le.e a.a!ns sel(!ncr!'!na !on appl!es onl, o cr!'!nal prosecu !ons. Ar . III# sec. 9< o( $e %ons . pro"!des $a 2No person s$all be co'pelled o be a &! ness a.a!ns $!'sel(.2
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
In $e P$!l!pp!nes T$ere !s no (!;ed rule !n $e P$!l!pp!nes. 2Transac !onal !''un! ,2 can be (ound !n $e (ollo&!n.* Art. XIII, S !. "1. Th Co..issio$ o$ H+.%$ Rights sh%ll h%( th follo*i$g #o* rs %$' f+$!tio$s CCC 517 @r%$t i..+$it) fro. #ros !+tio$ to %$) # rso$ *hos t sti.o$) or #oss ssio$ of 'o!+. $ts or oth r (i' $! is $ ! ss%r) or !o$( $i $t to ' t r.i$ th tr+th i$ %$) i$( stig%tio$ !o$'+!t ' &) it or +$' r its %+thorit). :se and Fru! I''un! , On $e o $er $and# 2use and (ru! !''un! , can be (ound !n P.D. 9BB6# &$!c$ crea ed $e A.ra"a Fac F!nd!n. )oard# and &$!c$ &as $e sub+ec -'a er o( Gal'an ". Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1. In $!s case# Ver and o $er $!.$-ran4!n. AFP o((!c!als &ere 'ade o es !(, be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard !n"es !.a !n. $e double 'urder o( Sen. A0u!no and Gal'an. :nder P.D.9BB6# e"er, person su''oned b, $e )oard $as o appear and es !(, on pa!n o( be!n. $eld !n con e'p . An, es !'on, 'ade# !n urn# &as e;e'p ed (ro' be!n. 2used2 !n a cr!'!nal prosecu !on. Desp! e $!s $o&e"er# a case &as (!le a.a!ns Ver !n $e Sand!.anba,an# and one o( $e e"!dence presen ed &as $e es !'on, $e 'ade be(ore $e )oard. 3$en ob+ec ed o# $e Sand!.anba,an sus a!ned $e ob+ec !on. And so $e 'a er &as ra!sed o $e S% on cer !orar!. T$e S% $eld $a $e es !'on, could no be used !n a subse0uen proceed!n.. ! $!n ed $a &ere ! no (or $e pro"!s!on !n $e decree con'pell!n. a endance and es !'on, on pa!n o( be!n. $eld !n con e'p # $e accused could $a"e !n"o4ed $e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na !on. )u s!nce $e s a e needed $e es !'on,# ! .a"e $e' !''un! , and so no&# $e S a e 'us $onor ! s obl!.a !on and d!sallo& $e use o( $e es !'on, !n $e cr!'!nal prosecu !on. Gal'an ". Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1, supra. 8ELD* I''un! , s a u es 'a, be .enerall, class!(!ed !n o &o* one# &$!c$ .ran s 2use !''un! ,2 and $e o $er# &$!c$ .ran s &$a !s 4no&n as 2 ransac !onal !''un! ,.2 T$e d!s !nc !on be &een $e &o !s* 2:se !''un! ,2 pro$!b! s use o( a &! ness5 co'pelled es !'on, and ! s (ru! s !n an, 'anner !n connec !on &! $ $e cr!'!nal prosecu !on o( $e &! ness. On $e o $er $and# 2 ransac !onal !''un! ,2 .ran s !''un! , o $e &! ness (ro' prosecu !on (or an o((ense o &$!c$ $!s co'pelled es !'on, rela es. PD 9BB6# sec. F .ran s 'erel, !''un! , (ro' use o( an, s a e'en .!"en be(ore $e )oard# bu no !''un! , (ro' prosecu !on b, reason or on $e bas!s $ereo(. 88 0. EC!l+sio$%r) r+l
Rul!n.* YES T$e r!.$ a.!ans sel(-!ncr!'!na !on !s 2no 'erel, a (or'al ec$n!cal rule $e en(orce'en o( &$!c$ !s le( o $e d!scre !on o( $e cour 2D ! !s 'anda or,D ! secures o a de(endan a "aluable and subs an !"e r!.$ D ! !s (unda'en al o our sc$e'e o( +us !ce. T$e cons ! u !onal proscr!p !on &as es abl!s$ed on broad .rounds o( publ!c pol!c, and $u'an! ,D o( pol!c, because ! &ould place $e &! ness a.a!ns $e s ron.es e'p a !on o co''! per+ur,# and o( $u'an! , because ! &ould be o e; or a con(ess!on o( ru $ b, a 4!nd o( duress e"er, spec!es and de.ree o( &$!c$ $e la& ab$ors. T$ere(ore# $e cour 'a, no e; rac (ro' a de(endan 5s o&n l!ps and a.a!ns $!s &!ll an ad'!ss!on o( $!s .u!l . Nor 'a, a cour as 'uc$ as resor o co'pulsor,
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
d!sclosure# d!rec l, or !nd!rec l,# o( (ac s usable a.a!ns $!' as a con(ess!on o( $e cr!'e or $e endenc, o( &$!c$ !s o pro"e $e co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e. )ecause# ! !s $!s r!.$ o (ore.o es !'on,# o re'a!n s!len # unless $e c$ooses o a4e $e &! ness s and &! $ und!lu ed# un(e ered e;erc!se o( $!s o&n (ree# .enu!ne &!ll. %o'puls!on as ! !s unders ood $ere does no necessar!l, conno e $e use o( "!olenceD ! 'a, be $e produc o( un!n en !onal s a e'en s. Pressure &$!c$ opera es o o"erbear $!s &!ll# d!sable $!' (ro' 'a4!n. a (ree and ra !onal c$o!ce# or !'pa!r $!s capac! , (or ra !onal +ud.'en &ould !n our op!n!on be su((!c!en . So !s 'oral coerc!on 2 end!n. o (orce es !'on, (ro' $e un&!ll!n. l!ps o( $e de(endan .2 Pe ! !oner# as accused# occup!es a d!((eren !er o( pro ec !on (ro' an ord!nar, &! ness. 3$ereas an ord!nar, &! ness 'a, be co'pelled o a4e $e &! ness s and and cla!' $e pr!"!le.e as eac$ 0ues !on re0u!r!n. an !ncr!'!na !n. ans&er !s s$o a $!'# and accused 'a, al o.e $er re(use o a4e $e &! ness s and and re(use o ans&er an, and all 0ues !ons. For# !n real! ,# $e purpose o( call!n. an accused as a &! ness (or $e People &ould be o !ncr!'!na e $!'. ;;; 3! $ all $ese# &e $a"e no $es! anc, !n sa,!n. $a pe ! !oner &as (orced o es !(, o !ncr!'!na e $!'sel(# !n (ull breac$ o( $!s cons ! u !onal r!.$ o re'a!n s!len . I canno be sa!d no& $a $e $as &a!"ed $!s r!.$ . 8e d!d no "olun eer o a4e $e s and and !n $!s o&n de(enseD $e d!d no o((er $!'sel( as a &! nessD on $e con rar,# $e cla!'ed $e r!.$ upon be!n. called o es !(,. I( pe ! !oner ne"er $eless ans&ered $e 0ues !ons !nsp! e o( $!s (ear o( be!n. accused o( per+ur, or be!n. pu under con e'p # $!s c!rcu's ance canno be coun ed a.a!ns $!'. 8!s es !'on, !s no o( $!s o&n c$o!ce. To $!' ! &as a case o( co'pelled sub'!ss!on. 8e &as a co&ed par !c!pan !n proceed!n.s be(ore a +ud.e &$o possessed $e po&er o pu $!' under con e'p $ad $e c$osen o re'a!n s!len . Nor could $e escape es !(,!n.. T$e cour 'ade ! abundan l, clear $a $!s es !'on, a leas on d!rec e;a'!na !on &ould be a4en r!.$ $en and $ereon $e (!rs da, o( $e r!al. T$e course &$!c$ pe ! !oner a4es !s correc . 'abeas corpus !s a $!.$ prero.a !"e &r! . I !s rad! !onall, cons!dered as an e;cep !onal re'ed, o release a person &$ose l!ber , !s !lle.all, res ra!ned suc$ as &$en $e accused5s cons ! u !onal r!.$ s are d!sre.arded. Suc$ de(ec resul s !n $e absence or loss o( +ur!sd!c !on and $ere(ore !n"al!da es $e r!al and $e conse0uen con"!c !on o( $e accused &$ose (unda'en al r!.$ &as "!ola ed. T$a "o!d +ud.'en o( con"!c !on 'a, be c$allen.ed b, colla eral a ac4# &$!c$ prec!sel, !s $e (unc !on o( habeas corpus. 'abeas corpus !s proper o c$allen.e a con"!c !on &$ere $e cons! u !onal r!.$ s o( $e accused &ere "!ola ed. A cour &$!c$ den!es $e accused o( $!s cons ! u !onal r!.$ s !s ous ed o( ! s +ur!sd!c !on. T$e +ud.'en o( con"!c !on pronounced b, a cour &! $ou +ur!sd!c !on !s "o!d# and one !'pr!soned $ereunder 'a, ob a!n release o( habeas corpus. No es on $e case* In $!s case# $e accused %$a"e@ &as co'pelled b, $e +ud.e &! $ $e $rea o( be!n. $eld !n con e'p o a4e $e &! ness s and# !n sp! e o( $!s ob+ec !on $a $e $ad $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and no o be a &! ness
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
Issue* 3$e $er or no M!l! ar, %o''!ss!on No. 7< !s &! $ou +ur!sd!c !on o"er $e cr!'!nal case Rul!n.* T$e '!l! ar, cour !s &! $ou +ur!sd!c !on. 3e appl, $e rule !n Rolando A. de Gu@'an ". 8on. Ale+andro R. Leopando# e al# /G.R. No. 67<AB# Dece'ber 77# 9AB> and Marc$ 9># 9AB?1 &$ere $e lone '!l! ar, personnel &as ordered r!ed o.e $er &! $ 9A c!"!l!ans accused be(ore a c!"!l cour . I !s also clear (ro' $e records $a $e ac s (or &$!c$ S. . An!'as &as c$ar.ed $ad no $!n. o do &! $ $e per(or'ance o( o((!c!al du ,. T$e cr!'e (or &$!c$ $e pe ! !oners &ere c$ar.ed &as co''! ed on No"e'ber 9E# 9A<9 lon. be(ore $e procla'a !on o( 'ar !al la&. T$ere &as no 0ues !on abou $e case be!n. prosecu ed b, c!"!l!an (!scals and r!ed b, c!"!l cour s a $e !'e. No& $a ! !s alread, la e 9AB6# and 'ar !al la& !s a $!n. o( $e pas # $ope(ull, ne"er 'ore o re urn# $ere !s no 'ore reason &$, a 'urder co''! ed !n 9A<9 s$ould s !ll be re a!ned# a $!s !'e# b, a '!l! ar, r!bunal. Ol%g+ r (. Milit%r) Co..issio$ No. >0, "3- SCRA "00 +ilitary trial of civilians void even under +artial 8aw if the civil courts are open F* Pe ! !oners &ere (ound .u!l , o( sub"ers!on b, $e responden '!l! ar, co''!ss!on and sen enced o dea $. T$e, (!led a pe ! !on (or habeas corpus# certiorari# pro$!b! !on and mandamus be(ore $e S%# 0ues !on!n. $e +ur!sd!c !on o( $e '!l! ar, r!bunal. 8ELD* In A0u!no ". M!l! ar, %o''!ss!on /9A<F1# $e S% $eld $a 2Mar !al la& crea es and e;cep !on o $e .eneral rules o( e;clus!"e +ur!sd!c !on# and renders o((enses a.a!ns $e la&s o( &ar as &ell as $ose o( a c!"!l c$arac er# r!able b, '!l! ar, r!bunals.;;;2 Due process# $o&e"er de'ands $a !n all cr!'!nal cases prosecu !ons# $e accused s$all be en ! led o# a'on. o $ers# a r!al. As e;pla!ned b, -us !ce Tee$an4ee !n $!s d!ssen !n. op!n!on !n A0u!no ". M!l! ar, %o''!ss!on supra* 2-ud!c!al po&er !s "es ed b, $e %ons ! u !on e;clus!"el, !n $e S% and !nsuc$ !n(er!or cour s as are es abl!s$ed b, la&. -ud!c!al po&er e;!s s onl, !n $e cour s &$!c$ $a"e $e e;lcus!"e po&er o $ear and de er'!ne $ose 'a ers &$!c$ a((ec $e l!(e or l!ber , or proper , o( a c! !@en.2 S!nce &e are no an ene', occup!ed err! or, and e"en on $e pre'!se $a 'ar !al con !nues !n (orce# $e '!l! ar, r!bunals canno r, and e;erc!se +ur!sd!c !on o"er c!"!l!ans (or c!"!l o((enses co''! ed b, $e' &$!c$ are properl, co.n!@able b, $e c!"!l cour s. ;;; 2T$e pres!d!n. o((!cer a a cour 'ar !al !s no a +ud.e &$ose ob+ec !"! , and !ndependence are pro ec ed b, enure and und!'!ns$ed salar, and nur ured b, $e +ud!c!al rad! !on# bu !s a '!l! ar, o((!cer. Subs an !all, d!((eren rules o( e"!dence and procedure appl, !n '!l! ar, r!als. Apar (ro' $ese d!((erences# $e su..es !on o( $e poss!b!l! , o( !n(luence on $e ac !ons o( $e cour -'ar !al b, $e o((!cer &$o con"enes ! # selec s ! s 'e'bers and $e counsel on bo $ s!des# and &$o usuall, $as d!rec co''and and au $or! , o"er ! s 'e'bers !s a per"as!"e one !n '!l! ar,
%ru@ ". Ponce-Enr!le# 96E S%RA <E7 /9ABB1 F* 'abeas corpus proceed!n.s &ere co''enced !n $!s %our on Oc ober 9# 9AB6 o es $e le.al! , o( $e con !nued de en !on o( so'e 79< so-called 2pol! !cal de a!nees arres ed !n $e n!ne-,ear span o( o((!c!al 'ar !al rule and co''! ed o $e Ne& )!l!b!d Pr!sons !n Mun !nlupa. All $ad been 'ade o s and r!al (or co''on cr!'es be(ore "ar!ous cour s 'ar !alD !( an, o( $ese o((enses $ad an, pol! !cal color# $!s $ad ne! $er been pleaded nor pro"ed. O( $e 79< pr!soners# 9F< are c!"!l!ans# and onl, 76 con(!r'ed as '!l! ar, personnel. Issue* 3$e $er or no '!l! ar, cour s $a"e +ur!sd!c !on o"er c!"!l!ans Rul!n.* No As $eld !n Ola.uer* A '!l! ar, +ur!sd!c !on or r!bunal canno r, and e;erc!se +ur!sd!c !on# e"en dur!n. $e per!od o( 'ar !al la&# o"er c!"!l!ans (or o((enses alle.edl, co''! ed b, $e' as lon. as $e c!"!l cour s are open and (unc !on!n.# and $a an, +ud.'en rendered b, suc$ bod, rela !n. o a c!"!l!an !s null and "o!d (or lac4 o( +ur!sd!c !on on $e par o( $e '!l! ar, r!bunal concerned T$e (ac canno be !.nored# $o&e"er# $a cr!'es appear o $a"e been co''! ed# and $ere are accusa !ons a.a!ns $ere!n pe ! !oners (or $ose o((enses. Ola.uer canno and does no opera e o absol"e $e pe ! !oners o( $ese c$ar.es# or es abl!s$ $a $e sa'e are baseless# so as o en ! le $e' o !''ed!a e release (ro' de en !on. I !s no o be (or.o en $a $e "!c !'s !n o((enses ascr!bed o $e pe ! !oners $a"e as 'uc$ !n eres as $e S a e $as o prosecu e $e alle.ed au $ors o( $e '!sdeeds. -us !ce &!ll be be er ser"ed !( $e de en !on o( suc$ o( $e pe ! !oners as are no $ereb, ordered released or e;cep ed# !s con !nued un !l $e!r cases are rans(erred o $e ord!nar, cour s $a"!n. +ur!sd!c !on# and $e necessar, !n(or'a !ons $a"e been (!led a.a!ns $e' $ere!n# as $as alread, been done !n $e case o( pe ! !oners I'per!al D. :s'an and Sa'u Gu'al. T$e S a e s$ould be .!"en a reasonable per!od o( !'e o acco'pl!s$ $!s rans(er# a &$!c$ !'e $e pe ! !oners 'a, appl, (or ba!l (or $e!r e'porar, release. T$e Sol!c! or General no unreasonabl, an !c!pa es 0ues !ons o ar!se as o $e a"a!lab!l! , o( cer a!n de(enses o $e pe ! !oners upon $e!r prosecu !on be(ore $e c!"!l cour s. I see's e"!den # $o&e"er# $a no breac$ o( $e cons ! u !onal pro$!b! !on a.a!ns &!ce pu !n. an accused !n +eopard, o( pun!s$'en (or $e sa'e o((ense &ould resul (ro' $e re r!al o( $e pe ! !oners2 cases# (or $e s!'ple reason $a $e absence o( +ur!sd!c !on o( $e cour s 'ar !al o r, and con"!c $e pe ! !oners pre"en ed $e (!rs +eopard, (ro' a ac$!n.. Val!d pre"!ous proceed!n.s are re0u!red !n order $a $e de(ense o( double +eopard, can be ra!sed b, $e accused !n $e second prosecu !on. @. Bills of %tt%i$' rBB L gisl%ti( %':+'i!%tio$ of g+ilt
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
)!ll o( A a!nder A 2b!ll o( a a!nder2 !s a la& &$!c$ subs ! u es $e le.!sla !"e de er'!na !on o( .u!l (or a +ud!c!al de er'!na !on. T$rou.$ a s a u e# $e le.!sla ure (!nds !nd!"!duals or .roups .u!l ,# &! $ou $e bene(! o( be!n. pro"en so !n cour . A b!ll o( a a!nder !s o( &o 4!nds* /!1 b!ll o( a a!nder proper /le.!sla !"e !'pos! !on o( $e dea $ penal ,1 and /!!1 b!ll o( pa!ns and penal !es /!'pos! !on o( a lesser penal ,1. In People ". Ferrer# ?B S%RA >B7 /9A<71# $e An !Sub"ers!on La& /RA 9<EE1 &$!c$ declared $e %o''un!s Par , o( $e P$!l!pp!nes a clear and presen dan.er o P$!l!pp!ne secur! ,# and $us pro$!b! ed 'e'bers$!p !n suc$ or.an!@a !on# &as con ended o be a b!ll o( a a!nder. T$e S%# $o&e"er# d!s'!ssed $e con en !on# $old!n. $a al $ou.$ $e la& 'en !ons $e %PP !n par !cular# ! s purpose !s no o de(!ne a cr!'e bu onl, o la, a bas!s or o +us !(, $e le.!sla !"e de er'!na !on $a 'e'bers$!p !n suc$ or.an!@a !on !s a cr!'e because o( $e clear and presen dan.er o na !onal secur! ,. People ". Ferrer# ?B S%RA >B7 /9A<71 F* Posed !n !ssue !n $ese &o cases !s $e cons ! u !onal! , o( $e An !-Sub"ers!on Ac # &$!c$ ou la&s $e %o''un!s Par , and o $er 2sub"ers!"e assoc!a !ons2# and pun!s$es an, person &$o 24no&!n.l,# &!ll(ull, and b, o"er ac s a((!l!a es $!'sel(# &! $# beco'es or re'a!ns a 'e'ber#2 o( $e Par , and o( an, o $er s!'!lar 2sub"ers!"e2 or.an!@a !on. ISS:E* 3=N $!s la& !s a b!ll o( a a!nder. 8ELD* NO A b!ll o( a a!nder !s a le.!sla !"e ac &$!c$ !n(l!c s pun!s$'en &! $ou r!al. I s essence !s $e subs ! u !on o( a le.!sla !"e (or a +ud!c!al de er'!na !on o( .u!l . T$e cons ! u !onal ban a.a!ns b!ll o( a a!nder ser"es o !'ple'en $e pr!nc!ple o( separa !on o( po&ers b, con(!n!n. le.!sla ures o rule-'a4!n. and $ereb, (ores all!n. le.!sla !"e usurpa !on o( $e +ud!c!al (unc !on. 3$en $e Ac !s "!e&ed !n ! s ac ual opera !on# ! &!ll be seen $a ! does no spec!(, $e %o''un!s Par , o( $e P$!ls /%PP1 o( $e 'e'bers $ereo( (or $e purpose o( pun!s$'en . 3$a ! does !s s!'pl, o declare $e Par , o an or.an!@ed consp!rac, (or $e o"er $ro& o( $e Go"ern'en (or $e purposes o( $e pro$!b! !on a.a!ns 'e'bers!p !n $e ou la&ed or.an!@a !on. T$e er' 2%PP2 !s used solel, (or de(!n! !on purposes. In (ac $e Ac appl!es no onl, o $e %PP bu o 2an, o $er or.an!@a u!!on $a"!n. $e sa'e purposes and $e!r successors2. I s (ocus !s no on !nd!"!duals bu on conduc . Indeed# &ere $e An !-Sub"ers!on Ac a b!ll o( a a!nder# ! &ould be o all, unnecessar, o c$ar.e %o''un!s s !n cour # as $e la& alone# &! $ou 'ore &ould su((!ce o secure $e!r pun!s$e'en . )u $e unden!able (ac !s $a $e!r .u!l s !ll $as o be +ud!c!all, es abl!s$ed. T$e
T$e r!.$ o a speed, d!spos! !on o( cases co'ple'en s $e r!.$ o a speed, r!al. A( er $e case $as been sub'! ed (or dec!s!on# so $a ec$n!call, $e r!al s a.e !s er'!na ed# $e %ons ! u !on 'anda es $a $e +ud!c!al# 0uas!- +ud!c!al or ad'!n!s ra !"e bod, or r!bunal 'us dec!de $e case cons!s en &! $ $e r!.$ o( $e accused o a speed, d!spos! !on o( $!s case. To carr, ou $!s 'anda e# $e %ons ! u !on !n se"eral o $er places pro"!des per!ods (or dec!d!n. a case* T$e Supre'e %our $as o dec!de cases &! $!n 7? 'on $s (ro' $e da e o( sub'!ss!on o( $e case (or dec!s!on &$!c$ !s $e da e o( (!l!n. o( $e las plead!n. QAr . VIII# Sec. 9F /91.R III. SUBSTANTI8E RI@HTS UNDER THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE A. 3$a ac s canno be cr!'!nal!@ed 9. Mere bel!e(s and asp!ra !ons Art. III, S !. "1. 5"7 No # rso$ sh%ll & ' t%i$ ' sol l) &) r %so$ of his #oliti!%l & li fs %$' %s#ir%tio$s. 7. Deb s and c!"!l obl!.a !ons Art. III. S !. ;-. No # rso$ sh%ll & i.#riso$ ' for ' &t or $o$B#%). $t of % #oll t%C. 3$a $e la& pro$!b! s !s !'pr!son'en (or nonpa,'en o( a con rac ual obl!.a !on. 3$en one !s con"!c ed o( es a(a and sen o pr!son# $e !'pr!son'en !s no (or $e non- pa,'en o( deb bu (or $e dece! or abuse o( con(!dence e'plo,ed b, $e con"!c . T$us# !n Lo@ano ". Mar !ne@# 9?6 S%RA 97> /9AB61# $e S% a.a!n up$eld )a as )l.. 77 /)ounc!n. %$ec4s La&1 as no uncons! u !onal (or be!n. "!ola !"e o( $e rule a.a!ns non- !'pr!son'en (or deb . I !s rue $a under $!s la& dece! !s no necessar,. I !s# $o&e"er# a "al!d e;erc!se o( $e S a e o( ! s po&er o de er'!ne &$a ac s cons ! u e a cr!'e. 3$a $e %ons! u !on (ur $er pro$!b! s !s !'pr!son'en (or non-pa,'en o( poll a;# &$!c$ !s a a;
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
!'posed on cer a!n persons re.ardless o( $e!r proper , or bus!ness. T$e pro$!b! !on does no appl, o non-pa,'en o( proper , a;es and a;es on pr!"!le.e. Lo@ano ". Mar !ne@# 9?6 S%RA >7> /9AB61 F* )P 77 pun!s$es an, person 2&$o 'a4es or dra&s and !ssues an, c$ec4 on accoun or (or "alue# 4no&!n. a $e !'e o( !ssue $a $e does no $a"e su((!c!en (unds !n or cred! &! $ $e dra&ee ban4 (or $e pa,'en o( sa!d c$ec4 !n (ull upon presen 'en # &$!c$ c$ec4 !s subse0uen l, d!s$onored b, $e dra&ee ban4 (or !nsu((!c!enc, o( (unds ;;;2 Pe ! !oners c$allen.ed $e cons ! u !onal! , o( )P 77 on $e (ollo&!n. .rounds* 91 I o((ends $e cons ! u !onal pro"!s!on pro$!b! !n. !'pr!son'en (or deb D 71 ! !'pa!rs (reedo' o( con rac D >1 ! con ra"enes $e e0ual pro ec !on clauseD ?1 ! undul, dele.a es le.!sla !"e and e;ecu !"e po&ersD and F1 ! s enac 'en !s (la&ed because $e In er!' )a asan pro$!b! ed a'end'en o( $e b!ll on >rd read!n.. 8ELD* T$e .ra"a'en o( $e o((ense pun!s$ed !n )P 77 !s $e ac o( 'a4!n. and !ssu!n. a &or $less c$ec4 or a c$ec4 $a !s d!s$onored upon ! s presen a !on (or pa,'en . I !s no $e non- pa,'en o( an obl!.a !on &$!c$ $e la& pun!s$es. T$e la& pun!s$es $e ac no as an o((ense a.a!ns proper , bu as an o((ense a.a!ns publ!c order. Recen s a !s !cs s$o& $a one $!rd o( $e en !re 'one, suppl, o( $e coun r, cons!s s o( currenc, !n c!rcula !on. T$ese de'and depos! s !n $e ban4s cons ! u e $e (unds a.a!ns &$!c$ co''erc!al papers are dra&n. T$e a'oun concerned +us !(!es $e le.! !'a e concern o( $e s a e !n preser"!n. $e !n e.r! , o( $e ban4!n. s,s e'. >. Ac s &$!c$ &$en done &ere !nnocen Art. III, S !. ;;. No e, post #a"to l%* or &ill of %tt%i$' r sh%ll & $%!t '. E; Pos Fac o La& An 2e; pos (ac o la&2 !s a la& $a see4s o pun!s$ an ac &$!c$# &$en co''! ed# &as no ,e a cr!'e or &as no as $ea"!l, pun!s$ed. I !s a la& $a re roac s o $e da, o( $e ac so as o cause pre+ud!ce o $e person per(or'!n. $e ac . I s un(a!rness cons!s s !n $e (ac $a $e person could no $a"e 4no&n $e ac &as cr!'!nal# and $us could no $a"e a"o!ded $e cr!'e. 3$en a la& !s 'ore (a"orable o $e accused# $o&e"er# ! !s allo&ed o re roac . In re Ca, V!lle.as Ca'!# Inc.# >F S%RA ?7B F* T$!s pe ! !on (or declara or, &as (!led b, Ca, V!lle.as Ca'! Inc.# cla!'!n. o be a dul, reco.n!@ed nons oc4 and non-pro(! corpora !on crea ed under $e la&s o( $e land# and pra,!n. (or $e de re'!na !on o( $e "al!d! , o( Sec. B# RA 69>7 and a declara !on o( pe ! !oner5s r!.$ s and du !es $ereunder. Pe ! !oner cla!'s $a $e c$allen.ed pro"!s!on cons ! u es an e; pos (ac o la&.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
5;7 No tort+r , for! , (iol $! , thr %t, i$ti.i'%tio$, or %$) oth r . %$s *hi!h (iti%t th fr *ill sh%ll & +s ' %g%i$st hi.. S !r t ' t $tio$ #l%! s, solit%r), in"o%%!ni"ado, or oth r si.il%r for.s of ' t $tio$ %r #rohi&it '. Assu'!n. $a +ud.'en $as been rendered and $e accused $as been con"!c ed $e %ons ! u !on no& (ur $er prescr!bes cer a!n s andards as o $e pun!s$'en $a can be 'e ed ou . A( er all# due process pro$!b! s barbar!c and d!spropor !ona e penal !es. T$e e'plo,'en o( p$,s!cal# ps,c$olo.!cal or de.rad!n. pun!s$'en a.a!ns an, pr!soner or de a!nee# or $e use o( subs andard or !nade0ua e penal (ac!l! !es under sub$u'an cond! !ons# s$all be deal &! $ b, la&. QAr . III# Sec. 9A /71.R In 9A>F# $e pro$!b! !on &as a.a!ns 2cruel and unusual2 penal ,# !n 9A<>D ! &as a.a!ns 2cruel or unusual 2 penal ,D !n 9AB<# $e pro$!b! !on !s a.a!ns 2cruel# de.rad!n. or !n$u'an2 pun!s$'en . T$e purpose !n c$an.!n. $e p$raseolo., !s o allo& (or e;per!'en a !on# and no o (!; $e concep o( &$a !s cruel o $e s andards o( $e presen c!"!l!@a !on# or $ose o( an !0u! ,. T$!s no !on !s supposed o e;pand and .ro&# so $a &$a oda, !s cons!dered as accep able 'a, !n $e ne; .enera !on be dee'ed as cruel penal ,. 3$e $er $e cruel , o( a pun!s$'en depends on ! s (or' or &$e $er ! depends on ! s se"er! , $as been a'b!"alen l, ans&ered b, $e S%* In People ". dela %ru@# A7 P$!l. AEE /9AF>1 $e S% ruled $a ! &as $e (or' o( pun!s$'en as (!;ed !n an !0u! , /p!llor, dese'bo&el'en # e c.1 and no ! s se"er! ,# $a cons ! u ed 2cruel and unusual2 penal , under $e 9A>F %ons ! u !on. T$us a d!spropor !ona e penal , /9E ,ears !'pr!son'en (or $e( 1 !s no cruel or unusual because ! !s onl, a 'a er o( se"er! , o( an accep able (or' o( pun!s$'en /!'pr!son'en 1. T$e S% spo4e !n a d!((eren &a, !n People ". )or+a A9 S%RA >?E /9A<A1# )or+a &as sen enced and $e ser"ed a $e na !onal pen! en !ar, (or 7E ,ears be(ore $e case ca'e o $e S%. T$e %our sa!d $a )or+a $ad been l!"!n. !n $e s$ado& o( dea $. Al $ou.$ $e sen ence &as !n! !all, "al!d# ! $ad beco'e cruel b, $e lapse o( !'e. And ,e # $!s &as a (or' o( penal , $a &as ne! $er cruel nor unusual. People ". Muno@# 9<E S%RA 9E< /9ABA1 F* T$e accused are (our o( $e 99 bod,.uards o( a 'a,or &$o 4!lled $ree persons on susp!c!on $a $e, &ere ca le rus lers. T$e, &ere (ound .u!l , o( 'urder. T$ree appealed o $e S% &$!c$ (ound $e' e0uall, l!able (or $e 4!ll!n.. T$e penal , (or 'urder under $e RP% !s reclusion temporal o dea $. T$e 0ues !on concerns $e penal , o be !'posed !n "!e& o( Ar . III# sec. 9A &$!c$ pro"!des $a 2Ne! $er s$all $e dea $ penal , be !'posed# unless (or co'pell!n. reasons !n"ol"!n. $e!nous cr!'es# %on.ress
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
5;7 No tort+r , for! , (iol $! , thr %t, i$ti.i'%tio$, or %$) oth r . %$s *hi!h (iti%t th fr *ill sh%ll & +s ' %g%i$st hi.. S !r t ' t $tio$ #l%! s, solit%r), in"o%%!ni"ado, or oth r si.il%r for.s of ' t $tio$ %r #rohi&it '. I'., S !. "4. CCC 5;7 Th .#lo). $t of #h)si!%l, #s)!hologi!%l, or ' gr%'i$g #+$ish. $t %g%i$st %$) #riso$ r or ' t%i$ or th +s of s+&st%$'%r' or i$%' ,+%t # $%l f%!iliti s +$' r s+&h+.%$ !o$'itio$s sh%ll & ' %lt *ith &) l%*. 3. I$' fi$it I.#riso$. $ts People ". Dacu,cu,# 9<> S%RA AE /9ABA1# supra. C. Th #rot !tio$ %g%i$st 'o+&l : o#%r') Art. III, S !. ;". No # rso$ sh%ll & t*i! #+t i$ : o#%r') of #+$ish. $t for th s%. off $s . If %$ %!t is #+$ish ' &) % l%* %$' %$ or'i$%$! , !o$(i!tio$ or %!,+itt%l +$' r ith r sh%ll !o$stit+t % &%r to %$oth r #ros !+tio$ for th s%. %!t. Ele'en s o( double +eopard,# /Rule 99<# Sec <D People ". Obsan!a# 7> S%RA 7?A /9A6B1* /91 %our o( co'pe en +ur!sd!c !onD /71 A %o'pla!n or In(or'a !on su((!c!en !n (or' and subs ance o sus a!n a con"!c !onD />1 Arra!.n'en and plea b, $e AccusedD /?1 %on"!c !on# ac0u! al# or d!s'!ssal o( $e case &! $ou $e e;press consen # o( $e accused. Subse0uen prosecu !on !s barred (or $e (ollo&!n.* /91 Sa'e o((ense /71 A e'p o( $e sa'e o((ense />1 Frus ra !on o( $e sa'e o((ense /?1 O((ense necessar!l, !ncluded !n $e 9s o((ense /All $e ele'en s o( $e 7nd cons ! u e so'e o( $e ele'en s o( $e 9s o((ense1 /F1 O((ense $a necessar!l, !ncludes $e 9s o((ense /All $e ele'en s o( $e 9s cons ! u e so'e o( $e ele'en s o( $e 7nd o((ense1 E;cep !ons o no. F* /91 T$e .ra"er o((ense de"eloped d!e o 2super"en!n. (ac s2 ar!s!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac or o'!ss!on cons ! u !n. $e (or'er c$ar.ed. T$us# !n Melo ". People# BF P$!ls. <66 /9AFE1# $e S% allo&ed $e a'ned'en o( $e !n(or'a !on (ro' ! s or!.!nal ca$r.e o( (rus ra ed $o'!c!de# because a( er $e (!l!n. o( $e !n(or'a !on# $e "!c !' d!ed. /71 T$e (ac s cons ! u !n. $e .ra"er c$ar.e beca'e 4no&n or &ere d!sco"ered onl, a( er $e (!l!n. o( $e (or'er co'pla!n or !n(or'a !on.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
I( $e cour $as no +ur!sd!c !on# or &as ous ed o( ! s +ur!sd!c !on beccause ! "!ola ed $e r!.$ o due process o( $e par !es# $e dec!s!on !s null and "o!d# $e accused 'a, a.a!n be c$ar.ed. In People ". )ocar# 9>B S%RA 966 /9ABF1# $e S%# $eld $a $e 'o"e b, $e r!al cour o( su''ar!l, d!s'!ss!n. a cr!'!nal case (or $e( on $e .round $a ! 'erel, !n"ol"ed a 0ues !on o( o&ners$!p depr!"ed $e prosecu !on o( due process b, den,!n. ! $e c$ance o !n roduce ! s e"!dence. T$!s ous ed $e cour o( ! s +ur!ds!c !on. In Gal'an ". Sand!.anba,an# 9?? S%RA ?> /9AB61# $e S% declared $e cr!'!nal prosecu !on o( $e 76 accused !n $e A0u!no-Gal'an double 'urder case a 2'!s r!al2 a( er $e S% co''!ss!on (ound $a $e Sand!.anba,an +us !ces and $e Tanodba,an prosecu ors $ad been su''oned b, $e Pres!den and !ns ruc ed on $o& o conduc $e r!al. Due process !s a r!.$ no onl, o( $e accused bu also o( $e S a e. Once $e cour depr!"es e! $er par ,# &$!c$ !n $!s case !s $e S a e# o( a (!.$ !n. c$ance# $en ! !s ous ed (ro' ! s +ur!sd!c !on# and double +eopard, &ould no appl,. T$us# $e accused &ere ordered re r!ed. ". T*o sit+%tio$s !o$t .#l%t ' People ". Relo"a 9?B S%RA 7A7 /9AB<1 F* Manuel Opulenc!a &as c$ar.ed &!$ "!ola !on o( Ord!nance No. 9 ser!es o( 9A<? o( )a an.as %! , pro$!b! !n. $e !ns alla !on o( elec r!c &!r!n. de"!ces &! $ou au $or! , (ro' $e c! , .o"ern'en . 8e ad'! ed !ns all!n. $e elec r!c &!r!n. de"!ces (ound b, $e pol!ce !n order o decrease $e read!n.s o( elec r!c curren . T$e case &as $o&e"er d!s'!ssed on $e .round $a $e o((ense $ad prescr!bed. Four een da,s la er# $e %! , F!scal (!led ano $er case (or $e( a.a!ns $!'. T$e cour also d!s'!ssed $!s case on $e .round o( double +eopard,. T$e prosecu !on appealed con end!n. $e o((ense &as d!((eren . 8ELD* T$e con en !on $as no 'er! . T$e (!rs sen ence o( Ar . III# sec. 79 s a es $e .eneral rule* $e cons ! u !onal pro ec !on a.a!ns double +eopard, !s no a"a!lable &$ere $e second prosecu !on !s (or an o((ense $a !s d!((eren (ro' $e o((ense c$ar.ed !n $e (!rs or pr!or prosecu !on# al $ou.$ bo $ 'a, be based (ro' $e sa'e (ac s. T$e second sen ence pro"!des an e;cep !on* $a $e pro ec !on a.a!ns double +eopard, !s a"a!lable al $ou.$ $e pr!or o((ense c$ar.ed under an ord!nance be d!((eren (ro' $e o((ense c$ar.ed subse0uen l, under $e na !onal s a u e suc$ as $e RP% pro"!ded $a bo $ o((enses spr!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac or se o( ac s. 88. People ". %! , %our o( Man!la# )ranc$ VI# 9F? S%RA 9<F /9AB<1 F* A.ap! o Gon@ales# o.e $er &! $ Rober o Pan.!l!nan# &as accused o( "!ola !n. Sec.<# !n rela !on o Sec. 99 RA >E6E and Ar . 7E9/>1 o( $e RP%# !n &o separa e !n(or'a !ons (!led &! $ $e %! , %our o( Man!la. :pon arra!.n'en # accused Gon@ales pleaded no .u!l , o bo $
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
is $ ! ss%ril) i$!l+' ' i$ th off $s i$ th for. r !o.#l%i$t of i$for.%tio$. Ho* ( r, th !o$(i!tio$ of th %!!+s ' sh%ll $ot & % &%r to %$oth r #ros !+tio$ for %$ off $s *hi!h $ ! ss%ril) i$!l+' s th off $s !h%rg ' i$ th for. r !o.#l%i$t or i$for.%tio$ +$' r %$) of th follo*i$g i$st%$! sF 5%7 th gr%( r off $s ' ( lo# ' '+ to s+# r( $i$g f%!ts %risi$g fro. th s%. %!t or o.issio$ !o$sit+ti$g th for. r !h%rg H 5&7 th f%!ts !o$stit+ti$g th gr%( r !h%rg & !%. 9$o*$ or * r 'is!o( r ' o$l) %ft r th fili$g of th for. r !o.#l%i$t or i$for.%tio$H or 5!7 th #l % of g+ilt) to th l ss r off $s *%s .%' *itho+t th !o$s $t of th fis!%l %$' of th off $' ' #%rt). I$ %$) of th for goi$g !%s s, *h r th %!!+s ' s%tisfi ' or s r( s i$ *hol or i$ #%rt th :+'g . $t, h sh%ll & !r 'it ' *ith th s%. i$ th ( $t of !o$(i!tio$ for th gr%( r off $s . Melo ". People# BF P <<6 /9AFE1 F* %onrado Melo &as c$ar.ed !n $e %FI# R!@al &! $ (rus ra ed $o'!c!de # (or $a"!n. alle.edl, !n(l!c ed upon Ob!llo# &! $ a 4! c$en 4n!(e and &! $ !n en o 4!ll# se"eral ser!ous &ounds on d!((eren par s o( $e bod,# re0u!r!n. 'ed!cal a endance (or a per!od o( 'ore $an >E da,s# and !ncapac! a !n. $!' (ro' per(or'!n. $!s $ab! ual labor (or $e sa'e per!od o( !'e. On Dec. 7A# 9A?A# a B a'# accused pleaded no .u!l , o $e o((ense c$ar.de. A 9E*9F a' o( $e sa'e da,# Ob!llo d!ed (ro' $!s &ounds. An a'ended !n(or'a !on &as (!led c$ar.!n. accused &! $ consu''a ed $o'!c!de. Accused (!led a 'o !on o 0uas$ $e a'ended !n(or'a !on alle.!n. double +eopard,. Mo !on den!ed. ISS:E* 3=N $ere !s double +eopard,. 8ELD* NO Double +eopard, 'eans $a &$en a person !s c$ar.ed &! $ an o((ense and $e case !s er'!na ed e! $er b, ac0u! al or con"!c !on or !n an, o $er 'anner &! $ou $e consen o( $e accused# $e la er canno a.a!n be c$ar.ed &! $ $e sa'e or !den !cal o((ense. T$e p$rase 2 $e sa'e o((ense2 $as al&a,s been cons rued o 'ean no onl, $a $e second o((ense c$ar.ed !s e;ac l, $e sa'e as $e one alle.ed !n $e (!rs !n(or'a !on# bu also $a $e &o o((enses are !den !cal. T$ere !s !den ! , be &een $e &o o((enses &$en $e e"!dence o suppor a con"!c !on (or one o((ense &ould be su((!c!en o &arran a con"!c !on (or $e o $er. T$!s rule o( !den ! , $o&e"er does no appl,# $o&e"er# &$en $e second o((ense &as no !n e;!s ence a $e !'e o( $e (!rs prosecu !on# (or $e s!'ple reason $a !n suc$ case $ere !s no poss!b!l! , (or $e accused# dur!n. $e (!rs prosecu !on# o be con"!c ed (or an o((ense $a &as $en !nes!s en . T$us# &$ere $e accused &as c$ar.ed &! $ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es and a( er con"!c !on $e accused d!es# $e c$ar.e (or $o'!c!de a.a!ns $e sa'e accused does no pu $!' &!ce !n +eopard,.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
ISS:E* 3=N $e de(endan # &$o $ad alread, been con"!c ed o( sl!.$ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es (or !n+ur!es !n(l!c ed on La' 8oc4 # and $ad ser"ed sen ence $ere(or# 'a, be prosecu ed ane& (or (rus ra ed 'urder (or $e sa'e ac co''! ed a.a!ns $e sa'e person 8ELD* NO. In order no o "!ola e $e cons ! u !onal pro$!b! !on on double +eopard,# $ere !s $e !nd!spensable re0u!re'en o( $e e;!s ence o( a ne& (ac &$!c$ super"enes (or &$!c$ $e de(endan !s respons!ble c$an.!n. $e c$arac er o( $e cr!'e !'pu ed o $!' and o.e $er &! $ $e (ac s e;!s !n. pre"!ousl, cons ! u !n. a ne& and d!s !nc o((ense. In $!s case# $ere !s no super"en!n. (ac &$!c$ occurred o +us !(, $e non-e;!s ence o( double +eopard,. T$e &ound caus!n. $e dela, !n $e $eal!n. o( $e !n+ur!es caused o $e "!c !' &as alread, !n e;!s ence a $e !'e o( $e (!rs e;a'!na !on o( $e doc or. Sa!d dela, &as caused b, $e "er, super(!c!al and !nconclus!"e e;a'!na !on $en 'ade resul !n. o a la er (!nd!n. o( (rac ure. S+A tt . )arlon.a,* Wh $ ' f $s of %(%il%&l .BB /91 D!s'!ssal based e"!denceD /71 d!s'!ssal bec. o( den!al speed, r!alD />1 accused !s d!sc$ar.ed 'o+&l : o#%r') on !su((!c!enc, o( o( accused5s r!.$ o o be a s a e &! ness.
Wh $ ' f $s of 'o+&l : o#%r') $ot %(%il%&l .BB 3$en $e case !s d!s'!ssed o $er $an on $e 'er! s upon 'o !on o( $e accused personall,# or $rou.$ counsel# suc$ d!s'!ssal !s re.arded as &= e;press consen o( $e accused# &$o !s $ere(ore dee'ed o $a"e &a!"ed $e r!.$ o plea double +eopard,. Yap ". Lu ero# Apr!l >E# 9AFA F* Yap &as c$ar.ed &! $ rec4less dr!"!n. !n "!ola !on o( a c! , ord!nance. La er $e &as c$ar.ed a.a!n !n ano $er cr!'!nal case !n $e sa'e cour &! $ ser!ous p$,s!cal !n+ur!es $rou.$ rec4less !'prudence. Yap 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e la er !n(or'a !on. Mean&$!le# pe ! !oner &as ac0u! ed !n $e (!rs case. ISS:E* 3=N $ere &as double +eopard,. R:LING* YES. Fro' $e "!e&po!n o( %r!'!nal La&# as d!s !n.u!s$ed (ro' %ons ! u !onal or Pol! !cal La& - $e o((enses &! $ &$!c$ pe ! !oner &as c$ar.ed cons ! u e# s r!c l, d!((eren o((enses# al $ou.$# under cer a!n cond! !ons# one o((ense 'a, !nclude $e o $er# and accord!n.l,# once placed !n +eopard, (or one# $e plea o( double +eopard, 'a, be !n order as re.ards $e o $er. T$us# !( $e !n+ur!es 'en !oned !n $e second !n(or'a !on &ere no es abl!s$ed b, $e e"!dence# pe ! !oner could be con"!c ed !n $e (!rs case o( $e "er, sa'e "!ola !on o( 'un!c!pal ord!nance c$ar.ed !n $e (!rs case# unless $e pleaded double +eopard,. Ch%ro. Gal'an ". Sand!.anba,an# 9?? S%RA ?> F* T$e pe ! !oners (!led an ac !on o null!(, $e proceed!n.s on $e r!al o( $e A0u!no-Gal'an duble 'urder
F* T$e !n(or'a !on (!led b, $e (!scal alle.ed $a $rou.$ "!olence and !n !'!da !on# Obsan!a $ad carnal 4no&led.e o( one Erl!nda Dollen e a.a!ns $e la er5s &!ll. La er# $e (!scal a'ended $e co'pla!n o alle.e $ere!n $a $e o((ense &as co''! ed &! $ le&d des!.ns. T$e accused a( er plead!n. no .u!l , 'o"ed (or $e d!s'!ssal o( $e case on $e .round $a $e (!rs !n(or'a !on &as (a all, de(ec !"e (or (a!l!n. o alle.e 2le&d des!!.ns#2 and $a $e a'ended !n(or'a !on d!d no cure $e +ur!sd!c !onal !n(!r'! ,. T$e 'o !on o( $e de(ense &as sus a!ned b, $e +ud.e. 8ence $!s appeal b, $e (!scal. R:LING* T$e (a!lure o( $e prosecu !on o alle.e 2le&d des!.ns2 !n $e (!rs !n(or'a !on does no a((ec $e su((!c!enc, !n subs ance o( $e !n(or'a !on# (or unc$as e 'o !"es are dee'ed !n$eren !n $e "er, ac o( rape ! sel(. In an, case# $e lo&er cour erred !n d!s'!ss!n. $e case b, (a!l!n. o d!s !n.u!s$ be &een $e concep o( +ur!sd!c !on and !nsu((!c!enc, !n subs ance o( an !nd!c 'en . As o $e 0ues !on o( double +eopard,# $e (ollo&!n. re0u!s! es 'us $a"e been ob a!ned o !n"o4e $e cons ! u !onal pro ec !on a.a!ns ! * /91 a "al!d co'pla!n or !n(or'a !onD /71 a cour o( co'pe en +ur!sd!c !onD />1 $e de(endan $ad pleaded o $e c$ar.eD and /?1 $e de(endan &as ac0u! ed# or con"!c ed# or $e case a.a!ns $!' &as d!s'!ssed or o $er&!se er'!na ed &! $ou $!s e;press consen .
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e onl, re'a!n!n. and dec!s!"e !ssue !n $!s case see's o be as o &$e $er or no $e case &as d!s'!ssed &! $ou $e pr!or consen o( $e accused. T$e S% ruled $a as a .eneral rule# &$en $e case !s d!s'!ssed# o $er $an on $e 'er! s# upon 'o !on o( $e accused# suc$ d!s'!ssal !s o be ra.arded as &! $ $e e;press consen o( $e accused and conse0uen l, $e !s dee'ed o $a"e &a!"ed $!s r!.$ o plead double +eopard, and=or $e !s es opped (ro' cla!'!n. suc$ de(ense on appeal b, $e Go"ern'en or !n ano $er !nd!c 'en (or $e sa'e o((ense. T$e e;cep !on o $!s !s &$ere $e d!s'!ssal !s sou.$ b, $e accused on $e .round $a $e, &ere den!ed $e!r r!.$ o a speed, r!al and $a $e .o"ern'en (a!led o prosecu eD !n &$!c$ case double +eopard, &!ll se !n. T$e case o( $ere!n accused (alls under $e .eneral rule. D. Th #ri(il g of th *rit of habeas "orp!s Art. III, S !. "3. Th #ri(il g of th *rit of habeas "orp!s sh%ll $ot & s+s# $' ' C! #t i$ !%s s of i$(%sio$ or r & llio$, *h $ th #+&li! s%f t) r ,+ir s it. In case o( !n"as!on or rebell!on# &$en $e publ!c sa(e , re0u!res ! # $e Pres!den 'a,# (or a per!od no e;ceed!n. 6E da,s# suspend $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! o( $abeas corpus... T$e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! s$all appl, onl, o persons +ud!c!all, c$ar.ed (or rebell!on or o((enses !n$eren !n or d!rec l, connec ed &! $ !n"as!on. Dur!n. $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! # an, person $us arres ed or de a!ned s$all be +ud!c!all, c$ar.ed &! $!n > da,s# o $er&!se $e s$all be released. /Ar . VII# Sec. 9B.1 A 2&r! o( heabeas corpus2 !s a &r! d!rec ed o $e person de a!n!n. ano $er# co''and!n. $!' o produce $e bod, o( $e de a!nee a a des!.na ed !'e and place# and o s$o& cause &$, $e s$ould con !nue o be de a!ned. T$e 2pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! 2 !s $e r!.$ o $a"e $e !''ed!a e de er'!na !on o( $e le.al! , o( $e depr!"a !on o( p$,s!cal l!ber ,. 3$a !s suspended !s $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! # and no $e &r! ! sel(. T$e &r! &!ll al&a,s !ssue as a 'a er o( course. )u &$en $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! !s suspended# all $e de a!n!n. o((!ce needs o do &$en $e rece!"es $e &r! o( habeas corpus !s o s$o& o $e cour $a $e de a!nee !s be!n. de a!ned (or an o((ense co"ered b, $e suspens!on# and $e cour canno !n0u!re an, (ur $er o (!nd ou !( $e de en !on !s le.al. :nder $e %on's ! u !on# $!s !s so onl, (or > da,s. A( er > da,s# $e %our can no& re0u!re $e de a!n!n. o((!cer o produce $e bod, o( $e de a!nees and s$o& cause &$, $e s$ould no be released. T$e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! appl!ed onl, o cr!'es rela ed o !n"as!on or rebell!on. An e; ens!"e d!scuss!on &as 'ade under $e %o''ander-!n- %$!e( clause
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
7. Pro ec !on and en(orce'en o( cons ! u !onal r!.$ s Art. III, S !. ";. CCC 507 Th l%* sh%ll #ro(i' for # $%l %$' !i(il s%$!tio$sfor (iol%tio$s of this s !tio$ %s * ll %s !o.# $s%tio$ to %$' r h%&ilit%tio$ of (i!ti.s of tort+r or si.il%r #r%!ti! s, %$' th ir f%.ili s. >. %o'pensa !on o# and re$ab!l! a !on o(# "!c !'s o( or ures Art. III, S !. ";. CCC 507 Th l%* sh%ll #ro(i' for # $%l %$' !i(il s%$!tio$s for (iol%tio$s of this s !tio$ %s * ll %s !o.# $s%tio$ to %$' r h%&ilit%tio$ of (i!ti.s of tort+r or si.il%r #r%!ti! s, %$' th ir f%.ili s.
I8. DREEDOM OD EXPRESSION Art. III, S !. 0. No l%* sh%ll & #%ss ' %&ri'gi$g th fr 'o. of s# !h, of C#r ssio$, or of th #r ss, or th right of th # o#l # %! %&l) to %ss .&l %$' # titio$ th @o( r$. $t for r 'r ss of gri (%$! . I'., S !. "1. 5"7 No # rso$ sh%ll & ' t%i$ ' sol l) &) r %so$ of his #oliti!%l & li fs %$' %s#ir%tio$s. CCC A. Philoso#hi!%l B%sis of @+%r%$t s Free Mar4e Place o( Ideas 9. For $e d!sco"er, o( pol! !cal ru $ 3$en 'en $a"e real!@ed $a !'e $as upse 'an, (!.$ !n. (a! $s# $e, 'a, co'e o bel!e"e e"en 'ore $an $e, bel!e"e $e "er, (ounda !ons o( $e!r o&n conduc $a $e ul !'a e .ood des!red !s be er reac$ed b, (ree rade !n !deas-- $a $e bes es o( ru $ !s $e po&er o( $e $ou.$ o .e ! sel( accep ed !n $e co'pe ! !on o( $e 'ar4e # and $e ru $ !s $e onl, .round upon &$!c$ $e!r &!s$es sa(el, can be carr!ed ou . /-us !ce 8ol'es# Abra's ". :n! ed S a es# 7FE :.S. 696. /9A9A1 T$e $eor, be$!nd (reedo' o( e;press!on !s $e pr!nc!ple $a ours !s a de'ocra !c soc!e ,# and so $e onl, &a, o rule ul !'a el, !s b,# 'eans o( publ!c op!n!on# &$!c$ !s poss!ble onl, &$en e"er,one can spea4 $e!r '!nds ou and co'pe e !n $e (ree 'ar4e place o( !deas. 7. For sel( .o"ern'en :n! ed S a es ". )us os# >< P <>9 /9A9B1 )ur.os ". %$!e( o( S a((# 9>> S%RA BEE /9AB?1# supra
T$us an, s,s e' o( pr!or res ra!n s o( e;press!on co'es o $e %our bear!n. a $ea", presu'p !on a.a!ns ! s cons ! u !onal! ,# .!"!n. $e .o"ern'en a $ea", burden o s$o& +us !(!ca !on (or $e !'pos! !on o( suc$ res ra!n . /Ne& Yor4 ". :n! ed S a es /9A<91D also !n Ne& Yor4 T!'es ". Pen a.on and )an a' )oo4s ". Publ!ca !on o( Pen a.on Papers1. San!dad ". %OMELE%# 9B9 S%RA F7A /9AAE1 Subse0uen Pun!s$'en And e"en subse0uen pun!s$'en !s e'pered b, $e .rea er !n eres o( pro'o !n. (ree publ!c op!n!on. T$e 'os s!.n!(!can e;press!on !s $e la& on l!bel. 3e cons!der $!s case a.a!ns $e bac4.round o( a pro(ound na !onal co''! 'en o deba e on publ!c !ssues be!n. un!n$!b! ed# robus and &!de-open# and $a ! 'a, &ell !nclude "e$e'en # caus !c# and so'e !'es unpleasan l, s$arp a ac4s on .o"ern'en and publ!c o((!c!als. T$e (als! , o( so'e o( $e (ac ual s a e'en s and alle.ed de(a'a !ons do no 0ual!(, $e role. And +us as (ac ual error a((orded no &arran (or repress!n. speec$ $a &ould o $er&!se be (ree# $e sa'e !s rue o( !n+ur, o o((!c!al repu a !on. /Ne& Yor4 T!'es ". Sull!"an# >BE :.S. F9 /9A6?1 T$e !n eres o( soc!e , and .ood .o"ern'en de'ands a (ull d!scuss!on o( publ!c a((a!rs. 3$e $er $e la& !s &!sel, or badl, en(orced !s a (! sub+ec (or proper co''en . Publ!c pol!c,# &el(are o( soc!e ,# and $e orderl, ad'!n!s ra !on o( .o"ern'en $a"e de'anded pro ec !on (or publ!c op!n!on. T$e !ne"! able and !ncon es able resul $as been $e de"elop'en and adop !on o( $e doc r!ne o( pr!"!le.e. Q-us !ce Malco'# :n! ed S a es ". )us os# <>9 /9A9B1.R 3$!le# uncer $e Re"!sed Penal %ode# an, de(a'a or, s a e'en !s presu'ed o be 'al!c!ous /'al!ce!n-la&1# &$en $e de(ense pro"es $a $e co''un!ca !on !s pr!"!le.ed# suc$ a presu'p !on o( 'al!ce does no ar!se because o( $e .rea er publ!c !n eres !n"ol"ed.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
I( $e co''un!ca !on !s absolu el, pr!"!le.ed /as !n parl!a'en ar, (reedo' o( speec$1# $e prosecu !on canno e"en pro"e 'al!ce-!n-(ac . I( $e co''un!ca !on !s onl, 0ual!(!edl, pr!"!le.ed /Ar . >F? enu'era es $e 7 !ns ances* (a!r and rue repor !n. o( an o((!c!al proceed!n.D le.al 'oral or soc!al du ,1# $e burden !s s$!( ed on $e prosecu !on o pro"e 'al!ce-!n-(ac # &$!c$ $e de(ense can o"erco'e b, pro"!n. $e ru $ o( $e de(a'a or, s a e'en /&$!c$ !n $e case o( publ!c o((!c!als 'a, or 'a, no cons ! u e a cr!'e# so lon. as rela ed o $e conduc o( $!s o((!ce1 and .ood 'o !"e. C. Co$t $tBB%s ' R stri!tio$s 9. Tes o( "al!d! , o( con en -based res r!c !ons T$e :.S. Supre'e %our and# b, $ap$a@ard !'! a !on# $e P$!l!pp!ne Supre'e %our # $a"e e"ol"ed cer a!n es s o re.ula e $e con en s o( speec$. 2angerous Tendency Test* 3$en $e le.!sla !"e bod, $as de er'!ned .enerall,# !n $e e;erc!se o( ! s d!scre !on# $a u erances o( a cer a!n 4!nd !n"ol"e suc$ dan.er o( a subs an !"e e"!l $a $e, 'a, be pun!s$ed# $e 0ues !on &$e $er an, spec!(!c u erance co'!n. &! $!n $e pro$!b! ed class !s l!4el,# !n and ! sel(# o br!n. $e subs an !"e e"!ls# !s no open o cons!dera !on. In suc$ cases# $e .eneral pro"!s!on o( $e s a u e 'a, be cons ! u !onall, appl!ed o $e spec!(!c u erance !( ! s na ural and probable e((ec &as o br!n. abou $e subs an !"e e"!l &$!c$ $e le.!sla !"e bod, '!.$ pro$!b! . QG! lo& ". Ne& Yor4# 76B :S 6F7 /9A7F1.R E;a'ple* Ar . 9?7. Inc! !n. o sed! !on. 3$en $e le.!sla ure $as dec!ded $a one &$o ad"oca es a cer a!n conduc !s .u!l , o( a cr!'e# $e cour canno !n rude. As ! e"ol"ed# $!s es &as supposed o appl, &$en $ere !s a s a u e# !n con ras o $e clear and presen dan.er rule &$!c$ appl!es &$en $e speec$ !s no pro$!b! ed b, s a u e. Clear and *resent 2anger Test* T$e 0ues !on !n e"er, case !s &$e $er $e &ords used are used !n suc$ c!rcu's ances and are o( suc$ a na ure as o crea e a clear and presen dan.er $a $e, &!ll br!n. abou $e subs an !"e e"!ls $a %on.ress $as a r!.$ o pre"en . I !s a 0ues !on o( pro;!'! , and de.ree. QSc$enc4 ". :n! ed S a es# 7?A :S ?< /9A9A1.R T$e e'p$as!s o( $e es !s $e na ure o( $e c!rcu's ances under &$!c$ ! !s u ered. T$e speec$ ! sel( 'a, no be dan.erous. As 8ol'es sa!d* 2Man, $!n.s $a '!.$ be sa!d !n !'e o( peace are suc$ a $!ndrance o ! s e((or $a $e!r u erance &!ll no be endured so lon. as 'en (!.$ .2 Or sa,!n. 2F!re2 !n a cro&ded 'o"!e $ouse. =rave but improbable danger? 3$e $er $e .ra"! , o( $e e"!l# d!scoun ed b, ! s !'probab!l! ,# +us !(!es suc$ an !n"as!on o( (ree speec$ as !s necessar, o a"o!d $e dan.er. QDenn!s ". :n! ed S a es# >?9 :S ?A? /9AF91# 0uo !n. -ud.e Learned 8and.R
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
0ues !on!n. $e' and (ro' (!l!n. l!bel su! s on 'a ers $a $ad been $e sub+ec o( !n0u!r, b, $e NI). 8ELD* T$e pe ! !on $as beco'e 'oo and acade'!c. )e $a as ! 'a,# ! !s no !dle o no e $a # &$!le ord!nar!l,# an !n"! a !on o a end a $ear!n. and ans&er so'e 0ues !ons !s no !lle.al or cons ! u !onall, ob+ec !onable# under cer a!n c!rcu's ances# $o&e"er# suc$ an !n"! a !on can eas!l, assu'e a d!((eren appearance as &$en ! co'es (ro' a po&er(ul .roup co'posed predo'!nan l, o( ran4!n. '!l! ar, o((!cers and $e des!.na e !n erro.a !on s! e !s a '!l! ar, ca'p. b. Freedo' o( e;press!on and cr! !c!s' o( o((!c!al conduc * T$e Tes o( 2Ac ual Mal!ce2 Read Re"!sed Penal %ode# Ar !cles >F>->F? and >69->67 Dr 'o. of C#r ssio$ %$' li& l Freedo' o( speec$ "ersus r!.$ o repu a !on. L!bel !s $e 'os co''on (or' o( subse0uen pun!s$'en . Al $ou.$ one canno be pre"en ed (ro' sa,!n. so'e $!n. be(ore $e ac uall, sa,s ! # one can be $eld l!able (or &$a one $as sa!d !( ! causes da'a.e o $e r!.$ s o( o $ers. Sol!"en ". Ma4as!arD )el ran ". Ma4as!ar# 96< S%RA >A> /9ABB1 F* T$e Pres!den o( $e P$!l!pp!nes (!led a co'pla!n (or l!bel a.a!ns $e pe ! !oners# &$o &ere $e publ!s$er and colu'n!s o( $e P$!l!pp!ne S ar# based on $e (ollo&!n. s a e'en !n )el ran5s colu'n o( Oc . 97# 9AB< o le 2T$e Ner"ous O((!c!als o( $e A0u!no Ad'!n!s ra !on2* 2I( ,ou recall# dur!n. $e Au.us 7A coup a e'p # $e Pres!den $!d under $er bed &$!le $e (!r!n. &as .o!n. on - per$aps $e (!rs %o''ander-!n-%$!e( o do so.2 )el ran d!d no sub'! a coun er a((!da"! and !ns ead# 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e co'pla!n . T$e (!scal den!ed $!s 'o !on. T$us# $!s pe ! !on (or cer !orar!. 8ELD* ;;; />1 As re.ards $e con en !on o( pe ! !oner )el ran $a $e could no be $eld l!able (or l!bel bec. o( $e pr!"!le.ed c$arac er o( $e publ!ca !on# $e %our re! era es $a ! !s no a r!er o( (ac s and $a suc$ a de(ense !s bes le( o $e r!al cour o apprec!a e a( er rece!"!n. $e e"!dence o( $e par !es. As o pe ! !oner )el ran5s cla!' $a o allo& $e l!bel case o proceed &ould produce a 2c$!ll!n. e((ec 2 on $e press (reedo'# $e %our (!nds no bas!s a $!s s a.e o rule on $e po!n . 88. Manuel ". %ru@-Pano# 9<7 S%RA 77F /9ABA1 8ibel suits based on official criticisms should be dismissed outright unless made in bad faith F* Pe ! !oner &ro e $e %$a!r'an o( $e An !S'u..l!n. Ac !on %en er denounc!n. abuses alle.edl, co''! ed b, ASA% a.en s a.a!ns pe ! !oner5s cl!en s. Pe ! !oner sa!d $e a.en s sub+ec ed N. 3oo 8a, o
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
Lope@ ". %our o( Appeals# >? S%RA 996 /9A<E1 T$e p!c ures o( a (or'er 'a,or &as !nad"er en l, publ!s$ed and '!s a4en (or ano $er 'an &$o &as a san! ar, !nspec or and (ooled $e au $or! !es abou $e )abu,an Islands# cla!'!n. o( 'urders $ere# so $e, could .o and $e could be rescued. An erra u' &as publ!s$ed b, $e T$!s 3ee4 'a.a@!ne. T$e S%# 0uo !n. Lu!su'b!n. ". Lope@# $o&e"er# (ound (or pla!n !((# bu &! $ reduced da'a.es# s!nce $e error !n !n $!s case could $a"e been c$ec4ed cons!der!n.!n. $a $!s &as a &ee4l, 'a.a@!ne and no a da!l,. Lu!su'b!n. ". Fernando# A6 P$!l F9E /9AFF1 Ne&spapers s$ould be .!"en lee&a, and olerance o enable $e' o coura.eousl, and e((ec !"el, per(or' $e!r !'por an role !n our de'ocrac,. In $e prepara !on o( s or!es# press repor ers and ed! ors usuall, $a"e o race o $e!r deadl!nesD and cons!s en l, &! $ .ood (a! $ and reasonable care# $e, s$ould no be $eld o accoun # o a po!n o( suppress!on# (or $ones '!s a4es or !'per(ec !on !n $e c$o!ce o( &ords. . Mercado ". %FI o( R!@al 996 S%RA A> /9AB71 F* Pe ! !oner &as accused o( l!bel on $e bas!s o( a ele.ra' &$!c$ $e sen o $e Secre ar, o( Publ!c 3or4s re0ues !n. !n"es !.a !on o( Mrs. V!r.!n!a Mercado o( $e Publ!c Ser"!ce %o''!ss!on 2as &e $a"e reason o bel!e"e $a s$e $as enr!c$ed $ersel( $ru corrup prac !ces ;;;.2 8e (!led a 'o !on o d!s'!ss on $e .round $a $!s co''un!ca !on &as pr!"!le.ed# bu $!s 'o !on &as den!ed. 8e (!led ano $er 'o !on &$!c$ &as also den!ed. T$us# $!s pe ! !on (or certiorari# mandamus and pro$!b! !on !n $e S%. 8ELD* :S ". )us os !s a land'ar4 dec!s!on an eda !n. b, (or , ,ears a s!'!lar dec!s!on o( $e :S Supre'e %our o $e e((ec $a a l!bel prosecu !on 'us sur"!"e $e es o( &$e $er or no $e o((end!n. publ!ca !on !s &! $!n $e .uaran ees o( (ree speec$ and (ree press. 8o&e"er# -us !ce Malcol' !n :S ". )us os &as care(ul o po!n ou $a 0ual!(!ed pr!"!le.e and $!s !s one !ns ance 'a, be 2los b, proo( o( 'al!ce.2 3$a cas s doub on $e .ood (a! $ o( pe ! !oner !s $!s conduc # "!s-T-"!s pr!"a e responden . T$e enac! , &! $ &$!c$ pe ! !oner $ad pursued a course o( conduc on ! s (ace &ould see' o !nd!ca e $a a doub could reasonabl, be en er a!ned as $e bona (!des o( pe ! !oner. T$e prosecu !on s$ould be .!"en a c$ance o pro"e 'al!ce. !. Dr 'o. of C#r ssio$ %$' th right to #ri(%!) La.un@ad ". Gon@ales# A7 S%RA ?<6 /9A<A1 F* La.un@ad (!l'ed $e Mo!ses Pad!lla s or, based on a boo4 &r! en b, Rodr!.ue@. ;;; Nell, A'ane &$o &as a $al(-s!s er o( Pad!lla ob+ec ed o $e 'o"!e on $e .round $a ! con a!ned a por ra,al o( Pad!lla5s pr!"a e and (a'!l, l!(e# !nclud!n. scenes abou $!s 'o $er# Mar!a So o "da. de Gon@ales# and a cer a!n 2Aur!n.2 as Pad!lla5s .!rl (r!end. Subse0uen l,# Nell, A'an e# o.e $er &= $er s!s er and
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
T$e l!ne o( e0u!l!br!u' !n $e spec!(!c con e; o( $e !ns an case be &een (reedo' o( speec$ and o( e;press!on and $e r!.$ o( pr!"ac, 'a, be 'ar4ed ou !n er's o( a re0u!re'en $a $e proposed 'o !on p!c ure 'us be (a!rl, ru $(ul and $!s or!cal !n ! s presen a !on o( (ac s. T$ere 'us be no s$o&!n. o( a rec4less d!sre.ard o( ru $. No es* A,er sou.$ o produce a 'o"!e on $e ?-da, re"olu !on. Enr!le# &$o $ad pre"!ousl, been as4ed (or $e use o( $!s c$arac er !n $e 'o"!e and $ad re(used $e o((er# sued o en+o!n $e (!l'!n. because $e d!d no &an an, 'en !on o( $!s and $!s (a'!l,5s na'e. T$e S% l!( ed $e !n+unc !on !ssued b, $e lo&er cour on $e .round $a ! a'oun ed o pr!or res ra!n # &$!c$ !s no be er !( !'posed b, $e cour s $an !( !'posed b, ad'!n!s ra !"e bod!es or b, eccles!a !cal o((!c!als. In A,er# $e re(erence o Enr!le !s una"o!dable because $!s na'e !s par o( $!s or, and $!s canno be c$an.ed or al eredD $us $!s na'e can be used so lon. as onl, $!s publ!c l!(e !s d&elled onl,. )u !n La.un@ad# al $ou.$ Mo!ses Pad!lla &as also a publ!c (!.ure# $e 'o"!e deal $ &! $ bo $ $e publ!c and pr!"a e l!"es o( Mo!ses Pad!lla. d. Freedo' o( e;press!on and ad'!n!s ra !on o( +us !ce /con e'p o( cour 1 In re Ra'on Tul(o# AM NO. AE-?-9F?F-E# Apr!l 9<. 9AAE Iald!"ar ". Sand!.anba,an# 9<E S%RA 9 /9ABA1 %abansa. ". Fernande@# 9E7 P$!l 9F7 /9AF<1 A con e'p !'posed b, $e cour on $e par , &$o sen a le er o $e Pres!den !al Ac !on %o''! ee co'pla!n!n. abou $e dela, !n $e d!spos! !on o( $e a.rar!an case# &as l!( ed b, $e S%. I $eld $a al $ou.$ suc$ a le er s$ould $a"e been sen o $e S% and no $e PA%# ! &as ne"er $eless a "al!d e;erc!se o( speec$ &$!c$ d!d no s!.n!(!can l, des ro,# $e orderl, ad'!n!s ra !on o( +us !ce. People ". Alarcon# 6E P$!l 76F /9A>A1 A person can be $eld l!able (or 'a4!n. co''en s on a pend!n. case /sub ,udice1 &$!c$ $a"e $e endenc, o !'pa!r or obs ruc $e orderl, ad'!n!s ra !on o( +us !s !ce. )u !( $e case !s no pend!n.# suc$ co''en !s a "al!d e;erc!se o( $e (reedo' o( e;press!on. . S).&oli! EC#r ssio$BB Th Dl%gB&+r$i$g !%s *la( b!rnin( $hen done to e,press dissent is prote"ted spee"hF* Responden -o$nson par !c!pa ed !n a pol! !cal de'ons ra !on &$ere $e burned an A'er!can (la. &$!le pro es ers c$an ed. No one &as p$,s!call, !n+ured or $rea ened &! $ !n+ur,# al $ou.$ se"eral &! nesses &ere ser!ousl, o((ended b, $e (la. burn!n.. -o$nson &as con"!c ed o( desecra !on o( a "enera ed ob+ec !n "!ola !on o( a Te;as s a u e &$!c$ /91 pro$!b! ed $e desecra !on o(#
8ELD* YES. Dec!s!on A((!r'ed. -o$nson5s con"!c !on &as !ncons!s en &! $ $e F!rs A'end'en under $e par !cular c!rcu's ances because /91 -o$nson5s conduc &as su((!c!en l, !'bued &! $ ele'en s o( co''un!ca !on o !'pl!ca e $e F!rs A'end'en # .!"en $a $!s (la. burn!n. &as $e cul'!na !on o( a pol! !cal de'ons ra !on and $a $e s a e conceded $a $e pro es er5s conduc &as e;press!"eD /71 $e s a e5s !n eres !n pre"en !n. breac$es o( $e peace &as no !'pl!ca ed on $e record !n $!s case# s!nce /a1 no d!s urbance o( $e peace ac uall, occurred or $rea ened o occur because o( $e (la. burn!n.# /b1 ! canno be presu'ed $a an aud!ence &$!c$ a4es ser!ous o((ense a a par !cular e;press!on !s necessar!l, l!4el, o d!s urb $e peace# and /c1 $e (la. burn!n. does no (all &! $!n $e s'all class o( 2(!.$ !n. &ords2 $a are l!4el, o pro"o4e $e a"era.e person o re al!a !on and $ereb, cause a breac$ o( $e peaceD and />1 $e s a e5s asser ed !n eres !n preser"!n. $e (la. as a s,'bol o( na !on$ood and na !onal un! , does no +us !(, $e con"!c !on# s!nce /a1 $e a e'p ed res r!c !on on e;press!on !s con en -based# and $us sub+ec o $e 'os e;ac !n. scru !n,# .!"en $a $e (la. desecra !on s a u e !s a!'ed no a pro ec !n. $e p$,s!cal !n e.r! , o( $e (la. !n all c!rcu's ances# bu onl, a.a!ns !'pa!r'en s $a &ould cause ser!ous o((enses o o $ers and !s a!'ed a pro ec !n. onloo4ers (ro' be!n. o((ended b, $e !deas e;pressed b, $e pro$!b! ed ac !"! ,# and /b1 al $ou.$ $e s a e $as a le.! !'a e !n eres !n encoura.!n. proper rea 'en o( $e (la.# ! 'a, no (os er ! s o&n "!e& o( $e (la. b, pro$!b! !n. e;press!"e conduc rela !n. o ! and b, cr!'!nall, pun!s$!n. a person (or burn!n. $e (la. as a 'eans o( pol! !cal pro es . f. Mo(i s C $sorshi# 3$!le pr!or res ra!n !s $e .eneral rule# censors$!p !n $e 'o"!es !s olera ed because b, $e na ure o( $e 'ed!u'# ! $as a .rea er !'pac on $e aud!ence and produces !ns an reac !on (or $e !deas ! presen s# unl!4e ne&spapers &$!c$ are read b, people separa ed b, &alls. Gon@ales ". Ca !.ba4# 9>< S%RA >F6 /9ABF1 F* Pe ! !oner &as $e producer o( $e 'o"!e Cap! sa Pa al!' &$!c$ $e )oard o( Re"!e& (or Mo !on P!c ures and Tele"!s!ons allo&ed on cond! !on $a cer a!n dele !ons &ere 'ade and $a ! &as s$o&n on adul s onl,. T$e pe ! !oner
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
brou.$ an ac !on# cla!'!n. "!ola !on o( $e!r (reedo' o( e;press!on. 8ELD* Mo !on p!c ures are !'por an bo $ as a 'e $od (or $e co''un!ca !on o( !deas and $e e;press!on o( $e ar !s !c !'pulse. T$e po&er o( $e )oard !s l!'! ed o $e class!(!ca !on o( (!l's. For (reedo' o( e;press!on !s $e rule and res r!c !ons $e e;cep !on. T$e po&er o !'pose pr!or res ra!n !s no o be presu'ed# ra $er $e presu'p !on !s a.a!ns ! s "al!d! ,. %ensors$!p !s allo&able onl, under $e cleares proo( o( a clear and presen dan.er o( a subs an !"e e"!l o publ!c sa(e ,# publ!c 'orals# publ!c $eal $ or an, o $er le.! !'a e publ!c !n eres . T$e )oard co''! ed an abuse o( d!scre !on !n sub+ec !n. pe ! !oner o d!((!cul , and ra"a!l be(ore $e 'o"!e &as class!(!ed as 2For adul s onl,2 &! $ou dele !on. 8o&e"er $ere !s no enou.$ "o es o cons!der $e abuse o( d!scre !on .ra"e as ! e;pla!ned $a $ere &ere reasons (or ! s ac !on because o( $e scenes s$o&!n. &o'en ero !call, danc!n. na4ed and 4!ss!n. and caress!n. eac$ o $er l!4e lesb!ans. 88. No es* T$e 'o"!e !n"ol"ed !n $!s case &as 2Cap! sa Pa al!'2 &$!c$ $e censors &an ed o cu !n so'e par and o label 2For Adul s2. T$e S% rules $a 'o"!es are &! $!n $e cons ! u !onal pro ec !on o( (reedo' o( e;press!on# so $a censors$!p !s presu'ed o be "al!d as cons ! u !n. pr!or res ra!n . T$e onl, case &$e $e )oard o( %ensors can order a dele !on !s &$en $ere !s a clear and presen dan.er o( a subs an !"e e"!l a.a!ns na !onal secur! , or publ!c 'orals or o $er publ!c !n eres . In all o $er cases# $e )oard can onl, class!(,. )u a d!((eren s andard 'us be (ollo&ed !n ele"!s!on because o( $e per"as!"e and !n rus!"e !n(luence o( $e 'ed!u' on people &$o &a c$ ! s pro.ra's &! $ou $a"!n. o pa, an, $!n.. On $e !ssue o( obscen! ,# $e S% $eld $a se; alon. !s no necessar!l, obscen! ,# $e es be!n. &$e $er# us!n. con e'porar, co''un! , s andards# $e do'!nan appeal us o $e prur!en !n eres . /M!ller ". %al!(orn!a1. T$us on $!s score# ! (ound abuse o( d!scre !on o( $e par o( $e )oard (or sub+ec !n. $e producer o d!((!cul , and (or en er a!n!n. a narro& "!e& o( obscen! ,# bu ! lac4ed $e "o es o rules $a $e abuse &as .ra"e. T sts of o&s! $it)F /91 3$e $er $e a"era.e person# appl,!n. con e'porar, co''un! , s andards# &ould (!nd $a $e &or4# a4en as a &$ole# appeals o $e prur!en !n eres . /71 3$e $er $e &or4 dep!c s or descr!bes# !n a pa en l, o((ens!"e &a,# se;ual conduc spec!(!call, de(!ned b, $e appl!cable la&. />1 3$e $er $e &or4# a4en as a &$ole# lac4s ser!ous l! erar,# ar !s !c# pol! !cal or sc!en !(!c "alue. /M!ller ". %al!(orn!a# >< L. Ed. 7d ?9A.1 g. R%'io Bro%'!%st In Eas ern )roadcas !n. %orp. ". Dans# 9>< S%RA 6?<# $e S% $eld $a rad!o broadcas also en+o,s $e pro ec !on o( $e (reedo' o( e;press!on. I( closed do&n# $e o&ners
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
Garc!a ". )OI# 9<< S%RA ><? /9ABA1 D. %on en -Neu ral Res r!c !ons #7brien test? A .o"ern'en re.ula !on !s su((!c!en l, +us !(!ed !( ! !s &! $!n $e cons ! u !onal po&er o( $e .o"ern'en D !( ! (ur $ers an !'por an or subs an !al .o"ern'en al !n eres D !( $e .o"ern'en al !n eres !s unrela ed o $e suppress!on o( (ree e;press!onD and !( $e !nc!den al res r!c !on on alle.ed (reedo' o( e;press!on !s no .rea er $an !s essen !al o $e (ur $erance o( $a !n eres . Q:S ". O5br!en# >A9 :S >6< /9A6B1# adop ed !n Ad!on. ". %OMELE%# 7E< S%RA <97 /9AA71R ". R g+l%tio$ of #oliti!%l !%.#%ig$ Na !onal Press %lub ". %OMELE%# 7E< S%RA 9 /9AA71 ;. Dr 'o. of Ass .&l) F* Pe ! !oners $ere!n &ere represen a !"es o( 'ass 'ed!a &$!c$ &ere pre"en ed (ro' sell!n. and dona !n. space or a!r !'e (or pol! !cal ad"er !se'en s under RA 66?6. ISS:E* 3$e $er or no RA 66?6 cons ! u es a "!ola !on o( $e cons ! u !onal r!.$ o (reedo' o( e;press!on. R:LING* NO. T$e %o'elec $as been e;pressl, au $or!@ed b, $e %ons ! u !on o super"!se or re.ula e $e en+o,'en or u !l!@a !on o( $e (ranc$!ses or per'! s (or $e opera !on ( 'ed!a o( co''un!ca !on and !n(or'a !on. T$e (unda'en al purposes o( suc$ po&er are o ensure 2e0ual oppor un! ,# !'e# and space# and $e r!.$ o repl,#2 as &ell as un!(or' and reasonable ra es o( c$ar.es (or $e use o( suc$ 'ed!a (ac!l! !es# !n connec !on &! $ 2publ!c !n(or'a !on ca'pa!.ns and (oru's a'on. cand!da es.2 O( course# $e la& l!'! s $e r!.$ o( (ree speec$ and o( access o 'ass 'ed!a o( $e cand!da es $e'sel"es. T$e l!'! a !on $o&e"er# bears a clear and reasonable connec !on &! $ $e ob+ec !"e se ou !n $e %ons ! u !on. For ! !s prec!sel, !n $e unl!'! ed purc$ase o( pr!n space and rad!o and ele"!s!on !'e $a $e resources o( $e (!nanc!all, a((luen cand!da es are l!4el, o 'a4e a cruc!al d!((erence. Ad!on. ". %OMELE%# 7E< S%RA <97 /9AA71 F* Pe ! oner# Ad!on.# a 9AA7 sena or!al cand!da e# assa!ls %o'elec Resolu !on No. 7>?< !nso(ar as ! pro$!b! s $e pos !n. o( decals and s !c4ers on 'ob!le places# publ!c or pr!"a e# and l!'! s $e!r loca !on or publ!ca !on o au $or!@ed pos !n. areas. ISS:E* 3$e $er or no $e resolu !on !s cons ! u !onal. R:LING* NO. T$e pro$!b! !on undul, !n(r!n.es on $e c! !@en5s (unda'en al r!.$ o( (ree speec$. T$ere !s no publ!c !n eres subs an !al enou.$ o &arran $e 4!nd o( res r!c !on !n"ol"ed !n $!s case. T$e pos !n. o( decals a'd s !c4ers !n 'ob!le places does no endan.er an, subs an !al .o"ern'en or publ!c !n eres . :nder $e clear and presen dan.er rule# no onl, 'us $e dan.er be pa en l, clear and press!n.l, presen bu $e e"!l sou.$ o be a"o!ded# 'us be so
Publ!c Asse'bl, Ac o( 9ABF /)a as )l.. FBE1 A per'! o $old a rall, 'us be (!led &! $ $e O((!ce o( $e Ma,or a leas # (!"e &or4!n. da,s be(ore $e da, o( $e rall,. )u no per'! (ro' $e 'a,or !s re0u!red !n case $e rall, !s .o!n. o be $eld !n /!1 (reedo' par4s# /!!1 !ns!de a pr!"a e proper , /pro"!de &! $ consen o( $e o&ner1# and /!!!1 ca'puses o( s a e un!"ers! !es /&$!c$ are le( o un!"ers! , au $or! !es1 T$e appl!ca !on 'us be !n &r! !n. and 'us !nclude* /91 na'es o( $e or.an!@ers and leaders# /71 da e and !'e# place and s ree # />1 s!@e /?1'anner o( $e use o( $e s ree # /F1 sound s,s e' o be used /61purpose. I 'us also $a"e a s a e'en o( $e du !es o( $e rall,!s s. T$e &r! en appl!ca !on !s (!led &! $ $e O((!ce o( $e Ma,or. Ac4no&led.e'e !s .!"en o( ! s rece!p . I( $e Ma,or re(uses o accep $e appl!ca !on# $en ! !s enou.$ (or (!l!n. purposes !( a cop, !s pos ed !n $e pre'!ses. T$e Ma,or $as 7 &or4!n. da,s o ac on $e appl!ca !on. I( $e does no ac # ! !s dee'ed .ran ed. )u !( $e $!n4s $a $e rall, crea es a 2clear and presen dan.er2 o publ!c peace# order# $eal $# e c.# and $e $as proo( o( $!s# $e s$ould no den, $e appl!ca !on r!.$ a&a,. 8e s$ould $old a $ear!n. dur!n. &$!c$ $e appl!can can be $eard. I( a( er $ear!n. $e !s s !ll no sa !s(!ed $a no dan.er e;!s s# $en $e can den, $e appl!ca !on. T$e appl!can can $en .o o an, cour o $er $an $e Supre'e %our (or $e re"!e& o( $e dec!s!on o( den!al o( $e 'a,or. T$e cour s $a"e 7? $ours o ac on $e pe ! !on. I( $e +ud.'en !s a re"ersal o( $e den!al# or !n an, case !( $e appl!can !s sa !s(!ed &! $ $e dec!s!on# $e +ud.'en beco'es (!nal and e;ecu or, !''ed!a el,# and no appeal can be a4en b, $e local au $or! !es an,'ore.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
)u !( $e dec!s!on !s no sa !s(ac or, o $e appl!can # $en $e $as ?B $ours (ro' rece!p o appeal o $e S%. Dur!n. $e rall,# $e pol!ce 'us be l!'! ed o 'a!n a!n!n. peace and order and so 'us s a, a&a, b, 9EE 'e ers (ro' $e rall,!s s. T$e, 'us be !n (ull un!(or'# &! $ $e!r na'es "!s!bl, &r! en. T$e, can carr, no (!rear' e;cep a n!.$s !c4# bu $e, are allo&ed pro ec !"e de"!ces. I( $e, an !c!pa e rouble# $e pol!ce 'us call $e a en !on o( $e leader o( $e rall,!s s. 3$en rouble ac uall, erup s# $e pol!ce 'us no d!sperse $e cro&d r!.$ a&a, bu (!rs .!"e a &arn!n.. I( "!olence pers!s s# $e, 'us .!"e a second &arn!n.. I( s !ll "!olence con !nues# onl, $en can $e, (!.$ bac4. I( a rall, does no $a"e a per'! # $e pol!ce can d!sperse $e cro&d# bu $e, canno use "!olence. Penal , !s !'posed onl, on $e leaders and or.an!@ers. A'on. $e du !es o( $e rall,!s s are* /a1 o !n(or' $e 'e'bers o( $e!r du , under $e la&# /b1 o pol!ce $e!r o&n ran4# and /c1 o coopera e &! $ local au $or! !es !n 'a!n a!n!n. peace and order. No es* T$e (reedo' o use publ!c places o peaceabl, asse'ble !s bes e;pressed $us* 23$ere"er $e ! le or s ee s and par4s 'a, res # $e, $a"e !''e'or!all, been $eld !n rus (or $e use o( $e publ!c and# !'e ou o( !'e $a"e been used (or purposes o( asse'bl,# co''un!ca !n. $ou.$ be &ee c! !@ens# and d!scuss!n. publ!c 0ues !ons.2 /-us !ce Rober s. 8a.ue ". %IO1 Al $ou.$ under a 2per'! s,s e'2# be(ore one can use a publ!c place# one 'us (!rs ob a!n pr!or per'! (ro' $e proper au $or! !es# $e pr!nc!ple $as al&a,s been $a one $as $e r!.$ o a per'! # sub+ec onl, o reasonable re.ula !on. T$e "al!d! , o( $e per'! s,s e' $as been up$eld b, $e %our # pro"!ded# /a1 ! !s concered onl, &! $ $e !'e# place and 'anner o( asse'bl, ad /b1 ! does no "es on $e l!cens!n. au $or! , un(e ered d!scre !on !n c$oos!n. $e .roups &$!c$ could use $e publ!c place and d!scr!'!na e o $ers. As $eld b, $e S% !n Pr!'!c!as "s Fu.oso# BE P$!l. <9# $e %! , Ord!nance o( Man!la .!"!n. au $or! , o $e Ma,or o !ssue per'! s (or parades s$ould be cons rued o be l!'! ed o $e !'e# place# and 'anner o( $e parades soc!all, o secure publ!c order# con"en!ence and &el(are. T$us# den,!n. $e Nac!onal!s a Par , a per'! o $old a rall, a $e Pla@a M!randa on $e .round $a pass!ons ra!sed b, $e recen na !onal elec !on &ere s !ll $!.$ and a rall, o pro es elec !on ano'al!es could onl, e;acerba e $e 'a er# &as o"er urned b, $e cour . Pr!'!c!as "s Fu.oso# BE P$!l. <9 F* T$!s !s an ac !on (or 'anda'us !ns ! u ed b, pe ! !oner Pr!'!c!as# ca'pa!.n 'ana.er o( $e %oalesced M!nor! , Par !es# o co'pel Ma,or Fu.oso o( $e %! , o(
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
&! $ou $e pr!or necess! , o( secur!n. a per'! (ro' $e .o"ern'en and $a suc$ r!.$ canno be (ull, en+o,ed &! $ou $e correspond!n. r!.$ o use publ!c places (or $a purpose. ISS:E* 3$e $er or no $e Ma,orUs den!al o !ssue a per'! a'oun ed o a "!ola !on o( pe ! !onerUs r!.$ o (reedo' o( asse'bl,. 8ELD* NO. T$e responden Ma,or $as no den!ed nor absolu el, re(used $e per'! sou.$ b, pe ! !oner. 8e $as e;pressed &!ll!n.ness o .ran $e per'! (or $e peace(ul asse'bl, dur!n. cer a!n da,s and !'e# and a a place &$en $e, &ould no d!srup $e nor'al ac !"! !es o( $e co''un! ,. T$e responden 'a,or possesses reasonable d!scre !on o de er'!ne or spec!(, $e s ree s or publ!c places o be used (or $e asse'bl, !n order o secure con"en!en use $ereo( b, o $ers and pro"!de ade0ua e and proper pol!c!n. o '!n!'!@e $e r!s4s o( d!sorder and 'a!n a!n publ!c sa(e , and order. Pe ! !oner $as (a!led o s$o& a clear spec!(!c le.al du , on $e par o( responden Ma,or o .ran $e!r appl!ca !on (or a per'! uncond! !onall,. E;per!ence !n connec !on &! $ presen asse'bl!es and de'ons ra !ons $a"e s$o&n $a $e, pose a clear and !''!nen dan.er o( publ!c d!sorders# breac$es o( $e peace# cr!'!nal ac s# and e"en bloods$ed as an a( er'a $ o( suc$ asse'bl!es# &$!c$# pe ! !oner $as 'an!(es ed# ! $as no 'eans o( pre"en !n.. Ch%ro. In I.nac!o ". Ela# AA P$!l. >?6 /9AF61# $e 'a+or! , up$eld $e 'a,or5s den!al o( per'! o 'e'bers o( $e -e$o"a$5s 3! nesses sec (or $e use o( a 4los4 &! $!n $e o&n pla@a !n order o a"o!d an, un o&ard !nc!den &! $ 'e'bers o( $e Ro'an %a $ol!c %$urc$# &$ose ene s are opposed o $ose o( $e pe ! !oners# and &$ose c$urc$ !s "er, near $e 4los4.
I.nac!o ". Ela# AA P$!l. >?6 /9AF61 F* T$e Ma,or den!ed a per'! o $e 'e'bers o( $e -e$o"a$5s 3! nesses o use $e 4!os4 !n $e o&n pla@a (or $e purpose o( $old!n. a publ!c lec ure on $e .round $a $e per'! # !( .ran ed# 'a, .!"e r!se o d!s urbance o( $e rel!.!ous cere'on!es be!n. per(or'ed b, $e %a $ol!c %$urc$ &$!c$ &as sa!d o be &! $!n $ear!n. d!s ance (ro' $e 4!os4 and &$!c$ '!.$ lead o an, un o&ard !nc!den &! $ 'e'bers o( $e r!"al deno'!na !on. ISS:E* 3=N $e den!al !s "al!d. In -.).L. Re,es ". )a.a s!n.# 97F S%RA FF> /9AB>1# $e S% (ound no bas!s (or $e den!al o( per'! o $e An !)ases %oal! !on o $old a 'arc$ (ro' Lune a o $e s ree (ron !n. $e :.S. E'bass,. I a((!r'ed $e .eneral rule $a $e use o( s ree s !s (ree o all. I (ound $e (ear en er a!ned b, c! , au $or! !es $a $e rall,!s s '!.$ be a.!ra ed b, pro"oca eurs o be un(ounded# .!"en $e repor o( $e NPD $a ade0ua e secur! , 'easures &ere pro"!ded b, $e pol!ce.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
c$apel b, $e Pres!den !al Secur! , %o''and. T$e, brou.$ an ac !on (or mandamus. 8ELD* T$e ,ello& T-s$!r s &orn b, so'e o( $e 'arc$ers# $e!r (!s s clenc$ed and c$an s o( an !-.o"ern'en !n"es !"es suppor $e .o"ern'en 5s cla!' $a $e pe ! !oners purpose &as no reall, o &ors$!p a $e c$apel bu o $old an an !.o"ern'en de'ons ra !on close o $e res!dence o( $e Pres!den . T$e res r!c ed use o( -P Laurel S ree !s +us !(!ed. T$e need o secure $e sa(e , o( $eads o( s a es canno be o"ere'p$as!@ed. T$e $rea o $e!r l!"es !s cons an and (el $rou.$ou $e &orld. T$e pe ! !oners &ere no res ra!ned !n $e!r (reedo' o( rel!.!on bu onl, !n $e 'anner b, &$!c$ $e, $ad a e'p ed o ransla e $e sa'e !n o ac !on. In Malabanan ". Ra'en o# 97A S%RA >FA /9AB?1 and Arre@a ". GA:P# 9> S%RA A? /9ABF1# $e S% up$eld $e r!.$ o e;press!on o( s uden s &$o $eld a rall, !n a pr!"a e un!"ers! ,. )u s!nce $e, $eld ! be,ond $e !'e .ran ed !n a place o $er $an $e one allo&ed b, $e ad'!n!s ra !on# $e!r suspens!on &as condoned. Malabanan ". Ra'en o# 97A S%RA >FA /9AB?1 F* Pe ! !oners &ere o((!cers o( $e Supre'e S uden %ounc!l o( $e Gre.or!o Arane a :n!"ers! , Founda !on. T$e, &ere .ran ed a per'! o $old a 'ee !n. o pro es $e 'er.er o( &o un! s o( $e un!"ers! ,. On $e sc$eduled da e# $e s uden s con !nued $e!r 'ee !n. be,ond $e sc$eduled !'e and $eld ! !n a d!((eren place (ro' $a !nd!ca ed !n $e per'! . T$e, e;pressed !n a "e$e'en lan.ua.e $e!r oppos! !on o $e 'er.er and as a resul # classes and o((!ce &or4 &as d!s urbed. Pe ! !oners &ere placed under pre"en !"e suspens!on. On appeal# $e, &ere (ound .u!l o( $old!n. an !lle.al asse'bl, and oral de(a'a !on. T$e, &ere suspended (or one acade'!c ,ear. T$e, (!led a pe ! !on (or certiorari !n $e S%. 8ELD* T$e pe ! ! on 'a, be cons!dered 'oo and acade'!c cons!der!n. $a $e TRO !ssued b, $e S% allo&ed $e s uden s o enroll. )u $ere !s a need o pass s0uarel, on $e cons ! u !onal 0ues !on. Respec (or $e cons ! u !onal r!.$ s o( peaceable asse'bl, and (ree speec$ calls (or $e se !n. as!de o( $e order o( suspens!on. Suspend!n. $e' (or one ,ear !s ou o( propor !on cons!der!n. $a $e "!.orous presen a !on o( "!e&s &as e;pec ed. T$e e;c! e'en o( $e occas!on# $e propens! , o( spea4ers o e;a..era e and $e e;uberance o( $e ,ou $ s$ould be a4en !n o cons!dera !on. Arre@a ". GA:P# 9> S%RA A? /9ABF1 F* Pe ! !oners &ere o((!cers and 'e'bers o( $e S uden %ounc!l o( $e Gre.or!o Arane a :n!"ers! , Founda !on. T$e, &ere re(used enroll'en (or $a"!n. led a rall, on Sep . 7B# 9AB7. 8ELD* As $eld !n Malabanan ". Ra'en o* 2I( !n $e course o( suc$ de'ons ra !on# &! $ an en $us!as !c aud!ence .oad!n. $e' on# u erances# e; re'el, cr! !cal# a !'es e"en "! r!ol!c# &ere le loose# $a !s 0u! e unders andable. T$e, &ould be !ne((ec !"e !( dur!n. $e rall, $e, spea4 !n $e .uarded and +ud!c!ous lan.ua.e o( $e acade'e. A an, ra e# e"en a s,'pa $e !c aud!ence !s no d!sposed o accord
Art. III, S !. 1. Th right of th # o#l , i$!l+'i$g thos .#lo) ' i$ th #+&li! %$' #ri(%t s !tors, to for. +$io$s, %sso!i%tio$s, or so!i ti s for #+r#os s $ot !o$tr%r) to l%* sh%ll $ot & %&ri'g '. T$e !nclus!on o( $e r!.$ o un!on!@e !n $!s ar !cle !s !ll-ad"!sed because &$!le $e r!.$ o un!on!@e !s an econo'!c and labor r!.$ # $e r!.$ o assoc!a !on !n .eneral !s a c!"!l- pol! !cal r!.$ . D!scussed else&$ere !s $e ar.u'en &$, publ!c e'plo,ees canno en.a.e !n collec !"e bar.a!n!n. and s r!4e. SSS E'plo,ees Assn "s %A# 9<F S%RA 6B6 /9ABA1
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
F* SSS (!led &= $e RT%-L% a co'pla!n (or da'a.es &= a pra,er (or a &r! o( prel !n+. a.a!ns pe ! !oners SSSEA# alle.!n. $a $e o((!cers and 'e'bers o( $e la er s a.ed an !lle.al s r!4e and barr!caded $e en rances o $e SSS bu!ld!n. pre"en !n. non-s r!4!n. e'plo,ees (ro' repor !n. o &or4 and SSS 'e'bers (ro' ransac !n. bus!ness &= SSS. T$e Publ!c Sec or Labor-Mana.e'en %ounc!l ordered $e s r!4ers o re urn o &or4 bu $e s r!4ers re(used o do so. T$e SSSEA &en on s r!4e bec. SSS (a!led o ac on $e un!on5s de'ands. Pe ! !oners (!led a 'o !on o d!s'!ss $e co'pla!n (or lac4 o( +ur!sd!c !on# &=c 'o !on &as den!ed. T$e res ra!n!n. order &=c &as pre"!ousl, !ssued &as con"er ed !n o an !n+unc !on a( er (!nd!n. $e s r!4e !lle.al. Pe ! !oners appealed $e case o $e %A. T$e la er $eld $a s!nce $e e'plo,ees o( SSS are .o" e'plo,ees# $e, are no allo&ed o s r!4e. 8ELD* E'plo,ees !n $e %!"!l Ser"!ce 'a, no resor o s r!4es# &al4ou s and o $er e'porar, &or4 s oppa.es# l!4e &or4ers !n $e pr!"a e sec or# !n order o pressure $e Go" . o accede o $e!r de'ands. As no& pro"!ded under Sec. ?# Rule III o( $e Rules and Re.ula !ons o Go"ern $e E;erc!se o( $e R!.$ o( Go" . EEs o Sel(-Or.an!@a !on &$!c$ oo4 e((ec a( er $e !n! !al d!spu e arose# $e er's and cond! !ons o( e'plo,'en !n $e Go" # !nclud!n. an, pol! !cal subd!"!s!on or !ns ru'en al! , $ereo( and .o" . o&ned and con rolled corpora !ons &! $ or!.!nal c$ar ers# are .o"erned b, la& and e'plo,ees $ere!n s$all no s r!4e (or $e purpose o( secur!n. c$an.es $ereo(. T$e s a e'en o( $e cour !n All!ance o( Go" 3or4ers ". M!n!s er o( Labor and E'plo,'en /97? S%RA 91 !s rele"an as ! (urn!s$es $e ra !onale (or d!s !n.u!s$!n. be . &or4ers !n $e pr!"a e sec or and .o" e'plo,ees &= re.ard o $e r!.$ o s r!4eH !ince the terms and conditions of govt. employment are fixed by law, govt. wor%ers cannot use the same weapons employed by wor%ers in the private sector to secure concessions from their employers. T$e pr!nc!ple be$!nd labor un!on!s' !n pr!"a e !ndus r, !s $a !ndus r!al peace canno be secured $rou.$ co'puls!on o( la&. Rela !ons be . pr!"a e e'plo,ers and $e!r e'plo,ees res on an essen !all, "olun ar, bas!s. Sub+ec o $e '!n!'u' re0u!re'en s o( &a.e la&s and o $er labor and &el(are le.!sla !on# $e er's and cond! !ons o( e'plo,'en !n $e un!on!@ed pr!"a e sec or are se led $rou.$ $e process o( collec !"e bar.a!n!n.. In .o" e'plo,'en # $o&e"er# ! !s $e le.!sla ure and# &$ere properl, .!"en dele.a ed po&er# $e ad'!n!s ra !"e $eads o( .o" &=c (!; $e er's and cond! !ons o( e'plo,'en . And $!s !s e((ec ed $rou.$ s a u es or ad'!n!s ra !"e c!rculars# rules# and re.ula !ons# no $rou.$ %)A5s E. A!%' .i! Dr 'o.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
F* In 9A<7# $e :P )OR appro"ed $e es abl!s$'en o( $e :P%) 8!.$s$ool o ser"e# a'on. o $ers# 2as a labora or, and de'ons ra !on sc$ool (or prospec !"e eac$ers - pro"!ded $a :P%)8S 'us be sel(-suppor !n..2 8o&e"er# $e Dep o( Pro(ess!onal Educa !on !n )a.u!o &as ne"er or.an!@ed. So# $e )OR dec!ded o p$ase ou :P%)8S (or (a!l!n. o a a!n $e cond! !ons (or ! s crea !on. T$e :P%)8S Founda !on Inc. sou.$ o res ra!n $e :n!"ers! , (ro' p$as!n. ou $e :P%)8S. ISS:E* Is secondar, publ!c educa !on de'andable !n an !ns ! u !on o( $!.$er learn!n. suc$ as $e :PH R:LING* NO. :P !n"o4es ! s e;erc!se o( acade'!c (reedo'. Pr!"a e responden !n"o4es $e r!.$ o 0ual! , educa !on and o (ree secondar, educa !on. T$e r!.$ s !n"o4ed b, pr!"a e responden 'a, be asser ed onl, as a.a!ns $e Go"ern'en $rou.$ $e DE%S. :P &as crea ed under ! s c$ar er o pro"!de ad"anced er !ar, educa !on. An !ns ! u e o( $!.$er learn!n. canno be co'pelled o pro"!de (or secondar, educa !on. I !s be,ond ca"!l $a :P as an !ns ! u !on o( $!.$er learn!n. en+o,s acade'!c (reedo'. :P%)8S &as es abl!s$ed sub+ec o a nu'ber o( cond! !onal! !es. Fa!l!n. on suc$ cond! !ons# :P can order ! s abol! !on on acade'!c .rounds. Ch%ro. :P ". %A# Feb. A# 9AA> F* For'er PANAMIN M!n!s er Manuel El!@alde and $e Tasada, represen a !"e (!led a co'pla!n (or da'a.es and declara or, rel!e( a.a!ns :P Pro(essors -ero'e )a!len and Ieus Sala@ar &$o d!spu ed $e au $en !c! , o( $e Tasada, (!nd and 'ade a propos! !on !n "ar!ous con(erences a ended b, $e' $a El!@alde 'erel, (abr!ca ed $e d!sco"er, o( $e Tasada,s. :P !n er"ened# aaser !n. ! s du , o pro ec $e responden s as (acul , 'e'bers (or ac s and u erances 'ade !n $e e;erc!se o( acade'!c (reedo'. T$e lo&er cour den!ed :P5s 'o !on o d!s'!ss (or (a!lure o s a e a cause o( ac !on. 8ence $!s pe ! !on. R:LING* 3! $ respec o $e pra,er o( $e co'pla!n (or 2+ud.'en declar!n. $e Tasada,s o be a d!s !nc e $n!c co''un! ,# $e lo&er cour !s cau !oned $a $e sa'e !s a4!n o a pra,er (or a +ud!c!al declara !on o( P$!l!pp!ne c! !@ens$!p &$!c$ 'a, no be .ran ed !n a pe ! !on (or declara or, rel!e(. T$e co'pla!n &as (!led 'a!nl, o "!nd!ca e pla!n !((5s d!.n! , and $onor. Indeed# ! !s be,ond $e pro"!nce o( $e cour o 'a4e pronounce'en s on 'a ers be,ond ! s 4en and e;per !se. To be sure# !n resol"!n. $e co'pla!n (or da'a.es# $e cour 'a, (!nd con.ruence !n &$a !s +us !c!able and &$a (alls &! $!n $e (!eld o( $e sc!ences. S !ll# ! !s bes o 4eep !n '!nd $a ! s proper role and (unc !on !s $e de er'!na !on o( le.al !ssues. 8. DREEDOM OD RELI@ION Art. III, S !. 3. No l%* sh%ll & .%' r s# !ti$g %$ st%&lish. $t of r ligio$H or #rohi&iti$g th fr C r!is th r of. Th fr C r!is %$' $:o). $t of
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
In En.el ". V! ale# ><E :.S. ?79 /9A6<1# $e S% d!sallo&ed $e conduc !n. o( an !n erdeno'!na !onal pra,er be(ore $e s ar o( classes !n publ!c sc$ools as# "!ola !"e o( $e Non- Es abl!s$'en clause. En.el ". V! ale# ><E :.S. ?79 /9A6<1 F* T$e responden )oard o( Educa !on upon $e reco''enda !on o( $e S a e )oard o( Re.en s# d!rec ed $e Sc$ool5s D!s r!c pr!nc!pal o cause $e rec! a !on !n publ!c sc$ools o( a br!e(# deno'!na !onall, neu ral pra,er. I s obser"ance on $e par o( $e s uden s &as "olun ar,. R:LING* T$e %our ruled $a $e S a e o( Ne& Yor4# b, us!n. ! s publ!c sc$ool s,s e' o encoura.e $e rec! a !on o( $e Re.en 5s pra,er $as adop ed a prac !ce &$oll, !ncons!s en &! $ $e Es abl!s$'en %lause. T$e pra,er &as co'posed b, .o" o((!c!als as par o( a .o"ern'en al pro.ra' o (ur $er rel!.!ous bel!e(s. T$e cons ! u !onal pro$!b! !on a.a!ns la&s respec !n. an es abl!s$'en o( rel!.!on 'eans a leas $a ! !s no par o( $e bus!ness o( $e .o"ern'en o co'pose o((!c!al pra,ers (or an, .roup o rec! e as par o( a rel!.!ous pro.ra' carr!ed on b, $e .o" . T$e clauses o( $e 9s A'end'en &$!c$ pro$!b! la&s respec !n. an es abl!s$'en o( rel!.!on and abr!d.!n. $e (ree e;erc!se $ereo(# al $ou.$ o"erlapp!n. !n cer a!n !ns ances# (orb!ds &o d!(( 4!nds o( .o"ern'en al encroac$'en upon rel!.!ous (reedo'. T$e s abl!s$'en clause# unl!4e $e (ree e;erc!se clause# does no depend upon an, s$o&!n. o( d!rec .o"ern'en al co'puls!on and !s "!ola ed b, $e enac 'en o( la&s &$!c$ es abl!s$ an o((!c!al rel!.!on# &$e $er or no $ose la&s opera e d!rec l, o coerce non-obser"!n. !nd!"!duals. I res s on $e bel!e( $a a un!on o( .o" and rel!.!on ends o des ro, .o" and o de.rade rel!.!on# and upon an a&areness o( $e $!s or!cal (ac $a .o"ern'en all, es abl!s$ed rel!.!on and rel!.!ous persecu !ons .o $and !n $and. In Ab!n. on Sc$ool D!s r!c ". Sc$e'p# ><? :.S. 7E> /9A6>1# ! l!4e&!se d!sallo&ed $e read!n. o( a passa.e (ro' $e b!ble &! $ou co''en !n publ!c sc$ools as con rar, o $e Non- Es abl!s$'en clause. Ab!n. on Sc$ool D!s r!c ". Sc$e'p# ><? :.S. 7E> /9A6>1 T$e !ssue &as &$e $er $e es abl!s$'en clause &as "!ola ed b, a Penns,l"an!a S a u e or a rule o( $e )oard o( %o''!ss!oners o( )al !'ore adop ed pursuan o s a u or, au $or! , re0u!r!n. $e read!n. &! $ou co''en # a $e open!n. o( eac$ sc$ool da,# o( "erses (ro' $e )!ble and $e rec! a !on o( $e Lord5s pra,er b, $e s uden s !n un!son. T$e s uden s and paren s 'a, re(use o par !c!pa e !n $e sc$ool e;erc!ses. T$ese e;erc!ses &ere prescr!bed as par o( $e curr!cular ac !"! !es o( s uden s &$o are re0u!red b, la& o a end sc$ool and $eld !n sc$ool bu!ld!n.s under $e super"!s!on and par !c!pa !on o( eac$ers e'plo,ed !n $ose sc$ools. R:LING* YES# $e es abl!s$'en clause &as "!ola ed. T$e es abl!s$'en clause pro$!b! s a s a e (ro' plac!n. o((!c!al suppor be$!nd $e ene s o( one or all or $odo;!es and $e (ree e;erc!se clause .uaran ees $e r!.$ o( e"er, person o (reel, c$oose $!s o&n course &! $
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
land ac uall, occup!ed b, $e c$urc$ bu also $e ad+acen .round des !ned (or $e ord!nar, !nc!den al uses o( 'an. E;cep !n lar.e c! !es &$ere $e dens! , o( $e popula !on and $e de"elop'en o( co''erce re0u!re $e use o( lar.e rac s o( land (or bu!ld!n.s# a "e.e able .arden belon.s o a $ouse and# !n $e case o( a con"en # ! s use !s l!'! ed o $e necess! !es o( $e pr!es . T$ere(ore# &$!c$ co'es under $e a; e;e'p !on. As o $e lo &$!c$ &as (or'erl, $e ce'e er,# &$!le ! !s no lon.er used as suc$# ne! $er !s ! used (or co''erc!al purposes and# accd. o $e e"!dence# !s no& be!n. used as a lod.!n. $ouse b, $e people &$o par !c!pa e !n rel!.!ous (es !"! !es. T$e sa'e cons ! u es an !nc!den al use !n rel!.!ous (unc !ons. I also co'es &! $!n $e e;e'p !on. 6. Publ!c a!d o rel!.!on T$e pa,'en or use o( publ!c 'one, or proper , (or an, rel!.!ous !ns ! u !on or cler., !s no allo&edD e;cep !n $ose cases pro"!ded !n $e %ons ! u !on* pr!es s ass!.ned !n $e AFP# penal !ns ! u !on# .o"ern'en orp$ana.e# or leprosar!u'. QAr . VI# Sec. 7A /71R )u !n A.l!pa, ". Ru!@# 6? P$!l. 7E9 /9A><1# $e S% $eld $a $e s a'p pr!n ed b, $e .o"ern'en s$o&!n. $e 'ap o( $e P$!l!pp!nes &! $ a rosar, o co''e'ora e $e >>rd In erna !onal Euc$ar!s !c %on.ress o be $eld !n Man!la d!d no "!ola e $e Non-Es abl!s$'en clause because ! s 'a!n purpose# &as o call $e &orld5s a en !on o Man!la as $e s! e o( an !n erna !onal con.ress# and &$a e"er bene(! ! .a"e $e %a $ol!c %$urc$ &as onl, !nc!den al.
9. Fla. Salu e Ebran!la. ". D!"!s!on Super!nden en o( Sc$ools o( %ebu# 79A S%RA 7F6 /9AA>1 Conscientious #b,ectors cannot be compelled to salute the flag.
A.l!pa, ". Ru!@# 6? P$!l. 7E9 /9A><1 F* T$e pe ! !oner# Mons. A.l!pa,# 8ead o( $e P$!l. Ind. %$urc$# sou.$ o res ra!n responden D!rec or o( Pos s (ro' !ssu!n. and sell!n. pos a.e s a'ps co''e'ora !"e o( $e >>rd In erna !onal Euc$ar!s !c %on.ress. T$e D!rec or !ssued $e s a'ps under $e pro"!s!ons o( Ac ?EF7 &$!c$ appropr!a es publ!c (unds (or $e cos o( $e pla es and pr!n !n. o( $e s a'ps. Pe ! !oner alle.ed $a $e !ssuance o( $e s a'ps &as done !n "!ola !on o( $e %ons ! u !onal pro"!s!on $a no publ!c 'one, or proper , s$all be appropr!a ed (or $e use# bene(! or suppor o( an, sec or rel!.!on. ISS:E* 3=N pe ! !oner5s con en !on !s enable. R:LING* NO. Ac ?EF7 con e'pla ed no rel!.!ous purpose !n "!e&. 3$a ! .a"e $e D!rec or o( Pos s &as $e d!scre !onar, po&er o de er'!ne &$en $e !ssuance o( spec!al pos a.e s a'ps &ould be ad"an a.eous o $e .o"ern'en . T$e purpose !n !ssu!n. $e s a'ps &as o ad"er !se $e P$!l!pp!nes and a rac 'ore our!s s o $!s coun r,. T$e o((!c!als concerned 'erel, oo4 ad"an a.e o( an e"en cons!dered o( !n erna !onal !'por ance o .!"e publ!c! , o $e coun r, and ! s people. T$e s a'p con a!ned a 'ap o( $e P$!l!pp!nes and $e loca !on o( Man!la# and an !nscr!p !on as (ollo&s* 2Sea JJJIII In erna !onal F* All $e p e ! !oners !n $ese cases &ere e;pelled (ro' $e!r classes b, $e publ!c sc$ool au $or! !es !n %ebu (or re(us!n. o salu e $e (la.# s!nce $e na !onal an $e' and rec! e $e pa r!o !c pled.e as re0u!red b, RA 976F and b, Dep . Order No. B da ed -ul, 79# 9AFF o( $e DE%S 'a4!n. $e (la. cere'on, co'pulsor, !n all educa !onal !ns ! u !ons. ISS:E* 3=N sc$ool c$!ldren &$o are 'e'bers o( a rel!.!ous sec 4no&n as -e$o"a$5s 3! nesses 'a, be e;pelled (ro' sc$ool /bo $ pr!"a e and publ!c1# (or re(us!n.# on accoun o( $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s# o a4e par !n $e (la. cere'on, &$!c$ !ncludes pla,!n. /b, a band1 or s!n.!n. $e P$!l. Na !onal An $e'# salu !n. $e P$!l. (la. and rec! !n. $e pa r!o !c pled.e. 8ELD* NO. T$e !dea $a one 'a, be co'pelled o salu e $e (la.# s!n. $e na !onal an $e'# and rec! e $e pa r!o !ce pled.e# dur!n. a (la. cere'on, on pa!n o( be!n. d!s'!ssed (ro' one5s +ob or o( be!n. e;pelled (ro' sc$ool# !s al!en o $e consc!ence o( $e presen .enera !on o( F!l!p!nos &$o cu $e!r ee $ on $e )!ll o( R!.$ s &=c .uaran ees $e!r r!.$ s o (ree speec$ and $e (ree e;erc!se o( rel!.!ous pro(ess!on and &ors$!p. ;;;
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
;;; Forc!n. a s'all rel!.!ous .roup# $rou.$ $e !ron $and o( $e la&# o par !c!pa e !n a cere'on, $a "!ola es $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s# &!ll $ardl, be conduc!"e o lo"e o( coun r, or respec (or dul, cons ! u ed au $or! !es. ;;; T$e sole +us !(!ca !on (or a pr!or res ra!n or l!'! a !on on $e e;erc!se o( rel!.!ous (reedo' !s $e e;!s ence o( a .ra"e and presen dan.er o( a c$arac er bo $ .ra"e and !''!nen # o( a ser!ous e"!l o publ!c sa(e ,# 'oral# $eal $ or an, o $er le.! !'a e publ!c !n eres # $a $e s a e $as a r!.$ and du , o pre"en . Absen suc$ a $rea o publ!c sa(e ,# $e e;puls!on o( $e pe s. (ro' $e sc$ools !s no +us !(!ed. ;;; Al $ou.$ pe ! !oners do no par !c!pa e !n $e co'pulsor, (la. cere'on,# $e, do no en.a.e !n e; ernal ac s or be$a"!or $a &ould o((end $e!r coun r,'en &$o bel!e"e !n e;erc!s!n. $e!r lo"e o( coun r, $rou.$ $e obser"ance o( $e (la. cere'on,. T$e, 0u!e l, s and a a en !on dur!n. $e cere'on, o s$o& $e!r respec (or $e r!.$ o( $ose &$o c$oose o par !c!pa e !n $e sole'n proceed!n.s. As $ere !s no d!srup !on# e;puls!on !s un&arran ed. 8o&e"er# !( $e, s$ould co''! breac$es o( peace b, ac !on $a o((end $e sens!b!l! !es# bo $ rel!.!ous and pa r!o !c# o( o $er persons# $e sc$ool au $or! !es $a"e $e po&er o d!sc!pl!ne $e'. %o'pare 3es V. )oard o( Educa !on ". )arne e# >9A :S 67? /9A?>1 F* T$e S a e )oard re0u!red publ!c sc$ool pup!ls o salu e $e (la. o( $e :n! ed S a es &$!le rec! !n. a pled.e o( alle.!ance under penal , o( e;puls!on en a!l!n. l!ab!l! , o( bo $ pup!l and paren s o be proceeded a.a!ns (or unla&(ul absence. Appellees# 'e'bers o( $e -e$o"a$5s 3! nesses# cons!der $e (la. as a .ra"en !'a.e &$!c$ $e, are (orb!dden o salu e under $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s. T$e S a e asser s $e po&er o cond! !on access o publ!c educa !on. ISS:E* 3=N $e co'pulsor, (la. salu e !s "al!d. R:LING* NO. In connec !on &! $ pled.es# $e (la. salu e !s a (or' o( u erance. I re0u!res an a((!r'a !on o( a bel!e( and an a ! ude o( '!nd. I !s no& a co''onplace $a censors$!p or suppress!on o( e;press!on o( op!n!on !s olera ed b, $e %ons ! u !on onl, &$en $e e;press!on presen s a clear and presen dan.er o( ac !on o( a 4!nd $e S a e !s e'po&ered o pre"en and pun!s$. 8ere $e po&er o( co'puls!on !s !n"o4ed &! $ou an, alle.a !on $a re'a!n!n. pass!"e dur!n. a (la. salu e r! ual crea es a clear and presen dan.er $a &ould +us !(, an e((or e"en o 'u((le e;press!on. To sus a!n $e co'pulsor, (la. salu e# &e are re0u!red o sa, $a a )!ll o( R!.$ s &$!c$ .uards $e !nd!"!dual5s r!.$ o spea4 $!s '!nd le( ! open o publ!c au $or! !es o co'pel $!' o u er &$a !s no !n $!s '!nd. T$e %our appl!es $e l!'! a !ons o( $e %ons ! u !on &! $ no (ear $a (reedo' o be !n ellec uall, and sp!r! uall, d!"erse or e"en con rar, &!ll d!s!n e.ra e $e soc!al or.an!@a !on. To bel!e"e $a pa r!o !s' &!ll no (lour!s$ !( pa r!o !c cere'on!es are "olun ar, and spon aneous !ns ead
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2
'erel, o rel!e"e persons o( $e burden !'posed b, un!on secur! , a.ree'en s. ?. D!s0ual!(!ca !on (ro' local .o"ern'en o((!ce Pa'!l ". Teleron B6 S%RA ?9> /9A<B1 F* In 9A<9# Fr. Mar.ar! o Gon@a.a &as elec ed 'a,or o( Albu0uer0ue# )o$ol. A pe ! !on &as (!led a.a!ns $!' on $e bas!s o( sec !on 79<F o( $e Re"!sed Ad'!n!s ra !"e %ode pro"!d!n. $a 2!n nocase s$all $ere be elec ed or appo!n ed o a 'un!c!pal o((!ce eccles!as !cs# sold!ers !n ac !"e ser"!ce# persons rece!"!n. salar!es (ro' pro"!nc!al (unds# or con rac ors (or publ!c &or4s.2 T$e %FI d!s'!ssed $e pe ! !on on $e .round $a $e !nel!.!b!l! , $as been !'pl!edl, repealed b, sec !on 7> o( $e 9A<9 Elec !on %ode. 8ELD* T$e "o !n. o( $e S% &as !nconclus!"e. Se"en +us !ces $eld $a sec !on 79<F !s no lon.er opera !"e. -us !ce Fernando $eld $a sec !on 79<F !'posed a rel!.!ous es on $e e;erc!se o( $e r!.$ o run (or publ!c o((!ce con rar, o Ar . III o( $e 9A>F %ons ! u !on. -us !ce Tee$an4ee $eld $a sec !on 79<F $ad been repealed b, $e Elec !on %ode. F!"e +us !ces $eld $a sec !on 79<F !s cons ! u !onal. 8I. LIBERT/ OD ABODE AND OD TRA8EL Art. III, S !. 2. Th li& rt) of %&o' %$' of !h%$gi$g th s%. *ithi$ th li.its #r s!ri& ' &) l%* sh%ll $ot & i.#%ir ' C! #t +#o$ l%*f+l or' r of th !o+rt. N ith r sh%ll th right to tr%( l & i.#%ir ' C! #t i$ th i$t r st of $%tio$%l s !+rit), #+&li! s%f t), or #+&li! h %lth, %s .%) & #ro(i' ' &) l%*. Salon.a ". 8er'oso A< S%RA 979 /9ABE1 Right to travel T$!s !s no $e (!rs !'e pe ! !oner -o"! o Salon.a ca'e o $e S% b, &a, o( a mandamus proceed!n. o co'pel $e !ssuance o $!' o( a cer !(!ca e o( el!.!b!l! , o ra"el. In $e (!rs case# Salon.a ". Madella# $e case beca'e 'oo and acade'!c. T$e presen pe ! !on !s l!4e&!se 'oo and acade'!c. In $e 'o !on o d!s'!ss (!led b, $e Sol!c! or General# ! &as s a ed $a $e cer !(!ca e o( el!.!b!l! , o ra"el $ad been .ran ed pe ! !oner. None $eless# !n "!e& o( $e l!4el!$ood $a $!s %our 'a, be (aced a.a!n &! $ $e sa'e s! ua !on# ! !s des!rable $a responden Tra"el Process!n. %en er s$ould e;erc!se $e u 'os care o a"o!d $e !'press!on $a cer a!n c! !@ens des!rous o( e;erc!s!n. $e!r cons ! u !onal r!.$ o ra"el could be sub+ec ed o !ncon"en!ence or anno,ance. T$e (reedo' o ra"el !s one o( $e 'os c$er!s$ed. ;;; Marcos ". Man.lapus# 9<< S%RA 66B K 9<B S%RA <6E /9ABA1 F* T$!s pe ! !on (or mandamus and pro$!b! !on as4s $e %our o order $e responden s o !ssue ra"el docu'en s o Mr. Marcos and $e !''ed!a e 'e'bers o( $!s (a'!l, and o