Biochemistry 11 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Prepared and presented by Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

Basic Medical Sciences & CK Teacher

Carbohydrates

Reference resources: Organic chemistry-Wikipedia BiochemistryWikipedia Carbohydrate-Wikipedia

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Summary

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Classes of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds upon hydrolysis

Carbohydrates can exist either as single units (monosaccharaides) or joined together in molecules ranging from two units (disaccharides) to hundreds of units (polysaccharides)

Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, along with many other natural substances, exhibit a type of isomerism in which two isomers are mirror images of each other

The two isomers are called enantiomers

When a molecules has more than one chiral carbon, the maximum number of stereoisomers possible equals 2n where n is the number of chiral carbons

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Fischer Projections A useful way of depicting the structure of chiral molecules employs crossed lines (Fischer projection) to represent chiral carbon atoms

The prefixes D- and L- are used to distinguish between enantiomers. signs indicating the rotation of plane-polarized light to the right (+) or to the left (-) may also be used to designate enantiomers

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde group are called aldoses, whereas those containing a ketone group are ketoses. Monosaccharides are also classified by the number of carbon atoms as trioses, tetroses, etc.

Most natural monosaccharides belong to the Dfamily

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Physical Properties of Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are sweet-tasting solids that are very soluble in water Noncarbohydrate low-calorie sweeteners such as aspartame have been developed as sugar substitutes

Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides

Pentoses and hexoses form cyclic hemiacetals or hemiketals whose structures can be represented by Haworth structures Two isomers referred to as anomers are produced in the cyclization reaction All monosaccharides are oxidized by Benedict's or Fehling's reagent and are called reducing sugars

Monosaccharides can react with alcohols to produce acetals or ketals that are called glycosides
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Important Monosaccharides Ribose and deoxyribose are important as components of nucleic acids The hexoses glucose, galactose, and fructose are the most important nutritionally and the most abundant in nature Glucose, also known as blood sugar, is transported within the bloodstream to body tissues where it supplies energy
Disaccharides Glycosidic linkages join monosaccharide units together to form disaccharides Three important disaccharides are maltose (two glucose units linked together), lactose (a galactose linked to a glucose), and sucrose (glucose joined to fructose)

Polysaccharides Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are three important polysaccharides Starch is the major storage form of glucose in plants, whereas glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals Cellulose is the structural material of plants

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Formative

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Sucrose is an example of a(n): monosaccharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide

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disaccharide

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The monosaccharide present in RNA is glucose fructose maltose ribose deoxyribose

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ribose

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Which carbohydrate is stored in the liver? glycogen amylopectin amylose cellulose lignand

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glycogen

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Which form of glucose is preferred by human cells? D L either can be used

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Thank you for your attention

The end

Further Study: Biochemistry and Cell Biology College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University - Biochemistry Online Indiana University - Medical Biochemistry Page MIT - Biology Hypertextbook NLM - Biochemistry NLM - Molecular Cell Biology University of Utah - NetBiochem

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