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Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire.
Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors.
Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another building.
Provide adequate fixed installation for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires.
Designing & installing building services so that they do not assist the spread of fire.
Ordinary medium hazard public buildings (museums, libraries, shopping complexes, etc.)
Ordinary high hazard places of assembly (halls, auditoriums, cinemas, stadiums etc.) Ordinary special hazard workshops, factories, stores etc. Extra high hazard explosive materials such as electrical plants, fire crackers factories, oil offshores, sub-stations etc.
Most of the building will have more than one purpose group. E.g. Shopping Complex will have Group V (Shop), IV (Administration), Group VII (Cineplex) & VIII (Storage).
Road/Access width minimum 6m (Maximum width of appliance is 2.5m) & can withstand load of fire engines (Maximum weight 26 tonnes) Maximum gradient to access is 1:12.
Minimum overhead clearance for access is 4m height. Fire appliances turn-around requirements: Tturn, Shunt or Circle
7000 28000
One sixth
28000 56000
One fourth
56000 84000
One half
84000 112000
Three fourth
Island site
The limits of dimensions for areas or volumes in buildings & compartments which are installed with automatic sprinklers are allowed to double up the limit of dimensions stated in Fifth Schedule. This provision is to reflect the reduced risks in sprinklered building.
Institutional
Any height
2000
No limit
Other residential
Other residential Shop Factory Factory Store & general
3000
8500
Exceeding 28m
2000
5500
Any height Not exceeding 28m Exceeding 28m Not exceeding 28m
Exceeding 28m
1000
No limit
3000 3000
No limit No limit
In large complexes, it should be possible to reach a place of reasonable safety such as protected staircase/corridor where people can travel in relative safely to a final exit.
The design of means of escapes should take into account: The building form The activities inside the building. The likelihood of fire. The potential of fire spread through the building.
Purpose Group Small Residential Institutional Hospital School Open plan Flexible plan Other residential Hotels Flats Dormitories Office Shop Factory General & Special Purpose High Hazard Open structures Place of Assembly Store & general Low & Ordinary Hazard High Hazard Parking Garage Aircraft Hangars (Ground Floor) Aircraft Hangars (Mezzanine)
In the open areas, the distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance. In the rooms less than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms, provided the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres.
By-law 195 stipulates in buildings exceeding 30 metres in height, all exit staircases shall be carried to the roof level.
By-law 196 stipulates: Access to staircase smoke lobby shall be by means of fire doors.
By-law 197 stipulates: Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircase in buildings exceeding 18 metre above ground, where the staircase enclosures are not naturally ventilated. In buildings exceeding 45 metre above ground, the protected lobbies shall be pressurized. Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosure is pressurized.
Handrail shall be provided if the step of a pitch exceeding 30 degrees or ramp gradient exceeding 1:10. 1050mm height guardrail shall be provided where the inclined exceeding 15 degrees.
Capacity Exit
Exit width provided > Exit width required 3.9m > 3.6685m
Capacity Exi
Exit width provided > Exit width required 0.9m > 0.7m
Capacity Exit
Exit width provided > Exit width required 2.6m > 1.65m
Capacity Exit
Exit width provided > Exit width required 3.9m > 3.6667m
NOT APPROVED. BASE ON BY-LAW 179, IT SHALL BE THREE SEPARATE EXITS FOR THE CAPACITY OF 600 PERSONS (CLASS B)
Exit width provided > Exit width required 3.6m > 3.3m
Fires involving organic nature with the formation of glowing ambers. E.g. wood, paper etc.
Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids. E.g. petrol, kerosene, etc. Fires involving gases. E.g. oxygen, LNG, LPG etc. Fires involving metals. E.g. sodium, aluminium etc.
Blanketing to remove oxygen from liquid materials. Blanketing to avoid oxygen from gases. Water is not suitable because steel will collapse.
Dry powder Foam CO2 Dry powder CO2 Dry powder Dry sand
By-law 225(3) stipulates additional fire hydrant shall be provided depending on the size & location of the building.
The fire hydrant shall be located at fire appliances access. Types of fire hydrant: 2 outlets pressure at 250 to 300 GPM (gallon per minute) 3 outlets pressure at 300 to 600 GPM
By-law 244 (d) stipulates standard requirement for dry rising main.
Dry risers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use during the outbreak of fire. Dry risers are normally dry & depend on the fire engines to pump water into the system.
By-law 233 stipulates boiler rooms & storage areas below ground level shall be equipped with foam inlets.
By-law 234 stipulates underground structures & windowless buildings shall be provided with foam inlets. By-law 244(e) stipulates standard requirement for foam inlets.
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JSB354 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE IV BSc. Of Architecture