SAP R/3 ARCHITECTURE 1. What guarantees the integration of all application modules?

The R/3 basis system guarantees the integration of all application modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run time environment for the R/3 applications ensures optimal integration, defines a stable architectural frame for system enhancements, and contains the administration tools for the entire system. ne of the main tas!s of the basis system is to guarantee the portability of the complete system. ". What are the central interfaces of the R/3 system? #resentation $nterface. %atabase $nterface. perating system $nterface. 3. Which interface controls what is shown on the p.c.? #resentation $nterface. &. Which interface converts '() re*uirements in the '+# development system to those of the database? %atabase $nterface. ,. What is '+# dispatcher? '+# dispatcher is the control agent that manages the resources for the R/3 applications. -. What are the functions of dispatcher? .*ual distribution of transaction load to the wor! processes. /anagement of buffer areas in main memory. $ntegration of the presentation levels. rgani0ation of communication activities. 1. What is a wor! process? + wor! process is where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the wor! is done. .ach wor! process handles one type of re*uest. 2. 3ame various wor! processes of R/3 system? %ialog or nline 4processes only one re*uest at a time5. 6ac!ground 4'tarted at a specific time5 7pdate 4primary or secondary5 .n*ue 4)oc! mechanism5. 'pool 4generated online or during bac! ground processing for printing5. 8. .9plain about the two services that are used to deal with communication. /essage 'ervice: 7sed by the application servers to e9change short internal messages, all system communications. ;ateway 'ervice: .nables communication between R/3 and e9ternal applications using <#$=< protocol. 1>. Which wor! process triggers database changes? 7pdate wor! process. 11. %efine service 4within R/35? + service is a process or group of processes that perform a specific system function and often provide an application=programming interface for other processes to call. 1". What are the roll and page areas?

Roll and page areas are '+# R/3 buffers used to store user conte9ts 4process re*uests5. The '+# dispatcher assigns process re*uests to wor! processes as they are *ueued in the roll and page areas. #aging area holds data from the application programs. Roll area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characteri0e the user. 13. What are the different layers in R/3 system? #resentation )ayer. +pplication )ayer. %atabase )ayer. 1&. What are the phases of bac!ground processing? ?ob 'cheduling. ?ob #rocessing. ?ob verview. 1,. What components of the R/e system initiate the start of bac!ground @obs at the specified time? The batch scheduler initiates the start of bac!ground @ob. The dispatcher then sends this re*uest to an available bac!ground wor! process for processing. 1-. %efine $nstance. +n instance is an administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems providing one or more services are grouped together. The services offered by an instance are started and stopped at random. +ll components are parameteri0ed using a @oint instance profile. + central R/3 system consists of a single instance in which all=necessary '+# services are offered. .ach instance uses separate buffer areas. 11. Arom hardware perspective, every information system can be divided into three tas! areas #resentation, +pplication )ogic and %ata 'torage. The R/3 6asis software is highly suitable for use in multi=level client/server architectures. 12. What are R/3 6asis configurations? + central system with centrally installed presentation software. Two=level client/server system with rolled out presentation software. Two=level client/server system. #resentation and +pplication run on the same computer. Three=level client/server system. #resentation, +pplication and database each run on separate computers. 18. What is a 'ervice in '+# terminology? + service refers to something offered by a s/w component. ">. What is 'erver in '+# terminology? + component can consist of one process or a group and is then called the server for the respective service. "1. What is a client in '+# terminology? + '/W component that uses the service 4offered by a s/w component5 is called a <lient. +t the same time these clients may also be servers for other services. "".What is a '+# system? The union of all s/w components that are assigned to the same databases is called as a '+# system. "3. What is the means of communications between R/3 and e9ternal applications?

The means of communication between R/",R/3 and e9ternal applications is via the <#$=< handler or '+# ;ateway, using the <#$=< #rotocol. "&. What is the protocol used by '+# ;ateway process? The '+# ;ateway process communicates with the clients based on the T<#/$# #rotocol. ",. .9pand <#$=<. <ommon #rogram $nterface <ommunication. "-. What is a 'pool re*uest? 'pool re*uests are generated during dialog or bac!ground processing and placed in the spool database with information about the printer and print format. The actual data is places in the Tem 'e 4Temporary 'e*uential ob@ects5. "1. What are different types of )og records? B1 and B". B1 must be processed before B". 6ut, we can have more than one B" logs. "2. What are the types of 7pdate re*uests? +n update re*uest can be divided into one primary 4B15 and several 'econdary update components 4B"5. Time=critical operations are placed in B1 component and those whose timing is less critical are placed in B" components. $f a B1 update fails, B" components will not be processed. "8. %ialog wor! processes perform only one dialog step and then available for the ne9t re*uest. 3>. .9plain what is a transaction in '+# terminology. $n '+# terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps. 31. .9plain how '+# ;7$ handles output screen for the user. The '+# front=end s/w can either run on the same computer or on different computers provided for that purpose. 7ser terminal input is accepted by the '+# terminal program '+# ;7$, converted to '+# proprietary format and sent to the '+# dispatcher. The dispatcher coordinates the information e9change between the '+# ;7$s and the wor! processes. The dispatcher first places the processing re*uest in re*uest *ueues, which it then processes. The dispatcher dispatches the re*uests one after another, to the available wor! process. The actual processing ta!es place in the wor! process. When processing is complete, the result of a wor! process is returned via the dispatcher to the '+# ;7$. The '+# ;7$ interprets the received data and generates the output screen for the user. DATA DICTIONARY 1. What are the layers of data description in R/3? The e9ternal layer. The +6+#/& layer. The database layer. ". %efine e9ternal layer? The e9ternal layer is the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data, that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the database system used. 3. %efine +6+#/& layer? The +6+#/& layer describes the data formats used by the +6+#/& processor. &. %efine %atabase layer? The database layer describes the data formats used in the database. ,. What is a %ata <lass?

The %ata class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database. -. What is a 'i0e <ategory? The 'i0e category describes the probable space re*uirement of the table in the database. 1. Cow many types of si0e categories and data classes are there? There are five si0e categories 4>=&5 and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for application tables: +##)>= /aster data 4data fre*uently accessed but rarely updated5. +##)1= Transaction data 4data that is changed fre*uently5. +##)"= rgani0ational data 4customi0ing data that is entered when system is configured and then rarely changed5. The other two types are: 7'R 7'R1 D $ntended for customerEs own developments. 2. What are control tables? The values specified for the si0e category and data class are mapped to database=specific values via control tables. 8. What is the function of the transport system and wor!bench organi0er? The function of the transport system and the Wor!bench rgani0er is to manage any changes made to ob@ects of the +6+#/& %evelopment Wor!bench and to transport these changes between different '+# systems. 1>. What is a table pool? + table pool 4or pool5 is used to combine several logical tables in the +6+#/& %ictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two !ey fields and a long argument field 4B+R%+T+5. 11. What are pooled tables? These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined. #ooled tables can be used to store control data 4such as screen se*uences or program parameters5. 1". What is a table cluster? + table cluster combines several logical tables in the +6+#/& %ictionary. 'everal logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database. 13. Cow can we access the correction and transport system? .ach time you create a new ob@ect or change an e9isting ob@ect in the +6+#/& %ictionary, you branch automatically to the Wor!bench rgani0er or correction and transport system. 1&. Which ob@ects are independent transport ob@ects? %omains, %ata elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, 'econdary inde9es for transparent tables, 'tructures, Biews, /atchcode ob@ects, /atchcode $ds, )oc! ob@ects. 1,. Cow is conversion of data types done between +6+#/& F %6 layer? <onversion between +6+#/& data types and the database layer is done within the database interface. 1-. Cow is conversion of data types done between +6+#/& F e9ternal level?

<onversion between the e9ternal layer and the +6+#/& layer is done in the '+# dialog manager %G3#. 11. What are the %ata types of the e9ternal layer? +<<#, <har, <)3T, <7HG, <7RR, %+T', %.'<, A)T#, $3T1, $3T", $3T&, )+3;, )<CR, )R+W, 37/<, #R.<, (7+3, R+W, T$/', 73$T,B+R<. 12. What are the %ata types of the +6+#/& layer? #ossible +6+#/& data types: <: <haracter. %: %ate, format GGGG//%%. A: Aloating=point number in % 76). #R.<$'$ 3 42 bytes5. $: $nteger. 3: 3umerical character string of arbitrary length. #: +mount of counter field 4pac!edI implementation depends on h/w platform5. ': Time 'tamp GGGG//%%CC//''. B: <haracter string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes. J: Ce9adecimal 4binary5 storage. 18. Cow can we set the table spaces and e9tent si0es? Gou can specify the e9tent si0es and the table space 4physical storage area in the database5 in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the si0e category and data class. ">. What is the function of the correction system? The correction system manages changes to internal system components. 'uch as ob@ects of the +6+#/& %ictionary. "1. What are local ob@ects? )ocal ob@ects 4%ev classKT/#5 are independent of correction and transport system. "". What is a %evelopment class? Related ob@ects from the +6+#/& repository are assigned to the same development class. This enables you to correct and transport related ob@ects as a unit. "3. What is a data dictionary? %ata %ictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. $ts main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. $t has details about What data is contained? What are the attributes of the data? What is the relationship e9isting between the various data elements? "&. What functions does a data dictionary perform? $n a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are /anagement of data definitions. #rovision of information for evaluation. 'upport for s/w development. 'upport form documentation. .nsuring that the data definitions are fle9ible and up=to=date. ",. What are the features of +6+#/& %ictionary? The most important features are: $ntegrated to a+6+#/& %evelopment Wor!bench. +ctive in the runtime environment. "-. What are the uses of the information in the %ata dictionary?

The following information is directly ta!en from the %ata dictionary: $nformation on fields displayed with A1 help. #ossible entries for fields displayed with A& help. /atchcode and help views search utilities. "1. What are the basic ob@ects of the data dictionary? Tables %omains %ata elements 'tructures Aoreign Heys "2. What are the aggregate ob@ects in the data dictionary? Biews /atch codes )oc! ob@ects. "8. $n the +6+#/& %ictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database 4T/A5. True. 3>. +6+#/& %ictionary contains the )ogical definition of the table. 31. + field containing currency amounts 4data type <7RR5 must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. .9plain. +s a reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the currency !ey format. This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field containing currency amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the currency of the amount. 3". + field containing *uantity amounts 4data type (7+35 must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. .9plain? +s a reference table, a system table containing all the valid *uantity units is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the format or *uantity units 4data type 73$T5. This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field containing *uantity amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the *uantity unit of the amount. 33. What is the significance of Technical settings 4specified while creating a table in the data dictionary5? 6y specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the database. The technical settings allows us to ptimi0e storage space re*uirements. Table access behavior. 6uffering re*uired. <hanges to entries logged. 3&. What is a Table attribute? The tableEs attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are: %elivery class. Table maintenance allowed. +ctivation type. 3,. What is the significance of %elivery <lass? The delivery class controls the degree to which the '+# or the customer is responsible for table maintenance.

Whether '+# provides the table with or without contents. %etermines the table type. %etermines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and when a client copy is performed. 3-. What is the ma9. no. f structures that can be included in a table or structure. 3ine. 31. What are two methods of modifying '+# standard tables? +ppend 'tructures and <ustomi0ing $ncludes. 32. What is the difference between a 'ubstructure and an +ppend 'tructure? $n case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement includeL. $n case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure. 38. To how many tables can an append structure be assigned. ne. &>. $f a table that is to be e9tended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures why? )ong fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. $f a table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the table. &1. <an we include customi0ing include or an append structure with #ooled or <luster tables? 3o. &". What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain? 6y specifying fi9ed values. 6y stipulating a value table. &3. 'tructures can contain data only during the runtime of a program 4T/A5 True. &&. What are the aggregate ob@ects in the %ictionary? Biews /atch <ode. )oc! b@ect. &,. What are base tables of an aggregate ob@ect? The tables ma!ing up an aggregate ob@ect 4primary and secondary5 are called aggregate ob@ect. &-. The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables 4t/f5 True. &1. What are the " other types of Biews, which are not allowed in Release 3.>? 'tructure Biews. .ntity Biews. &2. What is a /atch <ode? /atch code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. /atch <odes are an efficient and user=friendly search aid where !ey of a record is un!nown. &8. What are the two levels in defining a /atch <ode?

/atch <ode b@ect. /atch <ode $d.

,>. What is the ma9 no of match code $dEs that can be defined for one /atch code ob@ect? + match code $d is a one character $% that can be a letter or a number. ,1. <an we define our own /atch <ode $%Es for '+# /atchcodes? Ges, the number > to 8 are reserved for us to create our own /atch <ode $ds for a '+# defined /atchcode ob@ect. ,". What is an 7pdate type with reference to a /atch code $%? $f the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode $% changes, the matchcode data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used for 6uilding matchcodes. Gou must specify the update type when you define a matchcode $%. ,3. <an matchcode ob@ect contain $ds with different update types? Ges. ,&. What are the update types possible? The following update types are possible: 7pdate type +: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database changes. 7pdate type ': The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes. 7pdate type #: The matchcode data is updated by the application program. 7pdate type $: +ccess to the matchcode data is managed using a database view. 7pdate type ): +ccess to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module. ,,. What are the two different ways of building a match code ob@ect? + match code can be built in two different ways: )ogical structure: The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed. 47pdate type $, !5. #hysical 'tructure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. 47pdate type +, ', #5. ,-. What are the differences between a %atabase inde9 and a match code? /atch code can contain fields from several tables whereas an inde9 can contain fields from only one table. /atch code ob@ects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables. ,1. What is the function of a %omain? + domain describes the technical settings of a table field. + domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which refers to this domain. + single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure. ,2. <an you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements? 3o. ,8. What are conversion routines? 3on=standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice= versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.

->. What is the function of a data element? + data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical conte9t. + data element contains semantic information. -1. <an a domain, assigned to a data element be changed? Ges. We can do so by @ust overwriting the entry in the field domain. -". <an you delete data element, which is being used by table fields. 3o. -3. <an you define a field without a data element? Ges. $f you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you can enter data type and field length and a short te9t directly in the table maintenance. -&. What are null values? $f the value of a field in a table is undefined or un!nown, it is called a null value. -,. What is the difference between a structure and a table? 'tructures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no database table is generated from them. --. What is a view? + view is a logical view on one or more tables. + view on one or more tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. -1. Cow many types of Biews are there? %atabase Biew Celp Biew #ro@ection Biew /aintenance Biew -2. What is )oc!ing? When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchroni0ed by a loc! mechanism. -8. What is database utility? %atabase utility is the interface between the +6+#/& %ictionary and the underlying the '+# system. 1>. What are the basic functions of %atabase utility? The basic functions of database utility are: <reate database ob@ects. %elete database ob@ects. +d@ust database ob@ects to changed +6+#/& dictionary definition. 11. What is Repository $nfo. 'ystems? $t is a tool with which you can ma!e data stored in the +6+#/& %ictionary available.

MODULARIZATION 1. %oes every +6+#/& have a modular structure? Ges. ". What is /odulari0ation and its benefits? $f the program contains the same or similar bloc!s of statements or it is re*uired to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modulari0ation techni*ues. 6y modulari0ing the +6+#/& programs we ma!e them easy to read and improve their structure. /odulari0ed programs are also easier to maintain and to update. 3. 3ame the +6+#/& /odulari0ation techni*ues. 'ource code module. 'ubroutines. Aunctions. &. Cow can we create callable modules of program code within one +6+#/& program? 6y defining /acros. 6y creating include programs in the library. ,. / is the attribute type of the module program. -. $s it possible to pass data to and from include programs e9plicitly? 3o. $f it is re*uired to pass data to and from modules it is re*uired to use subroutines or function modules. 1. What are subroutines? 'ubroutines are program modules, which can be called from other +6+#/& programs or within the same program. 2. What are the types of 'ubroutines? $nternal 'ubroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in the same +6+#/& program as the calling procedure 4internal call5. .9ternal 'ubroutines: The source code of the e9ternal subroutines will be in an +6+#/& program other than the calling procedure. 8. $t is not possible to create an +6+#/& program, which contains only 'ubroutines 4T/A5. Aalse. 1>. + subroutine can contain nested form and endform bloc!s. 4T/A5 Aalse. 11. %ata can be passed between calling programs and the subroutines using #arameters. 1". What are the different types of parameters? Aormal #arameters: #arameters, which are defined during the definition of subroutine with the A R/ statement. +ctual #arameters: #arameters which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the #.RA R/ statement.

13. Cow can one distinguish between different !inds of parameters? $nput parameters are used to pass data to subroutines. utput parameters are used to pass data from subroutines. 1&. What are the different methods of passing data? <alling by reference: %uring a subroutine call, only the address of the actual parameter is transferred to the formal parameters. The formal parameter has no memory of its own, and we wor! with the field of the calling program within the subroutine. $f we change the formal parameter, the field contents in the calling program also changes. <alling by value: %uring a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have memory of their own. <hanges to the formal parameters have no effect on the actual parameters. <alling by value and result: %uring a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have their own memory space. <hanges to the formal parameters are copied to the actual parameters at the end of the subroutine. 1,. The method by which internal tables are passed is 6y Reference. 1-. Cow can an internal table with Ceader line and one without header line be distinguished when passed to a subroutine? $tabMN is used in the form and endform if the internal table is passed with a header line. 11. What should be declared e9plicitly in the corresponding +6+#/& 'tatements to access internal tables without header lines F why? Wor! +rea. This is re*uired as the Wor! +rea is the interface for transferring data to and from the table. 12. + subroutine can be terminated unconditionally using .J$T. 4T/A5 True. 18. + subroutine can be terminated upon a condition using <C.<H 'tatement. ">. Aunction /odules are also e9ternal 'ubroutines. 4T/A5. True. "1. What is the difference between the function module and a normal +6+#/& subroutine? $n contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uni*uely defined interface. %eclaring data as common parts is not possible for function modules. Aunction modules are stored in a central library. "". What is a function group? + function group is a collection of logically related modules that share global data with each other. +ll the modules in the group are included in the same main program. When an +6+#/& program contains a <+)) A73<T$ 3 statement, the system loads the entire function group in with the program code at runtime. .very function module belongs to a function group. "3. What is the disadvantage of a call by reference? %uring a call by reference damage or loss of data is not restricted to the subroutine, but will instantly lead to changes to the original data ob@ects. "&. + function module can be called from a transaction screen outside an +6+#/& program. 4T/A5. True.

",. What is an update tas!? $t is an '+# provided procedure for updating a database. "-. What happens if a function module runs in an update tas!? The system performs the module processing asynchronously. $nstead of carrying out the call immediately, the system waits until the ne9t database update is triggered with the O< //$T W RHE command. "1. The function modules are created and stored in the Aunction )ibrary. "2. When a function module is activated synta9 chec!ing is performed automatically. 4G/35 True. "8. What is the use of the R+$'$3; e9ception? The raising e9ception determines whether the calling program will handle the e9ception itself or leave the e9ception to the system. 3>. What is the difference between internal tables and e9tract datasets? The lines of an internal table always have the same structure. 6y using e9tract datasets, you can handle groups of data with different structure and get statistical figures from the grouped data. Gou have to define the structure of the internal table at the beginning. Gou need not define the structure of the e9tract dataset. $n contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses e9act datasets when storing them. This reduces the storage space re*uired. $nternal tables re*uire special wor! area for interface whereas e9tract datasets do not need a special wor! area for interface. 31. $t is possible to assign a local data ob@ect defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. 4T/A5. Aalse. 3". What is the difference between field=group header and other field groups? The header field group is a special field group for the sort criteria. The system automatically prefi9es any other field groups with the header field group. 33. <an a filed occur in several field groups. Ges. 6ut it leads to unnecessary data redundancy. 3&. When sorting the e9tract dataset the fields used as default sort !ey lie in the Ceader field group. 3,. What does the insert statement in e9tract datasets do? $t defines the fields of a field group. 3-. What does the e9tract statement do in e9tract datasets? The data is written to virtual memory by e9tract commands. 31. + field=groups statement or an insert statement reverses storage space and transfers values. 4T/A5. Aalse. 32. While using e9tract datasets it is re*uired to have a special wor!area for interface 4T/A5 Aalse. 38. The ) #=.3%) # on e9tract datasets can be used without any !ind of errors 4T/A5 Aalse. $t causes runtime errors. &>. The /a9imum no of !ey fields that can be used in a header is ,>. &1. While sorting field groups we cannot use more than one !ey field 4T/A5. Aalse. &". While sorting, if the main storage available is not enough, the system writes data to an e9ternal help file. The '+# profile parameter, which determines this help file, is %$RP' RTT/#.

&3. The e9tract statements in field groups can be used before or after processing the sort statements. 4T/A5 A+)'.. LOGICAL DATABASE 1. #reparation of the data records by the ).%.6 and reading of the data records in the actual report are accomplished with the command pair #ut and ;et. ". The three main elements of )%6 are 'tructure, 'elections, and %atabase #rogram. 3. $n )%6 what determines hierarchy of the tables? 'tructure. &. $n general what are the two ways in which one can retrieve data from tables? 7sing 'elect statements, %atabase #rogram. ,. With )%6 one can modify the pre=generated selection screen to their needs 4T/A5. Ges. -. )ogical databases are programs that read data from %atabase tables 4%ictionary 'tructures5. 1. The event ;etQtable nameR )+T. process all tables that are hierarchically superior to the Qtable nameR. 4True/Aalse5 Aalse. $t processes all tables that are hierarchically inferior to the Qtable nameR. 2. The %atabase #rogram of )%6 is a collection of '76R 7T$3.', which selects data and passes it to the report. 8. The layout of the %atabase program is determined by both 'tructure and 'elections. 1>. The order in which data is made available to the report depends on 'tructure of the )%6. 11. +part from the structure and selections of the )%6 the ;.T statements in the report determines the behavior of the database at runtime. 1". 3ode at the highest level in the structure is !nown as Root. 13. There can be more than one node at the highest level in the structure. 4T/A5 Aalse. ne can define only one node at the highest level in the structure on )%6. 1&. +ll nodes in the structure of )%6 need not be defined in the +6+#/& %ictionary 4T/A5. Aalse. ne has to define all nodes in the %ictionary or one has to select all nodes that are defined in the %ictionary. 1,. $t is not possible to use +6+#/& %ictionary 'tructures without an underlying database using )%6. 4T/A5 True. ne can use additionally related tables, along with the tables defined in the structure of )%6. 1-. %ynamic selections allow the user to define further selections for database access in addition to the selection criteria already defined in the )%6 selections. 11. <hec! statement can be used along with the event ;.T in the report for chec!ing the selections, which are not table=specific values. 12. $n sense of %atabase /anagement 'ystem 4%6/'5 ) ;$<+) %+T+6+'. is a database 'tructure. 4T/A5. Aalse. 18. $t is not necessary to maintain the #arent=<hild relationship between the tables in )ogical %atabase 'tructure. 4T/A5 Aalse. ne has to maintain the #arent=<hild relationship. ">. $s it possible to e9tract data from tables without using the event O;.TE in the report with an appropriate )%6. 4T/A5. Aalse. ne can e9tract data from tables using 'elect statements in a report, though the report is having a )%6 attribute. "1. What sorts of tables one can se in designing the hierarchy of a )%6? Tables, which are having Aoreign Hey relations. "". + report program, which uses only '.).<T statements, is called '() Report. "3. ne cannot use '.).<T statements in a report program lin!ed to a )ogical %atabase 4T/A5. Aalse.

"&. $s it true that the )ogical %atabase reads the data from the database tables using 'elect 'tatements 4T/A5. Ges. We are coding that in %atabase part of )%6. ",. $n a report with an )%6 attribute, you do not have to define how the information should be retrieved from the database tables, but only how the data should be represented on the screen. 4T/A5. True. "-. ne can use the event ;.T in a report without )%6 attribute. 4T/A5. Aalse. "1. The last character of the )%6 name denotes +pplication. "2. The structure of )ogical %atabases reflects the Aoreign Hey dependencies of hierarchical tables in the '+# system. "8. $t is mandatory that for each table in the )%6 hierarchy there should e9ist one ;.T statement in the report. 4T/A5. Aalse. $t is not necessary. 3>. What happens if a report does not contain a ;.T statement for a particular node of a )ogical %atabase. #rocess will transfer to the ne9t event. 31. $n a )ogical %atabase, one can define input fields on the selection screen with 'elect= ptions and #arameters statements. 3". 'uppose a logical database program contains the following lines: '.).<T= #T$ 3' < 33$% A R '#A)$=< 33$%. #+R+/.T.R' <+RR$% )$H. 'A)$;CT=<+RR$% A R T+6). 'A)$;CT. What will be the output, for the above two statements? nly select=options connid for spfli=carrid will be displayed on the screen. 33. <onsider a report with A1' attribute, what will be the output for the following code. Whether you will get the data from spfli and sflight or not, with corresponding tables statement, ;.T '#A)$. ;.T 'A)$;CT. Write:/ spfli=carrid, spfli=connid, sflight=fldate, sboo!=boo!id. Ges, you will get the data from spfli and sflight. 3&. <onsider a report with A1' attribute, what will be the output of the following code. Whether you will get the data from sboo! or not, with corresponding tables statement. ;.T '#A)$. ;.T 'A)$;CT. Write:/ spfli=carrid, spfli=connid, sflight=fldate, sboo!=boo!id. Gou cannot e9tract data from sboo!. 3,. $dentify any errors in the following code and correct the same, and what will be the output. $f there e9ists corresponding tables statement, for spfli, sflight, sboo!. ;.T '#A)$. ;.T '6 H. Write:/ spfli=carrid, spfli=connid, sflight=fldate, sboo!=boo!id, sboo!=class. 3o synta9 errors. Gou will get data from all the three tables. 3-. %oes the following two statements do the same tas!? $f so which one ta!es less time and which one is recommended. 'elect S from spfli where spfli=carrid T O)CE and spfli=connid T O&>>E. .ndselect. 'elect S from spfli. <hec!: spfli=carrid T O)CE and spflid=connid T O&>>E. .ndselect. =Ges they will do the same tas!. 'econd 'elect statement ta!es less time and is recommended.

31. $f you want to improve the response time 4time to access data5 )ogical %atabases permits you to achieve this using B$.W'. 32. $s there any upper limit 4ma95 to the possible number of nodes in a logical database structure? $f so what is the limit? Ges, there is an upper limit for defining number of nodes in a )ogical %atabase 'tructure. /a9imum nodes T 1">> / length where length T ma9. )ength of name in the structure. 38. $n the structure of )ogical %atabase nodes at different levels are displayed in the same columns. 4T/A5 $f false what types of nodes are displayed in the same columns. $f true what type of nodes are not displayed in the same columns. Aalse. 3odes at same levels are displayed in the same columns. &>. What are the advantages of )ogical %atabases? $t offers an easy=to=use selection screens. Gou can modify the pre=generated selection screen to your needs. $t offers chec! functions to chec! whether user input is complete, correct, and plausible. $t offers reasonable data selections. $t contains central authori0ation chec!s for data base accesses. .nhancements such as improved performance immediately apply to all report programs that use the logical database. &1. Though all the +6+#/& %ictionary 'tructures that e9ists in the structure of the )%6, being defined in %atabase #rogram, we are defining the %ictionary 'tructures in the Report. What is the reason for such declaration? 6y declaring so we are providing wor! areas for data passing between )ogical %atabase and Report. $n addition, the logical database configures the selection screen depending on the selection of database tables. &". $s it mandatory to declare all the tables in Report by the !ey word tables for all the tables that e9ist in the structure of )%6, and are being defined in the %atabase part of )%6. 3o, $t is not mandatory to declare all tables in report. &3. $f one wants to access data using )ogical %atabase, the use of events is unavoidable. 4T/A5. True.

REPORT GENERATION FORMATTING 1. The alignment of a type OcE field in a report is left +ligned. ". $n the statement Write:/1,41>5 fal=lifnr. what do the number 1, and 1> stand for 1, stand for the offset on the screen and 1> stands for the field length displayed. 3. 'pecify the default alignment for the following field types: O%E D )eft, OAE=Right, O3E=)eft, O$E=Right, OTE=)eft. &. $f sPtime has the value O1"3&,-E how would you get an output of 1":3&:,- with a single OWrite:E statement. Write:sPtime using edit mas!E==:==:==O. ,. $n order to suppress the leading 0eroes of a number field the !eywords used are 3 = U.R . -. The total no of date formats that can be used to display a date during output is ///%%/GG, %%////GG, %%////GGGG, ///%%/GGGG, //%%GG, %%//GG, GG//%%. 1. The 73%.R <ommand allows for vertical alignment of fields one below the other. 2. $n order to concatenate strings only for output purposes the command 3 =;+# can be used in con@unction with the OWriteE statement. 8. The no of decimal places for output can be defines within a write statement. 4T/A5. TR7.. Write:/QAR decimals ". 1>. %ata can be moved from one field to another using a OWrite:E 'tatement and stored in the desired format. 4T/A5. TR7.. Write: %ateP1 to %ateP" format %%////GG. 11. $n the statement Write:/1,41>5 lfa1=lifnr. The values 1, and 11 can also be defined by variables 4T/A5. Aalse. 1". %ifferentiate between the following two statements if any. 7)$3.. Write: sy=uline. 3o=difference. .9cept that uline is used outside the OWriteE 'tatement. 13. $n order to s!ip a single line the number of lines need not be given as an assignment 4T/A5 TR7.. 1&. The V'H$# T )$3. line numberW is dependent on the )$3.=< 73T statement included in the report statement of the program. 1,. $n order to s!ip columns the command used is # '$T$ 3 QnR. 1-. $n order to have boldfaced te9t as output the command used is Write:QfR$3T.3'$A$.%. 11. 6ac!ground and foreground colors can be interchanged using the command Aormat $nverse. 12. $n order to restore the system defaults for all changes made with the format statement is Aormat Reset. 18. )i!e 7)$3. the statement B)$3. is used to insert vertical lines. 4T/A5. Aalse. ">. 'uppressing the number signs 4X/=5 is carried out using the addition 3 ='$;3' to the Write statement. 4T/A5. Aalse. "1. $f 'G=7U.$T has the value -:3&:&, it can be displayed as >-3&&, using 3o .dit /as!. "". $f the variable VTe9tW has the value O+6<%.AE the output for the statement VWrite:/Te9tX"435W will be V<%.W "3. The fields specified by select=options and parameters statement cannot be grouped together in the selection screen. 4T/A5. Aalse. "&. When calling an e9ternal report the parameters or select=options specified in the e9ternal report cannot be called. 4T/A5 A+)'..

",. 'election Te9ts in the te9t elements of the program helps in changing the displayed names of variables in the parameters statement. "-. Type A datatype cannot be used to define parameters. "1. Rounding off of values can be carried out using the write statement. 4T/A5. TR7. "2. Cow would you define the e9ponents for a type OfE field? .9ponent QeR. "8. Cow would you format the output as left, centered or right=@ustified using the write statement. )eft=@ustified, <entered, Right=@ustified. 3>. $f the same formatting options were used for a WR$T. statement that follows the A R/+T statement, which settings would ta!e precedence. The settings in the Write 'tatement. 31. Aor each new event, the system resets all formatting options to their default values 4T/A5 TR7.. 3". +ll formatting options have the default value AA. 4T/A5. TR7.. 33. Cow would you set the formatting options statically and dynamically within a report? 'tatically: A R/+T Qoption1RM 3Y AANL. %ynamically: A R/+T Qoption1R T Qvar1RQoption"RTQvar"RL. 3&. The page footer is defined using the statement .3%= A=#+;.. 3,. The processing bloc! following .3%= A=#+;. is processed only if you reserve lines for the footer in the )$3.=< 73T option of the R.# RT statement. 4T/A5 TR7.. 3-. To e9ecute a page brea! under the condition that less than a certain number of lines is left on a page is achieved by R.'.RB. n lines. 31. The R.'.RB. statement only ta!es effect if output is written to the subse*uent page. 3o blan! pages are created and it defines a bloc! of lines that must be output as a whole. 4T/A5. TR7.. 32. To set the ne9t output line to the first line of a bloc! of lines defined with the R.'.RB. statement the statement 6+<H is used. 38. What is the limit for the length of a page if the page length is not specified in the report statement. ->,>>> lines. &>. Cow would you start the printing process from within the program while creating a list? 3.W=#+;. #R$3T 3. &1. Gou can change the width of pages within list levels triggered by page brea!s. 4T/A5. A+)'.. &". Cotspots are special areas of an output list used to trigger events. 4T/A5 TR7.. &3. To designate fields as hotspots at runtime, use A R/+T C T'# T T QhR. &&. Cori0ontal lines created with 7)$3. and blan! lines created with 'H$# can be formatted as hotspots. 4T/A5. A+)'.. &,. Cow would you suppress the display of a parameter on the selection screen? #arameters QpR LLL..3o=%isplay. &-. <an you assign a matchcode ob@ect to a parameter? $f so how? Ges. #+R+/.T.R' QpRLL../+T<C< %. 6?.<T Qob@RLL.. &1. Aor each '.).<T= #T$ 3' statement, the system creates a selection table. 4T/A5 TR7.. &2. To position a set of parameters or comments on a single line on the selection screen, you must declare the elements in a bloc! enclosed by '.).<T$ 3='<R..3 6.;$3 A )$3.. LL.. '.).<T$ 3='<R..3 .3% A )$3.. &8. Cow can 'ymbols or R/3 icons be output on the screen? WR$T. Qsymbol=nameR+' 'G/6 ). WR$T. Qicon=nameR +' $< 3. ,>. $n the standard setting, you cannot create empty lines with the WR$T. statement alone. 4T/A5. TR7..

REPORTING GENERAL 1. The system field, which indicates success or failure of a '() operation, is 'G='76R<. ". What is the synta9 for specifying database table name at runtime in '.).<T statement. 3+/. T O'#A)1E. '.).<T S AR / 43+/.5. LLLLLL. LLLLLL. .3%'.).<T. 3. Cow do you read selected lines of database table into an internal table in pac!ages of predefined si0e. '.).<T S AR / Q'#A)$R$3T T+6). Q$T+6R#+<H+;. '$U.Q3R. Where n is variable. &. 3ame the W$)%<+R% characters which are used for comparisons with character strings F numeric strings. OZE and O=O. ,. $n '.).<T statements can you specify a variable in WC.R. condition or a part of the condition, if so what is the synta9. '.).<T S AR / QtableRWC.R. Qvar1RQconditionRQvar or constR. -. 3ame the +6+#/& !ey words, which are used to change the contents of database table. 7#%+T. or / %$AG. 1. Cow to specify a client for database table processing. T+6).' '#A)$. '.).<T S AR / '#A)$ <)$.3T '#.<$A$.% WC.R. /+3%T 6.TW..3 O>>1E +3% O>>3E. LL.. .3%'.).<T. 2. Cow do you write a %+T+ ob@ect from +6+#/& program to +6+#/& memory and restore the same from memory to program. .J# RT Qf1RMAR / Qg1RNQf"RMAR / Qg"RNL. T /./ RG $% Q!eyR. The $% Q!eyR, which can be up to 3" characters long, identifies the data in memory. 8. What are %+T+ <)7'T.R'? Gou can group any comple9 internal data ob@ects of an +6+#/& program together in data clusters and store them temporarily in +6+#/& memory or for longer periods in databases. Gou can store data clusters in special databases of the +6+#/& %ictionary. These databases are !nown as +6+#/& cluster databases and have a predefined structure. 'toring a data cluster is specific to +6+#/&. +lthough you can also access cluster databases using '() statements, only +6+#/& statements are able to decode the structure of the stored data cluster. 1>. 'tatements used to delete data ob@ects in +6+#/& memory AR.. /./ RG M$% Q!eyRN. 11. Cow will you create a file on application server. pen dataset QdsnR for output. 1". +6+#/& statement for opening a file on application server for reading pen dataset QdsnR for input. 13. Cow will you transfer data into a file in application server? %ata fname4->5 value OmGA$).E. %ata num type i. pen dataset fname for output. %o 1> times. 3um T 3um X1. Transfer num to fname. .nddo. LL.etc.

1&. 3ame the function modules to write data from an $nternal Table to the #resentation 'erver. % W3) +% and W'P% W3) +%. 1,. 3ame the function module that can be used to give information about files on #resentation 'erver and about its perating 'ystem. W'P(7.RG. 1-. 3ame the +6+#/& !ey word, which is used to clear the Ceaderline of an $nternal Table. <).+RQitabR. 11. 3ame the function modules to read data from #resentation 'erver into an $nternal Table. 7#) +% and W'P7#) +%. 12. 3ame the +6+#/& !eywords to initiali0e an $nternal Table with and without headerline. R.AR.'C QitabR. 18. Cow to determine the attributes of an internal table? %.'<R$6. T+6). QitabRM)$3.' QlinRN M <<7R' QoccRN. ">. 3ame the +6+#/& !ey word for searching a string in an $nternal Table. '.+R<C QitabR A R QstrRQoptionsR. The different options 4QoptionsR5 for the search in an internal table are: +66R.B$+T.% 'earches tableQitabRfor a word containing the character string specified in QstrR, where other characters might separate the characters. The first letter of the word and the string QstrR must be the same. 'T+RT$3; +TQlin1R 'earches tableQitabR for QstrR, starting at line Qline1R. Q[lin1R can be a variable. .3%$3; +TQn"R 'earches table QitabRfor QstrRupto lineQlin"R. Qlin"Rcan be a variable. +3% /+RH $f the search string is found, all the characters in the search string 4and all the characters in between when using +66R.B$+T.%5 are converted to upper case. "1. What are the different attributes that can be assigned to a variant? The different attributes that can be assigned to a variant areL. %escription .nter a short, meaningful description of the variant. This may be upto 3> characters long. 6ac!ground only 'pecify whether you want to use the variant in bac!ground processing only, or in online environment as well. #rotected variant. /ar! the field if you want to protect your variant against being changed by other users. %o not display variant. /ar! this field if you want the variant name to be displayed in the catalog only, but not in the A& value list. Aor the selections you cover in a variant, you can enter the following attributes: Type The system displays whether the field is a parameter or a select option. #rotected /ar! this field for each field on the selection screen you want to protect from being overwritten. Balues that you mar! this way are displayed to the users, but they cannot change them, that are they are not ready to accept input. $nvisible $f you mar! this column, the system will not display the corresponding field on the selection screen the user sees when starting the report program. Bariable /ar! this column if you want to set the value for this field at runtime.

"". $s it possible to create new dynamic programs during runtime of an +6+#/& program? $f so how? To create new dynamic programs during the runtime of an +6+#/& program, you must use an internal table. Aor this purpose, you should create this internal table with one character type column and a line width of 1". Gou can use any method you li!e from Ailling $nternal Tables to write the code of your new program into the internal table. .specially, you can use internal fields in which contents are dependent on the flow of the program that you use to create a new one, to influence the coding of the new program dynamically. The following e9ample shows how to proceed in principal: %+T+ < %. 41"5 <<7R' 1>. +##.3% OR.# RT U%G31.E T < %.. +##.3% OWR$T./WCello, $ am dynamically created\W.E T < %.. Two lines of a very simple program are written into the internal table < %.. $n the ne9t step you have to put the new module, in the above e9ample it is a report, into the library. Aor this purpose you can use the following statement: 'ynta9 $3'.RT R.# RT QprogRAR / QitabR. The program QprogR is inserted in your present development class in the R/3 Repository. $f a program with this name does not already e9ists, it is newly created with the following attributes: Title: none, Type: 1 4Reporting5, +pplication: ' 46asis5. Gou can specify the name of the program QprogR e9plicitly within single *uotation mar!s or you can write the name of a character field, which contains the program name. The name of the program must not necessarily be the same as given in the coding, but it is recommended to do so. QitabR is the internal table containing the source code. Aor the above e9ample you could write: $3'.RT R.# RT OU%G31E AR / < %.. r %+T+ R.# 425. R.# T OU%G31E $3'.RT R.# RT R.# AR / < %.. "3. %ata types can be elementary or structured 4T/A5. TR7.. "&. The amount of memory associated with a data type is U.R . ",. %ata ob@ects are the physical units a program uses at runtime. 4T/A5. TR7.. "-. The data ob@ect does not occupy any space in memory. 4T/A5 A+)'.. "1. What are the three hierarchical levels of data types and ob@ects? #rogram=independent data, defined in the +6+#/& %ictionary. $nternal data used globally in one program. %ata used locally in a procedure 4subroutine, function module5 "2. Cow would you find the attributes of a data type or data ob@ect? %.'<R$6. A$.)% QfR M).3;TC Ql.N MTG#. QtR M< /# 3.3T' QnRNN M 7T#7T=).3;TC QoRN M%.<$/+)' QdRN M.%$T /+'H QmRN.

"8. The components of a field string cannot have different data types. 4T/A5. A+)'.. 3>. Aield strings are also called as Record or 'tructures. 31. $f a field string is aligned 4)eft, centered, right @ustified etc.5, the filler fields are also added to the length of the type < field. 4T/A5. TR7.. 3". Gou cannot assign a local data ob@ect defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. 4T/A5 TR7.. 33. + field group reserves storage space for the fields, and does not contain pointers to e9isting fields 4T/A5. Aalse. 3&. %efining a field group as OC.+%.RE is optional 4T/A5 A+)'.. 3,. Cow would you define a field symbol? A$.)%='G/6 )'QA'R. 3-. Which function module would you use to chec! the userEs authori0ation to access files before opening a file? +7TC R$TGP<C.<HP%+T+'.T 31. 3ame the function module used to convert logical file names to physical file names in +6+#/& programs. A$).P;.TP3+/.. 32. #arameters, which are defined during the definition of a subroutine with the A R/ statement, are called Aormal #arameters. 38. #arameters which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the #.RA R/ statement are called +ctual #arameters. &>. $n subroutines internal tables that are passed by T+6).', are always called by value and result. 4T/A5 A+)'.. They are called by reference.

INTERACTIVE REPORTING 1. What is interactive reporting? $t helps you to create easy=to=read lists. Gou can display an overview list first that contains general information and provide the user with the possibility of choosing detailed information that you display on further lists. ". What are the uses of interactive reporting? The user can actively control data retrieval and display during the session. $nstead of an e9tensive and detailed list, you create a basic list with condensed information from which the user can switch to detailed displays by positioning the cursor and entering commands. The detailed information appears in secondary lists. 3. What are the event !ey words in interactive reporting? .vent Heyword .vent +T )$3.='.).<T$ 3 /oment at which the user selects a line by double clic!ing on it or by positioning the cursor on it and pressing A". +T 7'.R=< //+3% /oment at which the user presses a function !ey. T #= A=#+;. %7R$3; /oment during list processing of a )$3.='.).<T$ 3 secondary list at which a new page starts. &. What is secondary list? $t allows you to enhance the information presented in the basic list. The user can, for e9ample, select a line of the basic list for which he wants to see more detailed information. Gou display these details on a secondary list. 'econdary lists may either overlay the basic list completely or you can display them in an e9tra window on the screen. The secondary lists can themselves be interactive again. ,. Cow to select valid lines for secondary list? To prevent the user from selecting invalid lines, +6+#/& offers several possibilities. +t the end of the processing bloc! .3%= A='.).<T$ 3, delete the contents of one or more fields you previously stored for valid lines using the C$%. statement. +t the event +T )$3.= '.).<T$ 3, chec! whether the wor! area is initial or whether the C$%. statement stored field contents there. +fter processing the secondary list, clear the wor! area again. This prevents the user from trying to create further secondary lists from the secondary list displayed. -. Cow to create user interfaces for lists? The R/3 system automatically, generates a graphical user interface 4;7$5 for your lists that offers the basic functions for list processing, such as saving or printing the list. $f you want to include additional functionality, such as pushbuttons, you must define your own interface status. To create a new status, the %evelopment Wor!bench offers the /enu #ainter. With the /enu #ainter, you can create menus and application toolbars. +nd you can assign Aunction Heys to certain functions. +t the beginning of the statement bloc! of +T .3%= A= '.).<T$ 3, active the status of the basic list using the statement: '.T #A='T+T7' O'T+T7'E. 1. What is interactive reporting? + classical non=interactive report consists of one program that creates a single list. $nstead of one e9tensive and detailed list, with interactive reporting you create basic list from which the user can call detailed information by positioning the cursor and entering commands. $nteractive reporting thus reduces information retrieval to the data actually re*uired.

2. <an we call reports and transactions from interactive reporting lists? Ges. $t also allows you to call transactions or other reports from lists. These programs then use values displayed in the list as input values. The user can, for e9ample, call a transaction from within a list of change the database table whose data is displayed in the list. 8. What are system fields for secondary lists? 'G=)'$3% $nde9 of the list created during the current event 4basic list T >5 'G=)$'T1 $nde9 of the list level from which the event was triggered. 'G=)$))1 +bsolute number of the line from which the event was triggered. 'G=)$'.) <ontents of the line from which the event was triggered. 'G=<7R W #osition of the line in the window from which the event was triggered 4counting starts with 15 'G=<7< ) #osition of the column in the window from which the event was triggered 4counting starts with "5. 'G=<#+;. #age number of the first displayed page of the list from which the event was triggered. 'G='T+R 3umber of the first line of the first page displayed of the list from which the event was triggered 4counting starts with 15. #ossibly, a page header occupies this line. 'G='T+< 3umber of the first column displayed in the list from which the event was triggered 4counting starts with 15. 'G=7< // Aunction code that triggered the event. 'G=#AH.G 'tatus of the displayed list. 1>. Cow to maintain lists? To return from a high list level to the ne9t=lower level 4'G=)'$3%5, the user chooses 6ac! on a secondary list. The system then releases the currently displayed list and activates the list created one step earlier. The system deletes the contents of the released list. To e9plicitly specify the list level, into which you want to place output, set the 'G=lsind field. The system accepts only inde9 values, which correspond to e9isting list levels. $t then deletes all e9isting list levels whose inde9 is greater or e*ual to the inde9 specify. Aor e9ample, if you set 'G= )'$3% to >, the system deletes all secondary lists and overwrites the basic list with the current secondary list. 11. What are the page headers for secondary lists? n secondary lists, the system does not display a standard page header and it does not trigger the event. T #= A=#+;.. To create page headers for secondary list, you must enhance T #= A=#+;.: 'ynta9 T #= A=#+;. %7R$3; )$3.='.).<T$ 3. The system triggers this event for each secondary list. $f you want to create different page headers for different list levels, you must program the processing bloc! of this event accordingly, for e9ample by using system fields such as 'G=)'$3% or 'G=#AH.G in control statements 4$A, <+'.5. 1". Cow to use messages in lists? +6+#/& allows you to react to incorrect or doubtful user input by displaying messages that influence the program flow depending on how serious the error was. Candling messages is mainly a topic of dialog programming. Gou store and maintain messages in Table T1>>. /essages are sorted by language, by a two=character $%, and by a three=digit number. Gou can assign different message types to each message you output. The influence of a message on the program flow depends on the message type. $n our program, use the /.''+;. statement to output messages statically or dynamically and to determine the message type. 'ynta9:R.# RT QrepR /.''+;.=$% QidR. 13. What are the types of messages? + message can have five different types. These message types have the following effects during list processing: .+ 4T+bend5: .. 4T.rror5 or W 4TWarning5:

.$ 4T$nformation5: .' 4T'uccess5: 1&. What are the user interfaces of interactive lists? $f you want the user to communicate with the system during list display, the list must be interactive. Gou can define specific interactive possibilities in the status of the listEs user interface 4;7$5. To define the statuses of interfaces in the R/3 system, use the /enu #ainter tool. $n the /enu #ainter, assign function codes to certain interactive functions. +fter an user action occurs on the completed interface, the +6+#/& processor chec!s the function code and, if valid, triggers the corresponding event. 1,. What are the drill=down features provided by +6+#/& in interactive lists? +6+#/& provides some interactive events on lists such as +T )$3.='.).<T$ 3 4double clic!5 or +T 7'.R=< //+3% 4pressing a button5. Gou can use these events to move through layers of information about individual items in a list. 1-. What is meant by stac!ed list? + stac!ed list is nothing but secondary list and is displayed on a full=si0e screen unless you have specified its coordinates using the window command. 11. $s the basic list deleted when the new list is created? 3o. $t is not deleted and you can return bac! to it using one of the standard navigation functions li!e clic!ing on the bac! button or the cancel button. 12. What is meant by hotspots? + Cotspot is a list area where the mouse pointer appears as an upright hand symbol. When a user points to that area 4and the hand cursor is active5, a single clic! does the same thing as a double=clic!. Cotspots are supported from R/3 release 3.>c. 18. What is the length of function code at user=command? .ach menu function, push button, or function !ey has an associated function code of length A 7R 4for e9ample, AR..5, which is available in the system field 'G7< // after the user action. ">. <an we create a gui status in a program from the ob@ect browser? Ges. Gou can create a ;7$ 'T+T7' in a program using '.T #A='T+T7'. "1. $n which system field does the name of current gui status is there? The name of the current ;7$ 'T+T7' is available in the system field 'G=#AH.G. "". <an we display a list in a pop=up screen other than full=si0e stac!ed list? Ges, we can display a list in a pop=up screen using the command W$3% W with the additions starting at J1 G1 and ending at J" G" to set the upper=left and the lower=right corners where 91 y1 and 9" y" are the coordinates. "3. What is meant by hide area? The hide command temporarily stores the contents of the field at the current line in a system= controlled memory called the C$%. +R.+. +t an interactive event, the contents of the field are restored from the C$%. +R.+. "&. When the get cursor command used in interactive lists? $f the hidden information is not sufficient to uni*uely identify the selected line, the command ;.T <7R' R is used. The ;.T <7R' R command returns the name of the field at the cursor position in a field specified after the addition field, and the value of the selected field in a field specified after value.

",. Cow can you display frames 4hori0ontal and vertical lines5 in lists? Gou can display tabular lists with hori0ontal and vertical lines 4AR+/.'5 using the 7)$3. command and the system field 'G=B)$3.. The corners arising at the intersection of hori0ontal and vertical lines are automatically drawn by the system. "-. What are the events used for page headers and footers? The events T #= A=#+;. and .3%= A=#+;. are used for pager headers and footers. "1. Cow can you access the function code from menu painter? Arom within the program, you can use the 'G=7< // system field to access the function code. Gou can define individual interfaces for your report and assign them in the report to any list level. $f you do not specify self=defined interfaces in the report but use at least one of the three interactive event !eywords. +T )$3.='.).<T$ 3, +T #AQnnR, R +T 7'.R= < //+3% in the program, the system automatically uses appropriate predefined standard interfaces. These standard interfaces provide the same functions as the standard list described under the standard list. "2. Cow the at=user command serves mainly in lists? The +T 7'.R=< //+3% event serves mainly to handle own function codes. $n this case, you should create an individual interface with the /enu #ainter and define such function codes. "8. Cow to pass data from list to report? +6+#/& provides three ways of passing data: ===#assing data automatically using system fields ===7sing statements in the program to fetch data ===#assing list attributes 3>. Cow can you manipulate the presentation and attributes of interactive lists? ==='crolling through $nteractive )ists. ==='etting the <ursor from within the #rogram. ===/odifying )ist )ines. 31. Cow to call other programs? Report <all and return '76/$T +3% R.T7R3 <all without return '76/$T Gou can use these statements in any +6+#/& program. 3". What will e9actly the hide statement do? Aor displaying the details on secondary lists re*uires that you have previously stored the contents of the selected line from within the program. To do this, +6+#/& provides the C$%. statement. This statement stores the current field contents for the current list line. When calling a secondary list from a list line for which the C$%. fields are stored, the system fills the stored values bac! into the variables in the program. $n the program code, insert the C$%. statement directly after the WR$T. statement for the current line. $nteractive lists provide the user with the so=called O$3T.R+<T$B. R.# RT$3;E facility. Aor bac!ground processing the only possible method of pic!ing the relevant data is through O3 3 $3T.R+<T$B. R.# RTE . +fter starting a bac!ground @ob, there is no way of influencing the program. 6ut whereas for dialog sessions there are no such restrictions. 33. Cow many lists can a program can produce? .ach program can produce up to "1 lists: one basic list and "> secondary lists. $f the user creates a list on the ne9t level 4that is, 'G=)'$3% increases5, the system stores the previous list and displays the new one. nly one list is active, and that is always the most recently created list. Transaction <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 ).+B. T TR+3'+<T$ 3

TRANSACTIONS 1. ". What is a transaction? = + transaction is dialog program that change data ob@ects in a consistant way. What are the re*uirements a dialog program must fulfill? + dialog program must fulfil the following re*uirements = a user friendly user interface. = Aormat and consistancey chec!s for the data entered by the user. = .asy correction of input errors. = +ccess to data by storing it in the data bases.

3.What are the basic components of dialog program? = 'creens 4%ynpros5 = .ach dialog in an '+# system is controlled by dynpros.+ dynpros consists of a screen +nd its flow logic and controls e9actly one dialog step. = +6+#/& module #ool. .ach dynpro refers to e9actly one +6+#/& dialog program .'uch a dialog program is also a module pool ,since it consists of interactive modules.

called

&.What is #6 and #+$ events? #6 = #rocess 6efore utput=$t determines the flow logic before displaying the screen. #+$=#rocess +fter $nput=$t determines the flowlogic after the display of the screen and after receiving inputs from the 7ser. ,. What is dynpro?What are its components ? = + dynpro 4%ynamic #rogram5 consists of a screen and its flow logic and controls e9actly one dialog steps. = The different components of the dynpro are : Alow )ogic: calls of the +6+#/& modules for a screen . 'creen layout:#ositions of the te9t ,fields,pushbuttons and so on for a screen 'creen +ttributes:3umber of the screen,number of the subse*uent screen,and others Aields attributes :%efinition of the attributes of the individual fields on a screen. -. What is a +6+#/& module pool? =.ach dynpro refers to e9actly one +6+#/& dialog program.'uch a dialog program is also called a module pool ,since it consists on interactive modules.

1..<an we use WR$T. statements in screen fields?if not how is data transferred from field data to screen fields?
=We cannot write field data to the screen using the WR$T. statement.The system instead transfers data by comparing screen fields names with +6+#/& variable names.$f both names are the same,it transfers screen fields values to +6+#/& programs fields and Bice Bersa.This happens immediately after displaying the screen. 2.<an we use flow logic control !ey words in +6+#/& and vice=versa? = The flow control of a dynpro consists os a few statements that syntactically ressemble +6+#/& statements .Cowever ,We cannot use flow control !eywords in +6+#/& and vice=versa. 8.What is ;7$ status? Cow to create /.dit ;7$ status? =+ ;7$ status is a subset of the interface elements used for a certain screen.The status comprises those elements that are currently needed by the transaction .The ;7$ status for a transaction may be composed of the following elements: =Title bar. =/neu bar. =+pplication tool bar =#ush buttons. To create and edit ;7$ status and ;7$ title,we use the /enu #ainter.

1>. Cow does the interection between the %ynpro and the +6+#/& /odules ta!es place? =+ transaction is a collection os screens and +6+#/& routines ,controlled and e9ecuted by a %ialog processor.The %ilaog processor processes screen after the screen ,thereby triggering the appropriate +6+#/& processing of each screen .Aor each screen,the system e9ecutes the flow logic that contains the corresponding +6+#/& processing.The controls passes from screen flow logic to +6+#/& code and bac!. 11. Cow does the %ialog handle user re*uests? = when an action is performed ,the system triggers the #R <.'' +AT.R $3#7T event.The data passed includes field screen data data entered by the user and a function code. + functioncode is a technical name that has been allocated in a screen #ainter or /enu #ainter to a meny entry,a push button,the .3T.R !ey or a function Hey of a screen.+n internal wor! field4o!=code5in the #+$ module evaluates the function code,and the appropriate action is ta!en. 1". What is to be defined for a push button fields in the screen attributes? = + function code has to be defined in the screen attributes for the push buttons in a screen. 13. Cow are the function code handles in Alow )ogic? = When the 7ser selects a function in a transaction ,the system copies the function code into a specially designated wor! field called HP< %..This field is ;lobal in +6+#/& /odule #ool.The HP< %. can then be evaluated in the corresponding #+$ module. The function code is always passed in .9actly the same way , regardless of Whether it comes from a screenEs pushbutton,a menu option ,function !ey or other ;7$ element. 1&.What controls the screen flow? = The '.T '<R..3 and ).+B. '<R..3 statements controls screen flow.

1&. The Aunction code currently active is ascertained by what Bariable? = The function code currently active in a #rogram can be ascertained from the 'G=7< // Bariable. 1,. The function code currently active is ascertained by what variable ? = 6y 'G=7< // Bariable. 1-. What are the VfieldW and VchainW 'tatements? = The A$.)% and <C+$3 flow logic statements let you #rogram Gour own chec!s.A$.)% and <C+$3 tell the system Which fields you are chec!ing and Whether the 'ystem should #erform <hec!s in the flow logic or call an +6+#/& /odule. 11. What is an Von input filedW statements? = 3 $3#7T The +6+#/& module is called only if a field contains the Balue other than the initial Balue.This initial Balue is determined by the filedEs %ta Type: blan!s for character Aields ,Ueroes for numerics. $f the user changes the Aields Balue bac! t o its initial value, 3 $3#7T does not trigger a call. 12. What is an Von re*uest AieldW statement? = 3 R.(7.'T The +6+#/& /odule is called only if the user has entered the value in the field value since the last screen display .The Balue counts as changed .ven if the 7ser simply types in the value that was already there .$n general ,the 3 R.(7.'T condition is triggered through any Aorm ofW /+37+) $3#7TE. 18. What is an onWS=input filedW statement? 3 S=$3#7T = The +6+#/& module is called if the user has entered the VSW in the first character of the field, and the field has the attribute S=entry in the screen #ainter.Gou can use this option in .9ceptionla cases where you want to chec! only fields with certain Hinds of $nput. ">. What are conditional chain statement? 3 <C+$3=$3#7T similar to 3 $3#7T.

The +6+#/& module is called if any one of the fields in the chain contains a value other than its initial value4blan! or nulls5. 3 <C+$3=R.(7.'T This condition functions @ust li!e 3 R.(7.'T, but the +6+#/& module is called if any one of the fields in the chain changes value. "1. What is Vat e9it=command:? The flowlogic Heyword at .J$T=< //+3% is a special addition to the / %7). statement in the Alow )ogic .+T .J$T=< //+3% lets you call a module before the system e9ecutes the automatic fields chec!s. "". Which Aunction type has to be used for using Vat e9it=commandW ? = To 7se +T .J$T D < //+3% ,We must assign a function Type V.W to the relevant function in the /.37 #ainter R 'creen #ainter . "3. What are the different message types available in the +6+#/& ? = There are , types of message types available. = .: .RR R = W=W+R3$3; = $ D$3A R/+T$ 3 = +=+63 R/+) T.R/$3+T$ 3. = '='7<<.'' "&. f the two V ne9t screen V attributes the attributes that has more priority is ===================. %ynamic.

",. 3avigation to a subse*uent screen can be specified statically/dynamically .4TR7./A+)'.5. TR7.. "-. %ynamic screen se*uence for a screen can be set using ============= and ================= commands 'et 'creen, <all screen. "1. The commands through Which an +6+#/& /odule can Vbranch to V or VcallW the ne9t screen are 1.============,"==============,3===============,&============. = 'et screenQscr noR,<all screenQscr noR ,)eave screen, )eave to screen Qscr noR.

"2. What is difference between '.T '<R..3 and <+)) '<R..3 ? = With '.T '<R..3 the current screen simply specifies the ne9t screen in the chain , control branches to this ne9t screen as sonn as th e current screen has been processed .Return from ne9t screen to current screen is not automatic .$t does not interrupt processing of the current screen.$f we want to branch to the ne9t screen without finishing the current one ,use ).+B. '<R..3. With <+)) '<R..3 , the current 4calling5 chain is suspended , and a ne9t screen 4screen chain5 is called .The called can then return to the suspended chain with the statement ).+B. '<R..3 T '<R..3 > .'ometime we might want to let an user call a pop up screen from the main application screen to let him enter secondary information.+fter they have completed their enteries, the users should be able to close the popup and return directly to the place where they left off in the main screen.Cere comes <+)) '<R..3 into picture .This statement lets us insert such a se*uence intp the current one.

"8. <an we specify the ne9t screen number with a variable 4SGes/3o5? = Ges

3>. The field 'G=%G3R refers to============== 3umber of the current screen. 31. What is dialog /odule?

+ dialog /odule is a callable se*uence of screens that does not belong to a particular transaction.%ialog modules have their module pools , and can be called by any transaction.

3". The 'ynte9 used to call a screen as dialog bo9 4pop up5is========= <+)) '<R..3 Qscreen number.R 'T+RT$3; +T Qstart columnRQstart lineR .3%$3; +T Qend columnR Qend lineR 33. What is Vcall modeW? = $n the +6+#/& W R)% each stac!able se*uence of screens is a Vcall modeW, This is $/# because of the way u return from the given se*uence .To terminate a call mode and return to a suspended chain set the Vne9t screenW to > and leave to it: ).+B. T '<R..3 > or 4'.T '<R..3 > and ).+B. '<R..35 .When u return to the suspended chain e9ecution resumes with the statement directly following the original <+)) '<R..3 statement.The original se*uence of screens in a transaction 4that is , without having stac!ed any additional call modes5,you returned from the transaction altogether. 3&. The ma9 number of calling modes stac!ed at one time is? = 3$3. 3,. What is )7W or %ata base Transaction ? = = + V)7WW4logical unit of wor!5 is the span of time during which any database updates must be performed in an Vall or nothingW manner ..ither they are all performed 4committed5,or they are all thrown away 4rolled bac!5.$n the +6+#/& world , )7Ws and Transactions can have several meanings:

)7W 4or Vdatabase )7WW or Vdatabase transactionW5 This is the set of updates terminated by a database commit. + )7W lasts ,at most , from one screen change to the ne9t 4because the '+# system triggers database commits automatically at every screen change5. 3-. What is '+# )7W or 7pdate Transaction? 7pdate transaction 4or V'+# )7WW5 This is a set of updates terminated by an +6+#/& commit. + '+# )7W may last much longer than a database )7W, since most update processing e9tends over multiple transaction screens. The programmer terminates an update transaction by issuing a < //$T W RH statement. 31. What happens if only one of the commands '.T '<R..3 and ).+B. '<R..3 is used without using the other? $f we use '.T '<R..3 without ).+B. '<R..3, the program finishes processing for the current screen before branching to Qscr noR. $f we use ).+B. '<R..3 without a '.T '<R..3 before it, the current screen process will be terminated and branch directly to the screen specified as the default ne9t=screen in the screen attributes. 32. What is the significance of the screen number O>E? $n Vcalling modeW, the special screen number > 4).+B. T '<R..3 >5 causes the system to @ump bac! to the previous call level. That is, if you have called a screen se*uence with <+)) '<R..3 leaving to screen > terminates the se*uence and returns to the calling screen. $f you have not called a screen se*uence, ).+B. T '<R..3 > terminates the transaction. 38. What does the O'7##R.'' %$+) ;E do? 'uppressing of entire screens is possible with this command. This command allows us to perform screen processing Vin the bac!groundW. 'uppresing screens is useful when we are branching to list= mode from a transaction dialog step. &>. What is the significance of the memory table O'<R..3E? +t runtime, attributes for each screen field are stored in the memory table called O'<R..3E. We need not declare this table in our program. The system maintains the table for us internally and updates it with every screen change. &1. What are the fields in the memory table O'<R..3E? 3ame )ength %escription

3+/. ;R 7#1 ;R 7#" ;R 7#3 ;R 7#& +<T$B. R.(7$R.% $3#7T 7T#7T $3T.3'$A$.% $3B$'$6). ).3;TC %$'#)+GP3% B+)7.PC.)#

3> 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3ame of the screen field Aield belongs to field group 1 Aield belongs to field group " Aield belongs to field group 3 Aield belongs to field group& Aield is visible and ready for input. Aield input is mandatory. Aield is ready for input. Aield is display only. Aield is highlighted Aield is suppressed. Aield output length is reduced. Aield is displayed with 3% frames. Aield is displayed with value help.

&". Why grouping of fields is re*uired? What is the ma9 no of modification groups for each field? $f the same attribute need to be changed for several fields at the same time these fields can be grouped together. We can specify up to four modification groups for each field. &3. What are the attributes of a field that can be activated or deactivated during runtime? $nput, utput, /andatory, +ctive, Cighlighted, $nvisible. &&. What is a screen group? Cow it is useful? 'creen group is a field in the 'creen +ttributes of a screen. Cere we can define a string of up to four characters which is available at the screen runtime in the 'G=%3;R field. Rather than maintaining field selection separately for each screen of a program, we can combine logically associated screens together in a screen group. &,. What is a 'ubscreen? Cow can we use a 'ubscreen? + subscreen is an independent screen that is displayed in a n area of another 4VmainW5 screen. To use a subscreen we must call it in the flow logic 4both #6 and #+$5 of the main screen. The <+)) '76'<R..3 stratement tells the system to e9ecute the #6 and #+$ events for the subscreen as part of the #6 or #+$ events of the main screen. The flow logic of your main program should loo! as follows: #R <.'' 6.A R. 7T#7T. <+)) '76'<R..3 QareaR $3<)7%$3; OQprogramRE EQscreenRE. #R <.'' +AT.R $3#7T. <+)) '76'<R..3 QareaR. +rea is the name of the subscreen area you defined in your main screen. This name can have up to ten characters. #rogram is the name of the program to which the subscreen belongs and screen is the subscreenEs number. &-. What are the restrictions on 'ubscreens? 'ubscreens have several restrictions. They cannot: 'et their own ;7$ status Cave a named H code <all another screen <ontain an +T .J$T=< //+3% module 'upport positioning of the cursor. &1. Cow can we use / display table in a screen? +6+#/& offers two mechanisms for displaying and using table data in a screen. These mechanisms are T+6). < 3TR )' and 'T.# ) #'. &2. What are the differences between T+6). < 3TR )' and 'T.# ) #'? T+6). < 3TR )' are simply enhanced 'T.# ) #' that display with the loo! and feel of a table widget in a des!top application. 6ut from a programming standpoint, T+6). < 3TR )' and 'T.# ) #' are almost e9actly the same. ne ma@or difference between 'T.# ) #' and T+6). < 3TR )' is in 'T.# ) #' their table rows can span more than one time on the screen. 6y contrast the rows in a T+6). < 3TR )' are always single lines, but can be very long. 4Table control rows are scrollable5. The structure of table control is different from step loops. + step loop, as a screen ob@ect, is simply a series of field rows that appear as a repeating bloc!. + table control, as a screen ob@ect consists of: $5 table fields 4displayed in the screen 5 ii5 a control structure that governs the table display and what the user can do with it. &8. What are the dynapro !eywords? A$.)%, / %7)., '.).<T, B+)7.' and <C+$3 are the dynapro !eywords.

,>. Why do we need to code a ) # statement in both the #6 and #+$ events for each table in the screen? We need to code a ) # statement in both #6 and #+$ events for each table in the screen. This is because the ) # statement causes the screen fields to be copied bac! and forth between the +6+#/& program and the screen field. Aor this reason, at least an empty ) #L..3%) # must be there. ,1. The field 'G='T.#) refers to the inde9 of the screen table row that is currently being processed. The system variable 'G=stepl only has a meaning within the confines of ) #L..3%) # processing. utside the loop, it has no valid value. ,". Cow can we declare a table control in the +6+#/& program? 7sing the synta9 controls Qtable control nameR type tableview using screen Qscr noR. ,3. %ifferentiate between static and dynamic step loops. 'tep loops fall into two classes: 'tatic and %ynamic. 'tatic step loops have a fi9ed si0e that cannot be changed at runtime. %ynamic step loops are variable in si0e. $f the user re=si0es the window the system automatically increases or decreases the number of step loop bloc!s displayed. $n any given screen you can define any number of static step loops but only a single dynamic one. ,&. What are the two ways of producing a list within a transaction? 6y submitting a separate report. 6y using leave to list=processing. ,,. What is the use of the statement )eave to )ist=processing? )eave to )ist=processing statement is used to produce a list from a module pool. )eave to list processing statement allows to switch from dialog=mode to list=mode within a dialog program. ,-. When will the current screen processing terminates? + current screen processing terminates when control reaches either a )eave=screen or the end of #+$. ,1. Cow is the command 'uppress=%ialog useful? 'uppressing entire screens is possible using this command. This command allows us to perform screen processing Vin the bac!groundW. The system carries out all #6 and #+$ logic, but does not display the screen to the user. 'uppressing screens is useful when we are branching to list=mode from a transaction dialog step. ,2. What happens if we use )eave to list=processing without using 'uppress=%ialog? $f we donEt use 'uppress=%ialog to ne9t screen will be displayed but as empty, when the user presses .3T.R, the standard list output is displayed. ,8. Cow the transaction that are programmed by the user can be protected? 6y implementing an authority chec!. ->. What are the modes in which any update tas!s wor!? 'ynchronous and +synchronous. -1. What is the difference between 'ynchronous and +synchronous updates? + program as!s the system to perform a certain tas!, and then either waits or doesnEt wait for the tas! to finish. $n synchronous processing, the program waits: control returns to the program only when the tas! has been completed. $n asynchronous processing, the program does not wait: the system returns control after merely logging the re*uest for e9ecution. -". '+# system configuration incluedes %ialog tas!s and 7pdate tas!s. -3. %ialog=tas! updates are 'ynchronous updates. -&. 7pdate Dtas! updates are +synchronous updates. -,. What is the difference between <ommit=wor! and Rollbac!=Wor! tas!s? <ommit=Wor! statement VperformsW many functions relevant to synchroni0ed e9ecution of tas!s. Rollbac!=wor! statement Vcancels: all reuests relevant to synchroni0ed e9ecution of tas!s. --. What are the different database integrities? 'emantic $ntegrity. Relational $ntegrity. #rimary Hey $ntegrity. Balue 'et $ntegrity. Aoreign Hey integrity and

perational integrity.

-1. +ll '+# %atabases are Relational %atabases. -2. What is '+# loc!ing? $t is a mechanism for defining and applying logical loc!s to database ob@ects. -8. What does a loc! ob@ect involve? The tables. The loc! argument. 1>. What are the different !inds of loc! modes? 'hared loc! .9clusive loc!. .9tended e9clusive list. 11. Cow can a loc! ob@ect be called in the transaction? 6y calling .n*ueueQloc! ob@ectR and %e*ueueQloc! ob@ectR in the transaction. 1". What are the events by which we can program Vhelp te9tsW and display Vpossible value listsW? =#R <.'' 3 C.)#=R.(7.'T 4# C5. =#R <.'' 3 B+)7.=R.(7.'T 4# B5. 13. What is a matchcode? + matchcode is an aid to finding records stored in the system whenever an ob@ect !ey is re*uired in an input field but the user only !nows other 4non=!ey5 information about the ob@ect. 1&. = = = $n what ways we can get the conte9t sensitive A1 help on a field? %ata element documentation. %ata element additional te9t in screen painter. 7sing the process on help re*uest event.

1,. What is roll area? + roll area contains the programEs runtime conte9t. $n addition to the runtime stac! and other structures, all local variables and any data !nown to the program are stored here. 1-. = = = = 11. = = = = Cow does the system handle roll areas for e9ternal program components? Transactions run in their own roll areas. Reports run in their own roll areas. %ialog modules run in their own roll areas Aunction modules run in the roll area of their callers. %oes the e9ternal program run in the same '+# )7W as the caller, or in a separate one? Transactions run with a separate '+# )7W Reports run with a separate '+# )7W. %ialog modules run in the same '+# )7W as the caller Aunction modules run in the same '+# )7W as the caller. The only e9ceptions to the above rules are function modules called with $3 7#%+T. T+'H 4B" function only5 or $3 6+<H;R 73% T+'H 4+). applications5. These always run in their own 4separate5 update transactions.

12. What are function modules? Aunction modules are general=purpose library routines that are available system=wide. 18. What are the types of parameters in the function modules? $n general, function module can have four types of parameters: = .J# RT$3;: for passing data to the called function. = $/# RT$3;: for receiving data returned from the function module. = T+6).': for passing internal tables only, by reference 4that is, by address5. = <C+3;$3;: for passing parameters to and from the function. 2>. What is the difference between )eave Transaction and <all Transaction? $n contrast to ).+B. T TR+3'+<T$ 3, the <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 statement causes the system to start a new '+# )7W. This second '+# )7W runs parallel to the '+# )7W for the calling transaction. 21. Cow can we pass selection and parameter data to a report? There are three options for passing selection and parameter data to the report.

= = =

7sing '76/$TLW$TC 7sing a report variant. 7sing a range table.

2". Cow to send a report to the printer instead of displaying it on the screen? We can send a report to the printer instead of diplaying it on the screen. To do this, use the !eywords T '+#='# ): '76/$T R'A)A$3%LT '+#='# ) %.'T$3+T$ 3 O)T,>E. 23. Cow can we send data to e9ternal programs? 7sing '#+/;#+ parameters4'+# memory5. 7sing .J# RT/$/# RT data 4+6+#/& memory5 2&. What are '#+/;#+ parameters 4'+# memory5 '#+/;#+ parameters are field values saved globally in memory. There are two ways to use '#+/;#+ parmeters: 6y setting field attributes in the 'creen #ainter. 6y using the '.T #+R+/.T.R or ;.T #+R+/.T.R statements.

BDC
1. What is full form of 6%< 'ession? 6atch %ata <ommunication 'ession. ". What are the steps in a 6%< session? The first step in a 6%< session is to identify the screens of the transaction that the program will process. 3e9t step is to write a program to build the 6%< table that will be used to submit the data to '+#. The final step is to submit the 6%< table to the system in the batch mode or as a single transaction by the <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 command. 3. Cow do you find the information on the current screen? The information on the current screen can be found by 'G'T./ 'T+T7' command from any menu. &. Cow do you save data in 6%< tables? The data in 6%< tables is saved by using the field name O6%<P H< %.E and field value of O/11E. ,. What is the last entry in all 6%< tables? $n all 6%< tables the last entry is to save the data by using the field name 6%<P H< %. and a field value of O/11E. -. What is a multiple line field? + multiple line field is a special !ind of field which allows the user to enter multiple lines of data into it. 1. Cow do you populate data into a multiple line field? To populate data into a multiple line field, an inde9 is added to the field name to indicate which line is to be populated by the 6%< session 4)ine inde95. 2. Write the 6%< table structure. 6%< table structure

A$.)% #rogram %yn#ro %yn6egin Anam Aval

TG#. <C+R 425 <C+R 4&5 <C+R 415 <C+R 43,5 <C+R 42>5

%.'<R$#T$ 3 #rogram name of transaction. 'creen number of transaction. $ndicator for new screen. 3ame of database field from screen. Balue to submit to field.

8. %oes the <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 method allow multiple transactions to be processed by '+#? 3o. The <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 method allows only a single transaction to be processed by '+#. 1>. %oes the 6%<=$3'.RT function allow multiple transactions to be processed by '+#? Ges. 11. What is the synta9 for O<+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3E? <+)) TR+3'+<T$ 3 trans M using bdctab / %. mode N. Three possible entries are there for / %.. + = 'how all screens. . = 'how only screens with errors. 3 = 'how no screens.