VILNIAUS PEDAGOGINIS UNIVERSITETAS EKONOMIKOS KATEDRA

EKONOMIKOS TERMINAI IR SVOKOS

(mokomasis odynas)
Vilni s! "###

U DK

$$(% $&) Ek$ '

A(s)a*s+y+a i* *,kom,nd o+a s(a dai "### m.i*,lio "' d- VPU Ekonomikos ka+,d*os (os/dy0, (P*o+okolas N*- 1")R,2,n3,n+ai4
do2- d*- AGa*5ki,n/ d*- VNa)i2kas

S da*y+o0ai 6- 7a8dana)i9i s! P- S+ank,)i9i s! LL ko5,)i9i s

Ekonomikos +,*minai i* s:)okos Ti*- 1;% ,83- ""!1; s(- l- Usak- N*- <& I5l,ido Vilnia s (,da8o8inis ni),*si+,+as S+ d,n+= 8- $#! LT>1%$' Vilni s Mak,+a)o i* s(a sdino VPU l,idykla T- ?,)9,nkos 8- $"! LT>1%%# Vilni s Kaina s +a*+in/

@ Vilnia s (,da8o8inis ni),*si+,+as

IS7N ##&<>&<#>'A>"

P*a+a*m/
?is odynas y*a (a8al.in/ mokymo (*i,mon/ s+ di0 o0an+i,ms ,konomin,s dis2i(linas- Bodyn, (a+,ik+i +ik (a8*indiniai ,konomi> kos +,*minai i* s:)okos- L,idinio +ikslas C (a+,ik+i s)a*.ia si= s:)o> k= a(i.*/im s! (ad/+i a k5+=0= mokykl= s+ d,n+ams 8*,i9ia s )ok+i i* (aka*+o+i d/s+om: m,dia8:A +o*i= n omon,! odyn 8al/s na do+is ),*slininkai! )ady.i> ninkai .,i )isi Li,+ )os (ili,9iai! .,sidomin+ys ,konomika-

A(i.*/ian+ s:)okas i* +,*min s! *,m+asi ,konomikos mokslo lai>m/0imais! Vaka*= 5alys, i5l,is+ais odynais! Li,+ )os R,s( .likos Ds+a+ymaisL,idinD (a*,n8/ i* s da*/4 (*oE- Fa.il- d*- 6 o3as 7a8dana)i9i s! do2- d*- P,+*as S+ank,)i9i s! do2- d*- Vy+a +as L ko5,)i9i s-

Pas+a.as i* (asiGlym s (*a5om, si=s+i 5i o ad*,s 4 Vilni s! ?,)>9,nkos 8- $"! Ekonomikos ka+,d*ai-

A
A.,0in8 mo k*,i)/ C k*,i)/! *odan+i (asi*,nkam:0D d)i,0= (*,ki= d,*inD! kai ki,k)i,na i5 0= +,ikia )i,nod: (asi+,nkinim: a*.a a.i y*a +okios (a+ na din8os- A.,0in8 mo k*,i)/s y*a na do0amos n s+a+y+i )a*+o+o0= d)i,0= (*,ki= (i*kimo ( sia s)y*: i* i5anali> 3 o+i += d)i,0= (*,ki= kain= (asik,i+imo D+ak: (akla sai-

A.soli + s sk *das C si+ a2i0a! kai 5,imos (a0amos ma,sn/s oEi2iali: sk *do *i.:A.soli + sis (*ana5 mas C (*ana5 mas! k *is .Gdin8as k *iai no*s 5aliai! + *in9iai +am +ik*= i5+,kli= i* 8alin9iai (a8amin+i da 8ia (*od k2i0os n,8 ki+os 5alys! k *ios + *i + os (a9i s i5+,kli s- Ta>9ia a.soli + sis (*ana5 mas n,n l,mia +a*(+a +in/s (*,ky.os na >din8 moA8*a*in/ (oli+ika C )als+y./s (oli+ika! k *ia si,kiama i5s(*Hs+i mais+o (*o.l,m:! in+,nsy)iai )ys+y+i ,m/s GkD i* ki+as a8*o),*slo 5akas! *adikaliai (ak,is+i kaimo 8y),n+o0= da*.o i* . i+i,s s:ly8as-

A8*o),*slas C 5ali,s Gkio 5ak= kom(l,ksas! a(iman+is ,m/s Gkio (*od k2i0os 8amy.:! (,*di*.im: i* *,ali3a)im:Ak2,l,*a+o*i s C (*,ki= i* (asla 8= *,ali3a)imo a(im+i,s (oky9io i* in),s+i2i0= san+ykis- Ak2,l,*a+o*ia s (*in2i(o ,sm/ +okia4 in),s> +i2i0= ly8is (*ikla so n o .,nd*o0o na2ionalinio (*od k+o (7NP) a 8imo +,m(=- 6,i 5is (*od k+as did/0a C did/0a i* 8*ynosios in> ),s+i2i0os! o 0,i na2ionalinis (*od k+as n,did/0a! +ai 8*yn=0= in> ),s+i2i0= n,.,da*oma a*.a 0os li,ka la.ai maos- G*,i+ai a 8an+ .,nd*a0am na2ionaliniam (*od k+ i ),*slininkai ska+inami in),s> + o+i D na 0as 8amyklas n, +ik +am! kad a+na 0in+= ka(i+al:! .,+ i* +am! kad (a+,nkin+i (adid/0 si: (akla s:- Ind k2ini= in),s+i2i0= (adid/0imas sa)o * o+ s s+i(*ina m l+i(lika+o*ia s (o),ikD di>dinan+ na2ionalinD (*od k+:7,nd*as ak2,l,*a2i0os i* m l+i(lika2i0os ),iksm= (o),ikis! (asi> *,i5kian+is (,* in),s+i2i0= 2ikl:! 8ali (aai5kin+i (oky9i s ,kono> miko0,! s si0 si s s .i3nio 2ikl - Kadan8i in),s+i2i0= dydis (*i> kla so n o kin+an9io .,nd*o0o na2ionalinio (*od k+o a(im+i,s!
'

+ai 8*,i+ai 0am a 8an+ in),s+i2i0os .Gna didia sios! n,s 8amin+o>0as s+,n8iasi (adidin+i sa)o (a0/8 m s- ?ios did,l/s in),s+i2i0os (ad,da s(*Hs+i )is min/s (akla sos (*o.l,m: i* i5laiky+i a k5+: 7NP ly8D- Kai 7NP a 8imo a(im+is ma/0a! ),*slininkams da >8ia n,.G+ina didin+i (a0/8 m s! i* in),s+i2i0os 8ali s ma/+i iki (a8*indinio ka(i+alo a+na 0inimo ly8io- S ma/0 s in),s+i2i0oms s ma/s )is min/ (akla sa i* 7NP- 6,i8 (akla sa il8,snD laik: y*a n,did,l/! +ai D*,n8imai (ama (as,ns i* kai k *i os i5 0= +,ks (ak,is+i- In),s+i2i0= did/0imas didina )is minH (akla s: i* ska+i>na did/+i 7NPAk2i0a C ),*+y.inis (o(i,*i s! i5l,idiamas ak2in/s .,nd*o)/s kai( il8alaikio ka(i+alo didinimo (*i,mon/- 7,nd*o)/s ak2ininkai y*a +,is/+i 0os sa)ininkai i* + *i +,isH 8a +i 0os (,lno dalD- Ak2i0omis (*,kia 0ama Eond= .i*o0,- I*a d)i did,l/s ak2i0= *G5ys4 (*i)il,> 8i0 o+osios ak2i0os i* (a(*as+osios ak2i0os- Pa8al + *im= ak2i0= ki,kD .,nd*o)/s sa)ininkai (asiski*s+o 8a +: (,ln: di)id,nd= Eo*>maPa(*as+ai ak2i0ai di)id,ndo dydis i5 anks+o n,n s+a+omas i* n,8a*an+ o0amas- P*i)il,8i0 o+os ak2i0os sa)inink i mokamas i5 anks+o n s+a+y+o dydio di)id,ndas- Pa(*as+=0= ak2i0= sa)ininkai + *i +,isH 8a +i .,+ kokD 0= .,nd*o)/s (,ln: (o +o! kai s mok/+os )isos i5laidos! i* 0i, dania siai (asiima +am +ik*: (,lno dalD a*.a )is: (,ln: di)id,ndais- 6,i .,nd*o)/ lik)id o0ama! 0i, + *i +,isH 8a +i )is s Dmon/s ak+y) s! s mok/0 s )isas .,nd*o)/s skolas i* D)ykdi s (*i)il,8i0 o+= ak2i0= sa)inink= *,ikala)im s-

Ak2i0= (a0amos y*a 8*ynasis (,lnas! 8a +as s ka ( s mok,s9i= s mas ak2in/0, .,nd*o)/0,! k *ias *,ikia i5mok/+i ,iliniams ak2i>ninkams i* (,*daly+as i5 (a(*as+=0= ak2i0= skai9ia s- Ak2i0= (*i,>das C +ai (a0amos! 8a +os i5l,id s ak2i0as did,sn, kaina 0= no>minali:0: ),*+H- Tokios (a0amos (*id,damos (*i, ak2in/s .,n>d*o)/s .,nd*=0= (a0am=Ak2in/ .,nd*o)/ C *i.o+os + *+in/s a+sakomy./s Dmon/! + *in+i 0 *i> dinio asm,ns +,is,s- Ji3iniai i* 0 *idiniai asm,nys! Dsi8i0H .,nd*o> )/s ak2i0=! +am(a ak2ininkais- 6i, y*a kol,k+y)iniai ak2in/s .,n> d*o)/s sa)ininkai- Ak2ininkas n,a+sako sa)o asm,nini + *+ .,nd*o)/s (*i,)ol,s (*i,5 k*,di+o*i s- 6i, a+sako +ik + *im ak2i>
;

ni ka(i+al - Ak2in/s .,nd*o)/s (a(*as+ai y*a (,lno si,kian9ios Dmon/s- S)a*.ia si 0= (*ana5 mai y*a 5i,4 ") DkG* s ak2inH .,n> d*o)H 8alima ,E,k+y)iai s *ink+i did,lD (ini8inD ka(i+al:K 1) *i.o+a ak2inink= + *+in/ a+sakomy./K $) s +,lk si did,lD (ini8inD ka(i+a>l: ak2in/ .,nd*o)/ 8ali ,E,k+y)iai i5(l/s+i ),*sl:K ') 8alimy./ (,*>d o+i +,is,s i* n,*i.o+as ak2in/s .,nd*o)/s ,83is+a)imo laikasK ;) (*oE,sional s )aldymas- ?i, (*ana5 mai (a(*as+ai n l,mia 0= +*Gk m s- Pa8*indiniai ak2ini= .,nd*o)i= +*Gk mai4 ") Ds+a+ymais n s+a+y+i a(*i.o0imaiK 1) ak2in/0, ),*slo o*8ani3a)imo Eo*mo0, sly(i +am +ik*= (ik+na dia)im= 8alimy./sK $) kai k *ios, 5alys, +aikomas )adinamasis d)i8 .as ak2ini= .,nd*o)i= a(mok,s+ini> masK ') n osa)y./s a+o+*Gkis n o )aldymo i* kon+*ol/sK ;) s+am> .ios ak2in/s .,nd*o)/s *i.o0a konk *,n2i0: i* maina 0os ,E,k+y> ) m:! ska+ina mono(oli3m: ,konomiko0,- Tai8i ak2ini= .,nd*o>)i= )aidm o (*i,5+a*in8as4 )i,na ),*+ s! 0os s da*o s:ly8as ,E,k>+y)iai Gkininka +i! (ad,da s +a (y+i d/l ),*slo mas+o a+ski*o0, Dmon/0, i* 8,*ia +,nkin+i (i*k/0= (o*,iki sK an+*a ),*+ s! 8dyda>mos .i *ok*a+i3m: ),*slo )aldym, i* sil(nindamos konk *,n2i0:! 0os maina ,E,k+y) m:! *i.o0a 8,*,snio )a*+o+o0= (o*,iki= +,nki>nimo 8alimy.,s-

Ak2ininkas C Ei3inis a* 0 *idinis asm o! )als+y./ a* sa)i)aldy./! k > *i Ds+a+ym= n s+a+y+a +)a*ka + *i Dsi8i0 si .,n+ )i,n: ak2in/s .,n>d*o)/s ak2i0:- Vals+y.,i a* sa)i)aldy.,i ak2in/0, .,nd*o)/0, a+>s+o)a 0a )als+y./s a* sa)i)aldy./s ins+i+ 2i0aAk2i3ai C kai k *i= (*,ki= i* (asla 8= mok,s9iai! n s+a+omi da > 8ia sia n,,las+in8os (akla sos (*,k/ms i* (asla 8oms- Ak2i3= o.0,k+ai (a(*as+ai y*a alkoFoliniai 8/*imai! +a.akas i* +a.ako 8a> miniai! ka)a! 5okoladas! mais+o (*od k+ai s kaka)a! .,n3inas! dy3,linis k *as! (*a.an8ios n, mais+o (*,k/s (l,n8)i,0i a +omo> .iliai! 0 ),ly*iniai di*.iniai i* (an-)! Li,+ )os R,s( .liko0, C i* +,(alai! ,l,k+*os (*,k/s! ,*o+iniai i* sm *+iniai s(a diniai! o kai k *ios, 5alys, C +,l,kom nika2i0os (asla 8os- Mok,s9i= mok/> +o0ai y*a ak2i3ais a(mok,s+in+= (*,ki= 8amin+o0ai i* im(o*+ o+o> 0ai C 0 *idiniai i* Ei3iniai asm,nys- Mok,s9i= +a*iEai n s+a+omi a.> soli 9ia s ma (*,k/s ki,kio a* s)o*io )i,n,+ i a*.a (*o2,n+ais
<

n o a(mok,s+inamos (*,k/s ((asla 8os) ),*+/s (n o 5aly0, (a8a> min+= (*,ki= (a*da)imo kainos ., (*id/+in/s ),*+/s mok,s9io! n o im(o*+ o0am= (*,ki= m i+in/s (*,k/s ),*+/s (*id/0 s m i+:)K ak2i3ais (a(*as+ai n,a(mok,s+inamos ,ks(o*+ o0amos (*,k/s-

Ak*,di+y)as C a+siskai+ymo dok m,n+as! (a8al k *D .ank i (a),da>ma s mok/+i ((,*),s+i D ki+: .ank:) +am +ik*: s m: Ei3iniam a* 0 *idiniam asm,ni i s i5ly8a! kad 0is D)ykdys ak*,di+y)iniam, *a5+, n *ody+as s:ly8asK +ai i* k*,di+o Ds+ai8os i5d odamas )a*di>nis ),*+y.inis (o(i,*i sAk+y)as C + *+ini= +,isi= (+ *+o)! (*ikla san9i= Ei3iniam a* 0 *idiniam asm,ni i! )is maK +ai( (a+ )a*+o+inas +,*minas ak+y)ai C )isi Dmo>n/s i5+,kliai (+ *+as)! na do0ami Dmon/s Gkin/0, ),iklo0,! i5 k >*ios +ikimasi na din8 mo (n omo0amas + *+as! (*,k/s! n,+ *in>9ios (akla sos *inko0,! Ei*mos (*,s+ias iki Ei*mos (a*da)imo mo>m,n+o n/*a Dmon/s ak+y)ai! i* a+)i*k59iai C n si(i*k+as i5 ki+os Ei*mos (*,ki= ,nklas +am(a 0os ak+y) )-

Ak+y)i da*.o (ai,5ka C konk*,9ios .,da*.io (as+an8os s *as+i da*>.:- P*i, ak+y)iai i,5kan9i= da*.o (*iski*iami +ik +i, da*.o 0/8os a+*ankini os, +y*im os, daly)a 0an+ys i* (asi* o5H di*.+i asm,>nys! k *i, .,n+ )i,n: ka*+: ak+y)iai i,5ko0o da*.o- Ak+y)ios da*>.o (ai,5kos y*a4 1*,8is+*a)imasis da*.o .i*os,! 2k*,i(imasis D da*.da)i s! 3sk,l.imai laik*a5+y0,!

4-

k*,i(imasis D d*a 8 s! kad (as+a*i,0i (ad/+= Dsida*.in+i!

5*G(inimasis sa)a*anki5ko ),*slo (*ad/0im i* (anAloka2inis ,E,k+y) mas C 8,*ia sios kom(o3i2i0os (*,ki= *inkinio
8amy.a na do0an+ 8,*ia si: s:na d= d,*inD- Na do0an+ 5D .Gd:! i5+,kliai (aski*s+omi +ai(! kad (*,ki= kainos )isos, Gkio 5akos, y*a ly8ios *i.iniams ka5+ams- Aloka2inis ,E,k+y) mas i5k,liamas kai( ,konomikos o*8ani3a)imo +ikslas! k *is (asi,kiamas +o. >los konk *,n2i0os *inkos s:ly8omis- O(+imala s i5+,kli= (aski*s>+ymo ,E,k+y) mas da* )adinamas Pa*,+o ,E,k+y) m a*.a Pa*,+o o(+im m - 6is s (*an+amas kai( n,*i.o+as )is om,n/s ,konomi> kos 8,*o)/s didinimas- I*a k,liamos +*ys s:ly8os! kad .G+= (a>

si,k+as Pa*,+o ,E,k+y) mas4 8,*ia sias (*,ki= (aski*s+ymas )a*>+o+o0ams! +inkamia sias i5+,kli= (aski*s+ymas i* o(+imali (*od k>2i0os a(im+is- 6,i8 .G+= (a+,nkin+os )isos 5ios s:ly8os! + om,+ .G+= n,Dmanoma (a8,*in+i )i,no a* da 8ia asm,n= (ad/+i,s + o (a+ m,+ n,(a.lo8in s ki+= (ad/+i,sAl+,*na+y)i,0i ka5+ai C i5+,kli= na do0imo si,kian+ +am +ik*o +ikslo ka5+ai! ma+ o0ami na da a*.a (a0amomis! k *ios .G+= 8a +os na >do0an+ + os (a9i s i5+,kli s si,kian+ ki+o +ikslo! 8,*ia sio i5 8ali>m=I5+,kli= na do0imo ka5+ai ma+ o0ami si,kian+ D),*+in+i n, +ik +i,sio8in,s (ini8in,s i5laidas! k *ios (a*odomos . Fal+,*in/s a(> skai+os dok m,n+ os, i* s da*o +i,sio8ini s (,ks(li2i+ini s) ka5>+ s! .,+ i* n s+a+y+i sa)= i5+,kli=! k *i os n,*,ik/0o mok/+i! s:na daPas+a*osios D),*+inamos didia sia kaina! k *i: 8al/>0o .G+i (a*d o+i sa)i i5+,kliai- ?i, )adinami,0i n,+i,sio8iniai ka5>+ai y*a (*a*as+a na da! (aly8in s (asi*ink+: *,s *s= na do0imo al+,*na+y): s a+m,s+a- Tai8i 0i, y*a s si0H s *,s *s= (aski*s+y>m ! k,i9ian+ D)ai*i= (*od k2i0os *G5i= 8amy.os san+ykD- 7,+ k >*ios (*od k2i0os 8amy.os didinimas y*a n,*a2ional s *,s *s= (a>ski*s+ymo i* (ana do0imo a+)il8i ! 0,i8 5ios (*od k2i0os na >din8 mas ma,snis al+,*na+y)ios (*od k2i0os ka5+ s- N,8a >+os (a0amos 8ali +,k+i ),*slinink i4 ") (alGkan= Eo*ma! in),s+a) s sa)o ka(i+al: D al+,*na+y)= ),*sl:K 1) *,n+os Eo*ma! i5n omo0 s sa)o (as+a+ s i* ,m/s skly( s ki+am ),*slinink iK $) a+ly8inimo da*.:! (a*sisamdi s s),+imo0, Dmon/0, a+lik+i +as (a9ias E nk>2i0as! Eo*ma-

Al+,*na+y) s da*.o mok,s+is C didia sias da*.o mok,s+is! k *D 8al/+= 8a +i da*. o+o0as! (asi*inkHs 8,*ia siai a(mokam: da*.:Amo*+i3a2i0a C .,nd*ia sia (*asm, *,i5kia Ei3inio + *+o s sid/)/0i>m:Kai( ,konomin/ ka+,8o*i0a 0i y*a (a8*indinio ka(i+alo ),*+/s dalis! k *ios n,+,nkama (,* +am +ik*: laik:- Galimi +*ys amo*+i3a>2i0os a+),0ai4 ") na do0amas (a8*indinis ka(i+alas Ei3i5kai s sid/>)iK 1) laik i ./8an+ kin+a (ini8= (,*kamo0i 8alia! (a8*indinio ka>(i+alo (akla sa i* (asiGla .,i ki+os *inkos s:ly8os! +od/l ka(i+alas 8ali n ),*+/+i n,a+si),l8ian+ D +ai! a* 0is na do0amas! a* n,K $) d/l
&

mokslin/s +,2Fnolo8in/s (aan8os 8,*/0a na 0o (a8*indinio ka> (i+alo sa)y./s! o s,nasis ka(i+alas maia ),*+inamas! +- yn ),*>+/0a- Amo*+i3a2i0a Einansin, (*asm, *,i5kia ka(i+alo )a*+o0imo a+>skai+ym s! *odan9i s (,* m,+ s s )a*+o+o ka(i+alo (da*.o (*i,>moni=) ),*+H- Amo*+i3a2i0os l/5os n,(*iski*iamos k *iam no*s 8a>my.os ),iksni i kai( 0o (a0amos! 0os y*a in),s+ o0amos D 8amy>.:! i5sa 8an+ (*adinD da*.o (*i,moni= 8amy.inD (a0/8 m:- Ka(i>+alas (ama (,*k,liamas D (*od k2i0os ),*+H- Tai8i amo*+i3a2i0a y*a Ei3inio + *+o *,alios ),*+/s kasm,+inis s ma/0imas! sis+,mi>nis 5io + *+o ),*+/s dali,s n *a5ymas i* Dskai9ia)imas D (*od k2i>0os sa)ikain:-

An+id,m(in8o m i+ai C m i+ai! +aikomi! kai (*,k/s i5),amos a* D),amos D 5alD (0os m i+= +,*i+o*i0:) ma,sn, kaina (ana5i= a*.a +i,sio8 konk * o0an9i= (*,ki= kainas 0= i5),imo a* D),imo m,+ i* 0,i i5),an+ a* D),an+ 5ias (*,k,s 8ali .G+i (ada*y+a alos 5ali,s in+,*,samsAn+imono(oliniai Ds+a+ymai C Ds+a+ymai! k *iais kon+*oli o0ama mo> no(olin/ 8alia i* mono(olin/ ),ikla- 6ais d*a diami Dmoni= ),iks> mai! k *i, l,mia mono(olin/s *inkos s+* k+G*os s sida*ym:- Tai 8ali .G+i s si+a*imai +a*( Dmoni=! 0= s sili,0imai! (a8*indin/s (*,>ki= dali,s *inko0, 8amy.os kon2,n+*a)imas- Esan+ na+G*aliai mo> no(oli0ai! d*a diama mono(olin/ ),ikla! +- y- mono(olini= kai>n= n s+a+ymas! 8amy.os a(im+i,s mainimas-

A(d*a s+i di*.an+i,0i C di*.an+ys 8y),n+o0ai! k *i, a(d*a s+i (*i)a> lom o0 )als+y.ini so2ialini d*a dim - So2ialinio d*a dimo Dmokas moka da*.da)iai i* a(d*a s+i di*.an+i,0i- Iki "##; m,+= Li,+ )o0, (*i)alom o0 )als+y.ini so2ialini d*a dim . )o d*a diamos n, )isos 8y),n+o0= ka+,8o*i0os! ()3-! Vida s *,ikal= minis+,*i0os i* k*a5+o a(sa 8os ka*ininkai .,i ki+i (a*,i8Gnai- P*i>/m s na 0: P,nsi0= Ds+a+ym:! 5ios 8y),n+o0= 8* (/s n o "##; m,+= d*a diamos LSod*osM- 7, min/+= ka+,8o*i0=! (*i)alom o0 )als>+y.ini so2ialini d*a dim (*ad/+a d*a s+i i* .G+inos ka*in/s +a*>ny.os ka*i sA(8ynimas (a(sa 8o0imas) n o mok,s9io C Ds+a+ym=! *,8lam,n> + o0an9i= mok,s9i s! n os+a+os! D8alinan9ios kai k *i os mok,s>
#

9io mok/+o0 s im+is (*i,moni= s main+i a*.a )isi5kai ,limin o+i +am +ik*: mok,s+D! ()3-! 6AV Dsi8y0ami n,a(mok,s+inami ),*+y.i>niai (o(i,*iai! k*y(+in8ai na do0amasi )isomis 8alimomis mok,s>9i= l,n8)a+omis i* (anA(y)a*+iniai ak+y)ai C (ini8in/s l/5os i* ki+i ak+y)ai! k *i, (a),*> 9iami (ini8in/mis l/5omis! (a*d odami a*.a s na do0ami (,* )i,>n,*i s m,+ s a* D(*as+inD 8amy.os 2ikl:! .,+ n, il8,snD kai( )i,n,>*i m,+aiK 0 os s da*o 8*yni,0i (ini8ai s:skai+o0, i* kaso0,! l,n8)ai *,ali3 o0ami ),*+y.iniai (o(i,*iai! d,.i+o*inis Dsiskolinimas! a+>sa*8os! n,.ai8+a 8amy.a i* k+-

A(y)a*+inis 8amy.inis ka(i+alas C 8amy.inio ka(i+alo dalis! k *i )isi5kai s na do0ama (,* )i,n: 8amy.os 2ikl:! ()3-4 alia)os! k *as! ( s8aminiaiA(y)a*+inis ka(i+alas C Ei*mos +* m(alaik/s a(y)a*+in/s l/5os! k >*ios 8ana 8*,i+ai Gkin/0, ),iklo0, (ak,i9iamos alia)omis! n,.ai8+a 8amy.a i* 8a+a)= (*,ki= a+sa*8omis! skolomis i* 8*ynaisiais (ini>8ais! +* m(alaikiais Dsi(a*,i8o0imaisPadid/0 s .,nd*o)/s (*,>ky.ai dania siai (ada 8/0a skolinink=! +ai8i (adid/0a i* *,ikia>mo a(y)a*+inio ka(i+aloA(y)a*+inio ka(i+alo i* +* m(alaiki= skol= san+ykis C Ei*mos 8,> ./0imo s mok/+i +* m(alaik,s skolas i5 a(y)a*+ini= l/5= a(skai>+os ma+as! i5*,i5kian+is Ei*mos a(y)a*+in,s l/5as kai( a(y)a*+ini= skol= san+ykD- A(y)a*+in/s l/5os! k *ias skolin8i skolininkai! i* 8*yni,0i (ini8ai laikomi Ei*mo0, alia)oms (i*k+i! 0oms (,*di*.+i i* (a*d o+i kai( 8a+a): (*od k2i0: .,i mok/+i 0as (alia)as)-

A(y)a*+os mok,s+is C 5ali,s )ida s (*,ki= i* (asla 8= mok,s+is! ima>mas 0as (a*d odan+K 8ali .G+i )i,na(ako(is a*.a da 8ia(ako(isK )i,na(ako(is C a+si),l8iama! ki,k (*,ki= (a*d odama a+ski*os, (*,ki= (a*da)imo s+adi0os, (()3-! didm,nin/0, a* mam,nin/0, (*,ky.o0,)K da 8ia(ako(is C kai (*,k/s a(mok,s+inamos ki,k>)i,no (i*kimo>(a*da)imo m,+ A(mok,s+inimas C )als+y.in/s mok,s9i= D(la kos i5 nam= Gki= Gkio i* Dmoni= (a0am= .,i i5laid=- Pa8*indinis a(mok,s+inimo +ikslas C didin+i )als+y./s (a0amas- R,n8ian+ mok,s9i= sis+,m:! *,ikia lai> ky+is +*i0= (a8*indini= a(mok,s+inimo (*in2i(=4 n, +*al mo! +,i>
"%

sin8 mo i* (a(*as+ mo- Da 8,li a+)il8i *inkos sis+,ma ),ikia n,(*i,kai5+in8ai i* 8a*an+ o0a )a*+o+o0ams (*,ki= .,i (asla 8= ko> ky.H- Tod/l mok,s9i= sis+,ma + */+= .G+i n, +*ali i* k o maia +* kdy+i (l/+o+i *ink:- N, +*al mo (*in2i(as n,+ */+= .G+i a.so>li + s! n,s y*a a+),0=! kai *,ikia s )a*y+i lais)osios *inkos ),iki>m:Pa)y3di i! a(link: +,*5ian9i= Ei*m= a(mok,s+inimas! ak2i3o mok,s9io n s+a+ymas +a.ako 8aminiams i* alkoFoliniams 8/*i> mams- T,isin8 mo (*in2i(: s da*o na dos i* 8,./0imo s mok/+i mok,s9i s (*in2i(ai- 6,i a(mok,s+inan+ laikomasi na dos (*in2i>(o! +ai )y*ia sy./ (a+i D),*+ina i5 a+ski*= moni= a* 0= 8* (i= 8a >nam: na d:- T o *,mian+is n s+a+omi mok,s9iai- 6,i )y*ia sy./ no*i (,*ski*s+y+i (a0amas! +ai a(mok,s+indama 0i + */+= )ado)a >+is 8,./0imo s mok/+i mok,s9i s (*in2i( - Pa8*indiniais 5io (*in>2i(o +aikymo k*i+,*i0ais 8al/+= .G+i (a0amos i* + *+as- Did,sni s mok,s9i s moka +i,! k *i, + *i da 8ia (a0am= a* + *+o! +od/l (a> 0/8ia da 8ia s mok/+i- Vy*ia sy./! a(mok,s+indama )i,n s as> m,nis (*o8*,sy)ini (a0am= mok,s9i a*.a + *+o (a),ld/0imo mo> k,s9i ! 8ali s +,ik+i ,konominH (a8al.: ki+i,ms mon/ms! 8a > nan+i,ms minimalias (a0amas- Tai( (a+ la.ai s)a*. ! kad mok,s>9i= sis+,ma .G+= (a(*as+a i* .G+= a(mok,s+inama da 8ia (a0am=-

A*.i+*aas C .i*os o(,*a2i0a (,*kan+ i* (a*d odan+ (*,k,s a*.a ),*>+y.ini s (o(i,*i s! (asina do0an+ 0= kain= ski*+ mais (D)ai*ios, .i*os, a* D)ai*i laik )- Ki+ai( n,8 s(,k lia2i0a ((*,k/ (,*kama anks9ia i* (a*d odama )/lia +o0, (a+ *inko0,) a*.i+*aas d/l kain= ski*+ mo ,83is+ o0a )i,nai i* +ai (a9iai (*,k,i D)ai*ios, *inkos,- Kai *inkos y*a ( sia s)y*o0,! a*.i+*ao 8alimy./s i5nyks+a- Tik kai *inkos ( sia s)y*a (akin+a! +okios 8alimy./s a+si*anda- A*>.i+*aas .Gdin8as mais+o (*od k+=! m,+alo i* ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= *inkoms .,i +a*(+a +in,i (*,ky.ai6o ,l,m,n+= y*a )is os, san>d/*i os,! si,kian9i os, (,lno?iai o(,*a2i0ai .Gdin8a (aly8in+i n,did,l/ ,konomin/ *i3ikaKadan8i a*.i+*aas i5ly8ina (*,k/s +,*i+o*ini s kain= ski*+ m s! +od/l konk *,n2in/0, ,konomiko0, 0o mas+ai n/*a did,liA*.i+*aas +ai( (a+ 8ali *,ik5+i 8in9=! y(a9 da*.o! s(*,ndimo .G>d:! kai +*,9io0i n, +*ali 5alis C a*.i+*as! i5kla sHs )is= 8in9o daly>
""

)i= a*8 m,n+ s! (ask,l.ia n os(*,ndD! D(a*,i8o0an+D ki,k)i,n: i5 5ali=- A*.i+*aas da 8ia siai +aikomas .lo8ia si a+),0 ! kai n,>(a)yks+a s si+a*+i no*maliomis d,*y.omisA*,nda C s +a*+is! (a8al k *i: )i,na ( s/ D8y0a +,isH +am +ik*: laik: na do+is n osa)y.,! (*ikla san9ia ki+ai ( s,i! n s+a+y+: Eik> s o+: kain:- B,m/s i* (a+al(= n oma (a*,nda) + *i da 8iaamH is+o*i0:! o (as+a* o0 m,+ n omo0ami i* 8amy.iniai D*,n8iniai! l/k+ )ai i* a +omo.iliai- A*,nda l,idia kom(ani0oms i5),n8+i di> d,li= ka(i+alini= Dd/0im=- 6i +ai( (a+ y*a maia *i3ikin8a- ?i o m,+ da 8,lis .ank= o*8ani3 o0a sa)o li3in8o kom(ani0as i* i5>n omo0a D*,n8ini s +oms Ei*moms! k *ios n,8ali 0= n si(i*k+i-

Asm,nin/s (a0amos C .,nd*osios indi)id ali= asm,n= (a0amos4 da*>.o mok,s+is i* 0am (*ily8in+os i5mokos! 8a +os +*ansE,*in/s )als>+y./s i5mokos! (a0amos i5 ),*slo! i5 indi)id alios sa)a*anki5kos ),iklos! 8a +i di)id,ndai! (alGkanos! n omos (a0amos! ka(i+alo (*i,a 8io (a0amos i* k+-

Asm,niniai mok,s9iai C mok,s9iai! k *iais +i,sio8iai a(mok,s+ina>mos mok/+o0= (a0amos a+si),l8ian+ D 0= EinansinH (ad/+DK s)a*>.ia sias i5 0= y*a (a0am= mok,s+isAsm,nini= (a0am= mok,s+is C mok,s+is! k *io o.0,k+as C D)ai*ios asm,nin/s (a0amos- N)ai*ios, 5alys, ski*iasi a(mok,s+inam=0= (a>0am= s d/+is! a(mok,s+inimo )i,n,+as! mok,s9io l,n8)a+os! mo>k,s9io +a*iEas! +ai( (a+ mok,s9io (a)adinimas- Pa(*as+ai D a(mo>k,s+inam:sias (a0amas D+*a kiamos (a0amos! s si0 sios s da*.o san+ykiais! (a0amos i5 sa)a*anki5kos ),iklos! (a0amos i5 ),*slo Dmoni=! 8a +i di)id,ndai! 8a +os (alGkanos! (,nsi0os! n omos (a>0amos! ka(i+alo (*i,a 8io (a0amos i* k+- Asm,nini= (a0am= mo>k,s+is 8ali .G+i imamas a(mok,s+inan+ )is= 5al+ini= (a0amas (a>8al .,nd*: +a*iE: a*.a a(mok,s+inan+ D)ai*i= *G5i= (a0amas (a8al ski*+in8 s +a*iE s- 7, .,nd*o0o (a0am= a(mok,s+inimo! 8ali .G+i i* a+ski*as (a0am= i5 kai k *i= 5al+ini= (()3-4 di)id,nd=! (alGka>n=) a(mok,s+inimas- A(mok,s+inimo )i,n,+as (*ikla so n o +o! a* (asi*,nkamas indi)id ali=0= (a0am= a* 5,imos (a0am= a(mo>k,s+inimasA+ly8inimas ( da*.is) C a(mok/0imas a+lik+: da*.:! (asla 8as!
"1

(a+a*na)im s i* k+- A+ly8inama D)ai*iai4 na+G*a! (ini8ais! s +,i>kian+ l,n8)a+as- A+ly8inimas da*.: (ini8ais C al8a! da*.o >mok,s+isA+ly8inimo diE,*,n2i0a)imas C )i,nod: da*.: di*.an>9i= da*. o+o0= a+ly8inim= ski*+ masK kom(,nsa2i0a y(a+in8as! n,(alankias da*.o s:ly8as! n,(a+o8= da*.o laik: i* +- +A+sa*8os C "- Ga+a)= (*,ki= a+sa*8os! n,.ai8+a 8amy.a i* alia)os! k *ias + *i Dmon/s- 1- S mos! D*a5omos D Ei*mos s:skai+as n ma> +an+ i5laidas! k *i= 8ali (*i*,ik+i a+,i+y0,- N(*as9ia sios Ei*m= n > ma+omos a+sa*8os y*a skol=! d/l k *i= +ik* mo a.,0o0ama! a+sa*> 8os! k *ios s da*omos +ikin+is! kad kai k *i, kli,n+ai n,s mok/s +o! k: 0i, y*a skolin8i- A+sa*8os y*a ski*iamos si,kian+! kad (,lnas n,.G+= i5(Gs+as! Dsi+ikinan+! kad )isos Ei*mos i5laidos y*a D*a5y+os D s:skai+:! n,+ i* +os! k *i= +iksl s ki,kis da* n/*a inomas- A+sa*>8= D),*+inimas C +am +ik*as (ini8inis Ei*mos alia)=! a+sa*8=! n,>.ai8+o da*.o i* 8a+a)= (*,ki= D),*+inimas-

A+sa*8= ka (imas y*a a+sa*8= +,lkimas ., D(*as+= (o*,iki=6,i8 a+sa*8os +,lkiamos k,lios, +i,kimo 8*andin/s )i,+os,! Ei*mos 8ali i5 anks+o n ma+y+i +*Gk m:! )/lia +os Ei*mos si,ks n si(i*k+i da >8ia a+sa*8=! n,8 0= *,ikia .G+inia si,ms (o*,ikiams +,nkin+i- A+sa*8os ka (iamos da 8,ly0, ,konominio 8y),nimo s*i9i=! (*a>d,dan+ )y*ia sy., (mais+o! 8inkl= a+sa*8= ka (imas) i* .ai8ian+ )a*+o+o0ais! ka (ian9iais mais+:! d,8al s! la kian+ kain= (adid/>0imoA+)i*o0i ,konomika C ,konomika! k *i la.ai (*ikla so n o +a*(+a >+in/s (*,ky.os- Eks(o*+as i* im(o*+as y*a did,lis! (aly8in+i s na> 2ionalinio (*od k+o dydi - Anali3 o0an+ ,konomik: *,ikia a+si> ),l8+i D ,ks(o*+o .,i im(o*+o D+ak: na2ionaliniam (*od k+ i-

A+)i*os *inkos o(,*a2i0os C o(,*a2i0os! k *ias )ykdydamas 2,n+*i> nis .ankas (,*ka i* (a*d oda )y*ia sy./s ),*+y.ini s (o(i,*i s a+)i*o0, *inko0,- 6os )ykdomos! si,kian+ (adidin+i a*.a s main+i 2,n+*inio .anko *,3,*) s i* 5i+ai( (ak,is+i (ini8= (asiGl:-

A 8imo +,m(ai C san+ykinis ,konominio *odiklio (asik,i+imas ly8i>namaisiais laiko+a*(iaisA k2ionas C )i,5as nikali= i* s nkiai s+anda*+i3 o0am= (*,ki= (a*> da)imas- Pa*d odam: daik+: D8y0a asm o! (asiGlHs 0D didia >
"$

si: (ini8= s m:- P*adin/ kaina C +ai a k59ia sia kaina! k *i: (i*> k/0as s +inka mok/+i (*,kH! a*.a minimali kaina! k *i: (a*> da)/0as s +inka (a*d o+i sa)o (*,kH- Pa*da)/0= a k2ionas C a k> 2ionas! k *is y*a o*8ani3 o0amas i* ),damas (a*da)/0=- Ki+ais a+),0ais a k2ionas 8ali .G+i o*8ani3 o+as (i*k/0=! k *i, i,5ko 8,> *ia sio (a*da)/0= (asiGlymo- Analo8i5kai 0is )adinamas (i*k/0= a k2ion - Tai8i a k2ionas y*a (*,ky.os m,+odas *inko0,! k *iam ,san+! kainos kin+a ki,k)i,no sando*io m,+ -

I*a +*ys a k2ion= +i(ai- An8li5kam, a k2ion, (*adin/s kainos n,did,l/s i* 0os kyla! kol li,ka )i,nas (i*k/0as! (asiGlHs a k59ia >si: kain:- Olandi5kas a k2ionas (*asid,da (asiGli s a k59ia si: kain:! k *i mainama +ol! kol a+si*anda (i*k/0asLTamsiam,L a k>2ion, (n,aki)ai3diniam,) )isi (i*k/0ai (a+,ikia sa)o (asiGlym s )i,n i* + o (a9i m,+ i* daik+as (a*d odamas +am! kas (asiGl/ a k59ia si: kain:A kso s+anda*+as C +a*(+a +in/ )ali += sis+,ma! k *io0, a ksas y*a 5ali= (ini8= ki,kio (a8*indas i* na do0amas +a*(+a +in,i (*,ky.ai i* mok/0im= .alanso +*Gk m i (ad,n8+i- Pa8al a kso s+anda*+: .Gda)o 8*i,+ai n s+a+omi )ali += k *sai a kso a+)il8i - T,o*i5>kai a kso s+anda*+as . )o La +oma+i5koM *,8 lia)imo m,2Fani3>mas (a5alinan+ 5ali= mok/0im= dis.alans:4 (ini8= +*Gk m: (a> d,n8da)o i5o*iniai a kso (a),dimai! k *i, s mainda)o 5ali,s (ini8= ki,kD- Tai sa)o * o+ s k,lda)o 5ali,s kain= d,Elia2i0:! im(o*+as +a(da)o (aly8in+i .*an8 s! ,ks(o*+as C (i8 s- D/l +o s > ma/da)o im(o*+as i* (adid/da)o ,ks(o*+as- P,*+,kli= (ad,n8> da)o )idiniai a kso (,*),dimai! k *i, (adidinda)o 5ali,s (ini8= ki,kD- Tai sa)o * o+ s k,lda)o inElia2i0:- Im(o*+as +a(da)o (a> ly8in+i (i8 s! o ,ks(o*+as C .*an8 s- D/l +o s ma/da)o ,ks(o*>+as i* (adid/da)o im(o*+as- Tai( .Gda)o s 8*:inama mok/0im= .alanso ( sia s)y*a- ?aly0, 8ali .G+i na do0amas a kso s+anda*> +as! 0,i8 laikomasi +oki= (a8*indini= s:ly8=4

123-

n s+a+omas +am +ik*as sa)o (ini8inio )i,n,+o a kso ki,kisK

(ini8= (asiGla 5aly0, 8*i,+ai (*ikla so n o 0os a kso a+sa*8=K

n,*i.o0amas a kso ,ks(o*+as i* im(o*+as-

Esan+ s+a.ili,ms )ali += k *sams mainamas n,a(i.*/+ mas .,i

"'

*inka i* +ai( ska+inama +a*(+a +in/ (*,ky.a- Ta9ia a kso s+anda*>+ i .Gdin8i 5i, +*Gk mai4 1*,a8 o0an+ D si,nio )ali +os (asiGlos .,i (akla sos (oky>9i s! 5aly0, 8ali kil+i inElia2i0a! n,da*.as i* ki+i n,i8iami *,i5>kiniaiK 20,i8 i5na do0amos 5ali,s a kso a+sa*8os! a kso s+anda*+as n,>8ali .G+i na do0amasLDidio0i d,(*,si0aM ("#1#>"#$$ m-) l,mia a kso s+anda*+o l >8im:- Esan+ did,liam 8amy.os n osm ki i! 5alys! na do0an9ios a kso s+anda*+:! d,)al)a)o sa)o )ali +as a kso a+)il8i ! kad (a>8y)in+= sa)o ,konomik: i* (adidin+= 8y),n+o0= im+ m:- Tai( . )o (a,is+a (a8*indin/ a kso s+anda*+o s:ly8a i* a kso s+an>da*+o sis+,ma l 8o-

A +a*ki0a C si+ a2i0a! kada 5alis n,daly)a 0a +a*(+a +in/0, (*,ky.o>0,! si,kdama laid o+i ,konominD sa)a*anki5k m:- Pa(*as+ai +ai da*oma d/l (oli+ini= (*i,as9i= a*.a d/l 8y),n+o0= im+ mo (*o>.l,m=A +oma+iniai s+a.ili3a+o*iai C Gkio m,2Fani3mo ,l,m,n+ai! k *i= ),ikimas sa)aim,! ., )y*ia sy./s Dsiki5imo! maina 2iklini= s)y> *a)im= am(li+ dH- Pa)y3di i! s ma! s *,nkama i5 mok,s9i=! ,ko>nomikos sm kimo m,+ s ma/0a! o 0os (akilimo m,+ (adid/0a! ka*+ s l/+indama 8y),n+o0= dis(on o0am= (a0am= i* )is min/s (akla sos (oky9i s- PalGkan= no*ma (a(*as+ai s ma/0a Gkio sm >kimo m,+ i* (adid/0a ,san+ (akilim i! n,s 0i (*ikla so n o (ini>8ini= l/5= (akla sos- Tod/l kin+an+ (alGkan= no*moms maia s)y* o0a in),s+i2in/s i5laidos-

A +oma+i3a2i0a C no*s 5is +,*minas )a*+o0amas D)ai*iomis (*asm/> mis! a +oma+i3a2i0a (a(*as+ai *,i5kia da*.o (ak,i+im: a +oma+i> niais (*o2,sais- A +oma+i3a2i0a (a(*as+ai si,0ama s +,2Fnolo8i> n, .,da*.ys+,! no*s +okio +i,sio8inio *y5io n/*a! 0,i 0i (ad,da di> din+i da*.o na5 m:! k *is y*a ,konominio a 8imo 5al+inis-

A +o*ia s Fono*a*as C s +a*+inis mok,s+is! mokamas sa)inink i (a+,n+o a*.a a +o*ia s +,is/s i5im+in/s a*.a n,i5im+in/s li2,n>3i0os a*.a (*i)il,8i0os 8amin+i i* (a*d o+i! si,kian+ 8a +i (,ln:! s +,ikim:";

A +said,*iai C da 8ia sia )id +iniosios i* sm lkiosios Dmon/s! n,>D,inan9ios D mono(olini s s si)i,ni0im s-

7
7alansas C Dmon/s (0 *idinio asm,ns) Einansin/s a+skai+omy./s do> k m,n+as! k *iam, n *odomas )isas Dmon/s + *+as! sa)inink= n > osa)y./ i* Dsi(a*,i8o0imai- Nmon/s + *+as C +ai il8alaikis + *+as (Eo*ma)imo sa)ikaina! n,ma+,*ial sis! ma+,*ial sis i* Einansinis + *+as! (o )i,n,*i= m,+= 8a +inos s mos)! +* m(alaikis + *+as (a+> sa*8os i* n,.ai8+os )ykdy+i s +a*+ys! (,* )i,n,*i s m,+ s 8a +inos s mos! in),s+i2i0os i* +,*min o+i ind/liai! 8*yni,0i (ini8ai s:skai>+o0, i* kaso0,)! s ka (+os (a0amos i* a+,inan9io laiko+a*(io s:>na dosSa)inink= n osa)y./ i* Dsi(a*,i8o0imai C +ai ka(i+alas i* *,3,*)ai (ka(i+alas! ak2i0= (*i,dai! (,*kaino0imo *,3,*)ai! *,3,*>)ai! n,(aski*s+y+as (,lnas (n os+olis)! Einansa)imas (do+a2i0os i* s .sidi0os)! a+id/0iniai i* a+id/+i,0i mok,s9iai (Dsi(a*,i8o0im= i* *,ikala)im= (ad,n8imo a+id/0imas! a+id/+i,0i mok,s9iai)! mok/>+inos s mos i* il8alaikiai Dsi(a*,i8o0imai! (,* )i,n,*i s m,+ s mo>k/+inos s mos i* +* m(alaikiai Dsi(a*,i8o0imai)-

7alansin/ ),*+/ C ma+,*ialio0o i* n,ma+,*ialio0o + *+o ),*+/! +y- kai>na! k *ia .alans, D),*+inamas ma+,*ial sis i* n,ma+,*ial sis + *>+as7alsa)imas (ini8ais C +,*minas! a(i.Gdinan+is *inkos ,konomikos ,smH- Gamin+o0ai! (asi*inkdami! k: 8amin+i! o*i,n+ o0asi D +ai! k: 0i, 8ali l,n8)ia siai i* (,lnin8ia siai (a*d o+i )a*+o+o0amsTod/l )a*+o+o0ai! (i*kdami (*,kH! L.als o0a (ini8aisM +ai! k: i* ki,k 8amin+i- 7alsa)imo (ini8ais (*in2i(as s da*o )a*+o+o0= s ),*,>n mo dok+*inos (a8*ind:7ankas C Einans= Ds+ai8a! +,lkian+i i5 skolin+o0= 0= laikinai lais)as l/5as i* san+a (as! +,ikian+i k*,di+ s! +a*(ininka 0an+i a+li,kan+ (i>ni8ini s a+siskai+ym s! l,idian+i D a(y)a*+: (ini8 s! ),*+y.ini s (o(i,*i s! a+likin/0an+i s 0ais s si0 sias o(,*a2i0as i* ki+as E nk>2i0as- Pa8al ),iklos (o.GdD i* E nk2i0as ski*iami4 2,n+*iniai ,misi>
"<

0os! kom,*2iniai! in),s+i2i0=! +a (omi,0i! s(,2iali,0i (()3-4 Fi(o>+,kos! si,nio (*,ky.os) .ankaiO,n+*inis .ankas C s)a*.ia sia 5ali,s .ankininkys+/s Ds+ai8a! k >*i: +i,sio8iai a* n,+i,sio8iai kon+*oli o0a )y*ia sy./! si,kdama 8a*an+ o+i no*malias .anko (asla 8as- 6is *,ikalin8as )y*ia sy>.,i kai( ido (oli+ikos D*ankis- O,n+*inis .ankas kon+*oli o0a (i>ni8= ki,kD! da*o D+ak: ,konomiko0, )y*a 0an9iai (,lno no*mai! sa 8o 5ali,s +a*(+a +in,s a+sa*8as! l,idia .ankno+ s! (*i*,ik s s+a> .ili3 o0a )ali +os k *so s)y*a)im s! n,l,idia a 8+i )als+y./s sko> lai! k*i+ini a+),0 a+li,ka skolin+o0o )aidm,nD! a(sk*i+ai C +ai )y> *ia sy./s mak*o,konomikos (oli+ikos D*ankis- Kom,*2inis .an>kas C +ai .ankas! k *iam, a+siskai+oma n, 8*ynaisiais (ini8ais! k *is (*iima (ini8= ind/li s i5 kli,n+= i* s da*o s:ly8as +a (y+i i* skolin+is! mok/+i (,*),dim - Kom,*2inis .ankas + *i d),0o(: +iks>l: C s +,ik+i (ini8= (a8al (a*,ikala)im: i* +ai( (a+ (,lnin8ai (a>na do+i + *im s i5+,kli s- ?i, +ikslai + *i D+akos s da*an+ ak+y) s4 dalis laikom= i5+,kli= lik)idGs (a+sa*8inio ka(i+alo no*ma) Dskai>+an+ 8*yn osi s (ini8 s! 2,n+*inio .anko ind/li s! (askolas iki (a>*,ikala)imo diskon+o *inko0,! Dsaky+ini s i* ido ),ks,li s- T */>damas +okD ka(i+al: .ankas 8ali (a+,nkin+i n,a+id/lio+in s sa)o kli,n+= 8*yn=0= (ini8= (o*,iki s- Tai( 8alima i5laiky+i kli,n+= (a>si+ik/0im: .ank kai( 8,* sa)o ind/li= sa 8o+o0 - Lik si .anko i5+,kli= dalis (ana do0ama 8a +i (,ln i i5 )als+y./s ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= (ak,+o ka*+ s skolomis i* k*,di+o )i*5i0im - 7anko in>d/liai (a(*as+ai y*a (a8*indin/ )is= + *im= (ini8= dalis7ankno+as C 5ali,s ,misinio na2ionalinio .anko i5l,is+as i* 8a*an>+ o+as ,nklas- 7ankno+= a(i(a)idalinimas C D)ai*ios nominali>n/s ),*+/s (o(i,*ini= (ini8= a(i(a)idalinimo .Gdas! k *D na do>0an+ (ini8ams s +,ikiama ski*+in8a i5o*/- D,)yniolik+am, ami >0, da 8 ma (ini8ini= ,nkl= . )o d,n8iami a ks ! i* mon/s 8a>l/0o i5k,is+i sa)o .ankno+ s D a ks:- ?iandi,n da 8,lis )y*ia sy>.i= + *i +ik n,did,l,s a kso i* ki+= ),*+y.i= a+sa*8as! ski*+as i5>(i*k+i )ali +:! o likH (ini8iniai ,nklai y*a n,(ad,n8+i-

7anko *,3,*)ai C Eondai! k *iais .G+in:0a +)a*ka (*i)alo dis(on o+i .ankai- I*a +*ys .anko *,3,*)= *G5ys4 .G+ini,0i! +ik*i,0i i* (,*+,k>
"A

liniai- Pi*mi,0i y*a Ds+a+ym n s+a+y+a ind/li= dalis! k *i: .ankas (*i)alo laiky+i sa)o s,iE os, a* ind/liais 2,n+*iniam, .ank,- 7G+i>ni,0i *,3,*)ai a(skai9i o0ami kai( *,3,*)= no*mos i* ind/li= san>da 8a- R,3,*)= no*ma y*a s)a*.i mon,+a*in/s (oli+ikos (*i,mo>n/- Tik*i,0i *,3,*)ai y*a *,3,*)ai! k *i, *,aliai y*a .ank,- P,*+,k>liniai *,3,*)ai a(skai9i o0ami kai( +ik*=0= i* .G+in=0= *,3,*)= ski*>+ mas7ank*o+as C Dmon/s! .anko a*.a asm,ns Einansin/ (ad/+is! k *iai ,san+ 0i, n,(a0/8ia a(mok/+i skol= i* )ykdy+i ki+ s + *+ini s Dsi(a> *,i8o0im s- Ns+a+ymai (a(*as+ai n ma+o +iksli: .ank*o+o sk,l.imo +)a*k: ((*o2,dG*:)- Pasa lin/s Ds+a+ym= l,idy.os (*ak+ika! k *ian+ Dmoni= .ank*o+o (*o2,dG*as *,8 li o0an9i s Ds+a+ym s! y*a o*i,n> + o0ama si,k+i 5i= (a8*indini= +iksl=4 ") i5sa 8o+i Dmon/s ),iklos +Hs+in mo 8alimy.HK 1) s +,ik+i +am +ik*as 8a*an+i0as da*. o+o> 0amsK $) a(sa 8o+i k*,di+o*i= in+,*,s sK ') n ma+y+i sank2i0as Dmo> n/s adminis+*a2i0ai .lo8: )aldym:- Li,+ )os R,s( .likos Dmo> ni= .ank*o+o Ds+a+ym, ("##1) )y*a 0a d)i i5 5i= +,nd,n2i0= C +ai Dmon/s ),iklos +Hs+in mo 8alimy./ i* k*,di+o*i= in+,*,s= a(sa > 8a- Da*. o+o0= 8a*an+i0os la.ai (*ikla so n o 8alimy./s i5sa 8o>+i Dmon/s ),iklos +Hs+in m:! o sank2i0os .lo8: Dmon/s )aldy>m: adminis+*a2i0ai a(si*i.o0a 0os n 5alinim n o (a*,i8=- P,*,i> nam o0 laiko+a*(i D *inkos ,konomik: .G+ina n ma+y+i s(,2iEi>n,s (*i,mon,s .ank* + o0an9i= Dmoni= a+)il8i - Vi,na i5 +oki= (*i,moni= y*a Dmon/s sana)imas4 Einansi5kai 8a*an+ o0an+ )als> +y.,i a* +*,+i,ms asm,nims! Dmon,i +aikomos adminis+*a2in/s (*i,> mon/s! k *iomis si,kiama! kad Dmon/ )/l +a(+= moki! (a+,nkin+= k*,di+o*i= *,ikala)im s i* i5),n8+= lik)ida)imo- 7G+ina (aym/>+i! kad sana)imo m,+ +,ikiama Einansin/ (a*ama n/*a n,a+ly8in>+inai +,ikiamos (ini8in/s l/5os- L/5os! 8a +os sana)imo m,+ ! + *i .G+i 8*:in+os ka*+ s n s+a+y+omis (alGkanomis a*.a a+id oda>ma dalis skolininko + *+o- 7ank*o+o + *+as y*a skolininko + *+as! k *D na do0an+ 8ali .G+i +,nkinami k*,di+o*i= *,ikala)imai- ?io + *+o )aldymas C +ai adminis+*a+o*ia s ),ikla! s si0 si s .ank*o>+o + *+o i5sa 8o0im ! skolininko Gkin/s ),iklos +Hsim i* k*,di+o>*i= *,ikala)im= +,nkinim - P*ak+i5kai ka*+ais (asi+aiko Eik+y) s i*
"&

+y9inis .ank*o+ai- Jik+y) s .ank*o+as C i5anks+inis! m,la8in8as (asisk,l.imas a(i, Dmon/s n,mok m:! si,kian+ s klaidin+i k*,di> +o*i s! kad .G+= 8alima 8a +i 0= s +ikim: a+id/+i mok/0im s i* n > s+a+y+i skolinink i (alanki s mok/0imo +,*min s a*.a s main+i skolas- Ty9inis .ank*o+as C +,ismo s(*,ndim n s+a+y+a Dmon/s adminis+*a2i0os! 0os sa)ininko a*.a s+,i8/0= ),ikla! k *ia si,kia>ma i5),n8+i )isi5ko a*.a dalinio a+siskai+ymo s k*,di+o*iais-

7a*+,*is > (*,ki= i* (asla 8= main= sis+,ma n,na do0an+ (ini8= kai( +a*(ininko- Tai (*,ky.a (a*,m+a na+G*aliais mainais- P*,k/s D),*>+inamos (a8al (asa lin,s a*.a s +a*+in,s kainas si,kian+ laid o+i main= ,k)i)al,n+i5k m:- 7a*+,*iniai mainai (a(*as+ai )yks+a +a*( d)i,0= a*.a da 8,lio 5ali=- Pa8*indin/ 5i= main= (*i,as+is y*a (*o.l,mos! s si0 sios s )ali +a! > kon),*+ o0amos )ali +os +*G>k mas! 0os n,(as+o) mas i* ki+os-

7,da*.iai C n,di*.an+ys! .,+ no*in+ys di*.+i i* i,5kan+ys da*.o da*>.in8o amia s (ili,9iai! si*,8is+*a)H a*.a n, da*.o .i*o0,- Tai .,da*.iai (la9i:0a (*asm,R,mian+is +a*(+a +iniais s+anda*+ais .,da*.iais laikomi )isi asm,>nys! )y*,sni n,i minimala s amia s! n s+a+y+o ,konomi5kai ak>+y)i,ms 8y),n+o0ams! k *i, a(skai+os laiko+a*(i 4 a) n,+ */0o da*>.oK .) . )o (asi*,n8H + o0 (a+ (*ad/+i di*.+iK 2) i,5ko0o da*.o- ?i, asm,nys n,.G+inai + *i *,8is+* o+is da*.o .i*o0, a* 8a +i .,da*>.io (a5al(:- Min/+i k*i+,*i0ai +aiky+ini si,kian+ D),*+in+i indi)ido *,ali: (ad/+D7,da*.iai sia *:0a (*asm, C da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ai! k *i, d/l n o 0= n,(*ikla san9i= (*i,as9i= n,+ *i da*.o i* si*,8is+*a>)H )als+y.in/0, Dda*.inimo +a*ny.o0, kai( i,5kan+ys da*.o! s 8,>.an+ys i* (asi*,n8H di*.+i asm,nys i* k *i,ms Dda*.inimo +a*ny.a n,8ali (asiGly+i +inkamo da*.o- 7,da*.io s+a+ sas s +,ikiamas (a>8al s(,2iali s Ds+a+ym s- Li,+ )os R,s( .likos .,da*.i= */mimo Ds+a+ymas (; s+*ai(snis) +ai( a(i.Gdina .,da*.io s:)ok:4 L7,da*>.iais laikomi n,di*.an+ys da*.in8o amia s asm,nys! n,simokan>+ys di,nin/s, mokymo Ds+ai8os,! si*,8is+*a)H 8y),namosios )i,>+os )als+y.in/0, da*.o .i*o0, i* (asi*,n8H (*oE,siniam mokym iM- R,mian+is 5ia sam(*a+a .,da*.iais laikomi +ik da*.o .i*o0, si>
"#

*,8is+*a)H asm,nys i* n,D+*a kiami i,5kan+ys da*.o (ili,9iai! k >*i, n,si*,8is+* o0a da*.o .i*o0,- Ti, asm,nys! k *i, n,no*i di*.+i i* n,i,5ko da*.o! (*iski*iami n, .,da*.iams! .,+ ,konomi5kai n,>ak+y)i,ms 8y),n+o0ams7,nd*a Dmon/ C Gkinio>+,isinio .,nd*ada*.ia)imo s si,nio (a*+> n,*i Eo*ma! kai s k *iama .,nd*a 8amy.os .a3/ i* +,ikiamos (asla 8os a*.a 8aminama (*od k2i0a! k *i y*a .,nd*a daly)a > 0an9i= (a*+n,*i= n osa)y./- 7,nd*o)/ a(i.*/iama kai( k,li= as>m,n= s si)i,ni0imas si,kian+ .,nd*o Gkinio +ikslo- Ski*iamos k,>+ *ios .,nd*o)i= *G5ys4 ") (a(*as+o0i! 1) (ilno0i! $) komandi+in/! ') a(i.*/+os a+sakomy./s C daly)iai a+sako +ik sa)o ind/liais! o (,ln: ski*s+osi a+i+inkamai (a8al ind/li s-

Vaka*= ,konomin/0, +,*minolo8i0o0, )a*+o0amos d)i mi5*i= Dmo>ni= s:)okos4 .,nd*os Dmon/s i* mi5*ios Dmon/sPi*mo0i s:)oka y*a (la+,sn/! n,s a(ima da 8,lD +a*( sa)io ),iklos *G5i=! +ai( (a+ i* kon+*ak+ini s *y5i s +a*( Ei*m=A(sk*i+ai .,nd*= Dmoni= s:)ok: 8alima .G+= +*ak+ o+i kai( +iks> liai a(i.*/+: ,konominio .,nd*ada*.ia)imo *y5i= Eo*m:! k *iai .Gdin8a4 .,nd*as + *+as! .,nd*a ),ikla i* )aldymas! .,nd*as (,l>nas i* *i3ikos dali0imasis- 7,nd*o)i= a(i.Gdinimai4

1.

Pa(*as+o0i! k *ios daly)iai .,nd*ai +)a*ko .,nd*o)/s *,ikal s i* .,nd*ai a+sako k*,di+o*iams )is Dn,5+ + *+ -

2. Pilno0i > daly)iai .,nd*ai ),*9iasi koki no*s ),*sl i*

solida>*iai a+sako k*,di+o*iams )is sa)o + *+ 3. Komandi+in/ C dalis daly)i= y*a (ilnosios .,nd*o)/s .,nd*i>ninkai i* a+sako k*,di+o*iams n,*i.o+ai! o ki+a dalis C koman>dis+ai C a+sako +ik sa)o ind/liaisDania siai .,nd*= Dmoni= kG*imo +ikslai y*a4 1. Nsi8y+i i5 si,nio na 0a si: +,2Fnik: .,i +,2Fnolo8i0: i* o(,>*a+y)iai 0as +aiky+i 8amy.os (*o2,s,! n,s +ai! kas y*a 8amina>ma +*adi2in/mis Eo*momis (),*9ian+is (*,ky.a! Dsi8y0an+ li>2,n3i0as! (,*kan+ D*,n8im s i* k+-)! n, )isada y*a 8,*ia sia! ., +o! il8okai di,8iama-

2.

P,*im+i si,nio (a+i*+D )aldymo! ma*k,+in8o s*i+y0,! s )i,ny>+i 8amy.ini s (a0/8 m s! Einansini s i5+,kli s i* k+1

3. Didin+i ,ks(o*+: D si,nD! y(a9 8,*in+i 0o s+* k+G*:!

(ana do+i (a*+n,*io inias i* *y5i s-

4. 5.

Visa( si5kai +,nkin+i )i,+in/s *inkos n, +ik 8amy.os (*i,mo>ni=! .,+ i* (la+a s )a*+o0imo *,ikm,n= .,i (asla 8= (o*,iki s-

Pa*+n,*i= +ikslai 8ali .G+i n,)i,nodi- R,ikia si,k+i 8,*ia (a> in+i (a*+n,*io 5ali,s s:ly8as! 0o *y5i s! si,kian+ (a+,k+i D (a*+>n,*io 5ali,s *ink:- Vaka*= (a*+n,*is s in+,*,s o+as ,ks(o*+ o+i D mGs= *ink: i* danai n,s in+,*,s o+as +: (*od k2i0: ,ks(o*>+ o+i D si,nio *ink:7,nd*asis na2ionalinis (*od k+as (7NP) C .,nd*a (asla 8= i* 8a> +a)= (*,ki=! k *ias 5alis (a8amina i* (a+,ikia (,* m,+ s! (ini8in/ i5*ai5ka! (*id,dan+ 8*yn:sias (a0amas i5 si,nioPa(*as+ai 7NP a(skai9i o0amas +*imis .Gdais4 ") s m o0an+ )is= 5ali,s 8y),n+o>0= (a0amas! di*.+as Gkin/0, ),iklo0, (ana do+ s ),iksni s! i* n,+i,sio8ini s ),*slo mok,s9i s .,i (a8*indinio ka(i+alo m,+i>nH amo*+i3a2i0:K 1) skai9i o0an+ )is min,s i5laidas! k *ias s da*o asm,ninio )a*+o0imo i5laidos! .,nd*osios (*i)a+a s s,k+o*ia s in>),s+i2i0os! )y*ia sy./s (i*kiniai i* 8*ynasis ,ks(o*+asK $) n s+a>+an+ +am +ik* laiko+a*(i )isos, Gkin/s ),iklos 5akos, s k *+os (*id/+in/s ),*+/s s m:7,nd*asis )idinis (*od k+as (7VP) C )is= (asla 8= i* (*,ki=! (a> 8amin+= 5aly0, (,* +am +ik*: laik: na do0an+ 8amy.os ),iksni s n,a+si),l8ian+ D +ai! k *ios 5ali,s (ili,9iams +i, ),iksniai (*ikla > so! (ini8in/ i5*ai5ka- 7,nd*:0D 5ali,s (*od k+: 8alima a(skai9i o>+i +*imis .Gdais4 a) s m o0an+ ),*+,s! k *ias s k *ia ki,k)i,na Gkio 5aka! (a8amindama m,+inH (*od k2i0: ((*od k2i0os a(im+i,s m,> +odas)K .) s m o0an+ (a0amas! 8a namas +am +ik*: m,+inH (*o> d k2i0:K 2) s m o0an+ m,+in,s i5laidas! *,ikalin8as (a8amin+i (*,> k/ms i* +,ik+i (asla 8oms (i5laid= m,+odas)-

7,nd*o0i a8*a*in/ (oli+ika (7AP) C E *o(os S:0 n8os (ES) (oli+i>ka ,m/s Gki i i* s 0 o s si0 sioms 5akoms *,m+iPa8*indiniai +ikslai4 a k5+as ,mdi*.i= (*a8y),nimo ly8is i* (*od k+y) s ,>m/s Gkis- B,m/s Gki i y*a (ad,dama na do0an+ k,+ *is (a8*indi>ni s .Gd s4
"- A(i, A%>A; (*o2- E *o(os S:0 n8os ,m/s Gkio (*od k2i0os
1"

did,lH *,ik5mH + *i kain= */mimo sis+,ma- 6os ,sm/4 (alaiky+i did,sn,s E *o(os S:0 n8os ,m/s Gkio (*od k+= kainas n,8 (asa lin/s *inkos kainos- Kainos *,8 li o0amos +ais a+),0ais! kai kin+a 5ali= na2ionalin/s )ali +os k *sas-

2. Si,kian+ (adidin+i im(o*+o kainas (a8al )idini s kain=

ly8i s na do0ami kin+ami,0i +a*iEai- Tai 8a*an+ o0a! kad E *o(os S:>0 n8os (*od k2i0a 8ali konk * o+i s +os (a9ios *G5i,s ki+= 5ali= (*,k/misNa do0amos ,ks(o*+o s .sidi0os! d/l +o ES ,mdi*.iai 8ali s main+i ,ks(o*+o kainas i* s/kmin8ai konk * o+i (asa lio *inkos,D odamos do+a2i0os! si,kian+ s mod,*nin+i i* (a8,*in+i ,>m/s Gkio Dmon,s! +ai8i didin+i 0= ,E,k+y) m:-

3. 4.

7AP y*a didia sia ES .,nd*o0o .i d,+o s d,damo0i dalisDa >8ia kai( #% (*o2- 7AP .i d,+o (as+a*aisiais m,+ais . )o i5l,is>+a kain= i* ,ks(o*+o s .sidi0oms- No*s 7AP 8alima laiky+i s/k>min8a! k*i+ikai +,i8ia! kad 0i + *i da 8 +*Gk m=4

123-

(*alaimi )a*+o+o0ai! n,s 0i,ms +,nka mok/+i n,(a8*Ds+ai did,>l,s kainas mais+o (*od k+ sK
.lo8ai (aski*s+omi i5+,kliai! n,s (,* maai 0= ski*iama il8alai>k/ms ,m/s Gkio *,Eo*moms )ykdy+i i* 0D mod,*nin+iK

di*.+inai did,l/s kainos ska+ina (,*+,klinH 8amy.: i* l,mia (*od k+= (,*+,kli=! k *D s nk i5laiky+i (sand/li o+i) i* s nk i5(a*d o+iK 4s .sidinis ,ks(o*+as i5 ES 5ali= 8ali s k,l+i (asa linH ,m/s Gkio (*od k+= k*i3H! da* la.ia a(s nkin+i maia (a,n8 si= 5ali= 8y),nim:7,nd*o0i *inka C (*,ky.os in+,8*a2i0os +a*( 5ali= Eo*ma! kai 5alys (anaikina +a*( sa)Hs )is s (*,ky.os a(*i.o0im s (*,k/ms .,i (a>sla 8oms i* n s+a+o .,nd* s (*,ky.os a(*i.o0im s ki+oms (asa >lio 5alims- ?i *inka l,idia lais)ai 0 d/+i da*.o 0/8ai i* ka(i+al i- 6os +ikslas C 8a*an+ o+i +a*(+a +in/s s(,2iali3a2i0os (*ana5 m s i* +ai( (ak,l+i 5ali= *,al= (*a8y),nimo ly8DS sikG* s .,nd*:0: *ink: (i*mia sia (adid/0a 5ali= (*,ky.os a(> im+is- P*,ky.os (l/+imas y*a s si0Hs s i5+,kli= (,*ski*s+ym *in>

11

ko0,! s +,ikian+ (i*m,ny.H maia siai a+si,inan9ios (asiGlos )i,>+oms i* kain= s mainim i! k *is (asida*o 8alimas +ada! kai (a>naikinami +a*iEai i* s mainamos 8amy.os i5laidos- 7, +o! .,n>d*o0i *inka 8ali ska+in+i dinami5k s (oky9i s! didinan9i s ,kono>mikos ,E,k+y) m: 5iomis (*i,mon/mis4

1. Konk *,n2i0a- Naikinan+ +a*iE s! s da*omos s:ly8os

,E,k+y>)iai konk *,n2i0ai! n,.,8aminamos (*,k/s! k *ias (a8amin+i *,ikia did,li= i5laid=! o +i,k/0ai 8ali (asina do+i na 0os *inkos (*i)il,8i0aPkini= o(,*a2i0= (l/+im - Did,sn/ Lsa)aM *inka l,idia Ei*>moms (asina do+i s+am.ios ,konomikos 8amy.os i* (aski*s>+ymo (*ana5 mais! s main+i +i,kimo i5laidas i* s main+i ly>8inam osi s (*ana5 m sT,2Fnolo8i0os (aan8a- Pla+,sn/s *inkos 8alimy./s i* did,s>n/s konk *,n2i0os s:ly8os ska+ina Ei*mas in),s+ o+i i* k *+i na 0: +,2Fnik: .,i 8amin+i (*,k,sIn),s+a)im i* ,konomikos (l/+*a- R,ali=0= (a0am= )i,nam 8y),n+o0 i did/0imas! i5a 8 si (*,ky.a! (adid/0Hs 8amy.os ,E,k+y) mas i* in+,nsy) mas C )iskas ka*+ 8ali 8a*an+ o+i di> d,snH a 8imo a(im+D i* a k5+,snD *,al= (*a8y),nimo ly8DE >*o(os S:0 n8a y*a )i,nas i5 .,nd*osios *inkos (a)y3di=-

2.

3. 4.

7,nd*o0i s +a*+is d/l +a*iE= i* (*,ky.os (7STP) C +a*(+a +in/ ins> +i+ 2i0a! Dk *+a "#'A m- i* ska+inan+i +a*(+a +inH (*,ky.: (,* s d,>*in+: (*,ky.os li.,*ali3a)imo (*o8*am:- S)a*.ia sias 7STP da*>.as > d,*y.os d/l da 8ia5ali= +a*iE= s mainimo i* k)o+= .,i ki+= n,+a*iEini= (*,ky.os kliG9i= (anaikinimas7,si)ys+an9i= 5ali= ,konomika C +okia ,konomika! k *i n ma+o .G>d s! kai( .,si)ys+an+i 5alis 8al/+= (adidin+i sa)o 8amy.inD (o+,n>2ial: i* si,k+i n ola+inio sa)o ,konomikos a 8imo- D/l .,si)ys>+an9ios 5ali,s ,konomikos i5si)ys+ymo ly8io n,8alima (*ad/+i D8y>),ndin+i *im+as ,m/s Gkio i* (*amon/s in),s+i2i0= (*o8*amas- Tokioms 5alims y*a .Gdin8os didi l/s ,m/s Gkio 8amy.os i5si>)ys+ymo 8alimy./s- Da 8,lio 8y),n+o0= (*a8y),nimo ly8is y*a minimal s a*.a .,),ik minimal s- ?aly0, 8aminama +ik +i,k! kad .G+= 8alima (a+,nkin+i .G+inia si s moni= (o*,iki s- 7 )o ma>
1$

noma! kad (l/+o0an+ (*amonH . s (,*sila +a i* (asi,k+a n ola+i> nio ,konomikos a 8imo- Da.a* da 8ia d/m,sio ski*iama ,m/s Gkio na5 m i didin+i! s +,lkian+ da*.o 0/8: i* i5+,kli s (*amon,i i* (asla 8= sE,*ai )ys+y+i- 6,i8 .,si)ys+an9i: 5alD d,*amai *,mia i5)ys+y+os 5alys i* 5ali,s mon/s + *i (akankamai 8,./0im= i* no> *o! +ai y*a did,l/ 8alimy./ 0ai +a(+i i5)ys+y+a 5alimi- Ta9ia )is d/l+o y*a da 8 (*o.l,m=- Pa)y3di i! *,ikia i5laiky+i (asi,k+: *,>al= (a0am= did/0im:! o +ai *,i5kia! kad *,ikia kon+*oli o+i 8y),n>+o0= skai9ia s a 8im:- 7, +o! da 8 ma si,nio )ali +os 8a na>ma )a*+o0am=0= (*,ki= ,ks(o*+:! o a 8an+ 5ali,s (*amon,i C +ai( (a+ D)ai*ias 8amy.os (*i,mon,s- Ta9ia 5ios, a.i,0os, s*i>+ys, .,si)ys+an9ios 5alys s sid *ia s (asa lin/s ,konomikos (l/> +o0imo (*o.l,momis! y(a9 n o +o laiko! kai (adid/0o naE+os kai>nos! a+si*ado l,n8)a+in/s s:ly8os i* (a(li+o (*o+,k2ioni3mas7,si)ys+an9i= 5ali= ,konomiko0, da 8ia sia d/m,sio ski*iama .G> dams! k *iais 8alima (asi,k+i ,konomikos a 8imo i* 8,*ia sia s > d,*in+i +ai l,mian9i s ),iksni s- Pa)y3di i! i5kyla kla simas! a* ,m/s Gkis + *i .G+i (l/+o0amas ly8ia8*,9iai s (*amon,! a* s)a*> .ia sios (*amon/s 5akos + */+= .G+i (l/+o0amos n,a+si),l8ian+ D ki+as! a* ska+in+i ki+= Gkio 5ak= )ys+ym:- Da* )i,na kylan+i 8ana (*i,5+a*in8a (*o.l,ma C a* maia i5si)ys9i sios 5alys +aiko +in> kam: +,2Fnolo8i0:- Da 8,lis ,konomis+= +,i8ia! kad 8,*ia +aiky>+i )id +inio ly8io +,2Fnolo8i0:! o n, mod,*nia si:0:- Si,kian+! kad ,konomika (*ad/+= no*maliai )ys+y+is! la.ai s)a*.Gs y*a i* so2ia> liniai .,i k l+G*iniai ),iksniai-

7i*a C )i,+a! k *io0, s da*omi Einansiniai! (*,ky.iniai i* ki+i sand/>*iai- Tai ak2i0=! ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= .,i ki+= 8amy.ini= i5+,kli= (i*kimo i* (a*da)imo )i,+a- 7i*o0, kon+*oli o0ami ),*+y.iniai (o(i,*iai y*a dalis .i*o0, D*,8is+* o+= ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i=! k *i= (i*kim:>(a*da)im: kon+*oli o0a +ik .i*os .*ok,*iai- 7i*os ),*>+,i)a y*a ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= .i*os s(,2ialis+as! *i3ik o0an+is sa>) ka(i+al -

Da*.o .i*a > Ds+ai8a! +a*(ininka 0an+i +a*( .,da*.i= i* da*.da)i=! s da*an9i= da*.o 0/8os (i*kimo i* (a*da)imo s +a*+is! o*8ani3 o>0an+i (,*k)aliEika)im:1'

Jond= .i*a C k*,di+inio ka(i+alo .i*a! k *io0, (,*kami i* (a*> d odami ),*+y.iniai (o(i,*iai- 7i*os k *sas C ),*+y.ini= (o(i,> *i=! 2i*k li o0an9i= Eond= .i*o0,! kaina- 6i n s+a+oma (a8al (a> lGkan= no*mos i* ),*+y.inio (o(i,*ia s (,lnin8 mo san+ykDP*,ki= .i*a C y(a+in8a masi5kai 8aminam=! koky.i5kai )i,nod= (*,ki= *inkos *G5is- P*,k/s (a*d odamos i* (,*kamos ., i5anks+i> n/s n os+a+os (a8al n s+a+y+ s s+anda*+ s i* (a)y3di s7i d,+as C )als+y./s! )i,+ini= )aldymo o*8an=! Dmoni=! Ds+ai8=! 5,i> mos a* .,+ k *io asm,ns +am +ik*o laiko+a*(io (ini8ini= (a0am= i* i5laid= .alansas- Vals+y./s .i d,+as y*a )y*ia sy./s (lan o0a>m= (a0am= i* i5laid= s:ma+a Einansiniams m,+ams- 7i d,+o d,Ei>2i+as C dydis! kai m,+in/s )als+y./s .i d,+o i5laidos )i*5i0a (a0a>mas7i d,+inis Einansa)imas y*a n,mokamas .i d,+ini= l/5= s +,ikimas Dmon/ms! mokykloms i* o*8ani3a2i0oms ska+inan+ (l/s+i 0= ),ikl:- 7i d,+inH (oli+ik: s da*o )als+y./s *,ali3 o0amos (*i,> mon/s! k *iomis si,kiama (,* .i d,+o i5laid= i* (a0am= san+ykD *,8 li o+i mak*o,konomini s (*o2,s s- 7i d,+in/s in0,k2i0os C +,*minas! a(i.Gdinan+is )als+y.ini= (*i,moni=! ska+inan9i= Gki>ni= s .0,k+= ak+y) m:! )is m:- 7i d,+inis a(*i.o0imas C +ai .,n>d*o0i i5+,kli= (asiGla! k *ia +am +ik* laiko+a*(i 8ali dis(on o+i )isi )a*+o+o0ai i* 8amin+o0ai- 7,+ k *i o laiko+a*(i .,nd*as i5+,k>li= ki,kis y*a Eiks o+as7oiko+as C )isi5kas a*.a dalinis ,konomini= san+yki= s ,konomini (a*+n,*i n +*a kimas- Pa(*as+ai ski*iamos 5ios .oiko+o *G5ys4

1) (i*k/0= .oiko+as C (i*k/0= a+sisakymas (i*k+i k *io no*s 2) 3) 4)

8a>min+o0o (*,k,s a* (asla 8asK (i*minis .oiko+as C di*.an9i=0= (ask,l.+as .oiko+as da*.>da)i iK (*od k2i0os .oiko+as C di*.an9i=0= a+sisakymas di*.+i s k >*io no*s 8amin+o0o (a8amin+a (*od k2i0aK
an+*inis .oiko+as C n, +*alios 5ali,s .oiko+as da*.da)i i! si,>kian+ (*i),*s+i 0D (*iim+i (*oEs:0 n8os *,ikala)im s-

7*ok,*is C n,(*ikla somas +a*(ininkas! )ykdan+is (*,ki= i* ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= (i*kimoC(a*da)imo sando*i s (*,ki= i* ),*+y.ini= (o(i,>*i= .i*os,- U sa)o (asla 8as .*ok,*is 8a na +am +ik*: n s+a+y+o
1;

dydio a+ly8inim:- Ki+ai( n,8 a8,n+as .*ok,*is n,(alaiko il8alai> ki= (*,ky.ini= san+yki= s (i*k/0ais .,i (a*da)/0as i* di*.a (a8al Dsi(a*,i8o0im s- ?i olaikin/mis s:ly8omis (a8*indin,s +a*(ininka> )imo o(,*a2i0as a+li,ka s+am.ios .*ok,*in/s Ei*mos! + *in9ios (la+= Eilial= +inkl:! (alaikan9ios 8la di s *y5i s s .ankais-

7 li= *inka C +,*minas! a(i.Gdinan+is si+ a2i0:! kai kainos a*.a ),*> +y.ini= (o(i,*i= k *sas n ola+ a 8a! kol n,(asi,kia a k59ia sio +a5ko- 7 li s C +,*minas! )a*+o0amas a(i.Gdinan+ .i*os a8,n+:! k *is +ikisi! kad ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= kainos a 8s! i* +od/l s (,*ka 0 os no*/damas )/lia (a*d o+i a k5+,sn/mis kainomis- 7i*os a8,n+as! k *is n,8ali (a*d o+i anks9ia (i*k+= ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i= a k5+,sn/mis kainomis! )adinamas (a)a*8 si (i5sik)/( si ) . >li mi-

7 mas C 8*,i+as i* (a(*as+ai n,s+a.il s ,konomikos a*.a 0os a+ski*= s,k+o*i= a 8imas7 *. lasQEik+y)io0i Ei*ma C s(,k lia2i0os +ikslais D*,8is+* o+a Ei*>ma! dania siai n,8aminan+i 0okios (*od k2i0os7Gsim=0= sando*i= *inka C *inka! k *io0, . s s da*omos +,*min o>+os s +a*+ys- 7Gsim=0= sando*i= *ink= s +a*+ys, n *odoma (*,ki= +i,kim= da+a! ki,kis i* kaina-

O
O,n+*ali3 o+as (lana)imas C 2,n+*ali3 o+as i5+,kli= ski*s+ymas si,>kian+ D8y),ndin+i n ma+y+ s da)ini s6is (la9iai +aikomas 2,n>+*ali3 o+os ,konomikos 5alys,O,n+*ali3 o+o0i ,konomika C ,konomin/ sis+,ma! k *io0, 8al +i> niai *,3 l+a+ai (*ikla so da 8ia sia n o 2,n+*ini= )aldymo o*8a>n= s(*,ndim=! o n, n o )a*+o+o0= (asi*inkimo a* (asiGlos C (a>kla sos ),iksni=- 7,+ kokia ,konomika y*a i5 dali,s )als+y./s *,>8 li o0ama! +a9ia ! k *ios ,konomika 2,n+*ali3 o+a! )als+y./ *,>8 li o0a )isas ,konomikos s*i+is-

O,n+*inis .ankas C .ankas! koo*din o0an+is 5ali,s (ini8= sis+,mos E nk2iona)im: i* .ank= sis+,mos ),ikl:1<

OF*oni5kasis d,Ei2i+as C n,i8iamas )als+y./s mok/0im= .alansas (.i d,+as) k,l,+: m,+= i5 ,il/s! n,san+ (,*s(,k+y)os (a8,*in+i 0D a+,i+y0,Oi*k lia2i0os (*i,mon/ C main= (*i,mon/! 2i*k li o0an+i lais)ai ., (a(ildom= dok m,n+=! (a+)i*+inan9i= (,*da)imo Eak+:K )i,na i5 (a8*indini= (ini8= E nk2i0=-

R
R,kis C n s+a+y+os Eo*mos dok m,n+as! (a8al k *D .ankas (*i)alo i5d o+i +am +ik*: s m:K +ai( (a+ dok m,n+as! i5d odamas! ()3-! (a*d o+ )/0,! k *iam, *a5omas (i*k+= (*,ki= ki,kis! kaina i* .,nd*a (i*kimo s maK kai k *ios, 5alys, i* (*id/+in/s ),*+/s mo>k,s9io s ma-

D
Da.a*+in/ ),*+/ C (a0am= da.a*+in/ ),*+/! a(skai9i o+a .Gsima0am laiko+a*(i iK (ini8=! k *i, . s 8a +i a+,i+y0,! da.a*+in/ ),*+/- 6i a(skai9i o0ama (a8al a+i+inkam: Eo*m lH! o a(skai9ia)imo o(,>*a2i0a )adinama diskon+a)im Dalin/ mok,s9io (*i,)ol/ C (*i,)ol/! kai s .0,k+ai + *i mok/+i mo>k,s+D +ik n o (a0am=! 8a += sa)o 5aly0,- I*a da* )isi5ka mok,s9io (*i,)ol/ C mok,s9io s .0,k+= (*i,)ol/ mok/+i mok,s9i s n o )i>s= (a0am=! +- y- 8a += +i,k sa)o 5aly0,! +i,k si,ny0,Dalinio *,3,*)o (*in2i(as C 5i olaikin/s .ank= sis+,mos (*in2i(as! (a8al k *D Eak+i5kai kom,*2iniam, .ank, ,san+is 8*yn=0= (a0am= ki,kis s da*o +ik n,did,lH )is= .anko ind/li= dalD- P*i)alomas da> linis *,3,*)as n s+a+omas Ds+a+ym i* (a(*as+ai laikomas 2,n+*i> niam, .ank, kai( a+i+inkamo kom,*2inio .anko d,(o3i+as- N)ai>*i= *G5i= d,(o3i+ams n s+a+omas ski*+in8as (*i)alomasis *,3,*)as-

Da*.as C mo8a s Ei3ini= .,i (*o+ini= 8,./0im= na do0imas ,kono> min/ms 8/*y./ms 8amin+i- Tai moni= )is om,ni5kai na din8a
1A

(s d,*in s asm,nini s i* )is om,nini s in+,*,s s) ),ikla! k *io0, 0i, +a*( sa)y0, san+ykia 0a 8amindami ,konomin,s ),*+y.,s- Da*>.as C (i*mo0i i* s)a*.ia sio0i mo8a s ,83is+a)imo i* 0o +o. l/0i>mo s:ly8a- Da*.o (*o2,sas a(ima4 ") +ikslin8: mo8a s ),ikl:! +- y(a+D da*.:K 1) da*.o s .0,k+:! +- y- +ai! D k: n k*,i(+as da*.asK $) da*.o (*i,mon,s! k *ias na dodamas mo8 s ),ikia da*.o o.> 0,k+:! 0D k,i9ia- A+ski*ai 8alima i5ski*+i da*.: nam os, (nam dinD da*.:) i* da*.: n, )is: da*.o laik:- Da*.as nam os, y*a y(a+in8a da*.o o*8ani3a)imo Eo*ma! (ad,dan+i Dsi+*a k+i D )is om,ninH 8a> my.: i* *a2ionaliai (ana do+i da*.o 0/8: si,kian+ (l/s+i (*,ki= 8amy.: i* (asla 8= +,ikim:- Da*.as nam os, s da*o (alankias s:ly8as Dsida*.in+i 8y),n+o0ams! k *i, d/l 5,imynini= a(linky.i=! s),ika+os .Gkl/s a*.a ki+= (*i,as9i= n,8ali di*.+i +i,sio8iai Dmo> n/0, a* ki+o0, o*8ani3a2i0o0, i* +od/l di*.a nam os,- Da*.as n, )is: da*.o laik: C +ai sa)ano*i5ka n ola+inio im+ mo Eo*ma (a> 8*indin/0, da*.o)i,+/0,! kai da*.da)i i i* da*. o+o0 i s si+a* s da*.o laikas s +* m(inamas i* da*.o mok,s+is (*ikla so n o Eak+i5kai di*.+o laiko a*.a (a8amin+os (*od k2i0os ((asla 8os) ki,kio i* koky./s- Li,+ )o0, n, )isa da*.o di,na n,8ali .G+i +* m>(,sn/ ( sH da*.o di,nos! o n, )isa da*.o sa)ai+/ n,8ali .G+i +* m(,sn/ +*is di,nas (,* sa)ai+H-

Da*.da)ys C asm o a* Ei*ma! k *i samdo da*.o 0/8: (*,k/ms 8a> min+i a* (asla 8oms +,ik+iK )i,na i5 da*.o s +a*+i,s 5ali=! k *i ki> +ai 5aliai! +- y- da*. o+o0 i! 0o da*.:! +am +ik*= (a*,i8= )ykdy> m: Dsi(a*,i8o0a mok/+i da*.o mok,s+D i* 8a*an+ o0a da*.o s:ly>8as! n ma+y+as D)ai*i os, no*mini os, ak+ os,Da*.da)i= s:0 n>8os y*a da*.da)i= s si)i,ni0imai! o*8ani3a2i0os! a+s+o)a 0an9ios 0= .,nd*i,si,ms in+,*,sams (alaikan+ san+yki s s )als+y.in/mis ins+i+ 2i0omis i* da*. o+o0= s:0 n8omis ((*oEs:0 n8omis)- Tai Li,>+ )os (*amonink= konE,d,*a2i0a! Li,+ )os ,m/s Gkio .,nd*o)i= aso2ia2i0a i* k+Da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ai C +ai )als+y./s Ds+a+ymais n s+a+y+o amia s mon/s! n,a+si),l8ian+ D 0= ak+y) m: da*.o *inko0,- Da*> .in8as ami s C mo8a s 8y),nimo laiko+a*(is! kai 0o (*a8y),> nimo 5al+ini + */+= .G+i asm,ninio da*.o (a0amos- B,m +in/ da*>
1&

.in8o amia s *i.a y*a da*.in8o amia s (*adia! o a k5+ +in/ s +am(a s (,nsini ami mi- Da 8 ma da*.in8o amia s 8y> ),n+o0= y*a ,konomi5kai ak+y)Gs- N,.G+inai +ik da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ai y*a ,konomi5kai ak+y)Gs! n,s Eak+i5kai di*.a i* kai k >*i, n,da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ai ((,nsininkai! (aa 8liai)Iki "##; m,+= Li,+ )o0, da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ais . )o lai> komi "<>;# m,+= amia s )y*ai i* "<>;' m,+= amia s mo+,*ysPa8al "##' m,+ais (*iim+: na 0: Li,+ )os R,s( .likos )als+y.i>ni= so2ialinio d*a dimo (,nsi0= Ds+a+ymo (a+ais: n o 1%"% m,+= da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0ais . s laikomi )y*ai n o "< iki <1!; m,+= amia s i* mo+,*ys n o "< iki <% m,+= amia s- Da*>.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0= n,da*.o ly8is C .,da*.i= i* da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0= skai9ia s (*o2,n+inis san+ykis-

Da*.inis mo.il mas C da*.o )i,+os k,i+imas +o0, (a9io0, da*.o)i,> +/0,! da*.o)i,+/s k,i+imas +o0, (a9io0, +,*i+o*i0o0,! o 8y),namo> sios )i,+os k,i+imas )adinamas +,*i+o*ini mo.il m -

Da*.inis mo.il mas y*a )i,nas i5 s)a*.ia si= *inkos ,konomikos i* da*.o *inkos i5si)ys+ymo (oymi=- Da*.inis mo.il mas Eo*>m o0a na2ionalinH da*.o *ink:! k *io0, a(mok/0imas )i,n: i* +: (a+D da*.: mada 8 )i,nodas )isos, 5alys,! a+si),l8ian+ D ski*>+in8as 8y),nimo s:ly8asDa*.o 0/8os mi8*a2i0a y*a da*.inio mo.il mo Eo*ma- Da*.o 0/> 8os mi8*a2i0a 8ali .G+i d)i,0= *G5i=- Pi*mo0i C D(*as+in/ da*.o 0/> 8os mi8*a2i0a! k,i9ian+ 8y),nam:0: )i,+:- An+*o0i C 5)y+ oklin/ mi8*a2i0a! +- y- da*.o 0/8os m,2Faninis 0 d/0imas! da*. o+o0ams )ain/0an+ i5 nam= D da*.o )i,+: (ki+am, mi,s+,! *,8ion,)! n,k,i>9ian+ n ola+in/s 8y),namosios )i,+osDa*.o a(mok/0imas C a+ly8inimas (ada*y+: da*.: a* di*.+: lai>k:Da*.o a(mok/0imo Eond: s da*o .,nd*o0i (ini8ini= l/5= s >ma! ski*+a a(mok/+i da*. o+o0ams a+lik+: da*.:! (*ikla san+i n o da*.o ki,kio i* koky./s- Da*.o a(mok/0imo Eo*mos y*a ski*>+in8i da*.o a(mok/0imo .Gdai! (*ikla san+ys n o da*.o (o.G>dio i* s(,2iEikos- I5ski*iamos d)i da*.o a(mok/0imo Eo*mos C laikin/ i* )i,n,+in/- Esan+ laikin,i da*.o a(mok/0imo Eo*mai! da*.o mok,s+is skai9i o0amas Eak+i5kai di*.+: da*.o laik:! ,san+
1#

)i,n,+in,i C Eak+i5kai (a8amin+ s (*od k+ s (a8al n s+a+y+ s Dkaini s- Da*.o a(mok/0imo sis+,mos y*a da*.o mok,s9io skai>9ia)imo .Gdai (a8al 0o s:na das i* *,3 l+a+ s- Ti,k laikin/! +i,k )i,n,+in/ da*.o a(mok/0imo Eo*mos 8ali + */+i D)ai*ias a(mok/>0imo sis+,mas! ()3-4 laikin: (a(*as+:0: i* (*,mi0inH! )i,n,+inH (a>(*as+:0: i* ako*dinHDa*.o .i*a (Dda*.inimo +a*ny.a) C Ds+ai8a! +a*(ininka 0an+i +a*( da*.da)i= i* i,5kan9i= da*.o (ili,9i=! (ad,dan+i 0i,ms Dsida*.in+i- Da*.o .i*a +i*ia da*.o 0/8os (asiGl: i* (akla s:! ),da .,da*.i= a(skai+:! moka .,da*.io (a5al(:! +,ikia inEo*ma2i0os a(i, (akla >sias (*oE,si0as! a+li,ka 0a nimo (*oE,sinD o*i,n+a)im:- G*,+a )als>+y.ini= da*.o .i*= s+,i8iasi (*i)a9ios da*.o .i*os! k *i= (asla >8os y*a mokamos-

Da*.o .i*= kon+*oli o0ama da*.o *inka y*a 5ali,s da*.o *inkos dalis! k *io0, da*.o (asiGla i* (akla sa d,*inama +a*(ininka 0an+ da*.o .i*oms- Tai )i,nas i5 *odikli=! a(i.Gdinan+is 5ali,s da*.o *inkos i5)ys+ymo ly8DDa*.o d*a sm/ C (*i)alomas ki,k)i,no da*. o+o0o 8amy.os +,2F>nolo8i0os (+,2Fnolo8in/ d*a sm/) i* da*.o o*8ani3a)imo (so2ia>lin/ d*a sm/) +aisykli= laikymasis! +y- sa)o (a*,i8= a+likimas da*.,- Laikan+is da*.o d*a sm/s *,ikia n s+a+y+ laik (*ad/+i i* .ai8+i da*.:Da*.o in+,nsy) mas C da*.o D+am(a! da*.o 0/8os (Ei3ini=! (*o+ini= (as+an8=) ,ik)o0imo lai(snis (,* laiko )i,n,+: (da*.o )aland:! di,n:)- Tai da*.o ki,kis! a+lik+as (,* +am +ik*: laiko+a*(D- Ma+ o>0amas Ei3ini= i* (*o+ini= (as+an8= .,i s 8,./0im= )is ma no*in+ (a8amin+i (*od k+: a*.a +,ik+i (asla 8:- Da*.o in+,nsy) mas 8la >diai s si0Hs s da*.o F mani3a)im C da*.o + *inio in+,l,k+ ali>3a)im i* o(+imali= da*.o s:ly8= moni= da*.in/s ),iklos (*o2,>s, s da*ym Da*.o i5+,kliai C 5ali,s da*.in8i 8y),n+o0ai! im+i i* n, im+i! .,+ (o+,n2ialiai 8alin+ys daly)a +i )is om,ni5kai na din8o0, ),iklo>0, k *ian+ ma+,*ialin,s ),*+y.,s i* +,ikian+ (asla 8as- Da*.o i5>+,kli s a(i.Gdina da*.in8= 8y),n+o0= skai9i s- Da*.o i5+,kliai y*a s)a*. s 5ali,s ,konominio (o+,n2ialo ,l,m,n+as- 6i,ms (*iski*ia>
$%

mi4 ") )isi da*.in8o amia s di*.an+ys 8y),n+o0aiK 1) )isi ikida*> .in8o i* (oda*.in8o amia s di*.an+ys (ili,9iai! kai( an+ai4 (,n> sininkai! (aa 8liai! *i.o+o da*.in8 mo (ili,9iai (in)alidai)- Da*>.o i5+,kliai ski*s+omi D ak+y)i osi s C Eak+i5kai im+ s i* (asy>)i osi s C +ai mokiniai! s+ d,n+ai! asm,nys! di*.an+ys nam= Gky>0,- Da*.o i5+,kli= .alansas y*a *odikli= sis+,ma! k * )i,nam, sky>*i 0, n *odomi i5+,kliai (a8al s+am.ias amia s 8* (,s (da*.in>8o! iki da*.in8o i* (o da*.in8o amia s da*.o i5+,kliai)! ki+am, C 0= (asiski*s+ymas (a8al n osa)y./s Eo*mas i* ,konomin,s ),ik>lasPa8al da*.o i5+,kli= .alans: D),*+inami da*.o 0/8os (oky9iai (,* a+i+inkam: laiko+a*(D! a+si),l8ian+ D Dsida*.inan9i= i* a+l,is+= asm,n= skai9ia s ki+im:- Da*.o i5+,kli= (lana)imas > (,*s(,k+y> )inio da*.o 0/8os (o*,ikio n s+a+ym:! 0os 8a sinimo i* *a2iona>la s (ana do0imo s+*a+,8i0os (a*,n8imas- Da*.o i5+,kli s 8alima (lan o+i Dmon/s! Gkio 5akos a* )als+y./s ly8i Da*.o 0/8a C Ei3iniai i* (*o+iniai moni= 8,./0imai! k *i os 8alima (ana do+i ,konomin/0, a* ki+o0, )is om,ni5kai na din8o0, ),ik> lo0,- Da*.o 0/8os (a8*ind: s da*o mo8a s da*.in8 mas! +- ys),ika+os .Gkl/! inios i* D8Gdiai! k *i os na do0an+ 8alima a+>lik+i +am +ik*o s d/+in8 mo i* a(im+i,s da*.:- Pa8al +a*(+a +ini s s+anda*+ s s:)okos da*.o 0/8a i* ,konomi5kai ak+y)Gs 8y),n+o0ai y*a sinonimai- Tai8i s:)oka da*.o 0/8a )a*+o0ama d),0o(a (*asm,4

1) kai( )is minis moni= 8,./0imas di*.+iK 2) kai( s+a+is+inis *odiklis! a(i.Gdinan+is ,konomi5kai
ak+y)i= 8y>),n+o0= skai9i=Da*.o 0/8os i5lais)inimas y*a )is ma (*i,moni=! k *iomis (,*> ski*s+omi da*. o+o0ai d/l mokslo .,i +,2Fnikos (aan8os i* da*.o na5 mo a 8imo- Da*.o 0/8os kai+a C n ola+inis da*. o+o0= skai>9ia s ki+imas o*8ani3a2i0o0, (*iiman+ na 0 s a* a+l,idian+ di*>.an9i s mon,s- ?i olaikin/mis s:ly8omis la.ai danai di*.an>9i=0= k)aliEika2i0a n,a+i+inka na 0= da*.o (*o2,so s:ly8=- Pas,>n s +,2Fnikai i* +,2Fnolo8i0ai! ka*+ n,+o. l/0a i* 0: +aikH s(,2ia>lis+ai- A+8y),n si +,2Fnika k,i9iama na 0a! o 0: +aikH da*. o+o0ai (*i)alo k,l+i k)aliEika2i0: a* (,*sik)aliEik o+iDa*.o koky./ C konk*,+a s mo8a s 8,./0imas a+lik+i +am +ik*o s >
$"

d/+in8 mo E nk2i0as i* (asi,k+i ski*+in8 s *,3 l+a+ s )i,nodomis da*.o s:na domis i* s:ly8omisDa*.o kon2,n+*a2i0a C da*. o+o0= skai9ia s did/0imas a+ski*os, Dmo>n/s,- Ki+ai( +a*ian+! +ai Dmoni= s+am./0imo (*o2,sas- Da*.o kon>2,n+*a2i0os lai(snD 8alima i5*,ik5+i )id +ini da*. o+o0= skai9i >mi! +,nkan9i )i,nai Dmon,iDa*.o laikas (+a*iEinis) C Ds+a+ym n s+a+y+a da*. o+o0o da*.o di,> nos! da*.o sa)ai+/s +* km/! k *i 8ali .G+i ski*+in8a a+ski*oms da*>. o+o0= ka+,8o*i0oms! D)ai*i= (*oE,si0= mon/ms- Tai kal,ndo*i>nio da*.o laiko dalis! k *io *,ikia (*od k2i0ai (a8amin+i i* (a>sla 8ai s +,ik+i- Ta*(+a +in/0, s+a+is+iko0, 0is )adinamas no*mali da*.o laik - Da 8,ly0, E *o(os 5ali= da*.o sa)ai+/s +* km/ s)y>* o0a n o $< iki '% )aland=Pa8al +a*(+a +ini s s+anda*+ s i5ski*iamos s:)okos4 Eak+i5kai di*.>+as laikas i* D(*as+inis da*.o laikas- Jak+i5kai di*.+as laikas n s+a>+omas +ik samdomi,ms da*. o+o0ams- 6D s da*o4 ") Eak+i5kai di*.>+os )alandos! +- y- no*mal s da*.o laikasK 1) di*.+i )i*5)alandiaiK $) laikas! (ana do+as da*.o )i,+ai (a* o5+iK ') laikas! s 8ai5+as da*.o )i,+o0, d/l n,(*ikla san9i= n o da*. o+o0= o*8ani3a2ini= i* +,2Fnini= s +*ikim=K ;) laikas! ski*+as +* m(alaik/ms (oilsio (,*+*a koms da*.o m,+ N(*as+inis da*.o laikas a(i.*/iamas kai( laikas! s na do+as (,* +i(i5k: sa)ai+H a*.a +i(i5k: di,n:- S:)oka D(*as+inis da*.o laikas n o s:)okos Eak+i5kai di*.+as laikas ski*iasi + o! kad (i*mo0i )a*>+o0ama n s+a+an+ +i(i5k: laiko+a*(D! an+*o0i C a+askai+inD (,*iod:! a+li,kan+ nam= Gki= da*.o 0/8os +y*im s-

Da*.o na5 mas ((*od k+y) mas) C konk*,+a s da*.o (*od k+y> ) mas- Da*.o na5 mas ma+ o0amas ,konomini= 8/*y.i=! s k *>+= (,* laiko )i,n,+:! ki,ki a*.a da*.o laik (*od k+o )i,n,+ i (a8amin+i- Da*.o na5 mo ly8is y*a s)a*.ia sias )is om,n/s ,ko>nomin/s (aan8os *odiklis- Da*.o na5 mas +i,sio8iai (*ikla so n o4 ") )aldymo! da*.o i* 8amy.os o*8ani3a)imo ly8ioK 1) 8amy>.os +,2Fnikos i* +,2Fnolo8i0os ly8ioK $) da*. o+o0= k)aliEika2i>0osK ') da*.o s:ly8=K ;) da*.o kol,k+y)o san+yki= (*o.l,m= s(*,n>dimo$1

Da*.o (a0amos C (a0amos! 8a namos i5 +am +ik*os da*.in/s ),ik>los! mok,s+is da*. o+o0ams a+lik+: da*.: i* da*.da)io (,l>nas- N, da*.o (a0amos y*a (,lnas! 8a namas 8am+os i5+,kli s i* ka(i+al: *,n+a! di)id,ndai i* (alGkanos- Ekonomin, (*asm, ski*+ mas +a*( da*.o i* n, da*.o (a0am= y*a san+ykinis! n,s )is s 8amy.os ),iksni s 8alima laiky+i L di*.an9iaisM (a0amas- N, da*.o (a0am= ((alGkan=! di)id,nd=) 5al+ini dania siai y*a in> ),s+i2i0os C anks9ia s ka (+= da*.o (a0am= *,3 l+a+asDa*.o (akla sa C +ai )is om,n/s da*.o 0/8os (o*,ikis da*.o *inko>0,! k *D no*in+ (ana do+i y*a a+i+inkamos 8amy.os (*i,mon/s (da*>.o )i,+os) i* da*.o a(mok/0imo Eondas- Pakla sa y*a s)a*.ia >sias da*.o *inkos iml m: a(i.Gdinan+is *odiklis- Da*.o (akla s: (la9i:0a (*asm, a(i.Gdina di*.an9i=0= skai9i s (li s lais)= da*>.o )i,+= skai9i s- Da*.o 0/8os (akla s: sia *:0a (*asm, a(i.Gdi>na +oki, *odikliai! kai( da*.o .i*os, *,8is+* o+= lais)= da*.o )i,+= skai9i s! da*.da)i= (a*ai5k= d/l da*. o+o0= skai9i s! da*.o )i,+= )akan+i5k mo ly8is- T,*i+o*in/s, da*.o .i*os, ka (iama inEo*ma2i0a a(i, lais)as da*.o )i,+as (a8al (*oE,si0as a*.a .,n+ (*oE,si0= 8* (,s- 7, +o! i5ski*iama da*.o 0/8os (akla sa (a8al ,konomin,s ),iklos *G5is i* a+ski* s ,konomikos s,k+o*i s ()als> +y.inis! (*i)a+ s)- Da*.o (akla sos s+* k+G*a (a*odo lais)= i* na 0ai Ds+,i8+= da*.o )i,+= s d/+D ((*o2,n+ais) (a8al (*oE,sini sCk)aliEi> ka2ini s! so2ialini sCd,mo8*aEini s i* ki+ s (oymi s- Asm,nims! no*in+i,ms im+i konk*,9ias da*.o )i,+as! k,liami +am +ik*i (*o> E,siniaiCk)aliEika2iniai *,ikala)imai- S(,2ialios! ()3-! k)o+in/s da*.o )i,+os ski*iamos Dda*.in+i .,da*.i s! k *i, + *i da 8ia 8a>limy.i= Dsida*.in+iDa*.o (asiGla C 8alin9i= i* no*in9i= di*.+i (a8al samdos s +a*+D mo> ni= skai9i s i* 0= so2ialin/Cd,mo8*aEin/ .,i (*oE,sin/Ck)aliEika>2in/ s+* k+G*a- Da*.o (asiGl: a(i.Gdina indi)id= 8,./0imas i* no>*as di*.+i konk*,+= da*.:! ,san+ al+,*na+y)ioms da*.o mok,s>9io! da*.o s:ly8=! da*.o laiko i* )i,+os (asi*inkimo 8alimy./ms- Da*.o 0/8os (asiGla C +ai im+i,0i asm,nys i* .,da*.iai- Sia *:0a (*asm, da*.o 0/8os (asiGla C +ik .,da*.iai- 6: a(i.Gdina a.soli >+iniai i* san+ykiniai *odikliai4 .,da*.i= skai9i s! konk *,n2i0os
$$

lai(snis! da*.o (asiGlos in+,nsy) mo *odiklis- Pas+a*asis *odo .,>sik*,i(ian9i= D da*.o .i*as (,* +am +ik*: laiko+a*(D (ili,9i= (*o>2,n+inD san+ykD s da*.in8o amia s 8y),n+o0= skai9i mi-

R,mian+is 5i o *odikli 8alima (aly8in+i da*.o (asiGlos in+,nsy>) m: a+ski* os, *,8ion os,Da*.o 0/8os (asiGla (a8al +a*(+a +ini s s+anda*+ s C +ai 8y),n+o>0ai! k *i, +y*imo mom,n+ siGlo sa)o da*.: (asla 8= i* (*,ki= 8amy.os sE,*o0,! da*.o laikas! kai 8y),n+o0ai di*.a a*.a 8al/+= di*.+i a(skai+os laiko+a*(i ! da*.o in+,nsy) mas! 8y),n+o0= (*o>E,sinio (asi*,n8imo ly8is- Da 8 ma 5i= d om,n= 8a nama a+li,>kan+ nam= Gki= da*.o 0/8os a+*ankini s +y*im s! o ki+ s d om,>nis! ()3-! a(i, da*.o in+,nsy) m:! k)aliEika2i0os (ana do0im:! 8alima *as+i ki+ os, 5al+ini os,Da*.o (asiGlos s+* k+G*a *odo .,da*.i= kon+in8,n+: ((*o2,n+ais) (a8al (*oE,sini s> k)aliEika2ini s i* so2ialini s>d,mo8*aEini s (o> ymi s! + *in9i s D+akos 0= konk *,n2in8 m i da*.o *inko0,Da*.o (o.Gdis C s:)oka! *,i5kian+i so2ialinH i* ,konominH )is o> m,ninio da*.o ,smH +am +ik* 5ali,s i5si)ys+ymo laiko+a*(i - 6i n sako +: y(a+in8: .Gd:! k *i o da*.o 0/8a s 0 n8iama (,kono> min, (*asm,) s da*.o (*i,mon/mis- Da*.o (asidali0imas y*a s > si0Hs s n,ly8ia*,ik5m/mis da*.o *G5imis! k *ias )is om,n/ n,> )i,nodai ),*+ina- D/l +o a+ski*oms da*. o+o0= 8* (/ms +,nka n,> )i,nodas )aidm o )is om,nin/0, da*.o o*8ani3a2i0o0,- Koky.i>niai (*oE,si0= ski*+ mai l,mia indi)ido )i,+: )is om,niniam, da*.o (asidali0im,! 0o k l+G*inD C +,2FninD ly8D! (a0am= dydD! daly)a)i>m: )aldym, i* (an-! +- y- 0o so2ialinD s+a+ s:-

Da*.o *,d k2i0a C +ai s d/+in8o da*.o (*,ikala 0an9io +am +ik*o i5>simokslinimo i* k)aliEika2i0os) ki,kio D),*+inimas (a(*as+o da*.o (n,*,ikala 0an9io 0okio s(,2iala s i5simokslinimo i* k)aliEika2i>0os) ki,ki Da*.o *inka C da*.o 0/8os (a*da)imo i* (i*kimo ,konomini= san+y>ki= sis+,ma! k *io0, Eo*m o0asi da*.o (asiGla i* (akla sa .,i 0o kaina C da*.o mok,s+is- Tai( da*.o *inka a(i.Gdinama kai( *inkos ,konomikos s d,damo0i dalisSki*iama oEi2ialio0i i* n,oEi2ialio0i da*.o *inka- Pi*mo0i n ma+o4
$'

") da*.o (asiGlos lais)H! +- y- (asi*inkimo lais)H +a*( da*.o i* n,>da*.o! lais): (*oE,si0os i* ),iklos *G5i,s (asi*inkim: a+si),l8ian+ D asm,nini s i* )is om,nini s (o*,iki sK 1) da*.o (akla sos lais>)H! +- y- samdymo i* a+l,idimo i5 da*.o lais)H )isi,ms da*.da>)iams! laikan+is da*.o Ds+a+ym=! 8a*an+ o0an+ da*. o+o0= in+,*,s= a(sa 8:S)a*.ia si,0i da*.o *inkos ,l,m,n+ai y*a 5i,4 da*.o (asiGla i* (a>kla sa! da*.o *inkos kon0 nk+G*a! da*.o 0/8os kaina! konk *,n2i>0a! inE*as+* k+G*a- Da*.o *inkos s:)oka )a*+o0ama (la9i:0a i* sia >*:0a (*asm,! a+si),l8ian+ D +ai! kas laikoma da*.o *inkos s .0,k>+ - Da*.o *inkos kai( i* ki+= *ink= s .0,k+ai y*a (i*k/0as i* (a*da>)/0as- Ta9ia da*.o *inko0, 0i, + *i s(,2iEinD so2ialinD s+a+ s:- 6i, san+ykia 0a kai( da*.da)ys (da*.o 0/8os (i*k/0as) i* da*. o+o0as (s(,2iEin/s (*,k/s C da*.o 0/8os a*.a sa)o s 8,./0imo di*.+i (a*>da)/0as)- Da*.o *inkos s .0,k+ai (la9i:0a (*asm, C +ai da*.da>)iai! samdomi,0i da*. o+o0ai i* .,da*.iai- Da*.o *inkos s .0,k+ai sia *:0a (*asm, C da*.da)iai i* (o+,n2ialGs da*. o+o0ai! si,kian>+ys s da*y+i da*.o s +a*+isDa*.o *inkos inE*as+* k+G*a > da*.o *inkos m,2Fani3mo E nk2io> na)imo o*8ani3a2in/ ins+i+ 2in/ Eo*ma- 6: 8alima a(i.Gdin+i kai( )als+y.ini= i* n,)als+y.ini= ins+i+ 2i0= (Dda*.inimo +a*ny.os! Dmo>ni= i* Ei*m= (,*sonalo sky*iai! (*oE,sin/s o*8ani3a2i0os) sis+,m:! +,isini= no*m=! *,8 li o0an9i= 5i= ins+i+ 2i0= ),ikl: .,i da*.da>)i= i* da*. o+o0= +a*( sa)io san+yki sN)ai*ios inE*as+* k+G*os 8*andys +i*ia da*.o *inkos kon0 nk+G*:! da*.o 0/8os (asiGl: i* (akla s:! a+li,ka .,da*.i= a(skai+:! o*8a>ni3 o0a 0= so2ialinH a(sa 8: i* mokym: .,i (,*k)aliEika)im:! (a>d,da Dsida*.in+i- I5)ys+y+os da*.o *inkos 5alims .Gdin8os ins+i+ >2i0os ((*oEs:0 n8os! da*.da)i= aso2ia2i0os! a*,nda+o*i= s:0 n8os)! o*8ani3 o0an9ios da*.da)i= i* samdom= da*. o+o0= .,nd*ada*>.ia)im:! 8inan+ 0= kol,k+y)ini s in+,*,s s! a+li,kan9ios )als+y.i>nD +a*(ininka)im: (+*i5aliai s si+a*imai) so2ialin/s (a*+n,*ys+/s kla simaisDa*.o *inkos kon0 nk+G*a C +ai da*.o 0/8os (asiGlos i* (akla sos san+ykis da*.o *inko0,- 6i (*ikla so n o da 8,lio ,konomini=! so>
$;

2ialini= i* (oli+ini= ),iksni=- 6i 8ali .G+i (,*+,klin/ a*.a d,Ei2i+i>n/! da 8ia a* maia s .alans o+a i* i5*,ik5+i n,)i,nod: a+ski*= so2ialini= 8* (i= (ad/+D da*.o *inko0, (s+* k+G*in/ kon0 nk+G*a)- Da*.o (asiGlos i* (akla sos ( sia s)y*a da*.o *inko0, i5+ik*=0= *,+ai (asi,kiamaDa*.o *inkos kon0 nk+G*: a(i.Gdina +oki, *odikliai4 n,da*.o ly>8is! konk *,n2i0os no*ma i* lai(snis! Dda*.inimo ly8is i* no*ma! )id +in/ n,da*.o +* km/! .,da*.i= s d/+is (a8al so2ialin,s>d,>mo8*aEin,s i* (*oE,sin,s>k)aliEika2in,s 2Fa*ak+,*is+ikas- Da*.o *inkos (a(ildymo ko,Ei2i,n+as C (,* +am +ik*: laiko+a*(D *,8is+>* o+= i,5kan9i= da*.o (ili,9i= skai9ia s san+ykis s asm,n=! n >+*a k si= (,* +: (a+D laiko+a*(D da*.o (ai,5kas! skai9i mi- 6is (a>*odo da*.o 0/8os (asiGlos da*.o *inko0, (adid/0im: a*.a s ma>/0im: (,* +am +ik*: laiko+a*(D- 6,i ko,Ei2i,n+o *,ik5m/ did,sn/ "! +ai *,i5kia! kad na 0ai *,8is+* o+= n,di*.an9i=0= skai9i s . )o did,snis (,* +: (a+D laiko+a*(D n +*a k si= da*.o (ai,5kas asm,n= skai9i= i* a+)i*k59iai- ?D *odiklD (a+o8 i5*,ik5+i (*o2,n>+ais- ?i o a+),0 0is (a*odo! ki,k 5im+ i (ili,9i= n +*a k si= da*>.o (ai,5kas! +,nka na 0ai *,8is+* o+= n,di*.an9i=0=-

Da*.o *inkos (oli+ika C +ai s d,damo0i im+ mo (oli+ikos dalis- 6i l,mia d s)a*.ia si s da)ini s4 ") da*o D+ak: n,da*.o ly8i i i* +* km,iK 1) so2ialiai a(sa 8o .,da*.i s- ?i os da)ini s a+i+in>ka ak+y)i i* (asy)i da*.o *inkos (oli+ikos k*y(+ys- Pi*mo0i a(ima )als+y./s so2ialini= i* ,konomini= (*i,moni= sis+,m:! k *ios (a>ski*+is C a(sa 8o+i di*.an9i osi s n o n,da*.o a*.a s main+i n,>da*.o ly8D! *,8 li o0an+ san+ykD +a*( (asiGlos i* (akla sos da*.o *inko0,- Rinkos ,konomikos 5alys, (la9iai +aikomos 5ios ak+y>)ios da*.o *inkos (oli+ikos (*i,mon/s4

123-

*,miamas +o. linimas!

(*oE,sinis

mokymas

i*

k)aliEika2i0=

Einansin/ (a*ama ,samoms da*.o )i,+oms i5sa 8o+i i* na >0oms s+,i8+i s d/+in8 os, *,8ion os, i* Gkio 5akos,!
s da*omos s:ly8os n,)isi5kam da*. o+o0= (s +* m> im+ m i

(in+a da*.o di,na! sa)ai+/)-

Ak+y)i da*.o *inkos (oli+ika! kai +aikoma +okia so2ialin/ i* ,ko> nomin/ s+*a+,8i0a! k *i 8a*an+ o0a ,E,k+y) mo didinim:- Pasy)i
$<

5ios *inkos (oli+ika! kai )als+y./s n s+a+y+omis (*i,mon/mis *,>8 li o0amas kom(,nsa2inis m,2Fani3mas i* 8a*an+ o0amas d*a >dimas n o n,da*.o- San+ykis +a*( 5i= d)i,0= (oli+ikos *G5i= i* ,l,>m,n+= C 0= a(im+is! koky./ i* ,E,k+y) mas C a+ski*os, 5alys, 8ali ski*+is- Vi,nodai ,E,k+y)i 8ali .G+i +i,k ak+y)i! +i,k (asy)i da*.o *inkos (oli+ika- Tai (*ikla so n o konk*,9i= 5ali,s a*.a *,8iono s:ly8=Da*.o *inkos (*o8no3a)imas C moksli5kai (a8*Ds+i s(/0imai a(i, da*.o *inkos (ad/+D a*+im,sn/0, a* +olim,sn/0, a+,i+y0,! 0os (a>8*indini= *odikli= i* (a*am,+*= (oky9i s! *aidos +,nd,n2i0as! al>+,*na+y)i s +os a* ki+os (ad/+i,s (asi,kimo .Gd s i* +,*min s- Da*>.o *inkos (*o8no3a)imas 8*indiamas ,samos (ad/+i,s anali3, i* *aidos (,*s(,k+y)= D),*+inim so2ialin/0,! ,konomin/0,! d,mo>8*aEin/0,! 8amy.in/0,! mokslo i* +,2Fnikos s*i+ys,Da*.o *inkos *odikliai y*a da*.o *inkos s:)ok= ki,ky.in/s 2Fa> *ak+,*is+ikos- Ki,k)i,nas daik+as a* *,i5kinys + *i koky.inD i* ki,> ky.inD a(i.*/+ m:- Koky.inis a(i.*/+ mas (s:)oka! d,Eini2i0a) n sako *,i5kinio ,smH! ki,ky.inis C +os ,sm/s ki,kD4 s)o*D! da> n m:! +* kmH i* (an- Rodikliai 8ali .G+i i5*,i5kiami na+G*iniais i* san+ykiniais dydiais- N, ki,k)i,n: s:)ok: ki,ky.i5kai 8alima i5*,ik5+i koki no*s )i,n *odikli - 6 o s:)oka! a.s+*ak+,sn/! + o s nkia 0: +i,sio8iai i5*,ik5+i )i,n konk*,9i *odikli - A.s+*ak> +,sn/s s:)okos (i*mia sia i5*,i5kiamos (,* ki+as! konk*,+,sn,s! s:)okas! k *ias 0a +i,sio8iai 8alima i5*,ik5+i konk*,9iais *odik>liaisDa*.o *inkos a+ski*as sa)y.,s i* (a*am,+* s dania siai a(i>.Gdina 8ana a.s+*ak9ios s:)okos! k *i= ki,ky.in/s 2Fa*ak+,*is+i>kos i5*,i5kiamos n, )i,n ! .,+ k,liais *odikliais-

Da*.o s:ly8os C 8amy.ini=>+,2Fnini=! so2ialini= i* o*8ani3a2ini= ),iksni= )is ma! + *in+i D+akos da*.o (*o2,s i i* l,mian+i da*.o 0/8os s:na d= s+* k+G*:! a(im+D i* 0= a+kG*im:-San+ykinai 8alima i5ski*+i +okias da*.o s:ly8as4

1234-

,konomin,s da*.o (0o a(mok/0imas)! o*8ani3a2in,s (da*.o *,imas! (amainin8 mas)!

(da*.o *i+mas! kG*y.i5k mas!

+,2Fnolo8in,s mono+oni5k mas)!

(si2FoEi3iolo8in,s (Ei3in/ i* (*o+in/ D+am(a)!

$A

Fi8i,nin,s (da*.o )i,+os ,s+,+ika! +,m(,*a+G*a! d*/8m/) i* k+- Da*.o s:ly8as *,8 li o0a Ds+a+ymas- Da*.o san+ykiai C da*.da)io i* da*. o+o0o +a*( sa)io san+ykiai! k *i os *,8 li o0a s(,2ialGs Ds+a+ymai! n ma+an+ys 0= +,is,s i* (a*,i8asDa*.o sa 8a C s(,2ia>li= +aisykli= i* (*i,moni= sis+,ma! laid o+i no*malias! sa 8ias da*.o s:ly8as! a+si),l8ian+ D da*.o (*o2,so y(a+ m s- Da*.o s +a*+is C da*. o+o0o Dda*.inimo 0 *idinis DEo*minimas! *,8 li o0amas s(,>2iala s Ds+a+ymo- 6i 8ali .G+i +,*min o+a! kai n *odomas 0os 8alio>0imo +,*minas! i* n,+,*min o+a! kai 8alio0imo +,*minas n,Eiks o>0amasDa*.o s +a*+is C da*. o+o0o i* da*.da)io s si+a*imas! kai da*. o+o> 0as Dsi(a*,i8o0a di*.+i +am +ik*: da*.: (a+i+inkan+D 0o (*oE,si0: i* k)aliEika2i0:) a*.a ,i+i +am +ik*as (a*,i8as! laikydamasis n s+a+y> +os )ida s da*.o +)a*kos! o da*.da)ys Dsi(a*,i8o0a mok/+i da*> . o+o0 i da*.o mok,s+D i* 8a*an+ o0a da*.o s:ly8as! n ma+y+as da*.o Ds+a+ym os,! kol,k+y)in/0, s +a*+y0,! ki+ os, +,is/s ak+ o>s, a* 5ali= s si+a*im -

12-

(si2Folo8in,s (da*.o kol,k+y)o san+ykiai)!

N +*a k s da*.o s +a*+D i* a+l,id s da*. o+o0: i5 da*.o d/l (*i,>as9i=! n,(*ikla san9i= n o da*. o+o0o ,l8,sio i* da*.o koky./s! s mokama kom(,nsa2i0aDa*.o + *inys C s:)oka! a(i.Gdinan+i konk*,+a s da*.o s(,2iEini s (oymi s- Tai o*8ani3a2in/>+,2Fnolo8in/ da*.in/s ),iklos 2Fa> *ak+,*is+ika! n sakan+i a+ski*= o(,*a2i0= n os,kl m:! Ei3ini= i* (*o> +ini= (as+an8= san+ykD da*.o (*o2,s,! da*.o mono+oni5k m: a*.a D)ai* m: i* (an- Konk*,+a s da*.o + *inD l,mia4 da*.o o.0,k+as! da*.o (*i,mon/s i* da*.o (*od k+as! 0= +,2Fnolo8inio s:),ika)i>mo .Gdas! k *D +i,sio8iai *odo da*.o o(,*a2i0= )is ma i* 0= n > os,kl mas- Da*.o + *inD 8alima na8*in/+i d)i,m ly8iais4 da*.o )i,+os ly8i i* )is om,n/s ly8i - Pi*m:0D ly8D s (*an+am, kai( da*.o o(,*a2i0=! a(i.Gdinan9i= indi)id ala s da*.o + *inD! )is >m:An+*:0D ly8D C kai( D)ai*i= da*.in/s ),iklos *G5i=! a(i.Gdinan>9i= )is om,ninio da*.o + *inD! )is m:-

In+,8*aliniais da*.o + *inio *odikliais 8alima laiky+i Ei3ini= i* (*o> +ini= (as+an8= in+,nsy) m:! i5*,i5kian+D da*.o in+,l,k+ ali3a)i>
$&

mo lai(snD .,i da*.o so2ialinH (*asmH- Pa8al 5i os *odikli s 8ali>ma i5ski*+i +okias da*.o + *inio 8* (,s4 1) ,mo in+,l,k+ alinio ly8io da*.as! 2) )id +inio in+,l,k+ alinio ly8io da*.as! 3) a k5+o in+,l,k+ alinio ly8io da*.as?io0, da*.o + *inio klasiEika2i0o0, s)a*.ia sias k*i+,*i0 s y*a da*>.o s d/+in8 mas (da*. o+o0o k)aliEika2i0a)- Pa8al 5D k*i+,*i0= i5> ski*iamos +*ys da*.o + *inio 8* (/s4 n,k)aliEik o+as! )id +in/s k)a> liEika2i0os i* a k5+os k)aliEika2i0os- No*in+ D8y+i a k5+: k)aliEika>2i0: .G+inas il8: laik: +* nkan+is s(,2ial s (asi*,n8imasDa*.o mok,s+is C da*.o D),*+inimas (ini8ais! k *D s da*o (a*,i8i>n/ al8a! (*i,mokos! (*i,dai i* (*,mi0os- Da*.o mok,s9io D5al>dymas C )als+y./s an+iinElia2in/ (oli+ika! si,kian+ i5sa 8o+i ,sa>m: da*.o mok,s9io ly8D! n,a+si),l8ian+ D +ai! a* (*,ki= i* (a>sla 8= kainos did/0a- D/l +o ma/0a da*. o+o0= *,al sis da*.o mok,s+isDa*.o mok,s9io minim mas C Ds+a+ym n s+a+y+a ,mia sia da*.o mok,s9io *i.a! 8alio0an+i )isos, da*.o sE,*o>s,- ?i o minim m si,kiama 8a*an+ o+i minimal= (*a8y),nimo ly8D- Da*.o mok,s9io +a*iEas C da*.o mok,s+is! k *D 8a na da*. o+o0as no*mal= da*.o laik:- Jak+inis da*.o mok,s+is C +ai n, +ik da*.o mok,s+is! .,+ i* (*,mi0os! )i*5)alandi= a(mo>k/0imas i* k+Ski*iamos 5ios da*.o mok,s9io Eo*mos4 al+,*na>+y) sis! laikinis! nominal sis! *,al sis! *i.inis! )i,n,+inis-

Al+,*na+y) sis C didia sias mok,s+is! k *D 8a += indi)idas! (a>si*inkHs 8,*ia si: (al+,*na+y)=0D) da*.:Laikinis C da*.o mok,s9io o*8ani3a)imo Eo*ma! kai mok,s> +is mokamas! a+si),l8ian+ D di*.+: laik: i* da*. o+o0o (a*,i8asNominal sis C (ini8inis da*.o mok,s+is-

R,al sis C (*,ki= i* (asla 8= ki,kis! k *D 8alima Dsi8y+i nomi>nal= da*.o mok,s+DRi.inis C )is= da*. o+o0= .,nd*o da*.o mok,s9io (asik,i+imas! s si0Hs s (a(ildomo da*. o+o0o (*i/mim D da*.:-

Vi,n,+inis C da*.o mok,s9io o*8ani3a)imo Eo*ma! kai mo>k,s+is (*ikla so n o (a8amin+= (*od k+= a* s +,ik+= (asla 8= ki,>kio i* koky./s$#

Da*.o ),*+/s +,o*i0a C klasikin/s ,konomikos +,o*i0os s(,2ialis+= s k *+as mokymas- ?ios +,o*i0os 5alininkai +,i8ia! kad (*,k/s ),*> +H l,mia *,ikalin8= +ai (*,k,i (a8amin+i da*.o i5+,kli= ki,kis- Tai>8i d)i,0= )a*+o0am=0= (*,ki= kain= ( sia s)y*os san+ykis y*a +i,> sio8iai (*o(o*2in8as da*.o! k *io *,ikia 0oms (a8amin+i! san+yki iSmi+as . )o (i*masis! k *is ,ks(,*im,n+i5kai (asiGl/ da*.o ),*>+/s +,o*i0:! no*s (*i(aino! kad ),*+H l,mia da 8 i5laid=4 *,n+a! da*.o mok,s+is i* (,lnas! n,+ 0,i8 da*.as i* s da*o didia si: 8al +in/s ),*+/s dalD- Rika*das (*i(aino! kad 8ali *,ik+i a+si),l8+i D (,ln: i* *,n+:! +a9ia +ai n,m,nkino 0o s)a*.ia sio a*8 m,n+o a(i, san+ykin,s ),*+,s +a*( d)i,0= (*,ki=! k *ias i5 ,sm/s l,mia da*.o mok,s+is- Ka*las Ma*ksas i5(l/+o0o Rika*do id/0as! i5> skaidydamas da*.o ),*+H D +*is s d,dam:sias dalis4 (as+o)=0D ka> (i+al: (8amy.o0, s na do0amas ka(i+alas)! kin+am:0D ka(i+al: (da*> .o i5+,kli s) i* (*id,dam:0: ),*+H ((,*+,klinH ),*+H ., da*.o i* ka(i+alo! k *i, s na do0ami 8amy.o0,)- Da*.o ),*+/s +,o*i0a D d,> )yniolik+o0o amia s (a.ai8: . )o (ak,is+a *i.inio na5 mo (a> ski*s+ymo +,o*i0a! k *io0, a+si),l8iama D )is= 8amy.os i5+,kli=! o n, +ik D da*.o ind/lD 8amy.os (*o2,s,Da*.o )i,+a C da*.o (*o2,so +,2Fnolo8in/>o*8ani3a2in/ E nk2i0a! k *iai a+lik+i *,ikia +am +ik*os (*oE,si0os! s(,2ialy./s! k)aliEika>2i0os da*. o+o0o i* a+i+inkam= da*.o (*i,moni=- N),*+inan+ da*.o )i,+: a+si),l8iama D 0os (*oE,sinH>k)aliEika2inH 2Fa*ak+,*is+ik:! n sakan9i: (*oE,sini s>k)aliEika2ini s da*. o+o0o *,ikala)im sDa*.o )i,+= i5sa 8o0imas y*a )i,na i5 (*i,moni= n,da*. i s+a.ili> 3 o+i! +,ikian+ (a*am: da*.da)iams C i5 dali,s kom(,ns o0an+ da*> .o a(mok/0imo i5laidas +i,ms da*. o+o0ams! k *i, d/l laikino 8a> my.os s ma/0imo Dmon/0, + */+= .G+i a+l,idiami- Kadan8i +oks a+l,idimas .G+= laikinas! +i,k Ei*ma! +i,k Dda*.inimo +a*ny.a s in> +,*,s o+os i5sa 8o+i da*. o+o0 s- Da*.o )i,+= (akla sa y*a i,5> kan9i= da*.o (ili,9i= skai9i s (a8al 0= (*oE,sinH>k)aliEika2inH s+* k+G*:! o da*.o )i,+= *inka C +ai lais)= da*.o )i,+= )is ma! l,mian+i (o+,n2ialias .,da*.i= Dsida*.inimo 8alimy.,s- Da*.o )i,> += )akan+i5k mo ly8is C lais)= da*.o )i,+= skai9ia s (*o2,n+inis san+ykis s s:*a5 os, ,san9i= da*. o+o0= skai9i mi- Gali .G+i a(>
'%

skai9i o0amas (a8al a+ski*as (*oE,si0as a*.a a*+im= (*oE,si0= 8* >(,s- 6is (a*odo da*.o 0/8os (akla sos in+,nsy) m: da*.o *inko>0,! 8alima (aly8in+i 5i o (oiG*i a+ski* s *,8ion s- ?io *odiklio (aly8inimas s da*.o 0/8os (asiGlos in+,nsy) mo *odikli (a*o>do D+am(: da*.o *inko0,D,.i+o*inis Dsiskolinimas C 0 *idini= a* Ei3ini= asm,n= Dsiskolini>mas! k *is a+si*anda d/l ma+,*iali=0= ),*+y.i= (a+,ikimo i* ki+= sando*i= s 5iais 0 *idiniais a* Ei3iniais asm,nimis s:ly8= (a,i>dimo i5 0= ( s/s (d/l Einansin/s i* a+siskai+ym= (mok/0im=) d*a s>m/s .,i +,is/+ mo (a,idim=)! +od/l laikomas n,no*mali - D,.i>+o*i s (skolininkas) C Ei3inis a* 0 *idinis asm o! skolin8as ki+am Ei3iniam a* 0 *idiniam asm,ni i! a*.a! ()3-! ),ks,lio i5da)/0asD,Ei2i+as C *inkos si+ a2i0a! kai k *i= no*s *,s *s= a* (*,ki= (akla sa il8: laik: )i*5i0a (asiGl:! o kainos n,a+*odo (akla sos .,i (asiG>los ( sia s)y*os- Jinans= s*i+y0, d,Ei2i+as C +*Gk mas! n os+olis! k *is s sida*o! kai i5laidos )i*5i0a (a0amas- Mokamo0o .alanso d,Ei2i+as C kada 5ali,s si,nio i5laidos )i*5i0a (a0amas i5 si,nio-

D,Elia2i0a C (*,ki= i* (asla 8= .,nd*o0o kain= ly8io ma/0imas- D,> Elia+o*i s C .,nd*o0o kain= ly8io ind,ksas! na do0amas a(skai> 9i o+i *,al=0D .,nd*:0D na2ionalinD (*od k+:- D,Elia2i0a C +ai i* (i>ni8= ki,kio! k *is )i*5i0a (*,ki= 2i*k lia2i0os i* mok/0imo (o*,i> ki s! i5/mimas i5 a(y)a*+os- ?i (*i,mon/ na do0ama +ik si,kian+ main+i )als+y./s inElia2i0os +,m( s-

D,m(in8as C (*,ki= (a*da)imo i* (asla 8= +i,kimo si,nio *inkos, kaina! k *i 8,*okai ma,sn/ )ida s *inkos kain: a*.a n,+ sa)ikain:- D,m(in8as +aikomas +okiais a+),0ais4

1.

Si,kian+ Dsi8al/+i si,nio *inkos,! 0is +aikomas +ol! kol )i,+i>niai 8amin+o0ai (asi+*a kia i5 konk *,n2in/s ko)os a*.a s 0ais s da*omas kon+*olinis s si+a*imas- Po +o kainos (ak,lia>mos i* danai )i*5i0a iki d,m(in8o . ) sD ly8D- Tai D)yks+a +ada! kai Dmon/s! +aikan9ios d,m(in8:! D8y0a +o0, 5aly0, mo>no(olinH a* oli8o(olinH (ad/+DD,m(in8as 8ali .G+i +aikomas! kai Dmon/s si,kia i5(l/s+i 8a> my.:! kad 8a += did,snH ,konomi0: d/l 8amy.os mas+o- ?i o a+),0 0os! +aikydamos d,m(in8:! *,ali3 o0a *inkos, +: sa)o

2.

'"

(*od k2i0os dalD! k *ios n,.,8ali +*ali3 o+i 5ali,s )ida s *in>ko0,Nmon/s dania siai +aiko d,m(in8:! kai no*i *,ali3 o+i sa)o (*od k2i0os (,*+,kli=! a+si*ad sD klaidin8ai D),*+in s (*,k/s (akla s: i* (a8amin s (,*n,ly8 da 8 (*,ki=N s+a+an+ d,m(in8: +aiky+ina +okia +aisykl/- 6,i8 kokia no*s 5a>lis +aiko ,mas d,m(in8o kainas! +ai += (*,ki= kain= 5ali,s )id 0, i* si,nio 5alys, ski*+ mas + *i .G+i ma,snis n,8 (*,ki= +*ans>(o*+a)imo ka5+ai i* +ai (*,k,i n s+a+y+o m i+o dydis-

3.

Ski*iamos +okios d,m(in8o Eo*mos4

1.

Gamy.os ka5+= a*.a

mok,s9io n l,m+as d,m(in8as- 6is da*

)adinamas so2ialini d,m(in8 - ?i o a+),0 d/l ma= i5laid= da*> .o mok,s9i i i* so2ialin/ms *,ikm/ms 5alis 8ali (a*d o+i (*,>k,s (asa lin/0, *inko0, ,m,sn/mis kainomis n,8 0os )a*o)ai-

2.

Vali +inis d,m(in8as 8*indiamas na2ionalin/s )ali +os (,*> kamosios 8alios ski*+ m 5ali,s )id 0, i* si,ny0,- TokD d,m> (in8: ska+ina na2ionalin/s )ali +os d,)al)a)imas- N ),*+in s 5ali,s )ali +:! Dmon/s! k *i= 8amy.os ka5+ai did,li! 8ali (a*> d o+i (*,k,s +a*(+a +in/0, *inko0, mam,nin/mis kainomis n,> 8 (asa lin/s kainos i* 8a +i did,lD (,ln:-

D,m(in8as maina lais):0: konk *,n2i0: +a*( +a += i* y*a alin> 8as d,m(in8in,s (*,k,s (,*kan9ioms 5alims- Tod/l na do0ami D)ai*Gs .Gdai! k *iais k,*+amas k,lias s),+im= 5ali= (*,ki= d,m>(in8 i 5ali,s *inko0, a*.a i5 )iso d*a diama +okias (*,k,s D),+i! a*.a n s+a+omos 8*i,+os im(o*+o k)o+os! a*.a +aikan+ d,m(in8: .Gd D),amos (*,k/s a(mok,s+inamos did,liais an+id,m(in8i>niais m i+aisD,(o3i+as C ind/lis .ank, ((ini8in/s l/5os a* ),*+y.iniai (o(i,*iai)! ma+,*ialio0i ),*+y./! a+id o+a sa 8o+i k*,di+o Ds+ai8ai n s+a+y+o> mis s:ly8omis- D,(o3i+o*i mas C .ankas! .anko (a)aldio0i Dmon/ a* Einans= makl,*io Dmon/ Ds+a+ym= n s+a+y+a +)a*ka 8a) si l,idi>m: i* sa 8an+i in),s+i2i0= .,nd*o)/s a* (,nsi0= Eondo (ini8in,s l/5as i* ),*+y.ini s (o(i,*i s-

D,(*,si0a C ),*slo 2iklo Ea3/! *,i5kian+i il8alaikD 8amy.os sm kim: a* s s+in8im:'1

D,)al)a2i0a C oEi2ial s na2ionalin/s )ali +os k *so s mainimas >si,nio )ali += a+)il8i Dil,*is C +a*(ininkas +a*( (a*da)/0o i* (i*k/0o! )ykdan+is ),*+y.ini= (o(i,*i=! )ali +os! .*an8i=0= m,+al= i* ki+as (i*kimo>(a*da)imo o(,*a2i0as sa)o s:skai+aDinaminis ,E,k+y) mas C ino)a2i0= o*i,n+a)imas si,kian+ 8,*ia sio *,3 l+a+o- Nmon/s! Ddi,8 sios na 0: +,2Fnolo8i0:! s maina 8a> my.os ka5+ s i* lik s anks+,sn/ms kainoms! 8a na ,konominD (,l> n:- Esan+ +okioms 8alimy./ms )isi 8amin+o0ai ska+inami di,8+i na 0as +,2Fnolo8i0as i* +ai( didin+i )is om,ninD ,E,k+y) m:Diskon+as C skolos dok m,n+= (9,ki=! ),ks,li=! k (on=) (i*kimas (*i,5 skolos mok/0imo +,*min:! a+skai+an+ (alGkanas laik: n o dok m,n+o (i*kimo iki skolos 8*:inimo di,nos! +ai( (a+ (a*da>)imo ((i*kimo) kainos n olaida- Diskon+a)imas C (a0am=! k *ios . s 8a +os a+,i+y0,! da.a*+in/s ),*+/s n s+a+ymas- 7Gsim=0= (a0a>m= da.a*+in/ ),*+/ y*a ma,sn/! n,s kai (a0amos . s 8a +os a+,i>+y0,! n,+,nkama 8alimy./s 8a +i (alGkan= iki +o laiko! kai 0os i5 +ik*=0= . s 8a +os- Diskon+o no*ma C (*o2,n+ai! imami .anko! diskon+ o0an+ skolos dok m,n+ s (9,ki s! ),ks,li s! k (on s) n o s mos! k *i n s+a+oma i5 mok/+inos 0= sa)inink i s mos a+skai>+an+ (*o2,n+ s da* n,(*a/0 sD laiko+a*(DDis(on o0amos (a0amos C asm,n= (a0am= dalis C l/5os! k *ias in> di)idas (5,ima) 8ali lais)ai na do+i a*.a +a (y+i- Tai lik si (a0a>m= dalis s mok/0 s asm,nini= (a0am= mok,s+D i* ki+ s mok,s9i s-

Di)id,ndas C ak2in/s .,nd*o)/s (,lno dalis! kasm,+ (aski*s+oma +a*( ak2inink= (o +o! kai s mokami mok,s9iai! a+li,kami a+skai+ymai 8amy.ai (l/s+i! (a(ildomi *,3,*)ai! i5mokami (*o2,n+ai o.li>8a2i0as i* (*,mi0 o0ami di*,k+o*iai-

Do+a2i0a C )als+y.in/ (a5al(a ((ini8in/s l/5os) Ei*moms! Dmon/ms! Ds+ai8oms! ski*iamos +am +ik*oms 0= i5laidoms (ad,n8+i! (*i,mo>ka! ma+,*ialin/ (a8al.aD)i8 .as a(mok,s+inimas C a(mok,s+inimo .Gdas! kai n s+a+omi ak2ini= .,nd*o)i= (,lno ((a0am=) mok,s9iai! (o +o +as (,lnas (a>ski*s+omas di)id,ndais ak2ininkams! 5ios (a0amos )/l a(mok,s>+inamos asm,nini= (a0am= mok,s9i '$

PDF to Wor