EARTH AS A SPHERE

1. LONGITUDE

Equator 0

Meridian/ longitude

S GREENWICH MERIDIAN = 0

1. LONGITUDE
E

40

S 40 E GREENWICH MERIDIAN = 0

180 West N

110 W

110
20

20 W

S GREENWICH MERIDIAN = 0

2. LATITUDE
E

69N
S

NORTH=90

37N
69
37 28 54

EQUATOR=0

28S
SOUTH=90
Handouts pg 3

54S

3. LOCATION OF A PLACE
P(69 N, 40 E )
N

N
P
69 N

69

40

GM 0
Handouts pg 5

40 E

3. LOCATION OF A PLACE
N
Q(54 S, 40 E )

54
40

(54 S )

GM 0

40 E

R(0, 110 W ) S(, )

R
110

110 W

20

20 W

GM 0

ANTI MERIDIAN
N

30 W
30 + 150 = 180

150 E

Anti meridian

N 135 W

45 E

P(60 N, 30 W ) and Q are two points on the earth where PQ is the diameter of the latitude of P and Q. The position of point Q is A. ( 60 N, 150 W) B. ( 60 N 150 E) C. (60 S, 150 E ) D. (60 S, 150 W )

P
30W
60 60

150E

J (30S, 80E) dan K are two points on the earth where JK is the diameter of the earth. The location of K is A. ( 30S, 100E) B. ( 30S, 80E) C. ( 30N, 100W ) D. ( 30N, 80W)
N

80 E

100 W

K
30 30

GREAT CIRCLE
A CIRCLE ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH WITH CENTRE OF THE EARTH EX: LONGITUDES AND EQUATOR N

GREAT CIRCLE: DISTANCE

1.AB lie on EQUATOR- Great Circle
N

Distance AB = X 60
Different = 50-20 = 30 AB = 30 X 60 = 1800 nm

50N 30N 20E

C

CD lie on GREAT CIRCLE Different = 50-30 = 20 AB = 20 X 60 = 1200 nm

50 E
Handouts page 2

DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME GREAT CIRCLE (EQUATOR) DIFFERENT OF LONGITUDE (1 2) x 60
( Same direction ) N

Distance AB
132 E

1= 132E
A B

(or W) (or W)

2= 25E

= 132 - 25 = 107 Distance AB = 107 X 60 = 6420 nm S

25 E

DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME GREAT CIRCLE (EQUATOR) DIFFERENT OF LONGITUDE (1 + 2) x 60
(Different direction) N 64 E

1= 64E 2= 43W
= 64 + 43 = 107 Distance CD = 107 X 60 = 6420 nm

43 W

DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME GREAT CIRCLE (MERIDIAN) DIFFERENT OF LATITUDE (1 2) x 60
N 64 N 15 N G F

1= 64N
0

(S) (S)

2= 15N

= 64 - 15 = 49 Distance FG = 49 X 60 = 2940 nm
S

DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME GREAT CIRCLE (MERIDIAN) DIFFERENT OF LATITUDE (1 + 2) x 60
N 47 N

1= 47N 2= 25S
= 47 + 25 = 72 Distance JK = 72 X 60 = 4320 nm

K 25 S S

DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME PARALLEL OF LATITUDE (MERIDIAN) (Small Circle) DIFFERENT OF LONGITUDE x 60 X COS LATITUDE
Distance MP Small Circle N 103 E P M 52 N

1= 103E 2= 35W
0
DIF. LG , = 103 + 35 = 138 Distance MP = 138 X 60 x Cos 52 = 5097.7 nm

35 W

SHORTEST DISTANCE TWO POINT ON THE SAME GREAT CIRCLE

= DIFFERENT OF LATITUDE , x 60
N T R 17 N 59 S

1= 56N, 2= 17N, 3= 59
I.DUE NORTH POLE = 180 - (56 + 17) = 72 Distance RT = 72 X 60 = 4320 nm

56 N

II.DUE SOUTH POLE

V S

= (180 - 59 ) + 56) = 177 Distance VT = 177 X 60 = 10620 nm

AVERAGE SPEED = TOTAL DISTANCE TIME OF FLIGHT EX: An aeroplane took off from K and flew due north to M and then due east to P. The aeroplane took 12 hours and 30 minutes for the whole flight. N 57 E P M 52 N 23 K 35 W a. Calculate the total distance of KM and MP

(23+ 52)x60 + (35+ 57)x60x cos 52

= 4500 + 3398.45
= 7898.45 nm b. Calculate the average speed , in knots, for the whole flight Time = 12 hrs 30 min = 12.5 hrs Average Speed, v = 7898.45 nm 12.5 hrs = 632 knots

P (0 ,75E), Q and R are three points on the surface of the earth. Q is due south of P and QR is the diameter of the parallel of latitude 20S. N a. Mark the position of P on the diagram above. b. State the longitude of R. c. Calculate the shortest distance, in nautical miles, from Q to R, measured along the surface of the earth. d. An aeroplane took off from P and flew due south to Q and then due west to R. The average speed of its flight is 560 a. P knots. Calculate, i. the total distance, in nm, travelled by the aeroplane Q ii. the total time, in hours, taken by aeroplane for the whole flight.

S
ANS: 1 b. 105W c. 8400 d. i. 11349 ii. 20.27 hours