ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF BULK LIQUID STORAGE FACILITIES

A SCREENING TOOL

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF BULK LIQUID STORAGE FACILITIES

A SCREENING TOOL

September 2006

Published by ENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003 Registered charity number 1097899

The EI gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and technical programme from the following companies:

BG Group BHP Billiton Limited BP Exploration Operating Co Ltd BP Oil UK Ltd Chevron ConocoPhillips Ltd ENI ExxonMobil International Ltd Kuwait Petroleum International Ltd

Maersk Oil North Sea UK Limited Murco Petroleum Ltd Nexen Shell UK Oil Products Limited Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Ltd Statoil (U.K.) Limited Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd Total E&P UK plc Total UK Limited

Copyright 2006 by the Energy Institute, London: The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003. Registered charity number 1097899, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. The information contained in this publication is provided as guidance only and while every reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of its contents, the Energy Institute cannot accept any responsibility for any action taken, or not taken, on the basis of this information. The Energy Institute shall not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may arise from the use of any of the information contained in any of its publications. The above disclaimer is not intended to restrict or exclude liability for death or personal injury caused by own negligence.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES Introduction Background Objectives SCREENING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Steps 1 3 Initial Assessment Step 4 Aquifer (Groundwater) Vulnerability Assessment Step 5 Tank Assessment Step 6 Bund Assessment Step 7 Risk Assessment INFORMATION RESOURCES REFERENCES 1 1 1 2 4 4 8 13 18 20

2.

3. 4.

22 23 24 25

APPENDIX A EXCEL SPREADSHEET APPENDIX B RISK PHRASES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was produced by: Atkins Limited, Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT18 5BW Tel: 01372 726140 Fax: 01372 740055

ABBREVIATIONS

API BAT BRef EEMUA HDPE IPPC SEPA

American Petroleum Institute Best Available Techniques BAT Reference Note Engineering Equipment Materials and Users Association High Density Polyethylene Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control The Scottish Environment Protection Agency

1.

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

1.1

This document describes a screening tool for assessing the risk to the environment of aboveground bulk liquid storage tanks, in terms of the potential for an uncontained release of a hazardous material to impact upon a nearby sensitive receptor, and in particular groundwater resources. The screening methodology is based upon a standard source-pathway-receptor model, and takes into account factors such as the hazardous properties of the stored material, the proximity and sensitivity of nearby surface and sub-surface receptors, the geological setting of the storage tank site, the physical condition of the tank and its surrounding bund, maintenance and monitoring regimes, and the availability of containment and spillage control measures. The screening tool is contained in Appendix A. It is still under development and is being released for field-trial by storage tank operators. It is currently structured in the form of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, with the input parameters being selected by the user from picklists. Future releases of the tool are likely to be in the form of a run-time programme in Microsoft Access with improved data management and integral help menus. The ultimate layout and functionality of the tool may vary depending upon the feed-back received from operators. The final document, when published, will be applicable to sites across Europe, and will support requirements in the IPPC Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage, published in January 2005 by the European Commission.

1.2

1.3

1.4

BACKGROUND 1.5 The European Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) as enacted in the UK under the Pollution Prevention and Control Act, 1999 requires operators of bulk hazardous materials storage facilities (an Installation) to use Best Available Techniques (BAT) to prevent or minimise pollution from the operation of the installation, such that significant pollution will not be caused1. Guidance on what represents BAT is provided in

Bulk storage is covered under: A) The loading, unloading or other handling of, the storage of, or the physical, chemical or thermal treatment of: (i) crude oil, (ii) stabilised crude petroleum, (iii) crude shale oil, (iv) any associated gas or condensate, and (v) emulsified hydrocarbons intended for use as a fuel, and B) The storage of chemicals in bulk: acrylates, acrylonitrile, anhydrous ammonia, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, toluene di-isocyanate, vinyl chloride monomer, and ethylene.

the Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage [Ref 1.1], referred to as the Storage BRef note. 1.6 In the UK, an installation (new or existing) covered by the Directive must obtain a permit, from the Environment Agency or the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), to continue to operate. A permit must be applied for, and an evaluation of BAT for the installation a BAT Assessment must be included within the application. Above-ground storage tanks have the potential to cause pollution to the surface and subsurface environments via the release of hazardous liquid, where a release can arise through leakage and corrosion-induced failure of the tank and its associated pipework, tank over-filling or, in the extreme, tank rupture. The likelihood of the occurrence of a release will be dependent upon a range of factors such as the tanks design, operational procedure, the extent of gauging and alarms, the degree of corrosion protection, and the extent of inspection and monitoring regimes, etc. Tanks are also equipped with bunds which provide a measure of security against the spread of pollution should a release occur. However, the effectiveness of this secondary containment measure including its effectiveness at preventing a spillage from penetrating the underlying ground and any groundwaters is dependent upon the bunds size, materials of construction and physical condition. The ultimate impact on the environment of a release, should it not be contained within a bund, will depend upon the presence of nearby sensitive receptors such as potable groundwaters. The overall environmental risk posed by a storage facility will therefore be dependent upon the condition of the Source (ie., the storage tank and its hazardous liquid contents), the presence of a Pathway (ie., made possible by a pervious bund and pervious subsurface geologic formations), and the presence of a Receptor, such as an aquifer. A detailed risk assessment of a storage tank facility can be a time-consuming and costly undertaking. For this reason the Energy Institute commissioned the screening methodology described below to enable storage tank operators to carry out a rapid assessment of their facilities based upon readily available, or easily obtainable information on the receiving environment, and the design and operation of the tank and bund arrangement. The purpose of the assessment was to enable the environmental risk to be determined in qualitative terms (High, Medium or Low), and options for the reduction of this risk to be explored. A secondary intended purpose was to support Applications and BAT Assessments required under IPPC, and general interactions with the Environment Agency on the subject of bulk hazardous materials storage risk.

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

OBJECTIVES 1.11 The objectives of the screening tool are as follows: To provide a qualitative assessment of the risk to the environment of above-ground bulk liquid storage tanks, in terms of the potential for an uncontained release of a

hazardous material to impact upon a nearby sensitive receptor, and in particular groundwater resources; To identify additional measures which could be implemented to reduce the environmental risk of a storage arrangement, and assess their relative significance; and, To support an Application and BAT Assessment required under IPPC.

2.
2.1

SCREENING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The screening assessment methodology is based on a seven step process: Steps 1 to 3 Initial Assessment; Step 4 Aquifer (Groundwater) Vulnerability Assessment; Step 5 Tank Assessment; Step 6 Bund Assessment; and, Step 7 Risk Assessment.

2.2

Steps 5 and 6 also enable a user to enter cost data on specific tank and bund mitigation options and thereby carry out an initial evaluation of the likely costs of risk reduction measures. The assessment stages are described below and are illustrated overleaf in the form of a flow diagram.

STEPS 1 - 3 INITIAL ASESSMENT 2.3 The purpose of the Initial Assessment is to determine whether, for the storage arrangement, there is a source-pathway-receptor linkage. If such a linkage does exist then a full screening assessment is required, and Steps 4 through 7 must be completed. If the linkage is broken, for example due to the absence of receptors, then no further assessment is necessary. Steps 1 to 3 should be completed as follows:

2.4

Step 1 2.5 A description of the stored material should be written in the response box, for example Fuel Oil, Diesel, etc. The description is for record purposes only and does not affect the outcome of the assessment. Figure 1 Step 1 Data Input

Figure 2 Screening Assessment Flowchart

Step 1

What is the stored material?

Step 2

Is the material hazardous?

No

Yes

STOP Step 3 Are there any nearby sensitive receptors? No No further assessment necessary

Yes Complete Aquifer (Groundwater) Vulnerability Assessment

Step 4

Step 5

Complete Tank Assessment Identify risk mitigation options and ascribe costs

Step 6

Complete Bund Assessment

Risk Assessment

Low Risk Step 7

Medium Risk Yes

High Risk

STOP No further assessment necessary Is Risk ALARP No

STOP No further assessment necessary

Step 2 2.6 The hazardous nature of the stored material has been defined in the screening tool by means of standard risk phrases, a complete listing of which is given in Appendix B. Those applicable to the stored material which if not known can be obtained from Materials Safety Data Sheets should be selected from the pick list as illustrated in Figure 3. It is not intended that all appropriate risk phrases be recorded and space has therefore only been left for the entry of five. If a single risk phrase is selected for the stored material, it is defined as hazardous and the assessment box will turn red, as illustrated in Figure 3. If none of the risk phrases apply then the response cells under item 2.0 should be left blank. If a description is entered in error it can be removed using the Delete key on the keyboard. Figure 3 Step 2 Data Input

2.7

Step 3 2.8 As a final step in the initial assessment it is necessary to identify the presence of nearby sensitive receptors. The options are available for selection from the response box pick lists are listed below. If a single sensitive receptor is selected from the pick list the assessment box will turn red, as illustrated in Figure 4.
The site is situated above an aquifer. The site is situated in a Groundwater Source Protection Zone. There is a public water abstraction point within a 5 km radius of the site. There is a private potable water abstraction point within a 5 km radius of the site. There is a non-tidal surface water course within a 5 km radius of the site. There is a public water abstraction point from the non-tidal surface water course within a distance of 5 km downstream. There is a private potable water abstraction point from the non-tidal surface water course within a distance of 5 km downstream. There is a tidal surface water course within a 5 km radius of the site. There is a public water abstraction point from the tidal surface water course within a distance of 5 km. There is a private potable water abstraction point from the tidal surface water course within a distance of 5 km. Note: If the above information is not known, details can be obtained from the Information Resources listed in Chapter 3 of this report.

2.9

The outcome of the Initial Assessment is listed in the OUTCOME box at the bottom of the spreadsheet (reproduced here in Figure 4). The outcome options are summarised in Table 1 below. Table 1 Outcome of Initial Assessment

Is the material stored hazardous?

Are there any nearby receptors?

Not Hazardous

Hazardous

No nearby sensitive receptors

STOP - No further assessment necessary

STOP - No further assessment necessary

Nearby sensitive receptors

STOP - No further assessment necessary

CARRY OUT RISK ASSESSMENT - GO TO STEP 4

Figure 4 Step 3 Data Input

STEP 4 AQUIFER (GROUNDWATER) VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 2.10 The purpose of Step 4 is to provide the information upon which an assessment of, primarily, groundwater vulnerability can be made. A response to Items 4.2 to 4.11 should be entered by selecting the most appropriate option from the pick list within each response box (see Figure 5). A list of the available options is provided in Table 2.

Figure 5 Step 4 Data Input

2.11

For Step 4, a response must be returned; all response boxes (with the exception of Item 4.1 see below) must be completed. A predetermined score will then be allocated by the screening tool to each response in order to calculate a measure of vulnerability. Where information is not known, details should be available (for a small cost) from the Information Resources listed in Chapter 3. Where this is not the case the option Dont know can be selected, although it should be noted that where this option is entered the highest level of vulnerability will be assumed. An evaluation of the environmental vulnerability is given at the foot of the data input sheet for Step 4 in the form of a traffic light: green for Low vulnerability, orange for Medium and red for High. The traffic light is reproduced as a band on the right hand side of the data entry fields. Note that the evaluation changes dynamically as the responses are selected. On a blank sheet, with no completed responses, it will default to red/High.

2.12

Table 2 Step 4 Data Input

Item No 4.1

Assessment Item Geological Sequence beneath the Site 0 m to 1 m below ground level. 1m to 3m below ground level. 3m to 5m below ground level. 5m to 10m below ground level. 10m+ below ground level. Don't Know.

Option -

4.2

Depth to Groundwater

4.3

Nature of the Deposits above the Groundwater Table

Less than 5m of continuous clay in the unsaturated superficial deposits. More than 5m of continuous clay in the superficial deposits. Don't Know. Fractured. Intergranular/fractured. Intergranular. Don't Know. Major Aquifer.

4.4

Nature of the Strata forming the Aquifer

4.5

Type of Aquifer Beneath the Site/Tank Farm

Minor Aquifer. Non-aquifer. Don't Know. 0 m to 500 m radius.

4.6

Closest Public Water Supplies Abstracting from the Aquifer

500 m to 1 km radius. 1 km to 5 km radius. Don't Know. Inner (Zone I). Outer (Zone II).

4.7

Groundwater Source Protection Zones

Total Catchment (Zone III). None. Don't Know. 0 m to 500 m radius.

4.8

Closest Private Potable Water Supplies Abstracting from the Aquifer

500 m to 1 km radius. 1 km to 5 km radius. Don't Know. 0 m to 500 m radius.

4.9

Closest Other Abstractions from the Aquifer

500 m to 1 km radius. 1 km to 5 km radius. Don't Know. 0 m to 500 m radius.

4.10

Closest Surface Water Course/Springs/Wetlands

500 m to 1 km radius. 1 km to 5 km radius. Don't Know. 0 m to 500 m radius. 500 m to 1 km radius. 1 km to 5 km radius. Don't Know.

4.11

Closest Ecological Systems

10

2.13

The response box in Item 4.1 should be used to enter a free form description of the geological sequence beneath the storage tank site, based on existing site records or geological maps. Examples of the information which could be recorded here, in illustration of the groundwater vulnerability, are presented in Figure 6. However, it should be noted that no scoring is allocated to the response, and the absence of information will not affect the ultimate outcome of the screening assessment.

11

Figure 6 Groundwater Vulnerability

No drift. Thin unsaturated zone ie high water table Major aquifer and upgradient of nearby potable water supply borehole. Sandy drift Moderate unsaturated zone Major\minor aquifer and nearby potable water supply borehole. Complex drift Thick clay drift Large unsaturated zone ie deep water table Non-aquifer Distant from potable sources.

Thick clay soil and Moderate unsaturated drift with deep water zone table but potentially rapid lateral Minor aquifer and distant from any potable movement to river water supply borehole. possibly aided by drainage systems.

Soil Drift Major aquifer Minor aquifer Non aquifer Rest groundwater level Pumping groundwater level

12

STEP 5 TANK ASSESSMENT 2.14 The purpose of Step 5 is to provide the information upon which an assessment can be made of the likelihood of a release occurring from an above ground storage tank based upon factors such as its design, extent of gauging, etc. Once again a response to Items 5.3 to 5.21 should be entered by selecting the most appropriate option from the pick list within each response box; a response must be returned. A list of the available options is provided in Table 3. Item 5.1 enables the recording of a tanks unique identification number. However, a response to this item is not essential. The response to Item 5.2 is read from Step 1 of the Initial Assessment. Table 3 Step 5 Data Input

2.15

Item No 5.1 5.2

Assesment Item Tank reference number Tank material contents 0 - 5,000 m

3 3 3

Option 5,000 - 20,000 m 100,000 m

3+

5.3

Tank maximum working capacity

20,000 - 100,000 m

British Standard, or equivalent. 5.4 Tank Design Code API, or equivalent. Other design code, not equivalent to recognised industry standard. Don't know. 0-5m 5.5 Average product working height 5 - 10 m 10 - 15 m 15 m + 5.6 Is the tank heated? Yes No Emergency repsonse plans in place. 5.7 Emergency Response Plans No emergency response plans. Don't know. Emergency response equipment available for rapid mobilisation. 5.8 Emergency Response Equipment Emergency response equipment available but not for rapid mobilisation. No emergency response equipment available. Don't know. Inspection based on risk-based variable time methodology as per EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Internal tank inspection frequency for the product stored is equal to or better than those provided in EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Don't know 5.10 Tank gauging & alarms Tank level measurement. Manual. No alarms. Tank level measurement. Instrumentational. No alarms. High level alarm. Annunciation only. High level alarm. Annunciation & automatic shut-down. High level & High High level alarms. Annunciation only.

5.9

Out-of-service Internal tank Inspections

13

Item No

Assesment Item

Option High level and High High level alarms. Annunciation & automatic shutdown. None. Don't know. Written operator instructions identifying action in the event of a leak or spill, plus training and drills.

5.11

Spillage Response

Written operator instructions which identify action in the event of a leak or spill. No training and drills. Training and drills only. No written instructions. None. Don't know. Observations made for leaks, etc on a daily basis. Observations made for leaks, etc on a weekly basis.

5.12

Maintenance and inspection

Observations made for leaks, etc on a monthly basis. Tank and pipework not subject to regular observation. Don't know. Visual and detailed external tank inspection frequencies for the product stored are equal to or better than those provided in EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Visual and detailed external tank inspections undertaken but less frequent than recommended in EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Don't know. Single skin bottom.

5.13

In-service detailed external tank inspection

5.14

Tank bottom design

Double skin bottom. Don't know. Steel. Concrete. High-density polyethylene.

5.15

Tank under-bottom materials

Clay. Sand or soil. Bit-sand. Don't know. Cathodic protection.

5.16

Tank cathodic protection

No cathodic protection. Don't know. Internal bottom protective coating - Thin Film. Internal bottom protective coating - Thick Film (Glass Flake). Internal bottom protective coating - Thick Film (Laminate).

5.17

Tank corrosion protection

Additional corrosion allowance on bottom plates. Product(s) stored contains adequate corrosion inhibiter. None. Don't know. Visual perimeter leak detection systems only.

5.18

Under-tank leak detection/monitoring

Visual perimeter leak detection systems plus electronic sensors. None. Don't know. Monitoring wells near to tank site only. Inventory reconciliation only.

5.19

Off-tank leak detection systems

Monitoring wells and inventory reconcilliation. None. Don't know.

5.20

Floor inspection techniques

Full floor coverage using test equipment (eg magnetic flux).

14

Item No

Assesment Item

Option Partial coverage using test equipment (eg spot measurements with ultrasonics). Visual inspection only. Don't know.

2.16

The worksheet for Step 5 is set out in two parts as illustrated in Figure 7. The left hand side of the sheet is designed for entry of the storage tank details. A traffic light evaluation is given of the risk posed by the tank and bund together. The evaluation is given at the foot of the input table (labelled as Tank & Bund Risk Rating) and as a band on the right hand side of the data entry fields. The format of the traffic light is the same as for Step 4, ie., green for Low risk, orange for Medium and red for High. A second traffic light is given at the very bottom of the table and labelled as Total Risk Rating. This is the outcome of the assessment, as described later in Step 7. The purpose of the table on the right hand side of the worksheet is to enable the selection and costing of mitigation options to investigate whether the tank and bund risk can be reduced and at what overall cost. Where relevant, mitigation options can be selected from the pick lists provided (a list of available options is provided in Table 4 below). As an example, if under Item 5.10 a response of Tank level measurement. Manual. No alarms. is entered, then a mitigation option of, say, Install high level alarm. Annunciation & automatic shut-down. could be selected. Costs are then ascribed to this option as described below.

2.17

A revised evaluation of tank and bund risk is then given at the foot of the right hand side input table (labelled as Mitigated Tank & Bund Risk Rating) and as a band on the left hand side of the data entry fields. The evaluation uses the same format as above. The outcome of the revised assessment (once again, as described in Step 7) is given as a second traffic light, at the bottom of the table and labelled as Total Mitigated Risk Rating. Table 4 Tank Mitigating Options

Item No 5.7 5.8

Assessment Item Emergency Response Plans. Emergency Response Equipment.

Mitigating Options

Put emergency response plans in place. Install emergency response equipment. Conduct internal tank inspection at a frequency, for the product stored, equal to or better than those provided in EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Conduct inspection based on risk-based variable time methodology as per EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Install tank level measurement. Instrumentational. No alarms. Install high level alarm. Annunciation only. Install high level & High High level alarms. Annunciation only.

5.9

Out-of-service Internal tank Inspections

5.10

Tank gauging & alarms.

15

Item No

Assessment Item

Mitigating Options Install high level alarm. Annunciation & automatic shut-down. Install high level and High High level alarms. Annunciation & automatic shut-down. Produce written operator instructions.

5.11

Spillage Response.

Implement training and drills programme to supplement existing operator instructions. Develop written operator instructions together with training and drills. Initiate a monthly programme of observation.

5.12

Maintenance and inspection.

Initiate a weekly programme of observation. Initiate a daily programme of observation.

5.13 5.14

In-service detailed external tank inspection Tank bottom design.

Conduct visual and detailed external tank inspection at frequencies, for the product stored, equal to or better than those provided in EEMUA 159 or equivalent. Install double-skin bottom. Investigate further. Install steel under tank bottom.

5.15

Tank under-bottom materials.

Install bit-sand under tank bottom. Install concrete under tank bottom. Install high-density polyethylene under tank bottom. Install clay under tank bottom.

5.16 5.17

Tank cathodic protection. Tank corrosion protection.

Install cathodic protection. Investigate further. Install internal bottom protective coating - Thin Film. Install internal bottom protective coating - Thick Film (Glass Flake). Install internal bottom protective coating - Thick Film (Laminate).

5.18

Under-tank leak detection/monitoring. Off-tank leak detection systems.

Install visual perimeter leak detection systems only. Install visual perimeter leak detection systems plus electronic sensors. Investigate feasibility. Install monitoring wells near to tank site only. Conduct inventory reconciliation only. Install monitoring wells and conduct inventory reconciliation.

5.19

5.20

Floor inspection techniques.

Conduct visual inspection only. Inspect by partial coverage using test equipment (eg spot measurements with ultrasonics). Inspect by full floor coverage using test equipment (eg magnetic flux).

16

Figure 7 Step 5 Data Entry Tables

17

2.18

Where a mitigation option is selected the following cost data should be entered in the boxes provided: Remaining Tank Life (Years) Design Cost () Installation Cost () Annual Operating Cost () Annual Maintenance and Repair Costs () Replacement Costs () Design Life of Mitigation Option (Years) Residual Value (e.g. scrap) ()

The cost total will be calculated automatically. 2.19 It is recognised that the costs of mitigation options will vary between sites and even between tanks. For this reason the above cost data must be directly entered into the spreadsheet by the user. It is not generated automatically and can not be selected from pick lists. It should be noted that the risk reported in Steps 5 and 6 is for the tank and bund together. For this reason the Step 6 bund data entry table (see below) should be completed, to determine unmitigated tank and bund risk, before investigation of the mitigation options.

2.20

STEP 6 BUND ASSESSMENT 2.21 Step 6 is similar to Step 5 but is concerned with the design and condition of the storage tank bund rather than the tank itself. A response to Items 6.1 to 6.7 must be entered in the left hand side table by selecting the most appropriate option from the pick list within each response box. A list of the available options is provided in Table 5. The traffic light risk evaluation given at the foot of the left hand side table and as a band along its right hand side is a reproduction of the traffic light system in Step 5.

18

Table 5 Step 6 Data Input

Item No

Assesment Item

Option
Equal to or greater than 110% of tank working volume. Equal to or greater than 100% of tank working volume but less than 110%.

6.1

Bund net capacity

Equal to or greater than 80% of tank working volume but less than 100%. Less than 80% of tank working volume. Don't know. All pipework within bund runs above ground. All pipework within bund runs below ground. Pipework in bund runs both above and below ground. Don't know. Soil/clay: compacted and degree of compaction known and maintained. Soil/clay: compacted but not engineered. Soil/clay: not compacted. Clay/Bentonite liner throughout. Asphalt liner throughout. Concrete liner throughout. HDPE liner throughout. Perimeter liner. Don't know. Soil/clay walls: designed, engineered and maintained. Concrete walls: access points backfilled with soil/clay - designed, engineered and maintained.

6.2

In-bund pipe-work

6.3

Bund floor materials of construction

6.4

Bund wall materials of construction

Concrete walls: access points backfilled with soil/clay - condition not known. Soil/clay walls: condition not known. Don't know. Formal engineering inspections indicate good condition with no cracks or other damage.

6.5

Physical condition of bund floor

Visual inspections indicate good condition with no cracks or other damage. Cracks and damage to bund potentially prejudicial to spillage containment. Don't know. Formal engineering inspections indicate good condition with no cracks or other damage.

6.6

Physical condition of bund walls

Visual inspections indicate good condition with no cracks or other damage. Cracks and damage to bund wall potentially prejudicial to spillage containment. Don't know. Height and profile maintained to designed bund capacity.

6.7

Bund wall profile

Height and profile not maintained. Don't know.

2.22

As per Step 5, the table on the right hand side of the workbook enables the selection and costing of mitigation options. A list of available options is provided in Table 6.

19

Table 6 Bund Mitigating Options

Item No 6.1 6.2

Assessment Item Bund net capacity In-bund pipe-work

Mitigating Options Increase bund size 110% of tank working volume Relocate some pipework above-ground. Relocate all pipework above-ground. Cost to investigate. Compact soil and clay bund. Engineer previously compacted soil/clay bund or determine and maintain compaction.

6.3

Bund floor materials of construction

Install clay/bentonite liner throughout. Install asphalt liner throughout. Install concrete liner throughout. Install HDPE liner throughout. Install perimeter liner. Cost to investigate type and condition of walls and access points.

6.4

Bund wall materials of construction

Design, engineer and maintain soil/clay walls. Design, engineer and maintain soil/clay access points in concrete walls. Cost to investigate conditions of bund floor by visual inspections.

6.5

Physical condition of bund floor

Cost to investigate conditions of bund floor by formal engineering inspections. Repair/renew bund floor and validate by formal engineering inspections. Cost to investigate conditions of bund floor by visual inspections.

6.6

Physical condition of bund walls

Cost to investigate conditions of bund floor by formal engineering inspections. Repair/renew bund wall and validate by formal engineering inspections.

6.7

Bund wall profile

Engineer and maintain height and profile to designed bund capacity.

STEP 7 RISK ASSESSMENT 2.23 Based upon the information provided in Steps 4 through 6 the screening tool allocates a qualitative ranking to the vulnerability of the environment and the storage tank and bund arrangement. The overall level of risk is then determined by the tool according to the risk matrix shown in Figure 7. The screening tool determines the unmitigated risk posed by the existing storage tank arrangement. This is given in the table headed Unmitigated Risk Rating. The risk may fall within three categories: Low, where the overall risk is considered to be acceptable, either because of low environmental vulnerability or the low risk posed by the tank and bund design and operation;

2.24

20

Medium, where the scope for the implementation of risk mitigation measures and the associated cost should be investigated further; and, High, where the overall risk is considered to be unacceptable, and mitigation measures must be implemented.

2.25

Where the screening tool determines that the overall level of risk is Low, the assessment is concluded and no further work is necessary. Where a risk rating of either Medium of High is returned it is necessary to evaluate the mitigation options in Steps 5 and 6. Figure 7 Step 7 Output

2.26

The effect on risk levels resulting from the implementation of various risk mitigation options is recorded in the table headed Mitigated Risk Rating. Three risk levels are reported, namely Low, Medium and High (as explained earlier, before any data is entered into the tool in Excel format, it will default to a High risk rating). However, High is not an acceptable mitigated rating, and mitigation options must be selected until such time as the rating is Medium or, ideally, Low. At this point the assessment is concluded. The costs associated with the selected mitigation options are summarised in the table headed Cost of Mitigation.

2.27

21

3.
3.1

INFORMATION RESOURCES

Environmental risk information for UK sites can be obtained, on commercial terms, from a number of sources which include: Environment Agency (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) (http://www.sepa.org.uk/) Landmark Information Group (http://www.landmarkinfo.co.uk/corp/index.jsp)

22

4.

REFERENCES

4.1

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage. January 2005. European Commission.

23

APPENDIX A EXCEL SPREADSHEET

Microsoft Office Excel Worksheet

24

APPENDIX B RISK PHRASES

The table below presents a complete list of standard risk phrases. Those used to define the hazardous properties of the stored material as part of the Initial Assessment (Step 2) are unshaded. The shaded phrases (R1 to R20, etc) have not been employed in the assessment as they are not directly relevant.

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R14 R14/15 R15 R15/29 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R20/21 R20/21/22 R20/22 R21 R21/22 R22 R23 R23/24 R23/24/25

Explosive when dry. Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds. Heating may cause an explosion. Explosive with or without contact with air. May cause fire. Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Explosive when mixed with combustible material. Flammable. Highly flammable. Extremely flammable. Reacts violently with water. Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases. Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases. Contact with water liberates toxic, extremely flammable gases. Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances. Spontaneously flammable in air. In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture. May form explosive peroxides. Harmful by inhalation. Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful in contact with skin. Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful if swallowed. Toxic by inhalation. Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.

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R23/25 R24 R24/25 R25 R26 R26/27 R26/27/28 R26/28 R27 R27/28 R28 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R36/37 R36/37/38 R36/38 R37 R37/38 R38 R39 R39/23 R39/23/24 R39/23/24/25 R39/23/25 R39/24 R39/24/25 R39/25 R39/26 R39/26/27 R39/26/27/28 R39/26/28 R39/27 R39/27/28

Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin. Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic if swallowed. Very toxic by inhalation. Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Very toxic in contact with skin. Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic if swallowed. Can become highly flammable in use. Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas. Danger of cumulative effects. Causes burns. Causes severe burns. Irritating to eyes. Irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Irritating to eyes and skin. Irritating to respiratory system. Irritating to respiratory system and skin. Irritating to skin. Danger of very serious irreversible effects. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed.

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R39/28 R40 R41 R42 R43 R42/43 R44 R45 R46 R48 R48/20 R48/20/21 R48/20/21/22 R48/20/22 R48/21 R48/21/22 R48/22 R48/23 R48/23/24 R48/23/24/25 R48/23/25 R48/24 R48/24/25 R48/25 R49 R50 R50/53 R51 R51/53 R52 R52/53 R53 R54 R55 R56 R57

Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Risk of serious damage to eyes. May cause sensitisation by inhalation. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. May cause sensitisation by inhalation and skin contact. Risk of explosion if heated under confinement. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage. Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. May cause cancer by inhalation. Very toxic to aquatic organisms. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Toxic to aquatic organisms. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Harmful to aquatic organisms. Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Toxic to flora. Toxic to fauna. Toxic to soil organisms. Toxic to bees.

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R58 R59 R60 R61 R62 R63 R64 R65 R66 R67 R68 R68/20 R68/20/21 R68/20/21/22 R68/20/22 R68/21 R68/21/22 R68/22

May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment. Dangerous for the ozone layer. May impair fertility. May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. Possible risk of harm to the unborn child. May cause harm to breast-fed babies. Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed. Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Possible risk of irreversible effects. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed.

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