Fluorescent light - Citavi

Atteia, Ariane; Adrait, Annie; Brugière, Sabine; Tardif, Marianne; van Lis, Robert; Deusch, Oliver et al. (2009): A
proteomic survey of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondria sheds new light on the metabolic plasticity of the
organelle and on the nature of the {alpha}-proteobacterial mitochondrial ancestor. In: Molecular biology and
evolution. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1093/molbev/msp068.
Abstract Mitochondria play a key role in the life and death of eukaryotic cells, yet the full
spectrum of mitochondrial functions is far from being fully understood, especially in
photosynthetic organisms. To advance our understanding of mitochondrial functions
in a photosynthetic cell, an extensive proteomic survey of Percoll-purified
mitochondria from the metabolically versatile, hydrogen-producing green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was performed. Different fractions of purified
mitochondria from Chlamydomonas cells grown under aerobic conditions were
analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
(MS) after protein separation on SDS-PAGE or on blue-native (BN)-PAGE. Of the
496 non-redundant proteins identified, 149 are known or predicted to reside in other
cellular compartments and were thus excluded from the molecular and evolutionary
analyses of the Chlamydomonas proteome. The mitochondrial proteome of the
photosynthetic alga reveals important lineage-specific differences with other
mitochondrial proteomes, reflecting the high metabolic diversity of the organelle.
Some mitochondrial metabolic pathways in Chlamydomonas appear to combine
typical mitochondrial enzymes and bacterial-type ones whereas others are unknown
among mitochondriate eukaryotes. The comparison of the Chlamydomonas
proteins to their identifiable homologs predicted from 354 sequenced genomes
indicated that Arabidopsis is the most closely related non-algal eukaryote.
Furthermore, this phylogenomic analysis shows that free-living alpha-proteobacteria
from the metabolically versatile orders Rhizobiales and Rhodobacterales better
reflect the gene content of the ancestor of the chlorophyte mitochondria than
parasitic alpha-proteobacteria with reduced and specialized genomes.

Bubenheim, D. L.; Sargis, R.; Wilson, D. (1995): Spectral changes in metal halide and high-pressure sodium
lamps equipped with electronic dimming. In: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural
Science, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 1086–1089.
Abstract Electronic dimming of high-intensity discharge lamps offers control of
photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) but is often characterized as causing significant
spectral changes. Growth chambers with 400-W metal halide (MH) and high-
pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were equipped with a dimmer system using silicon-
controlled rectifiers (SCR) as high-speed switches. Phase control operation turned
the line power off for some period of the alternating current cycle. At full power, the
electrical input to HPS and MH lamps was 480 W (root mean squared) and could be
decreased to 267 W and 428 W, respectively, before the arc was extinguished.
Concomitant with this decrease in input power, PPF decreased by 60% in HPS and
50% in MH. The HPS lamp has characteristic spectral peaks at 589 and 595 nm. As
power to the HPS lamps was decreased, the 589-nm peak remained constant while
the 595-nm peak decreased, equaling the 589-nm peak at 345-W input, and the
589-nm peak was almost absent at 270-W input. The MH lamp has a broader
spectral output but also has a peak at 589 nm and another smaller peak at 545 nm.
As input power to the MH lamps decreased, the peak at 589 diminished to equal the
545-nm peak. As input power approached 428 W, the 589-nm peak shifted to 570
nm. While the spectrum changed as input power was decreased in the MH and
HPS lamps, the phytochrome equilibrium ratio (Pfr : Ptot) remains unchanged for
both lamp types.
Schlagwörter Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Environment, Controlled; Light;
Lightingmethods; Photons; Photosynthesis; Phytochrome; Plant Physiological
Phenomena; Plantsgrowth & developmentmetabolismradiation effects

Dilsaver, S. C.: Neurobiologic effects of bright artificial light. In: Brain research. Brain research reviews, Jg. 14,
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H. 4, S. 311–333.
Abstract Bright light is an effective treatment of winter depression. Study of the effects of this
treatment on mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of
depressive disorders is reviewed. Measurement of a physiological parameter,
namely the change in core temperature using an intraperitoneally implanted radio
transmitter sensitive to temperature in freely moving rats, indicates that treatment
with bright light under various experimental conditions tends to powerfully
subsensitize muscarinic and nicotinic mechanisms. Pulses of bright light during the
phase delay portions of the PRC blunt sensitivity to clonidine. Our studies with
bright light are consistent with those indicating that heterocyclic antidepressants
and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor produce subsensitivity to the thermic effects of
nicotine. Reports of the influences of full-spectrum bright light and its impact on
targeted neurotransmitter mechanisms call attention to the anatomical substratum
mediating its effects. Possible receptor changes are measurable using receptor
binding techniques and quantitative autoradiography. The physiological effects of
this interesting treatment raises questions of its impact on coupling mechanisms
and second messengers.
Schlagwörter Amitriptylinepharmacology; Animals; Antidepressive Agentspharmacology;
Braindrug effectsphysiology; Clonidinepharmacology; Darkness; Depressive
Disordertherapy; Humans; Light; Lighting; Nicotinepharmacology;
Oxotremorinepharmacology; Phototherapy; Rats; Reference Values; Stress,
Psychological

Eames, Matthew E.; Wang, Jia; Pogue, Brian W.; Dehghani, Hamid: Wavelength band optimization in spectral
near-infrared optical tomography improves accuracy while reducing data acquisition and computational burden.
In: Journal of biomedical optics, Jg. 13, H. 5, S. 54037. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1117/1.2976425.
Abstract Multispectral near-infrared (NIR) tomographic imaging has the potential to provide
information about molecules absorbing light in tissue, as well as subcellular
structures scattering light, based on transmission measurements. However, the
choice of possible wavelengths used is crucial for the accurate separation of these
parameters, as well as for diminishing crosstalk between the contributing
chromophores. While multispectral systems are often restricted by the wavelengths
of laser diodes available, continuous-wave broadband systems exist that have the
advantage of providing broadband NIR spectroscopy data, albeit without the benefit
of the temporal data. In this work, the use of large spectral NIR datasets is
analyzed, and an objective function to find optimal spectral ranges (windows) is
examined. The optimally identified wavelength bands derived from this method are
tested using both simulations and experimental data. It is found that the proposed
method achieves images as qualitatively accurate as using the full spectrum, but
improves crosstalk between parameters. Additionally, the judicious use of these
spectral windows reduces the amount of data needed for full spectral tomographic
imaging by 50%, therefore increasing computation time dramatically.
Schlagwörter Algorithms; Image Enhancementmethods; Image Interpretation, Computer-
Assistedmethods; Information Storage and Retrievalmethods; Infrared
Raysdiagnostic use; Phantoms, Imaging; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and
Specificity; Spectroscopy, Near-Infraredinstrumentationmethods; Tomography,
Opticalinstrumentationmethods

Hall, John L. (2006): Defining and measuring optical frequencies: the optical clock opportunity--and more (Nobel
lecture). In: Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry, Jg. 7, H. 11, S.
2242–2258. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1002/cphc.200600457.
Abstract Four long-running currents in laser technology met and merged in 1999-2000. Two
of these were the quest toward a stable repetitive sequence of ever-shorter optical
pulses and, on the other hand, the quest for the most time-stable, unvarying optical
frequency possible. The marriage of ultrafast- and ultrastable lasers was brokered
mainly by two international teams and became exciting when a special "designer"
Fluorescent light - Citavi
microstructure optical fiber was shown to be nonlinear enough to produce "white
light" from the femtosecond laser pulses, such that the output spectrum embraced a
full optical octave. Then, for the first time, one could realize an optical frequency
interval equal to the comb's lowest frequency, and count out this interval as a
multiple of the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser. This "gear-box"
connection between the radiofrequency standard and any/all optical frequency
standards came just as sensitivity-enhancing ideas were maturing. The four-way
union empowered an explosion of accurate frequency measurement results in the
standards field and prepared the way for refined tests of some of our cherished
physical principles, such as the time-stability of some of the basic numbers in
physics (e.g. the "fine-structure" constant, the speed of light, certain atomic mass
ratios), and the equivalence of time-keeping by clocks based on different physics.
The stable laser technology also allows time-synchronization between two
independent femtosecond lasers so exact they can be made to appear as if the
source were a single laser. By improving pump-probe experiments, one important
application will be in bond-specific spatial scanning of biological samples. This next
decade in optical physics should be a blast!

Hargreaves, J. A.; Thompson, G. W. (1989): Ultraviolet light and dental caries in children. In: Caries research,
Jg. 23, H. 5, S. 389–392.
Abstract Animal experimental work has suggested that ultraviolet radiation reduces dental
caries incidence. The opportunity to complete a study on children in the 1-ppm
water fluoridated community of Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada, through an
experimental school design study, became possible between 1982 and 1984 as in
winter children have to travel to and from school during hours of darkness. Two
classrooms at the four primary schools in the city had full spectrum lighting
introduced and the 102 children entering grade 5 spent 22 months of study in the
same classrooms; 83 (81%) remained in the trial. Each child had DMFT, DMFS,
including degree of caries involvement, gingivitis and oral hygiene indices recorded.
Results showed that children receiving the full spectrum light had very low or no
increase in caries incidence over the 22-month period compared with controls.
DMFS findings, excluding 'sticky fissures' over the 22-month period, increased from
2.67 to 3.23 in the group receiving full spectrum light, compared with an increase of
2.32 to 4.46 in the control group (p less than 0.001).
Schlagwörter Alberta; Child; DMF Index; Dental Cariesepidemiologyprevention & control; Female;
Humans; Lighting; Male; Ultraviolet Rays

Hofstetter, John R.; Hofstetter, Amelia R.; Hughes, Amanda M.; Mayeda, Aimee R. (2005): Intermittent long-
wavelength red light increases the period of daily locomotor activity in mice. In: Journal of circadian rhythms, Jg.
3, S. 8. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1186/1740-3391-3-8.
Abstract BACKGROUND: We observed that a dim, red light-emitting diode (LED) triggered
by activity increased the circadian periods of lab mice compared to constant
darkness. It is known that the circadian period of rats increases when vigorous
wheel-running triggers full-spectrum lighting; however, spectral sensitivity of
photoreceptors in mice suggests little or no response to red light. Thus, we decided
to test the following hypotheses: dim red light illumination triggered by activity
(LEDfb) increases the circadian period of mice compared to constant dark (DD);
covering the LED prevents the effect on period; and DBA2/J mice have a different
response to LEDfb than C57BL6/J mice. METHODS: The irradiance spectra of the
LEDs were determined by spectrophotometer. Locomotor activity of C57BL/6J and
DBA/2J mice was monitored by passive-infrared sensors and circadian period was
calculated from the last 10 days under each light condition. For constant dark (DD),
LEDs were switched off. For LED feedback (LEDfb), the red LED came on when the
mouse was active and switched off seconds after activity stopped. For taped LED
the red LED was switched on but covered with black tape. Single and multifactorial
ANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests were done. RESULTS: The circadian period of mice
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was longer under LEDfb than under DD. Blocking the light eliminated the effect.
There was no difference in period change in response to LEDfb between C57BL/6
and DBA/2 mice. CONCLUSION: An increase in mouse circadian period due to dim
far-red light (1 lux at 652 nm) exposure was unexpected. Since blocking the light
stopped the response, sound from the sensor's electronics was not the impetus of
the response. The results suggest that red light as background illumination should
be avoided, and indicator diodes on passive infrared motion sensors should be
switched off.

James, Francine O.; Walker, Claire D.; Boivin, Diane B. (2004): Controlled exposure to light and darkness
realigns the salivary cortisol rhythm in night shift workers. In: Chronobiology international, Jg. 21, H. 6, S.
961–972.
Abstract The efficacy of a light/darkness intervention designed to promote circadian
adaptation to night shift work was tested in this combined field and laboratory study.
Six full-time night shift workers (mean age+/-SD:37.1+/-8.1yrs) were provided an
intervention consisting of an intermittent exposure to full-spectrum bright white light
(approximately 2000 lux) in the first 6h of their 8 h shift, shielding from morning light
by tinted lenses (neutral gray density, 15% visual light transmission), and regular
sleep/darkness episodes in darkened quarters beginning 2h after the end of each
shift. Five control group workers (41.1+/-9.9 yrs) were observed in the presence of
a regular sleep/darkness schedule only. Constant routines (CR) performed before
and after a sequence of approximately 12 night shifts over 3 weeks revealed that
treatment group workers displayed significant shifts in the time of peak cortisol
expression and realignment of the rhythm with the night-oriented schedule. Smaller
phase shifts, suggesting an incomplete adaptation to the shift work schedule, were
observed in the control group. Our observations support the careful control of the
pattern of light and darkness exposure for the adaptation of physiological rhythms to
night shift work.
Schlagwörter Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Biological Clocksphysiology; Circadian
Rhythmphysiology; Darkness; Employment; Female; Humans;
Hydrocortisonemetabolism; Light; Male; Middle Aged; Phototherapy;
Salivachemistry; Work Schedule Tolerance

Kligman, L. H. (1987): Full spectrum solar radiation as a cause of dermal photodamage: UVB to infrared. In:
Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum, Jg. 134, S. 53–61.
Schlagwörter Agingpathology; Animals; Humans; Infrared Raysadverse effects; Skinradiation
effects; Sunlightadverse effects; Sunscreening Agentstherapeutic use; Ultraviolet
Raysadverse effects

Lam, R. W.; Buchanan, A.; Clark, C. M.; Remick, R. A. (1991): Ultraviolet versus non-ultraviolet light therapy for
seasonal affective disorder. In: The Journal of clinical psychiatry, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 213–216.
Abstract Although light therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of seasonal
affective disorder (SAD), little research has been done to determine which light
wavelengths affect treatment outcome. In this triple crossover study the authors
compared 1 week of light therapy in which bright (2500 lux), full-spectrum
fluorescent light, with and without blockade of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, was
used with a dim (500 lux) light control in 11 SAD patients. The dim light condition
had no significant antidepressant effects as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale
for Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and an atypical
depressive symptom (ATYP) score. The UV-light condition significantly reduced
HAM-D, BDI, and ATYP scores, whereas the UV-blocked condition significantly
reduced only the ATYP score. These results suggest that the UV-spectrum in light
therapy may have a differential effect on typical and atypical symptoms in SAD.
Schlagwörter Depressive Disorderpsychologytherapy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female;
Humans; Light; Male; Personality Inventory; Phototherapymethods; Psychiatric
Status Rating Scales; Research Design; Seasons; Ultraviolet Rays; Ultraviolet
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Therapy

London, W. P. (1987): Full-spectrum classroom light and sickness in pupils. In: Lancet, Jg. 2, H. 8569, S.
1205–1206.
Schlagwörter Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Lightadverse effects; Morbidity; Schools

Martin, J. L.; Migus, A.; Poyart, C.; Lecarpentier, Y.; Astier, R.; Antonetti, A. (1983): Spectral evidence for sub-
picosecond iron displacement after ligand detachment from hemoproteins by femtosecond light pulses. In: The
EMBO journal, Jg. 2, H. 10, S. 1815–1819.
Abstract We have measured spectral and kinetic differences in protoheme, sperm whale or
horse heart myoglobin and human hemoglobin following photodissociation induced
by optical pulses of 80 fs duration. Full ligation was performed with oxygen or
carbon monoxide. Femtosecond kinetics and transient difference spectra revealed
the appearance of a deoxy species with tau approximately equal to 250-300 fs. The
transient deoxy species in myoglobin and hemoglobin evidenced a 3-4 nm red shift
of their delta A spectra compared with the equilibrium delta A spectrum. This shift
was not observed after photodissociation of the carbon monoxide liganded
protoheme. We proposed that the 250 fs time constant corresponding to the
appearance of the deoxy-like species is related to the displacement of the ferrous
iron out of the heme plane. Consequently, the small red shift of the delta A spectra
observed in photodissociated hemoproteins may be tentatively attributed to
changes in the vibrational modes of either the proximal histidine-Fe2+ bond and/or
of the N4 porph-Fe-N epsilon His (F8) bent.
Schlagwörter Animals; Hemeproteinsmetabolism; Hemoglobinsmetabolism; Horses; Humans;
Kinetics; Myocardiummetabolism; Myoglobinmetabolism; Photolysis;
Spectrophotometry; Time Factors

Mayeda, A.; Mannon, S.; Hofstetter, J.; Adkins, M.; Baker, R.; Hu, K.; Nurnberger, J. (1998): Effects of indirect
light and propranolol on melatonin levels in normal human subjects. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 81, H. 1, S.
9–17.
Abstract An indirect lighting protocol was developed to measure nocturnal melatonin
suppression by light in normal human subjects. Goals were to minimize both
discomfort due to staring intensely at a bright light source, and behavioral variation
due to wandering gaze. Subjects sat with a bank of five full-spectrum light sources
placed behind them. Lights reflecting off the surfaces before each subject produced
a hemisphere of light that measured 500 lx +/- 5%. Subjects retired to bed in
darkness by midnight and then sat in the hemisphere of light from 02.00 h to 04.00
h. Blood for melatonin was drawn at 20-30-min intervals from midnight to 06.00 h.
Plasma melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The indirect lighting
protocol was used to compare the effects of 500 lx light to dark (21 subjects) and to
study varying light intensities from 300 to 2000 lx (7 subjects). We studied the
effects of the sitting posture in very dim light of 20-30 lx (6 subjects). We also
studied the effects of propranolol plus dark and propranolol plus 500 lx light on
melatonin levels. Subjects received placebo, 10 mg propranolol or 40 mg
propranolol orally at 23.00 h, and were then exposed to either the dark or light
condition. Melatonin levels obtained with the indirect lighting protocol were
consistent with studies using direct lighting; light of 500 lx significantly suppressed
nocturnal melatonin and suppression was dose related between 300 and 2000 lx.
Sitting in dim light had no significant effect on melatonin suppression when
compared with the supine posture in the dark in six subjects. Propranolol caused a
dose-dependent decrease in melatonin levels in both the dark and the light. There
was no relationship between suppression of melatonin by propranolol and
suppression by light.
Schlagwörter Adolescent; Adrenergic beta-Antagonistspharmacology; Adult; Dose-Response
Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninmetabolism; Middle
Aged; Propranololpharmacology
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McColl, S. L.; Veitch, J. A. (2001): Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting: a review of its effects on physiology and
health. In: Psychological medicine, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 949–964.
Abstract BACKGROUND: Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (FSFL) has been credited with
causing dramatic beneficial effects on a wide variety of behaviours, mental health
outcomes and physical health effects, as compared to other fluorescent lamp types.
These effects are hypothesized to occur because of similarity between FSFL
emissions and daylight, which is said to have evolutionary superiority over other
light sources. METHOD: This review, covering the period 1941-1999, critically
considers the evidence for direct effects of FSFL through skin absorption as well as
indirect effects on hormonal and neural processes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the
evidence does not show dramatic effects of fluorescent lamp type on behaviour or
health, neither does it support the evolutionary hypothesis.
Schlagwörter Arousalphysiology; Brainphysiology; Calciummetabolism; Evolution; Female;
Fluorescence; Health Status; Humans; Hydrocortisoneurine;
Hyperbilirubinemiatherapy; Light; Male; Melatoninurine; Phototherapy; Psychomotor
Performancephysiology; Seasonal Affective Disordertherapy; Skinradiation effects;
Stress, Psychologicalmetabolism; Sympathetic Nervous Systemphysiology; Vitamin
Dmetabolism

Midwinter, M. J.; Arendt, J. (1991): Adaptation of the melatonin rhythm in human subjects following night-shift
work in Antarctica. In: Neuroscience letters, Jg. 122, H. 2, S. 195–198.
Abstract Different environmental conditions, particularly daylength and intensity of natural
light, may influence the ability of shiftworkers to adapt to the abrupt phase-shifts of
24 h time cues imposed by the nature of their work. We have investigated this
problem in terms of the circadian rhythm of the pineal hormone melatonin in
nightshift workers on the British Antarctic Survey Base at Halley (75 degrees
South). Melatonin production was assessed by measurement of its major urinary
metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) by radio-immunoassay in sequential
urine samples collected for 48 h at weekly intervals. The acrophase of the
melatonin rhythm was significantly delayed from 5.22 h. min to 14.54 h. min
(summer) and 8.73 h.min to 13.23 h.min (winter) during a week of night-shift work.
Readaptation of the rhythm following night-shift work was markedly slower during
the Antarctic winter taking 3 weeks compared to summer where the baseline phase
position was re-established after 1 week. Morning and evening treatment (08.00-
09.00 h, 16.00-17.00 h) with bright (greater than 2500 lux) full spectrum white light
did not significantly modify this phenomenon in summer, but a trend to faster
adaptation with light treatment was seen in winter. These observations are likely to
be of importance to shift-workers in temperate zones. Further investigations of
phase-shifting techniques, such as appropriately timed bright light and
administration of melatonin itself, are indicated, particularly in relation to
performance at work.
Schlagwörter Adult; Analysis of Variance; Antarctic Regions; Circadian Rhythm; Darkness;
Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninbloodsecretion; Seasons; Work Schedule Tolerance

Moyal, Dominique D.; Fourtanier, Anny M. (2008): Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from
solar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings. In:
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Jg. 58, H. 5 Suppl 2, S. S149-54. Online verfügbar unter
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.035.
Abstract BACKGROUND: It is well established that ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces
immunomodulatory effects that may be involved in skin cancer. Recent studies
have shown that UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) radiation are
immunosuppressive. As a result, sunscreens, which mainly absorb UVB, may be
less effective in preventing UV radiation-induced immunosuppression than broad-
spectrum products. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the effects of UVA exposure
on human delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and compare the efficacy
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of sunscreens having different levels of sun-protection factor (SPF) and UVA
protection against both solar-simulated radiation and outdoor real-life sunlight
exposure conditions. METHODS: DTH was assessed using a kit which includes 7
recall antigens that most of the participants encountered during childhood
immunization. Evaluation of DTH test response was made 48 hours after test
application before and after UV exposure with or without sunscreens. RESULTS: In
unprotected participants, the response to DTH tests was significantly reduced
irrespective of UV types of exposure (full-spectrum UVA, long UVA, solar-simulated
radiation). A UVB sunscreen failed to protect from solar-simulated radiation-induced
immunosuppression. In contrast, a broad-spectrum sunscreen with the same SPF
but providing a high protection in the UVA range significantly reduced local UV-
induced immunosuppression and prevented the distant effects. In the outdoor
study, as compared with DTH responses obtained before sun exposure, no
alteration of immune response was detected when the skin was protected by a
broad-spectrum sunscreen having a high protection level in the UVA (SPF 25, UVA
protection factor 14). Conversely a broad-spectrum sunscreen with lower protection
against UVA (SPF 25, UVA protection factor 6) failed to prevent UV-impaired
response. LIMITATIONS: These results have been obtained after repeated
exposure. Additional experiments obtained under acute exposure are in progress.
CONCLUSION: These findings clearly demonstrated the role of UVA in the
induction of photoimmunosuppression together with the need for sunscreen
products providing efficient photoprotection throughout the entire UV spectrum.
Schlagwörter Absorption; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity,
Delayedimmunologyprevention & control; Immune Toleranceimmunology; Male;
Radiation Dosage; Skinradiation effects; Skin Neoplasmsprevention & control;
Sunlightadverse effects; Sunscreening Agentspharmacologytherapeutic use;
Ultraviolet Raysadverse effects

Owen, J.; Arendt, J. (1992): Melatonin suppression in human subjects by bright and dim light in antarctica: time
and season-dependent effects. In: Neuroscience letters, Jg. 137, H. 2, S. 181–184.
Abstract Full-spectrum light, of sufficiently high intensity, will suppress the secretion of
melatonin at night in humans. Individual sensitivity to such suppression is variable,
and the factors determining such sensitivity are largely unknown. By analogy with
animal work previous short or long-term exposure to different light intensities may
be an important determinant. We exploited the Antarctic environment to investigate
these possibilities. Groups of healthy men, living on the British Antarctic Survey
Base at Halley (75 degrees South) were exposed to dim (range 290-310 lux) and
bright (range 2100-2300 lux) light either from 01.00-02.00 h or 05.00-0.600 h, both
in winter and in summer. Plasma melatonin concentrations were determined by
radioimmunoassay in serial blood samples taken before, during and after light
treatment, and in control (darkness) conditions. Light suppression of melatonin was
more effective in the latter part of the night in winter and this was particularly well-
differentiated for dim light.
Schlagwörter Adult; Antarctic Regions; Humans; Light; Male; Melatoninblood; Seasons; Time
Factors

Pascal, Andrew A.; Liu, Zhenfeng; Broess, Koen; van Oort, Bart; van Amerongen, Herbert; Wang, Chao et al.
(2005): Molecular basis of photoprotection and control of photosynthetic light-harvesting. In: Nature, Jg. 436, H.
7047, S. 134–137. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1038/nature03795.
Abstract In order to maximize their use of light energy in photosynthesis, plants have
molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae, which collect light quanta and
deliver them to the reaction centres, where energy conversion into a chemical form
takes place. The functioning of the antenna responds to the extreme changes in the
intensity of sunlight encountered in nature. In shade, light is efficiently harvested in
photosynthesis. However, in full sunlight, much of the energy absorbed is not
needed and there are vitally important switches to specific antenna states, which
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safely dissipate the excess energy as heat. This is essential for plant survival,
because it provides protection against the potential photo-damage of the
photosynthetic membrane. But whereas the features that establish high
photosynthetic efficiency have been highlighted, almost nothing is known about the
molecular nature of the dissipative states. Recently, the atomic structure of the
major plant light-harvesting antenna protein, LHCII, has been determined by X-ray
crystallography. Here we demonstrate that this is the structure of a dissipative state
of LHCII. We present a spectroscopic analysis of this crystal form, and identify the
specific changes in configuration of its pigment population that give LHCII the
intrinsic capability to regulate energy flow. This provides a molecular basis for
understanding the control of photosynthetic light-harvesting.
Schlagwörter Chlorophyllmetabolism; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Fluorescence;
Light; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexeschemistrymetabolismradiation effects;
Models, Molecular; Photosynthesisphysiologyradiation effects; Photosystem II
Protein Complexchemistrymetabolismradiation effects; Pigments,
Biologicalchemistrymetabolism; Plantschemistrymetabolismradiation effects;
Protein Structure, Tertiary; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Structure-Activity
Relationship

Pathak, M. A.; Fanselow, D. L. (1983): Photobiology of melanin pigmentation: dose/response of skin to sunlight
and its contents. In: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Jg. 9, H. 5, S. 724–733.
Abstract A randomized double-blind clinical trial involving twenty-two volunteers was
conducted in two locations (Orlando, FL, and St. Paul, MN) to test the efficacy of
the newly designed ultraviolet monitor badges (Sun Timers), described in another
paper by us in this issue of the Journal, 1 and to establish the relationship between
spectral band exposure dose and the biologic responses of erythema and
pigmentation. Individuals with skin types II, III, and IV, exhibiting differences in
reactivity to solar radiation, were exposed to varying doses of full-spectrum sunlight
through templates mounted on the lower portion of the back. Simultaneously, on the
upper portion of the back, the same volunteers were exposed through two different
types of polyester filters that transmitted ultraviolet A (UVA) and visible radiation.
Using templates with windows, exposures to full-spectrum sunlight, UVA, and
visible radiation were carried out to 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 sunburn units (approximately
30-270 millijoules/cm2 between 10:30 A.M. and 3:30 P.M. daylight time in mid
summer), measured with the aid of a Robertson-Berger meter and an IL700
International Light radiometer. Erythema and pigmentation resulting from these
exposures were graded (double-blind) immediately after exposure, at 24 hours, and
after 5 days. Numerical skin response ratings at each exposure dose for different
spectral bands were then averaged and plotted. It was found that the UVB monitor
response was predictive of a 24-hour erythema response and 5-day pigmentation
response within 30% of the biologic average for skin types II, III, and IV. UVA
radiation stimulated melanogenesis. The minimal melanogenic dose (MMD) for skin
type II was the same as the minimal erythemogenic dose (MED). The MMD for
individuals of skin types III and IV was distinctly less than their MED. Thus,
melanogenesis can be stimulated with a suberythemal dose of UVB or UVA
radiation. The sun protection factor values of melanin for melanized skin have been
estimated to vary from 1.0 (skin type II) to 4.3 (skin types V and VI).
Schlagwörter Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Double-Blind
Method; Humans; Melaninsbiosynthesis; Random Allocation; Skin
Pigmentationradiation effects; Sunburnetiology; Sunlight; Time Factors

Pitts, D. G.; Cullen, A. P. (1981): Determination of infrared radiation levels for acute ocular cataractogenesis. In:
Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's archive for
clinical and experimental ophthalmology, Jg. 217, H. 4, S. 285–297.
Abstract One hundred pigmented rabbit eyes and ten primate eyes were exposed to infrared
(IR) radiation in the 715 to 1,400 nm wavelength range and to the full spectrum
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output from a 5,000 W Xenon high-pressure source. The ocular exposures were
evaluated independently with a slitlamp by two researchers and classified for ocular
damage. The primary ocular lesions resulting from exposure to IR radiation were
corneal, iritic, and lenticular. Corneal damage varied from epithelial haze to
epithelial erosion but no endothelial damage was found. The iris showed stromal
haze and swelling. Lenticular changes showed small white dots that, occur at the
level of the anterior cortex. All lens damage depended on iris involvement. Ocular
damage was related to the rate of delivery of the IR radiation since the data show
that as the irradiance level increases, the radiant exposure threshold decreases.
Exposures for the full spectrum were found to be additive for irradiance levels at 4
W.cm-2 and above. The threshold radiant exposures for the full spectrum of 750
J.cm-2 for the cornea, 1,000 J.cm-2 for the iris, and 2,000 J.cm-2 for the lens were
essentially identical to the IR exposure thresholds for the same irradiance levels.
The primate threshold radiant exposure was a factor of six above the respective
rabbit thresholds.
Schlagwörter Animals; Cataractetiology; Corneal Diseasesetiology; Dose-Response Relationship,
Radiation; Infrared Raysadverse effects; Iris Diseasesetiology; Macaca fascicularis;
Rabbits; Radiobiologyinstrumentation; Xenon

Reichow, Alan W.; Citek, Karl; Edlich, Richard F. (2006): Ultraviolet and short wavelength visible light exposure:
why ultraviolet protection alone is not adequate. In: Journal of long-term effects of medical implants, Jg. 16, H. 4,
S. 315–325.
Abstract The danger of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in both the natural environment
and artificial occupational settings has long been recognized by national and
international standards committees and worker safety agencies. There is an
increasing body of literature that suggests that protection from UV exposure is not
enough. Unprotected exposure to the short wavelengths of the visible spectrum,
termed the "blue light hazard", is gaining acceptance as a true risk to long-term
visual health. Global standards and experts in the field are now warning that those
individuals who spend considerable time outdoors should seek sun filter eyewear
with high impact resistant lenses that provide 100% UV filtration, high levels of blue
light filtration, and full visual field lens/frame coverage as provided by high wrap
eyewear. The Skin Cancer Foundation has endorsed certain sunglasses as
"product[s]...effective [as] UV filter[s] for the eyes and surrounding skin". However,
such endorsement does not necessarily mean that the eyewear meets all the
protective needs for outdoor use. There are several brands that offer products with
such protective characteristics. Performance sun eyewear by Nike Vision, available
in both corrective and plano (nonprescription) forms, is one such brand
incorporating these protective features.
Schlagwörter Environmental Exposure; Eyeradiation effects; Eye Protective Devicesstandards;
Humans; Radiation Protectionstandards; Ultraviolet Raysadverse effects

Rice, J.; Mayor, J.; Tucker, H. A.; Bielski, R. J. (1995): Effect of light therapy on salivary melatonin in seasonal
affective disorder. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 221–228.
Abstract To investigate the role of a light-induced advance in the timing of the melatonin
rhythm in seasonal affective disorder, 11 depressed patients underwent 2 weeks of
light therapy with full spectrum or cool white light. Evening saliva samples were
collected before and after each week of treatment and assayed for melatonin to
determine the time of onset of nocturnal secretion. Both treatments reduced
depression scores, advanced the timing of the melatonin rhythm, and increased
melatonin concentrations. Time of onset of the nocturnal increase in melatonin did
not differ between clinical responders and nonresponders, suggesting that a phase
advance in the onset of nocturnal melatonin secretion is not sufficient to induce
clinical remission in seasonal affective disorder.
Schlagwörter Adult; Analysis of Variance; Circadian Rhythmphysiology; Female; Humans; Male;
Melatoninanalysis; Middle Aged; Phototherapy; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales;
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Salivachemistry; Seasonal Affective Disorderphysiopathologypsychologytherapy

Ross, J. K.; Arendt, J.; Horne, J.; Haston, W. (1995): Night-shift work in Antarctica: sleep characteristics and
bright light treatment. In: Physiology & behavior, Jg. 57, H. 6, S. 1169–1174.
Abstract Changes in sleep parameters during and after night-shift and the effects of bright
white (2500-3000 1x) and dim red (> 500 1x) light treatment on re adaptation after
night-shift during winter were studied in 14 men on the British Antarctic Survey
Base of Halley (75 degrees south). Subjects kept daily sleep diaries and mood
ratings from one week before to three weeks after night-shift and received either
full-spectrum white or dim red light treatment from 1100 to 1300 h daily during the
first week after night-shift. Plasma melatonin (for 24 h at the end of weeks 1, 2 and
4), and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s, for 48 h weekly) were measured. A
significant (MANOVA; p < 0.05) improvement in sleep was seen during night shift
(latency and duration) and with bright light treatment (latency). Melatonin and
aMT6s rhythms delayed by 7-8 h during night-shift. The white light group readapted
slowly, apparently by phase delay, as assessed by aMT6s measurement. The red
light group readapted slightly, but significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) faster than the
white light group.
Schlagwörter Adaptation, Psychologicalphysiology; Adult; Affectphysiology; Antarctic Regions;
Body Temperaturephysiology; Humans; Male; Melatoninanalogs & derivativesurine;
Phototherapy; Sleepphysiology

Rudorfer, M. V.; Skwerer, R. G.; Rosenthal, N. E. (1993): Biogenic amines in seasonal affective disorder: effects
of light therapy. In: Psychiatry research, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 19–28.
Abstract Wintertime measures of central and peripheral monoamine neurotransmitter system
activity in 17 medication-free depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder
(SAD) were compared with those in eight healthy volunteers. Mean cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) concentrations of the principal metabolites of norepinephrine (NE),
serotonin, and dopamine did not differ between the two groups, nor did mean basal
or orthostatically stimulated plasma NE levels. Patients' pretreatment depression
ratings were inversely correlated with resting plasma NE concentrations. Fourteen
SAD patients were clear responders to 2 weeks of full-spectrum bright light
treatment. Neither the transmitter measures nor their interrelatedness was affected
significantly by phototherapy.
Schlagwörter Adult; Bipolar Disordercerebrospinal fluidpsychologytherapy; Depressive
Disordercerebrospinal fluidpsychologytherapy; Female; Homovanillic
Acidcerebrospinal fluid; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acidcerebrospinal fluid;
Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycolcerebrospinal fluid; Middle Aged;
Neurotransmitter Agentscerebrospinal fluid; Norepinephrineblood; Personality
Inventory; Phototherapy; Seasonal Affective Disordercerebrospinal
fluidpsychologytherapy

Rust, Jennifer A.; Nóbrega, Joaquim A.; Calloway, Clifton P.; Jones, Bradley T. (2005): Fraunhofer effect atomic
absorption spectrometry. In: Analytical chemistry, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 1060–1067.
Abstract The dark lines in the solar spectrum were discovered by Wollaston and cataloged
by Fraunhofer in the early days of the 19th century. Some years later, Kirchhoff
explained the appearance of the dark lines: the sun was acting as a continuum light
source and metals in the ground state in its atmosphere were absorbing
characteristic narrow regions of the spectrum. This discovery eventually spawned
atomic absorption spectrometry, which became a routine technique for chemical
analysis in the mid-20th century. Laboratory-based atomic absorption
spectrometers differ from the original observation of the Fraunhofer lines because
they have always employed a separate light source and atomizer. This article
describes a novel atomic absorption device that employs a single source, the
tungsten coil, as both the generator of continuum radiation and the atomizer of the
analytes. A 25-microL aliquot of sample is placed on the tungsten filament removed
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from a commercially available 150-W light bulb. The solution is dried and ashed by
applying low currents to the coil in a three-step procedure. Full power is then
applied to the coil for a brief period. During this time, the coil produces white light,
which may be absorbed by any metals present in the atomization cloud produced
by the sample. A high-resolution spectrometer with a charge-coupled device
detector monitors the emission spectrum of the coil, which includes the dark lines
from the metals. Detection limits are reported for seven elements: 5 pg of Ca (422.7
nm); 2 ng of Co (352.7 nm); 200 pg of Cr (425.4 nm); 7 pg of Sr (460.7 nm); 100 pg
of Yb (398.8 nm); 500 pg of Mn (403.1 nm); and 500 pg of K (404.4 nm).
Simultaneous multielement analyses are possible within a 4-nm spectral window.
The relative standard deviations for the seven metals are below 8% for all metals
except for Ca (10.7%), which was present in the blank at measurable levels.
Analysis of a standard reference material (drinking water) resulted in a mean
percent recovery of 91%. This report attempts to give an historical perspective on
the development of a novel atomic spectrometer based on the Fraunhofer effect.

Saltarelli, C. G.; Coppola, C. P. (1979): Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice. In: Laboratory animal
science, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 319–322.
Abstract Hau:ICR mice separated by sex, were reared for 30 days under various fluorescent
lamps: pink, blue, black UV, cool white and full spectrum. Body weights and
absolute organ weights were compared. After light exposure, female body weights
were not significantly different between any groups; however, a difference in male
body weights was observed. Light affected the weights of the pituitary, adrenals,
kidneys and prostate in male mice and the adrenals, thyroid and pineal glands in
females. The weight of adrenal glands of both males and females were most
sensitive to changes in lighting.
Schlagwörter Adrenal Glandsradiation effects; Animals; Body Weightradiation effects; Female;
Light; Male; Micegrowth & development; Organ Sizeradiation effects; Pineal
Glandradiation effects; Pituitary Glandradiation effects; Sex Factors

Schramm, J. Mark; Warner, Dave; Hardesty, Robert A.; Oberg, Kerby C. (2003): A unique combination of
infrared and microwave radiation accelerates wound healing. In: Plastic and reconstructive surgery, Jg. 111, H.
1, S. 258–266. Online verfügbar unter doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000033065.10876.2E.
Abstract Light or electromagnetic radiation has been reported to enhance wound healing.
The use of selected spectra, including infrared and microwave, has been described;
however, no studies to date have examined the potential benefit of combining these
spectra. In this study, a device that emits electromagnetic radiation across both the
infrared and microwave ranges was used. To test the effects of this unique
electromagnetic radiation spectrum on wound healing, two clinically relevant
wound-healing models (i.e., tensile strength of simple incisions and survival of
McFarlane flaps) were selected. After the creation of a simple full-thickness incision
(n = 35 rats) or a caudally based McFarlane flap (n = 33 rats), animals were
randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: untreated control, infrared, or
combined electromagnetic radiation. Treatment was administered for 30 minutes,
twice daily for 18 days in animals with simple incisions, and 15 days in animals with
McFarlane flaps. The wound area or flap was harvested and analyzed, blinded to
the treatment regimens. A p value of less than 0.05 obtained by analysis of variance
was considered to be statistically significant. Animals receiving combined
electromagnetic radiation demonstrated increased tensile strength (2.62 N/mm2)
compared with animals receiving infrared radiation (2.36 N/mm2) or untreated
controls (1.73 N/mm2, p < 0.001). Animals with McFarlane flaps receiving combined
electromagnetic radiation had increased flap survival (78.0 percent) compared with
animals receiving infrared radiation (69.7 percent) and untreated controls (63.1
percent, p < 0.01). Thus, combined electromagnetic radiation provided a distinct
advantage in wound healing that might augment current treatment regimens.
Schlagwörter Animals; Electromagnetic Fields; Equipment and Supplies; Graft Survivalradiation
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effects; Infrared Raystherapeutic use; Microwavestherapeutic use; Necrosis; Rats;
Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skinsurgery; Surgical Flaps; Tensile Strength; Wound
Healingradiation effects

Shedpure, M.; Pati, A. K. (1995): The pineal gland: structural and functional diversity. In: Indian journal of
experimental biology, Jg. 33, H. 9, S. 625–640.
Abstract The article reviews the work carried out on pineal structure and function in
vertebrates. The pineal has undergone striking changes in structure during the
course of evolution from lamprey to mammals. In the primitive vertebrates, structure
of the pineal is very much similar to that of the retina of the eyes and it acts as a
direct photosensory organ. It acts as a photosensory and secretory organ in a
number of species. Interestingly, the pineal complex among the reptiles presents
the full spectrum of its morphological possibilities. There is a gradual regression of
light sensitive pineal structure during the course of avian line of evolution. Further, it
has been unequivocally accepted that mammalian pineal is an endocrine organ.
The pineal is a prominent secretory organ, in mammals, which synthesises and
secretes a number of exocrine and endocrine substances, such as indoles,
peptides, various enzymes, amino acids and their derivatives, lipids, carbohydrates,
and inorganic constituents. Pineal plays an important role in regulation of seasonal
breeding in various vertebrate species. It is also considered as one of the most
important components of the vertebrate circadian system and is a principal source
of rhythmically produced melatonin. Apart from the above mentioned functions,
pineal also influences thermoregulation, electrolyte metabolism, intermediary
metabolism, hemopoiesis, immune system and behaviour.
Schlagwörter Animals; Evolution; Humans; Pineal Glandanatomy &
histologyinnervationphysiology; Vertebratesanatomy & histologyphysiology

Shinosaki, K.; Inouye, T.; Ukai, S.; Toi, S. (1992): Half-field sinusoidally modulated light stimulation at subject's
alpha frequency. In: Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, Jg. 83, H. 6, S. 372–377.
Abstract Interhemispheric responses of alpha activity were investigated by use of half-field
sinusoidally modulated light (SML) stimulation at the subject's alpha frequency. The
left and right visual half-fields as well as full-field were separately stimulated by the
SML. The power spectrum of SML responses, averaged with Wiener filtering, was
obtained at the left and the right occipital area (O1 and O2) in 11 normal subjects.
Power in each hemisphere, phase difference and coherence between O1 and O2
were estimated at an alpha frequency. A laterality index of power was defined as
(P(l)-P(r))/(P(l) + P(r)) where P(l) is a power value at O1, and P(r) at O2. In most of
the subjects, laterality index decreased in the order: left half-field, full-field and right
half-field stimulation. This relationship revealed greater SML responses on the
ipsilateral occipital area. There were significant differences in laterality index among
3 visual field conditions, thus showing that full-field responses ranged in
lateralization between the left and right half-field responses in most of the subjects.
This hemispheric distribution suggests that half-field SML stimulation affected alpha
activity selectively in each hemisphere, mostly in the ipsilateral hemisphere.
Schlagwörter Adult; Alpha Rhythm; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Occipital
Lobephysiology; Photic Stimulationmethods

Sigurdsson, V.; Knulst, A. C.; van Weelden, H. (1997): Phototherapy of acne vulgaris with visible light. In:
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), Jg. 194, H. 3, S. 256–260.
Abstract BACKGROUND: Sun exposure has a beneficial effect on acne vulgaris, but it is not
clear which wavelengths contribute to the favourable effect. OBJECTIVE: The aim
of the study was to investigate the effect of visible light on acne vulgaris and define
the most effective wavelengths. METHODS: Thirty patients (15 men and 15
women) with mild to moderate acne vulgaris, involving the face and/or the back
and/or the chest, were treated with three different light sources. They were treated 3
times a week, for a total of 7 weeks, each field for 20 min per session. RESULTS:
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All the light sources using 'full spectrum', green and violet improved the acne,
leading to 14% (p > 0.10), 22% (p < 0.05) and 30% (p < 0.02) improvement,
respectively. No statistically significant differences between the three different light
sources were found, although there was a tendency that violet light was better than
the other light qualities. No side-effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Visible light
is a moderately effective alternative for treatment of acne vulgaris.
Schlagwörter Acne Vulgarispathologytherapy; Adolescent; Adult; Back; Color; Facial
Dermatosespathologytherapy; Female; Humans; Light; Male; Patient Dropouts;
Patient Satisfaction; Phototherapymethods; Radiation Dosage; Remission
Induction; Thorax

Siopes, T. D. (1984): The effect of full-spectrum fluorescent lighting on reproductive traits of caged turkey hens.
In: Poultry science, Jg. 63, H. 6, S. 1122–1128.
Abstract Large White turkey breeder hens were exposed to either incandescent or full-
spectrum (FS) fluorescent lighting during two 20-week reproductive cycles in closed
confinement. Data were recorded for body weights, feed intake, and reproductive
traits. Body weights and feed intake were similar between treatments in both egg
laying cycles. In addition, there were no significant differences in egg production,
fertility, hatchability, or poult weight between the incandescent and FS fluorescent
light treatment in either the first or second year egg laying cycle. It was concluded
that exposure of breeder turkey hens to FS fluorescent light in closed confinement
results in reproductive performance similar to that obtained with incandescent
lighting.
Schlagwörter Animals; Body Weight; Eating; Female; Fluorescence; Housing, Animal; Light;
Oviposition; Reproduction; Turkeysphysiology

Veitch, J. A.; McColl, S. L. (2001): A critical examination of perceptual and cognitive effects attributed to full-
spectrum fluorescent lighting. In: Ergonomics, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 255–279.
Abstract Full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (FSFL) has been credited with causing dramatic
improvements in vision, perception and cognitive performance as compared with
other fluorescent lamp types. These effects are hypothesized to occur because of
similarity between FSFL emissions and daylight, which is said to have evolutionary
superiority over other light sources. This review, covering 1945-98, critically
considers the evidence for these claims. In general, poor-quality research has
resulted in an absence of simple deterministic effects that can be confidently
attributed to fluorescent lamp type. Promising avenues for lighting behaviour
research include investigations of cognitive mediators of lighting-behaviour
relationships, and flicker rates and colour rendering effects on visual processing,
appearance judgements and affect. Good lighting solutions are more complex than
lamp type specification.
Schlagwörter Cognition; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Lighting; Task Performance and Analysis;
Visual Perception; Workplace

Wallow, I. H.; Birngruber, R.; Gabel, V. P.; Hillenkamp, F.; Lund, O. I. (1975): [Retinal reactions to intense light.
I. Threshold lesions. Experimental, morphological and clinical studies of pathological and therapeutic effects of
laser and white light]. In: Advances in ophthalmology = Fortschritte der Augenheilkunde = Progrès en
ophtalmologie, Jg. 31, S. 159–232.
Abstract The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a
xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus
monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically
including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing
a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in
chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon
laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn
indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values
were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink
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reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of
both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This
damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment
epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses
within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was
associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal
area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption
within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions
was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and
a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment
epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for
ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE
was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50
mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the
RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were
ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser
lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot
be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was
correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic
damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and
the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional
threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and
ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was
somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times
higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with
additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-
lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.
Schlagwörter Animals; Argon; Fundus Oculi; Haplorhini; Helium; Humans; Laser Therapy;
Lasersmethods; Macaca; Macaca fascicularis; Neon; Pigment Epithelium of
Eyepathologyultrastructure; Rabbits; Retinapathologysurgeryultrastructure; Retinal
Diseasesetiologypathology

Young, S.; Diffey, B. (1985): Influence of monochromator bandwidth on the erythema action spectrum in the UV-
B region. In: Photo-dermatology, Jg. 2, H. 6, S. 383–387.
Abstract The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined in 10 subjects at wavelengths
of 300, 310 and 320 nm using an irradiation monochromator. At each of the three
central wavelengths, three determinations of the MED were carried out using full
bandwidths at half maximum intensity of 5, 10 and 20 nm. The relative erythemal
effectiveness of the radiation for each combination of wavelength and bandwidth
agreed well with that calculated assuming photoaddition, or linear additivity between
wavelengths.
Schlagwörter Adolescent; Adult; Erythemaetiology; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;
Radiation Dosage; Ultraviolet Rays

Zane, Cristina; Capezzera, Rossana; Pedretti, Alessandra; Facchinetti, Elena; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo
(2008): Non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of phototherapeutic effects of red light phototherapy of acne vulgaris.
In: Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine, Jg. 24, H. 5, S. 244–248. Online verfügbar unter
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00368.x.
Abstract BACKGROUND: During the past few years, various phototherapeutic protocols with
full-spectrum visible light or selected wavebands have been investigated in the
treatment of acne vulgaris with variable results. METHODS: Fifteen women
suffering from moderate acne vulgaris of the face were exposed to 20 J/cm(2) of
broad-band red (lambda: 600-750 nm) light twice weekly for 4 weeks. In addition,
with the aim to improve the present knowledge of the mechanisms of action of
phototherapy, we measured skin sebum, pH, hydration and trans-epidermal water
loss (TEWL). Lesions of the trunk were not irradiated and served as controls.
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RESULTS: A significant improvement of acne lesions and a significant decrease of
skin sebum excretion and TEWL of the face were registered at the end of the
therapy and at the 3-month follow-up visit. The results could be related to a reduced
follicular colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, in that it was lethally damaged by
photoactivated endogenous porphyrins. CONCLUSION: The present findings seem
to indicate that red light phototherapy may represent an effective, well-tolerated,
safe, simple and inexpensive treatment option for moderate acne vulgaris.
Schlagwörter Acne Vulgarispathologytherapy; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion
Concentration; Light; Phototherapy; Skinpathology; Water

Zawilska, J. B. (1996): Melatonin as a chemical indicator of environmental light-dark cycle. In: Acta
neurobiologiae experimentalis, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 757–767.
Abstract Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an evolutionary highly conserved
molecule that plays an important role in conveying the clock and calendar
information to all living organisms, including man. Melatonin is synthesized in the
rhythmic fashion, primarily by the pineal gland, and, to a lesser degree, by
extrapineal tissues-namely the retina, the Harderian gland, and the gastrointestinal
tract. The rhythm of the hormone production, with maximal levels occurring at night
in darkness, is generated by an endogenous circadian clock(s) and is synchronized
with the photoperiodic environment to which animals are exposed. This brief outline
surveys data on the regulation of rhythmic melatonin biosynthesis by a circadian
pacemaker and light (full spectrum white light and monochromatic lights with
wavelengths both in the visible and invisible range). Additionally, possible
applications of this chronobiotic compound in agriculture and in medicine in the
treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders are discussed.
Schlagwörter Animals; Circadian Rhythmphysiology; Humans; Male;
Melatoninmetabolismphysiology; Photoperiod; Seasons